
Class T^fi^ 7 
liodk •N?' 



SMmiSOMAX IlKI'OSlT 



/ 



/%->-^ 



&mm%B^ 




-^S^eSBJi" 




>^ 


L_! 


A: 




-> " 


^ 


^ 






o 



> 



DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 



REPOliTS 



UPON THK 



SURVEY OF THE BOUNDARY 



BETWEEN THE 



TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES 

AND THE 

POSSESSIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN 

FROM THE 

LAKE OF THE WOODS TO THE SUMMIT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, 

AUTHORIZED BY 

AN ACT OP CONGEESS APPEOVED MAECH 19, 1872. 



ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, Esq., 

COMMISSIONER. 

Captain W. J. TWINING, 

CORPS OP ENGINEEES, BREVET MA.IOR U. S. A., CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



PUBLISHED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AN ACT OF CONGREl 
APPROVED MARCH 3, 1877. 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1878. 



5' 



[44th Congress, 2d Session. Senate Ex. Doc. No. 41.] 



MESSAGE 



FROM THE 



PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 



COMMUNICATING 



INFORMATION IN RELATION TO THE BOUNDARY-LINE BETWEEN THE 
UNITED STATES AND THE POSSESSIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN, 



FnOM THE 



NORTHWEST ANGLE OF THE LAKE OF THE WOODS TO THE 
SUMMIT OP THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 



February 2:?, 1877.— Read, ordorod to lie on the table and be printed. 



To the Senate and House of Representatives : 

I transmit herewith a report from the Secretary of State bearing date 
the 20th instant, with its accompaniments, being the report of the commis- 
sioner of the United States and of the officers of engineers attached to the 
commission appointed to determine the boundary-Hne between the United 
States and the possessions of Great Britain, from the northwest angle of the 
Lake of the Woods to the snmmit of the Rocky Mountains. These reports 
announce the completion of the labors of this commission, whereby the 
entire boundary -line between the United States and the possessions of Great 
Britain is marked and determined, except as to that part of the territory of 
the United States which was ceded by Russia under the treaty of 1867. 

U. S. GRANT. 

Washington, February 23, 1877. 



Department of State, 
Washington, February 23, 1877. 

By the act of March 19, 1872, entitled "An act authorizing the survey 
and marking of the boundary between the territory of the United States 
and the possessions of Great Britain, from the Lake of the Woods to the 
summit of the Rocky Mountains," the President was authorized to co-operate 
with the Government of Great Britain in the appointment of a joint com- 
mission for determining stich boundary-line between these points. 

This boundary to be determined was that defined in the second article of 
the convention between the United States and Great Britain of October 20, 
1818, whereby it was provided "that a line drawn from the most north- 



REPORTS 



OF THE 



COMMISSIONEE AND OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOlEll 



NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 



United States Northekn Boundary Commission, 

Washington^ July 3, 1876. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith tlie original of the final 
agreement of the commissioners, the original "List of astronomical stations 
observed," the original official " List of monuments marking the interna- 
tional boundary-h'ne," and the maps, records, and reports relating to the 
northern boundary commission, as enumerated in the accompanying letter 
of the chief astronomer. 

I would also respectfully report that with the exception of a few 
exjDenditures necessary in closing the office, not included in my accounts 
for the quarter ended June bO, 1876, but for which vouchers will be rendered 
in a few days, all office-expenses have ceased. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, 
Commissioner Northern Boundary Survey. 
Hon. Hamilton Fish, 

Secretary of State. 



United States Northern Boundary Commission, 

Washington, D. C, June 30, 1876. 
Sir: I respectfully transmit the following official I'ocords and docu- 
ments relating to this survey: 

First. Portfolio containing originals of preliminary maps of the survey. 
Second. Portfolio containing the joint maps signed by the commis- 
sioners and chief astronomers. 



11 



12 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Third. Two boxes marked "U. S. Northern Boundary Commission, 
1 872-1 87G. Under convention of London, Oct. 20, 1818." 

(First.) "Book records." 

(Second.) "Map records." 

The contents are marked on the cover of each box, and all indexed 
and refened to in detail in the accompanying paper, marked "Appendix F 
to the report of Capt. W. J. Twining, Corps of Engineers, chief astronomer." 

Fourth. Appendix A to report of chief astronomer, being the report of 
Capt. J. F. Gregory, assistant astronomer. 

Fifth. Appendix B, being the report of Lieut. F. V. Greene, assistant. 

Sixth. Appendix C, hypsometry. 

Seventh. Appendix D, being a bound copy of the astronomical and 
geodetic results of the survey, accompanied by a descriptive memoir by 
Capt. W. J. Twining, chief astronomer. 

Eighth. Appendix E, giving the complete details of the monuments 
markins: the boundarv, including the calculated azimuths from each. 

Ninth. Appendix F, index to maps, showing the record by pages on 
which each map is based. 

Tenth. Appendix G, giving the latitude-observations on which the 
reconnaissance-maps are based, parts 1 and 2. 

I also transmit the following maps and diagrams: 

1. Reconnaissance-maps, 6 sheets. 

2. Profile, 1 sheet. 

3. Diajrram to illustrate the relative errors of astronomical stations in 
latitude, resulting from local deflections of the plumb-line. 

4. Diagram showing method of tracing parallel. 

5. Sketch showing triangulation of Chief Mountain Lake. 

6. Map of the vicinity of the northwest point of the Tiake of the Woods; 
scale, 6 inches ^1 mile. 

7. Magnetic chai-t. 

8. Drawings of instrument-stands. 

9. Drawings of targets. 

10. Fifty sets photolitliographs of preliminary maps. 



UNlTfiD STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 13 

The portions of my report not yet complete are as follows: 

1. Appendix H, by Mr. Lewis Boss, on the standard declinations of 
the stars used in the latitude work. 

This important appendix is to be completed, without further expense 
to the commission, by Mr. Boss, with the assistance of Professor Newcomb, 
of the Naval Observatory, and the Nautical Almanac Office. 

2. Text of report of chief astronomer, in hands of copying-clerk, and 
waiting completion of Appendix H. 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

W. J. TWINING, 
Captain Engineers, Chief Astronomer. 
Archibald Campbell, Esq., 

Commissioner Northern Boundary. 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



REPORT OF COMMISSIONER ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL 



1873-1876. 



15 



REPORT 



United States Northern Boundary Commission, 

Washington. 

Sir: In compliance with instructions received from the Department 
upon my appointment as "commissioner on the part of the United States 
to determine and mark the boundary-hne between the United States and 
British possessions, as defined in the second article of the convention be- 
tween the United States and Great Britain of October 20, 1818," I have 
the honor herewith to report generally the results of the labors of the com- 
mission, and to transmit the detailed report of the same by Maj. "W. J. 
Twining, United States Engineers, chief astronomer, as far as completed. 

The second article of the convention of 1818, above referred to, is as 

follows: 

Article 2. It is agreed that a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the 
Lake of the Woods, along the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, or, if the said point 
shall not be in the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude, then that a line drawn from 
the said point due north or south as the case may be, until the said line shall inter- 
sect the said parallel of north latitude, and from the point of such intersection due 
-west along and with the said parallel, shall be the line of demarkation between the 
territories of the United States, and those of His Britannic Majesty, and that the said 
line shall form the northern boundary of the said territories of the United States, and 
the southern boundary of the territories of His Britannic Majesty, from the Lake of the 
Woods to the Stony Mountains. 

The immediate cause of the authorization by Congress of the deter- 
mination and demarkation of this portion of the boundary-line between 
the United States and British possessions is stated by the President in his 
annual message to Congress, dated December 5, 1870, third session of 
Forty-first Congress, as follows : 

N B 2 " 



18 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

In April last, while engaged in locating a military reservation near Pembina, a 
corps of United States engineers discovered that the commonly-received boundary-line 
between the United States and the British possessions at that i)lace is about forty- 
seven hundred feet south of the true position of the forty ninth parallel, and that the 
line, when run on what is now supposed to be the true position of the forty-ninth 
parallel, would leave the fort of the Hudson Bay Company, at Pembina, within the 
territory of the United States. This information being communicated to the British 
Government, I was requested to consent, and did consent, that the British occupation 
of the fort of the Hudson Bay Company should continue for the present. I deem it 
important, Iiowever, that this part of the boundary-line should be definitely fixed by a 
joint commission of the two governments, and I submit herewith estimates of the 
expense of such a commission on the part of the United States, and recommend that 
an appropriation be made for that jnirpose. The land-boundary has already been 
fixed and marked from the summit of the Rocky Jlountains to the Georgian Bay. It 
should now be in like manner marked from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of 
the Rocky Mountains. 

The President's message is accompanied by a correspondence between 
the State, Treasury, and War Departments, and between the State Depart- 
ment and British minister, in relation to the difficulties on the frontier 
arising- from the uncertainty as to the true position of the boundary ; and 
also by an estimate of the probable cost of a commission for surveying and 
marking the boundary between the United States and British possessions, 
made by General Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, in compliance with the 
request of the State Department. The following is a copy of the letter 

transmitting the estimate : 

Office of the Chief of Engineers, 

WasJiington, D. C, November 23, 1870. 

SiB: In reply to the communication of the 7th instant from the Department of 
State asking for an estimate of the probable cost of surveying and marking the bound- 
ary between the United States and the British possessions, from the Lake of the Woods 
to the Rocky Mountains, I beg to rei)ly that a properly-organized commission, with two 
sets of astronomical and surveying parties to expedite the work, would require, from 
the estimate hereunto annexed, an expenditure of about 8100,000 yearly while actually 
engaged upon field-duties. 

But it is not possible to state with certainty the length of time required to trace 
and mark the whole line, as the progress that would be made depends upon the nature 
of the country to be passed over. 

The line is about eight hundred and sixty miles long. The season for working to 
advantage is short, and although the country is generally an open one, the number of 
astronomical stations to be occupied, upon which the rate of progress mainly rests, 
depends so much upon the distance of prominent points of elevation from each other, 
that they cannot be estimated. 

From one month to six weeks would, no doubt, making tine allowance for bad 



KEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 10 

weather, be required to establish astronomically a point on the parallel, to trace its 
• connection with a preceding one, and to move the party to the next. Should these 
points average fifty miles apart, there would Ite some seventeen stations, or, say, eight 
stations for each astronomical party to occupy, which would consume from eight to 
twelve months' actual field-duty for the completion of the line. 

It is not probable that the parties can be kept in the field continuously for this 
length of time, but that the work would have to run through two seasons at least, if 
not longer. 

The services of the officers and the greater part of the assistants would be required 
for another year on office-work to complete the records of the survey, so that the prob- 
able expense which would be incurred for completing the work might be set down at 
$325,000. 

Officers of engineers have been frequently assigned to perform such duties as 
these, and if the deraarkation of this boundary should be confided to them, the esti- 
mate should be modified. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

A. A. HUMPHREYS, 
Brigadier-General and Chief of Engineers. 
Hon. W. W. Belknap, 

Secretary of War. 
In compliance w^ith the recommendation of the President, a joint reso- 
lution appropriating $100,000 for the survey of the boundary-line between 
the United States and the British possessions, from the Lake of the Woods 
to the Rocky Mountains, was introduced into and ])assed the House of Rep- 
resentatives, but, from want of time or other cause, it failed to pass the 
Senate. At the succeeding session of Congress, 187 l-'72, the following act 
passed both houses and became a law, viz : 

AN ACT autliorizin}; the survey and marking the boundary between the territory of the United States and 
the possessions of Great Britain, from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Eocky Mountains. 

Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Reinesentatives of the United States of America 
in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, be, and he is hereby, authorized to co-operate with the Gov- 
ernment of Great Britain in the appointment of a joint commission, in accordance with 
the plan and estimates of Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, submitted 
November twenty-third, eighteen hundred and seventy, for determining the boundary- 
line between the United States and the British possessions, between the Lake of the 
Woods and the Rocky Mountains : Provided, however, That engineers in the regular 
service of the United States shall be employed exclusively as engineers in the perform- 
ance of the duties contemplated by this act, without any additional salary, and the 
Secretary of War is hereby directed to make the necessary detail of engineers for that 
purpose. 

Sec. 2. That fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be required, be, 
and the same is hereby, appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise 
appropriated, to carry into effect the object of said joint commission. 

Approved March 19, 1872. 



20 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

The amount of the appropriation for one year, according to the esti- 
mate of General Humphreys, should have been $100,000, but it was re- 
duced by Congress to $50,000, a sum insufficient for a vigorous and eco- 
nomical prosecution of the work, particularly during the fii'st year, as many 
purchases had to be made for an outfit. In consequence of this reduction, 
the organization of the commission was deferred by the Department until 
the month of June, when I received the appointment of commissioner, with 
instructions to organize a party for the survey of the boundary, in accord- 
ance with the means provided by Congress. 

In compliance with the terms of the act creating the, commission, the 
Chief of Engineers, by direction of the Secretary of War, detailed the 
following engineer officers for duty with the commission, viz : Capt. and 
Bvt. Lieut. Col. F. U. Farquhar, Capt. and Bvt. Maj. W. J. Twining, Capt. 
(then Lieut.) James F. Gregory, and Lieut. F. V. Greene. 

An office was temporarily rented in Washington for the necessary 
preparations for the survey. Early in July, Colonel Farquhar, with the 
engineer officers and civil assistants attached to the commission, left Wash- 
ington for Saint Paul, Minn., and there organized a party for field operations. 

Previously to leaving Washington, upon a request made to the Sec- 
retary of War, the Quartermaster-General was directed to furnish the com- 
mission with the necessary means of transportation for the field-work of 
the survey, with the understanding that the mules, wagons, &c., fm-nished 
were to be returned in good condition at the close of the work in the field. 
The train was directed to assemble at Fort Abercrombie, on Red River, 
there to await the arrival of the commission. 

On my amval in Saint Paul, Second Lieut. 0. D. Ladley, Twenty- 
second Infantry, who had been detailed by Maj. Gen. W. S. Hancock, then 
in command of the Department of Dakota, to act as quartermaster and 
commissary to the commission, reported to me in person and was directed 
to proceed to Fort Abercrombie in advance of the commission, to put the 
train in readiness for the march to Fort Pembina, near the forty-ninth 
parallel. 

The purchase of supplies for the season's work being made, and the 
employes required being secured, the commission left Saint Paul for Fort 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 21 

Abercrombie, and on the 29th of August, with the train, started thence 
northward for Fort Pembina, and reached that post on the 5th of Sep- 
tember. Capt. Loyd Wheaton, of the Twentieth Infantry, the officer in 
command of that post, rendered the commission efficient assistance and 
faciUtated its operations. General Hancock, having detailed Capt. A. A. 
Harbach's company, K, Twentieth Infantry, as escort to the commission, 
I found them there in readiness to enter upon the duties assigned them. 

The encampment of the commission was at once established in the 
vicinity of the forty-ninth parallel, near the post erected by Colonel Long 
in the year 1823, by direction of the government, to mark a point on the 
boundary-line between the United States and British possessions. Colonel 
Long at that time was engaged in an expedition to the source of Saint 
Peter's River, Lake of the Woods, &c. In the narrative published in 1824, 
compiled from his notes, he makes the following statement : 

The main object of the party in visiting this place (Pembina) being the determina- 
tion of the forty-ninth degree of latitude, Mr. Calhonn lost no time in taking observa- 
tions. The first one which he made was near Mr. Nolen's house, and, although not 
very satisfactory, yet it showed that we were near to the boundaryliue, as it indicated 
48° 59' 27". We then pitched our camp a little farther down on the bank of the liver, 
and, as near as we could judge, to the boundary-line. A large skin-lodge, which was 
lent to us, sheltered the gentlemen of the party during our stay there. Our tent-flies 
were pitched around it for the use of the soldiers. In honor of the President of the 
United States, this place received the name of Camp Monroe. A flag staif was planted, 
which, after a series of observations made during four d;iys, was determined to be in 
latitude 48° 59' 27" north. The magnetic meridian having been ascertained to be 13° 
17' 25" east, the distance to the boundary-line was measured off, and an oak post fixed 
on it, bearing on the north side the letters G. 13., and on the south side, U. S. On the 
Sth of August at noon the flag was hoisted on the staff, which bore south 44° 25' west of 
the post at a distance of 207i feet. A national salute was fired at the time, and a procla- 
mation made by Colonel Long that, by virtue of the authority vested in him by the 
President of the United States, the country situated ui)oii Red River above that point 
was declared to be comprehended within the territory of the United States, (pp. 4G 
and 47, Long's Narrative of an Exi^edition to the Source of Saint Peter's River, Lake 
Winnepeg, Lake of the Woods, &c., performed in the year 1823, by order of the Hon. 
John C. Calhcun, Secretary of War.) 

When astronomical observations and surveys to determine the boundary- 
line were commenced by the commission, the season had reached the middle 
of September, leaving a comparatively short period of time for field-work 
in this high latitude. Tlie British commissioner, Capt. D. R. Cameron, li. A., 



22 UNITED STATES JSTOKTHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

and the Eritisli chief astronomer, Capt. S. Anderson, R. E., reached Pem- 
bina on the 16th and 18th of September. On the latter day the first meet- 
ing of the joint commission took jjlace, and a general plan of operations 
was agreed upon for the remainder of the season. 

The mode of surveying and marking the boundary was discussed, and 
it was agreed that a point on the forty-nintli parallel of north latitude, 
close to the western bank of Red River, should be the point of the boundary 
first to be ascertained. 

It was also agreed that when the last-named point had been ascertained, 
the part of the boundary-line to the east of Red River should be determined, 
and, if practicable, the survey of it completed during the first working sea- 
son, so as to enable the joint commission to commence the survey of the 
line westward of the point ascertained near Red River, at the opening of 
the next year's operations in the field. 

It was also agreed that such portions of the boundary-line eastward 
of Red River as may be through wooded country, should be cleared for a 
breadth of thirty feet, under the direction of the British commissioner, 
during the winter season, at the joint expense of the two commissions. 

The manner of permanently marking the line was left for future con- 
sideration, in order that it might be ascertained by inspection of the country 
what would be the most desirable and economical material for its demar- 
kation. 

On the 1st of October Colonel Farquhar, United States chief astron- 
omer, left the camp for the Lake of the Woods, to meet the chief astron- 
omer of the British commission, for the purpose of jointly ascertaining the 
position of the " northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods," the 
initial point of the boundary -line ; and from that i)oint to determine the 
boundary-line due south, according to the terms of the treaty, until it reaches 
the forty-ninth parallel. 

On the 11th of October, accompanied by Captain Cameron, I took the 
steamer from Pembina down Red River to Fort Garry, on the way to the 
northwesternmost point of the Lake of the Woods. On the 14th we started 
from Fort Garry for the Lake of the Woods, and on the lf)th reached the 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 23 

vicinity of the northwesternmost point, where we found Colonel Farquhar 
and Captain Anderson, with their respective parties. After their arrival at 
the lake they had, with the assistance of native Indians of that region, 
discovered the remains of the reference monument erected by the United 
States and Britisli commissioners (Messrs. Porter and Barclay), appointed 
tinder the sixtli and seventh articles of the treaty of Ghent; from which 
monument, by a series of courses and distances laid down in their joint 
report to their governments, the position of the northwesternmost point of 
the lake was to be ascertained. The northwesternmost point not being on 
firm ground, could not be marked by a monument. 

From this report of the chief astronomers I was satisfied with the north- 
westernmost point of the lake, as ascertained by them and recommended 
for our acceptance, but Captain Cameron was not disposed to accept the 
result of their examinations and search for the reference monument, it being 
his policy in the interest of the Canadian Government, if not the result of 
instructions, to leave the question of the northwesternmost ])oint of the lake 
unsettled, because the meridian bovmdary-line from that point southerly to 
its intersection with the forty-ninth parallel would cut off from the main- 
land and leave to the United States a portion of tenitoiy, projecting into 
the lake, of great importance, and almost indispensable to the province of 
]\Ianitoba as a means of communication with Canada. Upon this territory 
a depot and steamboat-landing at the terminus of the Fort Garry road had 
been established for some time previously to the authorization of the joint 
commission to determine the boundary. 

The British commissioner, while declining to agree officially to the 
northwesternmost point of the lake as determined by the chief astronomers, 
expressed his willingness to cut a sight-line from that point southerly through 
the timber along the meridian boundary until it strikes the shore of the 
lake, withoiit, liowever, at that time agreeing to it as a part of the boundary- 
line. His object doubtless was to leave the question in abeyance, in the 
hope that before the boundary was completed to the summit of the Rocky 
Mountains, or subsequently, some arrangement might be made between the 
two governments whereby this small but much-coveted and important piece 
of territory would become a part of the North West Territory. 



24 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Having- completed the object of our visit to the Lake of the Woods, we 
started to Fort Garry on the 25th of October, and reached it on the 2yt]i. 
In consequence of rainy weather we remained there several days. On the 
Gth of November we returned to Pembina. By that time the jiarties generally 
had closed field operations, and those of the United States commission were~ 
on their way to Fort Abercrombie, where the wagon-train was to be left 
during the winter season. From there the employes were taken to Saint Paul 
and discharged for the winter. The last party in the field, under Major 
Twining, did not reach Saint Paul until the 23d of November, by which 
time it had become quite cold. 

The Department having designated Detroit as the place for establishing 
the office of the commission during the winter, the employes who were no 
longer required were discharged at Saint Paul. The chief astronomer, with 
his assistants, repaired to Detroit, where they remained until the opening of 
the season for field-woi'k in the ensuing spring. 

Congress, during the session of 1872-73, appropriated $125,000 for 
the operations of the ensuing fiscal year, making it available upon the 
passage of the act, as the amount of the previous appropriation was nearly 
exhausted. 

Before the resumption of field-work for the year 1873, Colonel Far- 
quhar, United States chief astronomer, applied to the Engineer Department 
to be relieved from duty with the boundary commission, preferring his 
legitimate duties in the Engineer Corps. His request was granted, and 
Maj. W. J. Twining, the engineer officer next in rank on duty with the 
commission, became chief astronomer. 

At the earliest moment practicable, in the year 1873, Major Twining 
was in the field with his parties. The survey was commenced at the astro- 
nomical station which had, during the previous year, been determined and 
marked on the western bank of Red River. Major Twining commenced 
operations with the intention of completing four hundred miles of the survey 
during the season, and he accomplished his object. The boundary was 
marked at intervals of one mile between the United States and the province 
of l\ranitoba, and ferther west at average intervals of three miles. These 
monuments were built of earth, or stone wliere it could be found. Those 



REPOET OF THE GOMMISSIONEE. 25 

separating Manitoba from the United States have been replaced by monu- 
ments of iron. 

The climate of the country in the vicinity of the boundary cannot be 
surpassed. The days, though sometimes warm, are always more or less 
tempered by a pleasant breeze, and the nights in midsummer are cool and 
refresliing, and sometimes exceedingly cool, even to the freezing-point. 
The surface of the earth in this region is generally a rolling prairie, gradu- 
ally but almost imperceptibly rising from Red River to the base of the 
Rocky Mountains. 

After crossing Pembina River, thirty -five miles west of Red River, there 
is a considerable rise in the land. This elevation is called Pembina Mount- 
ain, though in reality it is only an elevated plateaii. The boundary farther 
to the west crosses Turtle Mountain, a rough and rugged elevation covered 
with timber, through the whole extent of which along the boundary a vista 
of fifteen feet in width was cut. The distance from the east to the west 
base of the mountain is about thirty-four and one-half miles. By far the 
larger part of Turtle Mountain falls upon the southern side of the line, and, 
in consequence of the great scarcity of timber in that latitude, it is a fortu- 
nate acquisition. 

At the close of the season's work in October Major Twining withdrew 
all his parties from the field, with the exception of Lieutenant Greene's, 
and moved southwardly to Jamestown, Dak., in order to strike the Northern 
Pacific Railroad at that point, and from there continued his journey to 
Saint Paul, where the employes for the season's work were discharged, and 
the officers and assistants repaired to Detroit to bring up the office-work 
during the winter. Lieutenant Greene with his party remained in the field 
during the winter, in order to complete the survey of the line between the 
Lake of the Woods and Red River, it being impracticable to perform that 
work during the summer season on account of the swampy character of the 
country. 
A In consequence of delay in the passage of the appropriation for the 
boundary commission for the year 1874, it Avas late before I was able to 
join the parties in the field. On my arrival at Fort Buford, on the Missouri, 
the military post at which Major Twining laid in his supplies fur the season. 



26 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

I found lie had a short time ^^reviously started northwardly, to strike the 
forty-ninth parallel at the jDoint where the sui'vey terminated at the close 
of the previous season. As soon as my small train was in readiness, I 
moved toward the boundary -line, accompanied by a small escort of infantry, 
five companies of which had been detailed by General Terry as escort to 
the commission, together with two companies of cavalry. As the commis- 
sion were moving through a country far from civilization, occupied by 
Blackfeet and other warlike Indians, this large escort was considered neces- 
sary to its safety and exemption from molestation. 

After steadily traveling for seventeen days, on the 2d of August we 
reached the camp of the cavalry escort. The country over which we 
passed, following the Missouri and its tributaries, is monotonous and unin- 
teresting. 

The cavalry camp A\as near the Tlu-ee Buttes or Sweet Grass Hills, 
three prominent peaks wliich rise to a great height over the surrounding 
country, and present a most agreeable relief to tlie eye in contrast with the 
tameness of the country over which we had recently passed. We here 
found dehcious, cold, spring water, a great luxury after the unpalatable and 
unwholesome water we had been obliged to drink on the route wlien not 
near the Missouri River. 

From the summit of these peaks on a clear day a fine view of the 
crest of the Kocky Mountains is obtained. After remaining a day at the 
cavalry camp, we left for Major Twining's camp, which we reached after a 
journey of tliirty miles. Captain Gregory and Lieutenant Greene, engineer 
ofiicers attached to the commission, were encamped in its vicinity. It cre- 
ated quite a variety in our wilderness life to find such an assemblage of 
parties in this attractive neighborhood. 

From Major Twining I learned that two hundred and forty miles of 
the remainder of the boundary left unfinished last year had already been 
completed since he reached the boundary, and in a little less time than six 
weeks. 

On the 8th of August, a clear, cool, and Ijright day, accompanied by 
Lieutenant Greene, I rode to the summit of the westernmost of the Three 







r 













J 



u -4: 






r;:, ^ 






REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 27 

Buttes, a distance of about six miles from the camp. The ascent was steep 
toward the summit, but practicable. From that elevated point the Rocky- 
Mountains in all their grandeur were in full view, while beneath us it 
required but little imagination to convert the rolling prairie into an ocean. 
The summit of the butte is about 1,700 feet above the level of the prairie. 

On the 12th of August, accompanied by Major Twining, I left the 
Three Buttes for the Rocky Mountains, the distance being about one 
hundred and ten miles. We encamped for the night in a very fine position, 
giving a full view of the group of buttes composing the Sweet-Grass Hills ; 
for each of the three principal buttes is composed of one chief butte, sur- 
rounded by others of inferior size, the whole of them covering a consider- 
able extent of territory. 

The next morning we moved westward, traveled about twenty-eight 
miles, and encamped on Milk River. From our camp we had fine views 
of the Rocky Mountains, the summit being still partially covered with 
snow. On our journey this day we passed through the country of the 
Blackfeet Indians, during which time it was deemed pnident to keep closer 
together and nearer to the escort than usual, but we were not molested. 
The Indians, knowing that we were well protected by troops, gave us no 
trouble during the whole survey. 

Toward the evening of this day, the 13th of August, Captain Cameron, 
the British commissioner, unexpectedly made his appearance among us, 
having just returned from the summit of the Rocky Mountains, where the 
svirvey was rapidly progressing to a conclusion. As this was the last oppor- 
tunity before the parties would be withdrawn from the field, we held a 
meeting of the joint commission at our camp. Captain Cameron stated that 
he was now prepared to agree to the northwesternmost point of the Lake of 
"the Woods, as determined by the chief astronomers of the United States 
and British commissions, his government having directed him to acknowl- 
edge the reference-monument pointed out to the chief astronomers by 
Indians residing in the vicinity. 

He also agreed to adopt the astronomical parallel as the true boundary 
instead of the mean parallel, which he had hitherto strongly urged, and 



28 UNITED STATES NORTHEUN BOUNDARY GOM3IISSION. 

which would have been a great additional expense without any con-espond- 
ing benefit. 

These points of difierence being settled, the joint commission adjourned 
to meet on some future day, after the completion of the office- work, for the 
purpose of comparing the records of the survey and the final maps of the 
boundary, prepai'atory to their signature by the commissioners. 

The day after the meeting of the joint commission, we continued our 
journey toward the Rocky Mountains over a soft, rolling, grassy prairie. 
Dui'ing the journey the mountains were constantly in view. No description 
can do justice to the magnificence of this mountain scenery. As we 
approached it day by day, the Chief Mountain, near the forty-ninth parallel, 
stood pre-eminent in distinctness and grandeur, resembling a gigantic obelisk 
broken off at the summit. There is an infinite variety in the mountain 
range near the parallel. It requires but little aid of the imagination to see 
a city in i-uins, in which fortifications, pyramids, and other familiar objects 
present themselves to the eye. 

On the 17th of August we reached Chief Mountain Lake, near the 
base of Chief Mountain, and encamped in its vicinity. On the 20th, with 
a 2:)ack-train, we started westward over the Rocky Mountains, taking two 
days in crossing to its western base, and two days in returning. We found 
the United States and British parties approaching the termination of the 
line, and searcldng for the monument erected on the summit of the mount- 
ains at the terminus of the boundary between the United States and Britisli 
possessions authorized by the treaty of 1846. The monument was at length 
discovered in a spot very difiicult of access, and therefore the better adapted 
to 231'eserve it from being disturbed. The survey was carried to the monu- 
ment, and the line was thus completed from the northwesternmost point of 
the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains. 

The weather had been so fine during the whole season that there was 
no inteiTuj^tion to the progress of the survey. The nights were clear, and 
the astronomical work was rapid and accurate. Being so remote from set- 
tlements, and in a latitude where winter commences very early, it was most 
fortunate that the parties were able to leave the field while it was still com- 
paratively mild. 



REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER. 29 

Arrangements bad been made by Major Twining early in tbe season 
for the construction of Mackinac boats at Fort Benton, on the Missouri, for 
the puipose of transporting the party down the Missouri River to Bismarck, 
the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Raih-oad, and thence to Saint 
Paul by railroad, to be discharged, Math the exception of the assistants who 
were required to do the office-work of the commission. 

By the 12th of September, the various parties in the field having as- 
sembled at Fort Benton, the fleet of six Mackinac boats started down the 
river. Major Twining and his assistants accompanied the expedition. At 
night the boats were fastened to the shore, and the whole party, including 
officers, bivouacked. They reached Bismarck in eighteen days. 

On the 1 3th of September I left Fort Benton for Fort Shaw, on Sun 
River, in Montana, accompanied by General Gibbon, United States Army, 
who had left his j^ost for Fort Benton, to visit the officers of the commission 
before their departure for the East. He had been directed by the com- 
manding general of the Department of Dakota (General Terry) to furnish 
the commission any additional escort that might be required when it reached 
the neighborhood of the Rocky Mountains, and he had promptly informed 
me of his readiness to respond to my requisition for troops, if they should 
be needed. 

We reached Fort Shaw, in Montana, a distance of sixty-tlu-ee miles, 
in about eight hours, traveling in a spring-wagon over the natural sur- 
face of the ground, which was of a similar character to that over which we 
had passed on our way to the Rocky Mountains. 

I remained two days at Fort Shaw. The post was garrisoned by four 
companies of infantry. It had a very neat and highly military ajopearance, 
the houses being mainly of adobe and very warm and comfortable. Gen- 
eral Gibbon took much pride in exhibiting his fine gardens filled Avith 
vegetables for the troops. The soil is very fertile, and, although the warm 
season is brief, vegetables come to matvirity rapidly and are of a very fine 
quality. 

On the 16th of September I left Fort Shaw for Helena, a distance of 
eighty miles, and with a relay reached it in twelve hom-s. On the succeed- 



30 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

ing clay I attended a fair, at which the various products of Montana, min- 
eral, animal, and vegetable, -were exhibited. Notwithstanding the liigh 
latitude of Montana, the winters are comjiaratively mild. The cattle are 
left at large during that season, and keep in good condition by jiicking up 
nutritious grass of that region, which remains on the ground throughout 
the winter covered by snow of a moderate depth. Montana being pro- 
tected from westerly winds by the Rocky Mountains, the climate is much 
milder in winter than might naturally be supposed. 

The next day I started from Helena in a Concord stage, and after 
traveling steadily four days and three nights I reached Ogden, on Salt 
Lake, and there took the Union Pacific Railroad for the East. 

After the chief astronomer and his assistants reached Washington, an 
office was rented for the purpose of working out the results of the survey, 
and constructing the maps for the illustration of tlie boundary -line and the 
country adjacent thereto. 

The British commission, at the close of the field-work of the survey, 
returned to London and there executed their office-work. In the month of 
March last Maj. D. R. Cameron, R. A., Her Britannic Majesty's commis- 
sioner, announced to me by letter that early in April the work of the British 
commission would be completed and ready for the final meeting of the 
joint commission preparatory to closing its proceedings, and requested, if 
convenient, that I would meet him for that purpose in London. Having 
submitted the proposition to the Department, I received authority to comply 
with it. Accordingly, with the assent of the Department, I left the United 
States on the 1 st of April, in advance of the chief astronomer, who followed 
on the 19th. On his arrival at London the United States and British chief 
astronomers compared the records and maps of the respective commissions, 
and liaving reported that the latter were ready for the signature of the com- 
missioners, they were duly signed on the 2lJth of May, with a protocol of 
the final proceedings of the conmiission, of which the following is a copy, viz: 



HKl'ORT OF TOE COMMlSSrONEK. 31 

Record of 'proceedings at a meeting of the commissioncrH appointed rcspeclively by the Presi- 
dent of the United Stales of America, and by ITcr Britannic Majesty, to ascertain and 
mark the boundary-line between the respective territories <f the United iStales and of 
Her Majesty, the said line being that defined by the second article of the convention of 
London, signed October 20, 1818. 

PKESENT. 

Donald E. Cameron, major Koyal Artillery, commissioner on the i)art of Hit 
Britannic Majesty. 

S. Anderson, captain Eoyal Engineers, chief astronomer to Her Majesty's com- 
mission. 

A. C. Ward, captain Koyal Engineers, secretarj' to IJer Majesty's commission. 

Archibald Campbell, commissioner on the part of the United States of America. 

W. J. Twininjj;, ca[)tain of the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army, 
chief astronomer to the United States commission. 

1. The chief astronomers submit the following documents and maps : 

a. A detailed list in dui)]icate of forty astronomical stations, in addition to one for 
the location of the most northwestern point of the Lake of tlie Woods, at wliich observa- 
tions were taken under their superintendence, to determine the line described in the 
second article of the convention of London (signed October 20, 18)8) Ix^tween the 
teimiiial points, viz, the most northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods and the 
eastern end of the international boundary-line previously marked between Akiimina, 
in the Koeky Mountains, and the western coast of North America. 

b. A descrij)tive list in duplicate of three hundred and eighty-eight (.'i8S) monu- 
ments and marks placed on the boundary -line, as derived from the astronomical sta- 
tions enumerated in the list referred to in section a of this paragraph. 

c. A duplicate set of twenty-four (21) maps on a scale of 75^7^0' '*'' ^ '"'''' *" '-' 'U''^'**? 
illustrating the topography of the country through which the boundary line runs, and 
indicating the relative positions of the various monuments and marks referred to in 
section b of this paragraph. 

2. The second article of the convention of London, signed 20th October, 1818, is 
read, as follows: 

" It is agreed that a line drawn from the most northwestern point of the Lake of 
the Woods, along the lorty-ninth parallel of north latitude, or if the said ))()int shall 
not be in the forty-ninth parallel of north latitu<le, then that a line drawn from the said 
point due north or south, as the case may be, until the said line shall intersect the said 
parallel of north latitude, and from the point of such intersection due west, along and 
with the said parallel, shall be the line of demaikation between the territories of Ills 
Britannic Majesty and those of the United States, and that the said line shall form t hn 
southern boundary of the said t<'rritories of Ills Britannic Majesty, and the northern 
boundary of the territories of the United States, from the Lake of the Woods to the 
Stony Mountains." 

The duplicate documents and maps enumerated in paragra[)Ii numbered one (1) — 
one set for each of the resi)ective governments — having been examined and compared, 
are authenticated by the signatures of the commissioners, who agree as follows: 

1. The three hundred and eighty eight (388) monuments detailed in the list referred 
to in section b of paragraph numbered one, arc on and mark the astronomical lines stipu- 



32 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

lated by the second article of the convention of Loudon (signed October 20, 1818) to be 
the liue of bouudary between the territories of Her Britannic Majesty and of the United 
States of America, from the Laiie of the Woods to the Stony {i. e., Rocliy) Mountaius. 

2. In the intervals between the monuments along the parallel of latitude, it is 
agreed that the line has the curvature of a parallel of 49° north latitude ; and that 
such characteristic shall determine all questions that may hereafter arise with reference 
to the position of the bouudary at any point betweeu neighboring monuments. 

3. It is further agreed that, in the event of any of the said three hundred and 
eighty-eight (388) monuments or marks being obliterated beyond the power of recog- 
nition, the lost site or sites shall be recovered by their recorded position relatively to 
the next neighboring unobliterated mark or marks. 

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, 
United States Commissioner, London, May 29, 1876. 
D. R. CAMERON, 
Major B, A., Rer Britannic Majesty's Commissioner, London, May 29, 1876. 

The proceedings of the joint commission having thus been brought to 
a conchision, it adjourned sine die. 

In accordance with an estimate of the chief astronomer of the United 
States commission, made immediately preceding the opening session of the 
present Congress, the Department was informed that the office- work of the 
commission would be completed at the close of the present fiscal j'ear, 
and that a balance of the appropriation, amounting to $15,000, would 
probably remain unexpended. This contemplated result is now accom- 
plished, and is in a great measure due to the ability and careful manage- 
ment of Major Twining, who has had immediate charge of the survey of 
the boundary -line, and to his assistants. Captain Gregory and Lieutenant 
Greene, United States Engineers, who have most efficiently and zealously 
discharged the duties which devolved upon them. 

Mr. James E. Bangs, the secretary of the commission, who has been 
immediately under my charge, has performed with fidelity and accuracy 
the various duties pertaining to his position, and particularly those con- 
nected with the disbursement of the funds appropriated for the expenses of 
th3 commission. 

In conclusion, I would respectfully call the attention of the Depart- 
ment to the report of Dr. Elliott Coues, the surgeon and naturalist of the 
conmiission, whose eminent ability in the latter position has placed him 



REPOIfT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 33 

among the most distinguished of those who have devoted themselves to this 
branch of science. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, 
Commissioner Northern Boundary Survey. 
Hon. Hamilton Fish, 

Secretary of State. 

N B 3 



34 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



LIST OF THE ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS OBSERVED BY THE JOINT COMMISSION FOR THE 
DETERMINATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY-LINE FROM THE NORTHWEST 
ANGLE OF THE LAKE OF THE WOODS TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 



No. 



3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

« 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

ai 

22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
30 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 



Name of the astrouoniical statiou. 



Northwest Oiiiglc 

Lake of the VVoods (joiut) 

Piue River 

West Roseau Riilge 

Red River (joint) 

Point de Michel (joiut) 

Pembiua Mouutain, east (joint) 

Pembina Mouutain, west 

Long River 

SUiepy Hollow 

Turtle Mountain, east 

Turtle Mouutain, west 

First Souris (or Mouse Elver) 

.South Antler 

Secoud Souris (or Mouse River) 

United States No. 8 Astronomical Station 

Short Creek 

Third Mouse River 

Grand Coteau 

Mid Coteau 

Big Muddy 

Bully Spring 

Poplar River 

WestPoplar 

Little Rocky 

Frenchman's Creek 

Cottonwood Coule 

Pool on Prairie 

Near Goose Lake 

East Fork 

West Fork 

Jlilk River Lake 

Milk River 

East Butte 

West Butte 

Red Creek 

Secoud Jlilk River (or south branch) 

North branch Milk River 

Rocky Mountains 

Belly River 

Cbiff Mountain Lake 

Akamina 



Distance from 

Lake of the 
Woods station. 



Longitude west 
of Greenwich. 



Miles. Links. 





:U 
68 
88 
108 
J 24 
135 
liiS 
183 
203 
238 
258 
2il 
30.i 
325 
343 
359 
377 
400 
426 
451 
473 
498 
522 
550 
567 
588 
615 
642 
655 
677 
702 
723 
739 
760 
785 
804 
825 
836 
846 
853 




7205 
1283 
493G 
5962 
0002 
6307 
1305 
3911 
7729 
1510 
0744 
19r3 
7150 
3846 
2892 
3254 
2977 
4925 
5035 
1841 
3454 
6906 
4742 
6740 
3881 
1931 
3202 
0218 
2357 
02-1 
3023 
03s3 
5770 
31(i0 
0279 
3361 
6138 
3385 
0240 
2529 



99 



95 08 
16 
59 

96 46 

97 13 
40 

98 00 
16 
54 
19 
46 

100 31 
57 

101 28 
57 

102 26 
50 

103 11 
34 

104 05 
.39 

105 12 
41 

106 12 
46 

107 23 
45 

108 13 
48 

109 24 
41 

110 10 
43 

111 U 
33 

112 00 
32 
58 

113 26 
40 
53 

114 02 



39. 



7 

55. 3 
01. 1 
51.9 
5L5 
25.2 
33.0 
06. 3 
52.1 
02.4 
04.3 
13. 9 
29. 8 
03.0 

56. 1 
25.2 
00.9 
11.3 
53.7 
34.0 
53.6 
21.4 
39. 2 
34.4 
31.5 
4'^. 2 
4.5. 9 
09.2 
59.6 
27. 
38, 
19 
46. 
02, 
02 
19.5 
50. 3 

25. 2 
35. 3 
39.0 
19.7 
56. 5 



Remarks. 



Lat. 49= 22' 19".137. 



Observed by the joint 
eommissiou, 1861. 



W. J. TWINING, 
Captain of Engineers, United States Chief Astronomer. 

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, 
United Slates Commissioner, May 29, 1870. 

S. ANDERSON, 
Captain Royal Engineers, British Chief Astronomer. 

D. R. CAMERON, 
Major lioi/ul Artillerg, Ihr Britannic Majesty's Commissioner, May 29, 1670. 



REPORT OF THE COMAirSSIONER. 



35 



LIST OF MONUMENTS MARKING THE INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY-LINE FROM THE NORTH- 
WEST ANGLE OF THE LAKE OF THE WOODS TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

Note. — The azimuths given in this table are calculated, and do not form a part of the official agreement of Ibe commissioners. 

MONUMENTS MARKING DUE SOUTH LINE. 



o . 

a" 


Distance 

south of 

northwest 

point. 


Nature of mouument. 


Longitude 

west of 
Greenwich. 


Azimuth. 


1.1 

11 


Azimuth. 


1.1 

11 
ng 

o s 
H = 


Remarks. 




Miles. Links 



1 3071 

1 7001 

2 2797 

3 3626 
5 0945 
1882 
7 4351 




O 1 II 

95 08 57. 7 

95 08 57. 7 
95 08 57. 7 

95 08 57. 7 
95 08 57. 7 
95 08 57. 7 
95 08 57. 7 
• 95 08 57. 7 


/ 




/ 




Northwest point in swamp. Lati- 

tudo 490 23' 50".:l. 
Lititiido 4^)0 2'^' 'Ih" *^ 


1 




00 no 
00 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 




1 

o 

3 
4 
5 
6 


180 00 
00 

00 

to 

00 

00 

160 00 


o 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 


o 


tic 


Litilndn 49^ *J^' 1"" (> iioilli of D"lw. 


3 


do 


sou road. 


4 


... do 


l.,atitndB 4^)^ 20' 50" 4 


■i 


do 




G 
7 


Granite cairn 


Latitude 490 18' 2:/'.4. 
L'ltiliidd 49'^ 17' 11" •' 









MONUMENTS FROM LAKE OF THE WOODS WESTWARD. 



S ° 

p a 



2 
3 
4 

5 
6 
7 
S 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 

15 
16 
17 

18 
19 

to 

21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
25 
27 
23 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
37 



Distance 
from Lake of 
the Woods. 



Nature of monument. 



Miles Links 

Stone cairn, 74' 



3 
5 
9 
12 
15 
17 



18 2080 
21 

24 1543 

25 6804 
29 

30 

32 5154 

33 4936 

34 4936 

35 4936 

36 4936 

37 4936 

38 4936 

39 4936 

40 4936 

41 4936 

42 5319 

43 4936 

44 5519 

45 4936 

46 6510 

47 4936 

48 5JJ9 

49 4936 

50 5519 

51 4936 

52 5519 

53 4936 

54 5519 

55 5519 



56 5519 

57 5519 

58 5519 

59 5519 

60 5519 

61 5319 

62 5519 



Earth mound, 7' x 14' 

do 

Iron pillar 

Earth mound, 7' x 14' 

do 

Iron pillar 

Eartli luound, 7' x 14' 

Iron villar 

Earth mound, 7' x 14' 

Iron pillar 

Earth mound, 7' x 14' 

do 

do , 



Earth-mound, 10' x 6* . 

Timber 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Iron pillar 

Earlh mound, 10' x 6' . 

Iron pillar 

Earth mound, 10' x 6'. 

Iron pillar 

Earth mound, 10' x G' . 

Iron pillar 

Earth mound, 10' x 6' . 

Iron pillar 

Earth monnd, 10' x 6' . 

Iron pillar 

Eartli mound, 10' x 6' . 

Iron pill.ir 

do 



do . 
do . 
do 
do . 
do . 
do . 
do 



Longitude 

west of 
Greenwich. 



95 16 55. 3 

20 52. 8 
23 31. 1 
28 47. 8 
32 45. 4 
36 42. 9 
39 21.2 
41 01.0 
44 37.9 
48 50. 8 
51 0>.0 

55 11.3 

56 30. 5 

96 00 00 

01 16.9 

02 26. 

03 65. a 

05 14.4 

06 33. 6 

07 52. 7 

09 11.9 

10 31. 1 

11 50.2 

13 1.5.2 

14 28. 5 

15 53. 6 

17 06. 9 

18 31.9 

19 43. 3 

21 10. 3 

22 23. G 

23 48. 6 
25 02, 

20 27. 
27 40.3 
2'J 05. 3 
:« 24. 5 



31 43. 7 

33 02. 8 

34 22. 

35 41 2 

37 00. 4 

38 19.3 

39 38. 7 



Azimuth. 


1.1 

u 

o a 
HO 




' 




90 06 


1 


07 


2 


06 


3 


06 


4 


06 


5 


07 


6 


08 


7 


07 


H 


06 


9 


07 


10 


07 


11 


07 


12 


05 


13 


00 


14 


00 


13 


00 


16 


00 


17 


00 


IS 


00 


19 


00 


20 


03 


21 


00 


0.1 


00 


23 


00 


24 


89 59 


25 


5:) 


26 


59 


27 


90 00 


28 


00 


29 


01 


30 


01 


31 


01 


32 


01 


33 


01 


31 


01 


33 


01 


36 


01 


37 


01 


38 


01 


39 


01 


40 


01 


41 


01 


42 


01 


41 





'^ 1 














Azimuth 


n 




o 3 




H" 


o / 




270 0!) 


o 


09 


3 


10 


4 


09 


5 


09 


« 


09 


7 


08 


ti 


09 


9 


09 


10 


09 


11 


09 


12 


09 


13 


07 


14 


01 


13 


01 


16 


01 


17 


01 


18 


01 


19 


01 


20 


01 


21 


01 


22 


01 


23 


01 


24 


01 


2.3 


02 


26 


01 


27 


02 


28 


02 


29 


01 


30 


02 


31 


02 


32 


02 


33 


02 


34 


02 


33 


02 


36 


02 


37 


02 


38 


02 


39 


02 


40 


02 


41 


02 


42 


112 


43 


02 


44 


02 


45 



Kemarlvs. 



Lake of the 'Woods nstronomical 
Btatiuu. 



East of northeast Roseau crosein;' 



On Kid^p. 

At Pine Uivor. 

Marljingea-steruboundiiry of Mani- 
toba. 

lu Great lloseau Swamp. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



Near 40-MlIo station. 



Fast of Pointe d'Ormo. 

"West of Point d'Orme. Between 
'^"7 and 3^ the Roseau Rivtr at 
I'ointo d'Orme croaaea the line 
three tiroes. 



36 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



List of the mortumenia marking the international boundary-line, ifc. — Continued. 



S = 
■2 = 

o a 



16 
41 

48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
53 
54 
55 
56 
57 
58 
59 
60 
fil 
62 
63 
64 
65 
66 
67 
6S 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
70 
77 
78 
79 
HO 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 
88 
89 
90 
1)1 
02 
93 
94 
95 
9G 
97 
98 
99 
100 
101 
102 
103 
104 
105 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
116 

117 

118 



Distance I 
from Lalvoof \ Nature of luonumeut. 
Llie Woods. 



Miles. 
63 
64 
63 
66 
67 
68 
69 
70 
71 
72 
73 
74 
75 
76 
77 
78 
79 
80 
81 
82 
83 
84 
85 
86 
87 



90 
91 
93 
93 
94 
95 
96 
97 
98 
99 
100 
101 
102 
103 
104 
103 
106 
107 
108 
109 
110 
111 
112 
113 
114 
115 
IIG 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 
134 



Linkn. 
5519 
S519 
5519 
5319 
5319 
5519 
5519 
5519 
.5519 
5519 
5" 19 
5519 
53.19 
5319 
5919 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5319 

5:i9 

5519 
5519 
3319 
5519 
4930 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5919 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5319 
5519 
5519 
5519 
.5519 
5519 
5519 
6519 
5519 
5319 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5519 
6319 
5519 
5519 
5319 
5319 
5319 
5519 
5519 
5519 
.5519 
5319 
5519 
5519 
5519 
5519 
.5519 
5519 
5519 
6005 
2307 



Iron pillar . 

(to ... 

do .... 

do .... 

do... 

do ... 



.do 
.do . 
do . 
.do . 
.do. 
.do . 
.do. 
.f-o . 
.do. 
.do. 
.do. 



134 5.519 

135 5519 



do ... 

do... 

do ... 

do ... 

do . . 

do... 

.....do ... 

do ... 

do ... 

do... 

do... 

do... 

do ... 

do ... 

do ... 

do ... 

do... 

do ... 

do... 

do ... 

do... 

do ... 

do... 

do... 

do ... 

do... 



do. 

do . 



.do 
.do . 
. do . 
.do. 

do . 
.do. 

do. 

do . 
.do - 
-do . 
.do . 

do . 

do . 
.do . 

do . 
.do . 
.do . 

do. 

do . 

do . 
.do . 

do . 
.do . 
.do . 
.do. 

.do. 
do . 



Longitude 

we&t of 
Greenwich. 



96 40 57. 9 

42 17. 1 

43 36. 2 

44 55. 4 

46 14.6 

47 33. 8 

48 52, 9 

50 12.1 

51 31. 3 
.52 50. 5 
."14 09. 6 

55 28. 8 

56 48. 

58 07. 2 

59 2li. 3 

97 00 45. 5 

02 01. 7 

03 2i. 9 

04 43. 
OG 02.2 

07 21.4 

08 40. 6 

09 59. 7 

11 18.9 

12 38. I 

13 51. 5 

13 ,57.3 

15 16. 4 

16 3.3. 6 

17 54.8 

19 14.0 

20 33. 1 

21 52.3 

23 11 5 

24 30. 7 

25 49. 8 
27 09. 
23 28. 2 
29 47. 4 

31 06. 5 

32 2.3. 7 

33 44. 9 
33 04. 1 

36 23. 2 

37 42. 4 

39 01.6 

40 20. 8 

41 39.9 

42 59. 1 

44 18. 3 

45 37. 5 

46 56. 6 

43 23. 7 

49 3.3. n 

50 54. 1 
.52 13. 3 
53 32. 5 
.54 51. 7 

56 10.9 

57 30. 
6S 49.2 

98 CO 08. 4 

01 27. 6 

02 46. 7 

04 05. 9 

05 2.3. 1 

06 44. 3 

08 03. 4 

09 22. 6 

10 41.8 
12 06. 5 

14 07.5 

14 39. 3 

15 o^. 5 









a \ 


Azimuth. 


11 
a 3 






H = 


' 




90 01 


44 


01 


45 


01 


46 


01 


47 


01 


48 


04 


49 


04 


50 


04 


51 


03 


bi 


04 


53 


04 


54 


04 


55 


04 


56 


04 


57 


04 


58 


04 


59 


04 


60 


0! 


61 


04 


6i 


04 


63 


04 


64 


04 


65 


04 


66 


04 


67 


04 


68 


02 


69 


00 


70 


00 


71 


00 


72 


00 


73 


00 


74 


00 


75 


00 


76 


00 


77 


00 


78 


CO 


79 


00 


80 


00 


81 


00 


82 


00 


83 


00 


84 


CO 


85 


Oil 


86 


00 


87 


00 


88 


00 


89 


00 


90 


89 .57 


M 


57 


92 


,57 


9i 


57 


94 


57 


65 


57 


96 


57 


97 


57 


98 


57 


99 




100 


57 


101 


57 


102 


56 


103 


56 


104 


5fi 


105 


58 


106 


54 


107 


54 


108 


53 


109 


SI 


no 


54 


HI 


54 


112 


.'.3 


113 


54 


114 


SO 00 


115 


00 


iin 


00 


117 


89 58 


118 



Azimuth. 


ii 




O ' 




270 02 


40 


02 


47 


02 


48 


02 


49 


05 


50 


05 


51 


05 


,52 


04 


53 


03 


54 


05 


55 


03 


56 


05 


.57 


05 


.58 


05 


.59 


05 


60 


05 


61 


01 


62 


05 


63 


05 


64 


05 


65 


03 


66 


05 


67 


05 


68 


05 


69 


05 


70 


no 


71 


01 


72 


01 


73 


01 


74 


01 


75 


01 


76 


Ot 


77 


01 


78 


01 


79 


01 


80 


01 


81 


01 


82 


01 


83 


01 


84 


01 


85 


01 


86 


01 


87 


01 


88 


01 


69 


01 


90 


01 


91 


269 58 


92 


58 


93 


r.8 


94 


58 


95 


58 


96 


58 


97 


58 


98 


58 


99 


58 


100 


58 


101 


58 


102 


58 


103 


57 


104 


57 


105 


57 


106 


58 


107 


55 


108 


55 


109 


55 


110 


55 


111 


54 


112 


54 


113 


54 


114 


55 


115 


270 00 


116 


CO 


ll7 


00 


118 


269 59 


119 


.58 


120 



liemarka. 



East of Koseau Ridge. 
"West of Kuseaa Ridge. 



West baijk of Joe River. 



East of Red River. 

Red River astronomical station. 



Marais River. 

Manitoba priucipal meridian. 



Grant's, or Pointe llicbcl. 



Base of Pi'uibinn, Monntftin. 



Near west banlc of Pembina River. 
Top of ridge west of Pembinn 
River. 

Near United States aatronomicBj 
station No. 4. 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 



37 



List of the monuments marling the international bonndarij-Iine, ijc. — Couliniieil. 



11 
12; 



120 
131 
122 
123 
121 
123 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 
133 
134 
135 
136 
137 
13« 

13a 

140 
141 
142 

143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
ISl 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 
160 
161 
162 
163 
164 
165 
166 
167 
168 
169 

170 

171 
172 
173 
174 
175 
176 
177 
178 
179 

leo 



181 
183 
184 

185 
186 
187 

188 

189 
190 
191 
193 
193 



Distance 
from Lake of 
the Woods. 



Miles. I/inks 

137 5519 

138 5519 

139 5519 

140 5519 

141 5519 

142 5519 
• 143 5519 

144 5519 

145 5519 

146 651m 

147 5519 

148 5519 

149 5519 

150 5519 

151 5519 

152 5519 

153 5519 

154 5519 

155 5519 

156 6519 

157 5519 

158 5519 

159 5519 

160 5519 

161 6519 

162 5519 

163 5519 

164 5519 

165 5519 

166 6519 

167 5519 

168 5519 

169 0J20 

169 5519 

170 6519 
l-il 6998 
172 7154 

175 7662 

176 5485 
178 6527 
180 7412 
183 1414 
1H3 3911 
186 3911 
189 1328 
191 5717 
193 1272 
198 3911 
201 7911 
203 7729 



206 
209 
212 
213 
218 
221 
224 
227 
229 
233 
235 



7729 
5582 
7729 
1996 
7729 
7248 
7729 
6470 
7245 
3787 
2660 



243 1114 

217 0849 

249 3036 

232 5896 

255 2940 

256 3860 
258 0744 



261 

264 
267 
270 
273 



0744 
0741 
0744 
0744 
0744 



Nature of mODUment. 



Iron pillar 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

, do 

do 

do 

.... do 

, do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Stoue cairn, 13' x 7'* . . 

do» 

do* 

Stone cairn, 10' x 0'* . . 
Earth mound, 16' x 7'* 

do' 

Earth mound, 10' x 5'* 
Earth mound, 9' x 6'* . 

do- 



Longitude 

WL'St of 

Greenwich. 



do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

Earth n.ound, 14' x 6' 



do* 

do« 

do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

do 

Earth mound, 9' 
do* 



Stone cairn, 10' x 7" 



do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

Earth niouud. 8' x 5"' 

Stone, 16' X 7'* 

EoTth mound, .V x a" 



.do* 
-do* 
. do* 
.do' 
.do* 



98 18 36. 8 
19 56.0 

21 15.2 

22 34. 4 
2 i 53. 5 

25 12.7 

26 31. 9 

27 51. 1 

29 10.2 

30 29. 4 

31 48.6 

33 07. 8 

34 26. 9 

35 46. 1 

37 03. 3 

38 24. 5 

39 43. 6 

41 02. 8 

42 22. 

43 41.1 

45 00. 3 

46 19.5 

47 38. 7 

48 57. 9 
50 17.0 
61 36.2 

52 55. 4 

54 14.6 

55 33. 7 

56 53. 9 

58 12. 1 

59 31.3 

99 00 00. 
00 60. 4 

02 09. 6 
(JO o.i_ o 

03 04. 2 

09 06. 7 

10 04. 3 

12 53. 
15 40. 1 

18 33. 3 

19 03. 

23 00. 5 

26 31.5 

29 54.2 
34 27. 
38 50. 
43 27. 7 
46 04. 2 

50 01.8 
63 38. 

57 56. 8 

100 00 57. 6 
05 51. 9 
09 44. 6 

13 40.9 
17 33. 

20 18.0 
25 05. 5 

27 27. 7 

30 "IS. 7 

37 45.8 
42 57. 9 
45 59. 9 
50 25. 7 

53 54. 
65 22. 4 
57 29. 8 

101 01 27. 3 
05 24. 8 
09 22. 3 
13 19.9 
17 17.4 



Azimuth 



o_5 



89 57 
57 
58 
57 
57 
67 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
57 
67 
57 
67 
57 
57 
67 
57 
67 
57 
57 
57 
57 
5S 
57 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
52 
53 
54 
53 
53 
63 
54 
54 
54 
63 
53 
53 
54 

90 01 
01 
01 
02 
01 
01 
01 
01 
01 
00 
01 

01 

01 
01 
01 
01 
02 
02 
02 

89 57 
57 
58 
57 
57 



119 
120 
121 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
199 
130 
131 
132 
133 
134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
143 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
131 
152 
1.53 
154 
155 
150 
157 
1.58 
1.39 
160 
161 
162 
163 
104 
103 
166 
1''.7 
168 

169 
170 
171 

17.3 
174 
173 
176 

177 
178 
179 

180 

181 
182 
183 
18t 

183 
186 
187 

188 
189 
190 
191 
192 



Azimuth 



269 58 
59 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
58 
68 
58 
58 
5S 
58 
58 
58 
58 

58 
69 
58 



H I 



53 


133 


65 


130 


55 


137 


54 


1.38 


56 


139 


53 


160 


55 


I6i 


51 


162 


56 


163 


50 


164 


.56 


163 


57 


166 


57 


167 


57 


l'J8 


56 


169 


270 04 


170 


04 


171 


04 


172 


01 


1-3 


03 


174 


04 


1-3 , 


01 


176 


04 


177 1 


04 


178 


03 


179 


03 


180 


03 


181 


03 


162 


03 


183 


04 


184 


04 


183 


01 


l-O 


U.l 


187 


03 


188 


00 


189 


(10 


190 


(11 


191 


00 


192 


00 


193 


00 


194 



East bauk of large coul6. 
Near coule, east bank. 

Near crossing of Half-Broed trail. 



WfStern bouuflary of Mauitoba. 



Sleepy Hollow aatroDomical station. 



Tiutln Mountain, ea^t, astrouom- 
ical staticn. 



Eaist sliore of Boundary Lake. 

High ridge east of Summit Lake. 

On slope of TurtU) Alouutain, and 
oiiraide of timber. 

East of Tiirlle ]\lonntaiu, west, as- 
tronomical atatiou. 



Fir.st crnss'ng of Mouse Kiver on 
west bauk, ustrouomical Btatiuu. 



Right bank of South Antler Creek. 
Left bank of South Autler Creek. 



38 



UNITED STATES XORTBERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



List of the monuments marking the, international honndary-Une, <j'-c. — Continued. 



194 
lus 
1% 
197 
198 
199 
200 
201 
202 
203 
204 

205 

206 
207 
208 
209 
210 
211 
212 
213 
214 
215 
216 
217 
218 
219 

220 
221 
ooo 

223 
224 
225 
226 
227 
228 
229 

2ao 

931 
232 
233 
234 
235 
236 
237 
238 
2.39 
210 
241 
242 
243 
244 
245 
246 
247 
248 
249 
2.'iO 
251 
252 
253 
2,''4 
255 

2.'6 
257 
258 
259 
260 
2fl 
262 
263 
264 
265 



Distance 
from Lnke of 
the Woods. 



Miles. 
276 
279 
281 
283 
286 
288 
291 
294 
297 
3011 
?0l 



Lintcs. 
0744 
0744 
1973 
3146 
0)48 
5976 
0514 
7699 
2.121 
1230 
5152 



303 7150 



306 
309 
312 
315 
319 
.321 
325 
329 
331 
334 
337 
340 
342 
343 



3,'i6 
3,-)9 
361 
364 
369 
372 
374 
377 



7150 
7150 
7678 
7150 
0398 
7150 
3846 
7-,'94 

.wee 

5167 
1260 
1291 
2814 
2892 



346 0472 
349 2410 
3,52 4392 



0770 
3254 
7908 
3666 
0336 
4136 
5825 
2977 



379 7417 

382 4013 

385 1896 

388 6377 

392 4139 

395 4462 

398 6241 

400 4925 

403 2392 

405 .5407 

407 6966 

410 4899 

413 3675 

417 2411 

421 2177 

424 0941 

426 5035 

429 4938 

432 1370 

435 3035 

437 1489 

440 71.52 

444 5031 

447 5311 

451 1841 

451 4321 

454 4541 

4.57 5874 

460 5841 

464 40.32 

467 4826 

472 0r32 

473 3454 
476 3454 
479 3332 



Xatui'O of monument. 



E.arth moand, 5' x 8'* 

do* 

Stone cairn, 10' x 5'* . 
Stone cairn, 15' x 0'* . 

do» 

Earth mound, 15' x 6'* 
Stoue cairn, 15' x 6'' . 
Earth mound, 12' x 6'* 

do- 

Stone cairn. 12' x 6'* . 
do* 



Earth mound, .5'x6'* 



do- 

dn* 

do* 

do' 

do* 

do* 

Earth mound, 14' x 6'^ 

Stone, 8' X 6" 

Earth mound. 14' xC'* 

Stone, 8'x6'* 

Earth mound. 10' x 5'* 

S::one, 10' x 5" 

Eaith mound. 13' xH'- 
Earth mound, 9'xtt'* 



Earth mound, 12' 

do- 

do* 



fi'* 



do* 

Slone, 12' X 5'* 

Earth mound, 18' x 8" 

do* 

Earth mound, 16' x 0" 

do* 

Stone, 12' X 7" 

Eanh mound, 12' xC'* 



do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

, do 

do 

Earth mound, 10' x 5' 

do 

St- no. lO'xS' 

do 

Earth, 10'x5' , 

do 

do 

Stone, 10' X 5" 

do 

Eartli. 14' X 6' 

do 

Earth mound, 14' x 6' 

do 

.....do 

do 

do 

Stone, 12' X 6' 

Stone, lO'xo' 



do 

Earth mound, 10' 
do 



do 

do 

, do 

do 

Eanh mound, 14' > 

do 

do 



Longitude 

west of 
Greenwich, 



101 21 14.9 

25 12. 4 
23 02. 9 

30 52. 9 

31 23. 7 

37 56. 8 
41 00.2 

46 08. 9 
49 15.1 

53 00. 1 

54 57. 9 

57 50. 

102 01 53.6 

05 51. 1 
09 53. 8 

13 46. 1 
17 56.0 

21 41.2 

26 2.5. 2 

32 16.0 
34 41.4 

38 30. 8 
41 49.7 
45 47. 5 

48 40. 9 

56 UO. 9 

53 34. 4 

57 51.1 

103 02 0.-'. 3 

06 49. 1 

11 11.2 

14 35.7 

17 51.2 

23 54. 1 

28 29. 3 

31 24.3 
34 53.7 

38 16.0 
41 39.8 
45 16. 4 

49 58. 2 
5) 52,8 

58 53. 5 

104 03 08. 6 
05 3 1. 
09 06. 4 

12 14. 6 

15 08. 4 

18 4.5.5 

22 30. 9 

27 35. 

32 49.4 
36 31.7 

39 53. 6 
43 50. 2 

47 12 4 
51 26.4 
53 49. 4 
58 43. 

105 03 39. 2 

07 39. 

12 21. 4 

13 45. 9 

16 45.6 
20 50. 3 

24 53. 5 

29 58. 3 

33 .57. 7 
39 53, 1 
41 39.2 
45 36. 7 
49 33. 



Azimuth 



89 57 
57 
58 
52 
52 
.52 
52 
52 
52 
51 
51 

47 

58 
58 
58 
57 
57 
57 
57 

90 01 
06 
05 
05 
05 
06 
06 

00 
00 
00 

89 59 
59 
56 
57 
55 
,56 
57 
56 

90 06 
06 
06 
06 
06 
06 
06 
07 

89 49 
49 
49 
49 
49 
49 
49 
49 
49 

no 02 
02 
02 
02 
01 
00 
00 
00 

05 
04 
04 
04 
03 
04 
03 
04 
89 54 
51 



'° 1 
c 1 

= S 



193 
194 
195 
196 
197 
198 
199 
200 
201 
202 
203 

201 

205 
2:6 
207 
208 
209 
210 
211 
212 
213 
214 
215 
216 
217 
218 

219 
220 
221 

222 
223 
224 
225 
226 
2J7 
228 
229 

230 
231 
232 
233 
234 
235 
236 
237 
238 
239 
240 
2tl 
242 
243 
244 
245 
246 
247 
248 
249 
250 
251 
2.52 
253 
254 

255 
356 
2.i7 
258 
259 
260 
261 
262 
263 
261 



Azimuth. 



270 00 
270 00 

269 55 
51 
55 
55 
55 
55 
56 
56 
49 

270 01 

01 
01 
01 
01 
00 
01 
08 
08 
OS 
08 
Oi 
08 
07 
03 

03 
1-3 
03 

03 
269 59 

269 59 

270 00 
270 00 
269 .59 

269 59 

270 09 

09 
09 
09 
09 
09 
09 
03 
269 52 
52 
52 



52 
52 
52 
270 05 
05 
05 
04 
05 
04 
03 
03 
06 

07 
07 
07 
07 
07 
07 
06 
269 57 
57 
57 



C 3 



207 
208 
209 
210 
211 
212 
213 
214 
215 
216 
217 
218 
219 
220 

221 
222 
223 

224 
225 
226 
227 
228 
229 
330 
231 

232 
233 
234 
235 
236 
237 
238 
2;i9 
240 
241 
242 
243 
244 
245 
246 
247 
248 
249 
250 
251 
2.52 
253 
254 
255 
256 

257 
258 
259 
260 
261 
262 
263 
264 
265 
266 



Eeniarks. 



On pr,iirie near South Antler Creek 



East hank of Monse River, neaj 

road. 
Second cro.ssins Mouse River 

astr<»nomic.al station. 



East of Riviere des Lacs. 
West of Riviere des Lacs. 



Astronomical station. 



East bank of conI6. 
Eist bank Short Creek. 
British a.)ironomicaI station, Sbori 
Creek, west hank. 

Xear Half-Breod road, east bad 

of Mouse River. 
West of Mouse R.ver. 
Third Mouse astronomical station. 

East of Slouee River. 
^Vest ot Mouse Kiver. 



Grand Cot^^au astronomical station, 
base of Coteaii. 



Mid-Cote.tu astronomx.il station. 



East side of larj;e conl6. 
West side of large ( ouI6. 



Big Muddy a.-^tronomical station. 

East of Pyrnmid Creek. 

Ou west liluO" Pyramid Creek. 

East of 13iK JIuddy River. 
West of Big Muddy Kiver. 

BuUv Spring, United States astro 
nomical station No. 11. 



In a broad valley. 



In valley of Popl r River. 
TopLir River astronomical station 



REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER. 



39 



Lint of Ihc moiniments marking the international houndarif-linc, <fc — ContinuMl. 



gf Distance 

■^ 5 from Lake of 

I I the Woods. 

'A 



26G 
2(i7 
2lW 
W9 
270 
271 

272 
273 

274 

275 
276 
277 
278 
279 
280 
231 

282 
283 
284 
2^5 
2^6 
281 
288 
2K9 
290 

291 
292 
293 
294 
295 
296 

2a7 
298 
299 
300 
301 
302 
303 

304 
305 
306 
307 
308 
309 
310 
311 

312 
313 
314 
315 
316 
317 
318 

319 
320 

321 
322 
323 
324 
325 

326 
327 

328 
329 
330 
331 
332 



Miles. Links. 

482 3454 

4H5 3454 

488 3454 

4!ll 2054 

494 3454 

496 6906 

498 6821 

501 1299 

503 7391 

505 0356 

510 0170 

511 1061 
514 1239 
518 3641 
520 7605 



525 3103 

528 0764 

531 23i3 

E34 7642 

537 1010 

541 7704 

544 7513 

548 3375 

550 6740 

553 1607 

557 2460 

560 3708 

563 2370 

565 2322 

507 3881 

570 3881 

573 3881 

576 3881 

579 3881 

582 3881 

585 3881 



591 6187 

596 5787 

599 0228 

601 2182 

fi05 6789 

608 6593 

613 0378 

615 3202 

618 3202 

621 1085 

624 2737 

627 0571 

630 4102 

632 41105 



639 4147 

642 0218 

643 6856 
646 2395 
649 2001 
651 1113 
655 2357 

658 2357 

661 2357 

664 2357 

667 2357 

670 2357 

673 2357 



Nature of tnonument. 



Longitnde 

west of 
Greenwich. 



Earth mound, 14' x 6' . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Stone, 15'i<6'* 



Earth mound, 12' x 7'* 

do» 

do* 



do* 

do* 

Stone, lO'xG'* 

do* 

Earth mound, 12' x 7'* 

Sronc, 10'x6" 

E.irth mound, 14' x 6'* 



Stone, 10' X 6'* .... 

do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

Earth iBonod, 12': 

stone, 10' X 6'* 

do* 



do* 

do* 

do* 

.... do* 

do* 

Stone, 12' x 6" 



do*t 

Stone, 10' X 0'* 

do*t 

do* 

do't 

do*f 

do* 



do* 

do* .... 

do* 

do* .... 

do* 

do* .... 

do* .... 

Stone, 12' x 6'* 



Stone. 10'x6" 

do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 

d..* 

Stone and e,irth mound 
lO* X 6'*. 

Stone, 10'x6'* 

do* 



do* 

do* 

do* 

Earth mound, 12' x 7" 
Stoae, 10'x6'*t 



do*t... 

do*t... 

do't..., 

, do* .... 

dot... 

do*t... 

Stone, 10' X 8 



105 .53 31. 8 
.57 29. 3 

106 01 26 8 
O.-. 10. 5 
09 21. 8 
1-2 34. 3 

15 11. 9 

18 14. 7 
20 34. 2 

23 22. 1 
29 56. 1 

31 21.1 

35 23. 4 

41 03. 9 

44 21.5 
46 31.5 

50 12. 8 
53 47.2 

55 Oil. 1 

107 02 50. 3 
05 42. 2 

12 05. 1 
le O0.8 
20 30. 5 

23 48. 2 

26 54. 9 

32 20. 

36 29. 9 
40 13.2 

42 52. I 

45 45.8 

49 43. 4 
.53 40. 9 
57 38. 4 

108 01 3.5. 9 
05 33. 5 
09 31.0 

13 09. 2 

17 48. 8 

24 20. 8 

27 23. 3 
3) 21.0 
36 2 1. 3 

40 18.9 
45 53. 2 
a 59. 5 

52 57. 

56 33. 6 

109 00 47. 5 

04 23. 6 
08 59. 
11 33.4 
15 35. 5 

20 49. 1 
24 07. 7 

26 32. 6 
29 46. 

33 39. 6 
36 09. 2 

41 38.2 

45 35. 7 
49 33.2 

53 30. 7 

57 28. 2 
no 01 25.8 

05 23. 3 
10 19.5 



Azimuth. 



89 54 
54 
54 
54 
54 
54 

90 05 
05 
05 

05 
04 
05 
05 
04 
05 
05 

00 
UO 
00 

89 59 

90 00 

89 59 

90 00 
00 
01) 

04 
04 
04 
04 
05 
05 

89 57 
57 
.57 
57 
37 
57 
57 

55 
54 
55 
55 
54 
55 
54 
55 

90 08 
08 
08 

118 
08 



SS 



265 
266 
207 
268 
269 
270 

271 
27a 
273 

374 
275 
270 
277 
278 
279 
280 

281 
282 
283 
284 
285 
286 
287 
288 
289 

290 
291 
292 
293 
294 
295 

296 
297 
298 
299 
300 
301 
302 

303 
304 
305 
306 
307 
308 
309 
310 

311 

312 
313 
314 
315 
316 



Azimuth. 



eg 



Remarks. 



08 


317 


08 


318 


03 


319 


89 51 


320 


61 


.321 


50 


322 


51 


333 


50 


324 


54 


325 


52 


326 


52 


327 


53 


328 


52 


329 


52 


330 


52 


331 



269 57 
57 
.56 
57 
56 

270 07 

07 
07 
07 

08 
07 
08 
08 
07 
07 
02 

02 
03 
03 
02 
03 
03 
03 
03 
07 

08 
07 
■ 07 
07 
07 
00 

00 
00 
00 
00 
00 
00 

269 58 

59 
58 
58 
.59 
58 
58 
58 

270 11 

II 

n 
11 
II 

10 

II 
11 

11 

269 53 

.53 
53 
53 
54 
57 

55 
55 
55 

55 
55 
54 



283 
284 
285 
286 
287 
288 
289 
290 
291 

292 
293 
294 
295 
296 
297 

298 
299 
300 
301 
302 
303 
304 

305 
306 
307 
308 
309 
310 
311 
312 

313 
314 
315 
316 
317 
318 
319 

32C 
331 

322 
333 
324 
325 
336 

327 
32H 
329 
330 
331 
33 J 
333 



West Poplar River a.-.tronomical 
station. 



On cdpe of west branch Pophir 
River. 



East of Little Rocliy Creek. 
Little Rocky (^reek arttrouomical 
station ; west of creek. 



On eaetbluffof Frenchman's Creek. 

On westblnffof Frenchman'sCreck. 
Frenchman's Creek astronomical 

station. 
Kear lake. 



Cottonwood coul6 astronomical 
station. 



On west bank of Cottonwood coul6. 



Pool on Prairie astronomical sta- 
tion. 



Ne.ar Goose Lake astronomical 
station. 



East Forli astronomic;^! Btntion, in 
river bottom. 



"West Fork, astronomical station, in 
river bottom. 



Milk River Lake astronomical eta* 
tiou. 



40 



UNITED STATES NOKTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Lint of tlte monuments marking the internaiional boundary-line, cfc — Continued. 



o . 

11 

'A 


Distance 
from Lake of 
the Woods. 


Nature of mODuraent. 


Longitude 

west of 
Greenwich. 


Azimuth. 


•S.I 

11 

o = 


Azimuth. 


li 

= g 


Remarks. 


333 

334 


Miles. LinH. 
(XO 0497 

683 1144 
685 5545 
699 3677 

702 30J3 

703 7527 
708 3204 
711 3444 
714 2413 
717 7848 
720 5550 
723 0383 

726 4094 
7.t0 0573 
734 0724 
738 5383 
740 0197 
743 6392 
145 6377 
748 6766 
751 5770 
754 5770 
757 7524 
760 3100 
763 7188 

768 2493 
771 4208 
774 43.13 
777 2061 
779 2675 
781 6772 
785 0279 

787 6221 
790 7610 
793 7613 
798 2305 
801 3201 
804 3361 

807 6209 
111 2846 
815 0319 
817 7258 
mo 4680 

824 3946 

825 6138 

828 6483 
8il 2653 
8:!6 3385 
846 0340 

853 2529 


Earth and stone mound, 

10'x6'« 
do* 


' // 

110 14 19. 1 

18 23. 1 

21 45.0 

39 54. 9 
43 46.0 

48 28. 1 
51 42. 8 
55 42. 7 

59 30. 

111 04 21.3 
07 56. 1 
11 02.5 

15 36. 8 
20 18.6 
25 36. 8 

31 39. 6 
33 26. 6 
37 06. 3 
41 03.7 

43 0.5. 1 
48 53. 7 
.52 50. 2 

57 03. 1 

112 00 19.5 
04 56. 8 

10 46. 3 

15 01.4 

18 59. 7 

22 34. 6 

25 19. 
28 37. 9 

32 50. 3 

36 27. 5 

40 38. 7 

44 36. 3 

60 19. 6 
54 26. 

58 25. 1 

113 03 50. 8 
07 34. 3 
13 26 

16 13.0 

19 45.0 
24 54. 4 

26 35. 3 

30 36. 2 

33 59. 9 
40 39. 
53 19. 

114 02 56.5 


' 

89 51 

51 
51 
50 
49 

43 
43 
43 
43 
43 
43 
50 

48 
48 
48 
48 
49 

90 22 

23 
23 
22 
22 
22 
89 59 

58 
59 
59 
59 
59 
58 
58 

55 
55 
54 
53 
54 
54 

51 

51 
51 
53 
52 
51 
52 

42 

43 
41 


332 

333 
334 
335 
336 

337 
338 
339 
340 
341 
343 
343 

344 

343 
346 
347 
348 
349 
3f>0 
.351 
352 
353 
3.54 
355 
356 

357 
358 
3,59 
360 
361 
363 
363 

364 
365 
366 
367 
368 
369 

370 
371 
373 
373 
374 
375 
376 

377 
378 
379 


o / 

269 54 

54 

55 
57 
40 

46 
46 
46 
46 
46 
51 
51 

51 
51 
52 
50 

270 25 
85 
25 
25 
25 
25 
85 
Oi 
02 

03 
02 
02 
03 
03 
03 
269 58 

53 
57 
57 
57 
57 
55 

55 
55 
55 
54 
55 
54 
45 

45 
40 


334 

335 

336 
337 
338 

339 
340 
341 
342 
343 
344 
343 

346 
347 
348 
349 
350 
351 
353 
333 
354 
355 
356 
357 
358 

339 
360 
361 
363 
363 
304 
365 

3G6 
367 
368 
369 
370 
371 

372 
371 
374 

373 
376 
377 
378 

379 
380 




335 


Stone 10' X 6'* 




336 


do* 




337 


.Stone 13' xO" 


West of Millt Kiver astronomical 


338 
339 
340 


Stone, 10' X 6'* 

do* 

do* 


station. 
On west bank htrgc coulti. 


341 


do' 




342 


do* 




343 
344 

345 


do* 

do* 

do* 


On crest of spur. 

Mound ou west slope of spur of 
East Butte. 


34fi 


do* 




347 






348 


Stf)ne 14' X 8'* . . - 


j;astof West Butte. 


349 
350 

351 
352 


Stone, 10' X 6'*t 

do*t 

do*t 

do't 


Went of West Bu.te. 
Near Creek. 


353 
354 


do't 

do*t 




355 


do*f 




356 


do* 


Red Creek astronomical station. 


357 


. . . . do* 


East of Red Creek, near Whoop-up 


358 
359 


do* 

. . do* 


trail. 


3fl0 
36 1 
36-3 
363 


do* 

do* 

do* 

do* 




364 
365 


Stone, 12 X 6'* 

Stone, 10' X 6'* 


Astronomical station south branch 
Milk River, ou west bank. 








:!67 


dii* 




36e 


do* 




369 


do* 




370 


do* 


East bluff north branch of Milk 


371 
37'J 


do* 

. .do* 


River, aatrouotuical station. 
On Milk River Ridge. 
In valley. 


373 


do* 


On higii ridge. 


374 


do* 


East of Saint Mark's River. 


375 


do* 


West of Saint Mary's River. 


376 


do* 




377 

378 
379 


Stone. 12' x0"t 

Stone, 10' X 6'*t 

do* 


Rock.v Mountain astronomical at.v 
tiou, near lake. 

Eellv River astronomical station. 


3al 


12' X 6'* 






Chief Mountain Lake aslronojiic.il 


382 


7' X 6' 










station. 
Summit of Rocky Mountains. 

















* Indicatea that iin iron t :iblt*t wag buried 2 feet deep aud 10 fcot oast of the monument ; and f indicates that an iron tablet 
was buried also in the center of the uioauiuent. 

AKCHIBALB CAMPBELL. 

United States Commissioner. 



D. li. CAMEKON, 

Major /i. A., Her £rUannic Maje.st}/'s Commisidoner, May 29, 16TC. 

W. J. TWINIKG. 
Captain of Engineers, United States Chief Astronomer. 

S. ANDERSON. 
Captain Uoyal Engineers, British Chief Astronomer. 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



REPORTS 



CHIEF ASTEONOMER AND HIS ASSISTANTS. 



41 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY 

COMMISSION. 



Washington, D. C, February 14, 1877. 

Sir: I have the honor to submit my final report as chief astronomer 
and surveyor of the northern boundary. 

The maps and records of the commission have ah-eady been fowarded 
to the Department,' but the text of my own report has been withheld on 
account of a delay in completing some computations relating to the decli- 
nations of the stars used. As it now appears that the work cannot be 
finished before the 23d of the present month, and as it is desirable that the 
records should be completed at once, I send my report to you herewith, 
and will, as soon as practicable, forward to the Department the unfinished 
discussion of the standard places of fixed stars, as an appendix. As this 
work forms no part of the record of the commission, but was undertaken as 
a matter of scientific interest, I can now inform you that the work of the 
commission is complete. 

The subreports of the officers, and a complete index of the records, 
were sent to the Department in July last. 

In closing my connection with the Northern Boundary Commission, I 
desire to express my appreciation of the kindly courtesy which you have 
always extended to me and to the officers under my command, and to say 
that it is a source of gratification to know that my labors have met with 
your constant approval. 



43 



44 UNITED STATES NOKTUEKN BOUNDARY GUMMISSION. 

My thanks are due to Capt. J. F. Gregory and Lieut. F. V. Greene, 
and to assistants Lewis Boss, C. L. Doolittle, 0. S. Wilson, and A. Downing 
for the intelhgent and thorough manner in which they have performed the 
duties assigned to them. ***** 

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

W. J. TWINING, 
Captain of Engineers, Chief Astronomer. 

Archibald Campbell, Esq., 

Commissioner of the Northern Boundary. 



Washington, February 15, 1877. 
Sir: In compliarrce with the request of Major Twining, United States 
Engineers, I have the honor to transmit herewith to the Department his 
report as chief astronomer of the late Northern Boundary Commission. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, 
Late Commissioner Northern Boundary Survey. 

Hon. Hamilton Fish, 

Secretary of State. 



REPORT 



OF 



CAPT. W. J. TWINING, 

CORPS OP ENGINEERS, BREVET MAJOR, U. S. A., CHIEF ASTRONOMER AND SURVEYOR. 



45 



repoht. 



CHAPTER 1. 

GEXEBAL CHABACTEEISTICS OF THE COUSTEY 

Sir: Tlie portion of the continent traversed by that part of the northern 
boundary of the United States sui-\-eyed by this commission, has heret<^jfore 
been little known, by far the larger part being unexplored. Lying off the 
usual lines of travel, and presenting no inducement to commercial enter- 
priise, there was nothing to bring its actual value fairly to the notice of the 
general public, while the rigor of the climate, the lack of forest, and the 
distance from railway communication effec-tually checked immigration. 

To the disadvantages already named may also be added the dangers 
of Indian warfare and the destruc-tive incursions of grasshoppers. The 
experience of the British settlements along the Red River of the North, 
even to Lake Winnipeg, extending through nearly seventy years, has been 
one of almost unprecedented hardship, degenerating in later times into a 
mere struggle for existence. Cut off almost entirely from communication 
with, the outer and progressive world, the forms of civilized life finally gave 
way, and were superseded by the manners of a nomadic semi-barbarou-s 
people, though, even in this stage of decay, the natural politeness of a 
Frencli ancestry and the teachings of a few piou.s priests of the Catholic 
Cliurch had left their impress on the succeeding generations. 

The peculiar isolation of the distant regions lying about the Lakes 
Winnipeg and iLinitoba, and the territory drained by the rivers emptying 
into these vast bodies of water, is due, not simply to distance from the 
centers of civilization, for their distance from the settled portions of Canada, 
and from the ocean communication by the Saint Lawrence, is no greater, 
and, in fact, is much less, than that of many of the yorthwestem States 

47 



48 UNITED STATES NORTDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

and Territories of the United States from their respective centers of trade 
along the eastern coast. The difficulty has been in the singularly imprac- 
ticable nature of the country, and of the water-routes lying to the north- 
west of Lake Superior. This region of swamps and sterile pine-lands has 
opposed an effectual barrier to communication toward the Canadas, and 
has forced the traffic of these remote settlements to find an outlet thi-ough 
Minnesota, and thence to the seaboard. 

Within the last few years, the rapid growth of the great States of the 
Northwest has given an impulse to the more distant Territories beyond, so 
that now the lines of settlement are stretching out, up the rich valley of 
the Red River, and rapidly extending to the west, along the smaller streams 
flowing into that Avater-course. Thus a better knowledge of the resources 
of the great Northwest has been obtained through the slow progress of 
actual settlement. 

The survey of the northern boundary, from the Lake of the Woods to 
the Rocky Mountains, by giving the results of careful examination along a 
continuous line, has already contributed largely to the actual knowledge 
necessary to forai a correct judgment in regard to the resources and prob- 
able future of a vast tract of country which was, at one time, classed, by 
unthinking and careless writers, as part of the "Great American Desert," 
and a few years later exalted b}^ the same class of authorities into some- 
thing little less than a tropical paradise. 

It is of vital importance to the interests of the Northwest that the 
question of the fertility and general availability for settlement of the region 
east of the Rocky Mountains, comprising the northern part of Dakota and 
Montana, should be definitely settled, in order that a just understanding of 
the climatic conditions and other considerations may induce a gradual and 
healthful immigration. It is useless to expect to find repeated in these 
high northern latitudes all the favorable conditions of soil and climate found 
in the Middle States. On the other hand, it is not well to exaggerate the 
excellence of the special productions of the northern lands, since the actual 
facts are sufficient to warrant their settlement and cultivation. 

The great agricultural bonanza of America Avas found in tlie valley of 
the Mississippi, occupied by the Middle Western States. No other portion 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 49 

of the continent can unite the various advantages possessed by those broad 
and fertile jjlaius, since in no other part may we expect to find the richness 
of soil favored by the climate necessary to a widely- varied production. In 
the extreme Northwest, we may, however, reasonably expect to find that 
certain specialties in agriculture will well repay the labor of cultivation. 
Thus, the test of actual settlement has proved the special adaptation of the 
soil and climate of the far Northwest to the production of Avlieat, barley, 
oats, and the hardier sorts of vegetables. In these specialties, the large 
production compensates for the lack of more varied agricultural resources. 

There is, however, a limit to the extent of the arable lands fixed by the 
amount of the annual rain-fall. Commencing with the valley of the Red 
River, where the annual deposition amounts to fi-om seventeen to nineteen 
inches, the amount of the rain-fall decreases, until in longitude K)G° it will 
scarcely exceed seven inches. Here we find a fact which sets a limit to the 
western extension of the cultivated area of the United States. The same 
conditions of humidity found along the northern boundary exist also in the 
southern latitudes, giving to some places almost the character of a desert, 
although, on the northern line, there i's no great area to which that name 
can be properly applied. 

No one can point to a given meridian of longitude upon the map of 
those great plains, and say that to this line the settlements may extend. 
The varying conditions of humidity from year to year, or perhaps through 
series of years, fix their own limit, by the operation of unknown laws. The 
western line of the cultivated areas may therefore, from time to time, bo 
advanced or withdrawn, as the variations of the seasons may be favorable, 
or unfavorable, to production. Over the belt of disputed territory thus 
established will ultimately be found a straggling line of frontier occupa- 
tion, clinging to a few advanced points, where favored by the special char- 
acter of the surroundings. Such a belt of territory will probably be found, 
of about one hundred miles in width, separating the easily-cultivated from 
the actually-iiTeclaimable lands. On the forty-ninth parallel, the varying 
line of settlement will probably be in the vicinity of longitude 102^. 
What the ultimate eff'ect of tree-planting on the advance of the frontier 
will be, cannot be predicted. The data ai-e too uncertain to form the basis 
N B 4 



50 UNITED STATES NOETnERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

of any reasonable hypothesis, and all predictions must of necessity be mere 
idle speculation. 

The principle of ii-rigation will here find no extensive application. 
Under the most favorable circumstances, to irrigate a given area implies 
that the rain-fall of a very much larger area is utilized to increase the pro- 
duction of the lesser portion. Even then, the conditions of climate must 
be such as to compensate for the great labor and expense by double crops. 
Thus, if twelve inches of water were required for purposes of irrigation, 
the annual precipitation being only six inches, the difference must be sup- 
plied from the rain-fall of surrounding areas, and as but a small part of 
this can be saved or applied economically, it is evident that the ratio of the 
cultivated to the uncultivated lands mvist be exceedingly small. In any 
case, a system of irrigation can only be applied to the low-lying lands of 
the valleys bordering the streams. No such condition of low level lands, 
surrounded by elevated mountains or plains, obtains in the territories of 
the Northwest in the vicinity of the boundary. The running streams are 
few and insignificant, for the most part ceasing to flow in summer, and 
forming only a series of stagnant pools. The valleys are deep and narrow, 
with constantly- varying elevations. The climate is cold, and the season too 
short for more than one crop. Under these circumstances, it seems evident 
that the natural laws under whose operation this immense territory has 
become what it now is, will scarcely be materially affected by the future 
efforts of man. 

A brief explanation of the characteristics of the country will make 
clear what has been said, and will serve to explain the general scope of the 
work performed by the engineers of the commission. 

Considered in a general sense, with regard to level and superficial 
character, the country extending from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky 
Moimtains, in the vicinity of the forty-ninth parallel of latitude, may bo 
divided into four distinct areas: 1 st. . The region of swamps, fonning the 
summit-level drained by the Mississippi, the Red River, and the streams 
flowing north from the Lake of the Woods; 2d. The valley of the Red 
River; 3d. The prairie plateau, extending from the eastern escarpment of 
the Pembina Mountain.s to the Coteau of the Missouri; 4th. The prairie 



EEPORT OF TOE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 51 

plateau from the Coteau of the Missouri to the Rocky Mountains. This 
latter division is quite diverse in character, being intersected by the Coteau 
of the Missouri and a narrow belt of the "mauvaises terres," or bad lands 
of the south. 

If considered with regard to drainage, the boundary-line will be found 
to follow very nearly the dividing ridge of that part of the continent. From 
the base of the mountains eastward as far as the Milk River ridge, the small 
streams flow to the north into the Bow River, though they take their rise 
only a few miles south of the line. From the Milk River ridge eastward as 
far as the Coteau, the drainage is to the south, the line following pretty nearly 
parallel to the dividing ridges of the Cypress Hills and the Woody Mount- 
ain. From the Coteaii to the Turtle Mountain, the boundary lies in the 
valley of the Mouse River, which, after making a deep bend to the south, 
flows again to the north, and empties into the Assiniboine. East of the 
Turtle Mountain, the drainage is about equal in both directions, though all 
the southern waters find their outlet again to the north by the Sheyenne 
into the Red River. 

The streams between the valley of the Red River and the Rocky Mount- 
ains, excepting only the mountain-torrents flowing to the north into the Bow 
River, and thence into the Saskatchewan, are merely prairie streams, to 
which the name river is only given by sufferance. Many of them are the 
most insignificant of rivulets, which, during the melting of the snows in the 
early spring, may carry a reasonable volume of water, but in the summer 
consist, for the most part, of a series of pools, more or less stagnant, and 
with no appreciable cuiTent. The Mouse River and the Milk River are the 
most considerable of those along the northern boundary, and may be taken 
as the type of all the prairie streams of Dakota and Montana. Thus, the 
Mouse River, though having a length of as much as four hundred miles and 
draining the eastern slope of the Coteau of the Missouri, from the north of 
Woody Mountain to the bend of the Missouri below Fort Stevenson, yet 
carries an insignificant volume of water, being reduced to almost nothing 
during August and September. In like manner, the Milk River, rising near 
the Rocky Mountains, ceases to flow during the month of August. As these 
rivers are not fed by springs, the lack of rain and the rapid evaporation 



52 UNITED STATES NORTnEEN BOUNDAllY COMMISSION. 

reduces the volume of their flow in proportion to the distance from theii- 
sources. 

It may be said, then, that the boundary -Hne intersects no stream of any 
importance from the Eed Eiver to the Saint Mary's; and that this, in itself, 
is sufficient to prove the very small average rain-fall over the included area. 

Partly from the same cause, doubtless, the proportion of the two Terri- 
tories bordering upon the line which is covered by natural forests, is remark- 
ably small. Along the slopes of the Pembina Mountains, the boundary 
cuts through a distance of thirteen miles, and on the Turtle Mountain, 
thirty-four miles of a pretty ncai-ly continuous growth of forest. West of 
the Turtle Mountain, there is no timber to be found near the line, except 
along the Mouse Eiver. The line actually cuts no growth of trees, or even 
bushes of any size, for a distance of six hundred miles. In northeastern 
Dakota, certain kinds of oak, aspen, and birch grow freely where protected 
from prairie-tires, and it is probable that with such protection the natural 
forests would extend over a large part of the Territory. Judging from 
the groAvth along the Mouse River, it seems most probable that the west- 
ern limit of the extension of the wooded areas, either by natural growth or 
by artificial planting, will be in the vicinity of longitude 102°. 

The detailed topography of the country between the Lake of the Woods 
and the Rocky Mountains is singularly lacking in points of general interest, 
and I have, therefore, confined the following description to such matters as 
are necessary to a correct understanding of the astronomical and topograph- 
ical work of the commission. 

A most complete and accurate account of the geology and resources 
of the country in the vicinity of the boundary-line will be found in the 
report of Mr. Dawson, the geologist accompanying the English expedition, 
which is already published. 

An admirable description of the water-communications from Lake 
Superior to Lake Winnipeg, and of the northwest territory between the 
boundary-line and the Saskatchewan River, including an account of the 
Red River settlement and the Hudson's Bay Company, will be found in the 
report of the Canadian Exploring Expeditions, 1857-'f)8: H. Y. Hind, 
London, 1846. 







5*e*V' 







REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 53 

THE LAKE OF THE WOODS. 

The Lake of the Woods is a name usually api)lied to a group of four 
lakes lying on the northern boundary of the United States, and nearly in a 
riglit line with Lakes Superior and Winnipeg. These four lakes, number- 
ing from the northwest, ai-e the Lac Plat, the Clear Water, the White Fish, 
and the Lake of the Sand Hills ; the latter, by common usage, has adopted 
the name Lake of the Woods. The official sanction to this title was given 
by the commissioners under the sixth and seventh articles of the treaty of 
Ghent, in fixing the northwest point, and it is, therefore, useless, at this late 
day, to inquire into the extent and significance of the original term. It is, 
however, a little difficult to understand the process of reasoning by which 
those commissioners, while including the Clear Water and the Lake of the 
Sand Hills under the general title, yet rejected the Lac Plat. 

The geography of the region has never been well known, and, even at 
the present time, the northern and eastern shores of this lake-system are 
but illy defined. The drainage is toward the north, by way of the Winni- 
peg River, into Lake Winnipeg. The principal affluent is the Rainy River, 
which enters from the southeast, though a number of small tributaries are 
received from the south and west, di-aining the swampy belt which borders 
the lake in those directions. The Rainy River is a stream of three hundred 
yards in width, flowing with a deep, swift current. The discharge of the 
lake is by two outlets, with a short series of rapids, into the Winnipeg 
River. 

The boundary-line enters the lake from the Rainy River, and, leaving 
the various islands alternately to the right and left, enters the bay known 
as the Northwest Angle, at the extreme northern end of which the " most 
northwest point" is located. The southeastern portion of the Lake of tlie 
Sand Hills, or, as now known, the Lake of the Woods, therefore, pertains 
to the domain of the United States. It connects with the Clear Water 
Lake on the north by channel- ways between numerous rocky islands. The 
islands cease a short distance south of the entrance to the Northwest Ancle. 
The western and southern shores are bordered by vast swamps, the division 
between the swamps and the lake being distinctly marked, in some jilaces, 



54 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

by small ridges of sand-hills, but generally only by narrow sandy beaches, 
or an accumulation of drift-wood and brush. Buffalo Point is quite an 
open piece of ground, well raised from the lake, and the same is true of 
the shore where it cuts the forty-ninth parallel. The forests are mostly 
composed of small pines and tamaracks, though on the higher ground elm, 
birch, and aspen are found. The waters of the lake are shallow, the greatest 
depth found in coasting being eighteen feet, though, doubtless, in some 
parts the depth is much greater. The width of the lake being great (in 
some directions as much as fifty miles), the winds have an uninterrupted 
sweep over its surface. It is thus liable to sudden and violent tempests, 
which make navigation in small boats both difficult and dangerous 

The vicinity of the Lake of the Woods is inhabited by a few small 
bands of Ojibway or Chippewa Indians, who subsist by trapping, hunting, 
and fishing. Their lands are not ceded, and they receive no annuities. 
Their lovus is doubtful, some living within the lines of the United States, 
and others on British territory. The only present economical value of the 
Lake of the Woods is in its being on the line of water and land communi- 
cation between the eastern and western provinces of the Dominion of 
Canada. 

The military route called the Dawson Road has its terminus at the North- 
west Angle, and though not such a road as ever to enter into competition 
with the easier, though less direct, routes toward the south, yet answers the 
purpose for which it was built, in giving a line of independent communica- 
tion between Manitoba and the Canadas. Great efforts have been made by 
the Dominion Grovernment to vitilize it for purposes of immigration and 
general transit ; but I have yet to see the person who has dared its discom- 
forts a second time. The government supports, by subsidy, two steamers 
and several steam-launches. The landing at the Northwest Angle is on 
British soil, but to reach it the vessels pass through American Avaters. 
The road for twelve miles from the angle is continuous corduroy ; east of 
that the route passes through a country of sand-ridges, alternating with 
swamps, or muskegs, for a distance of seventy miles, to Oak Point. It then 
enters the valley of the Red River, and, after crossing an almost continuous 
succession of bogs for thirty miles, readies Fort Garry. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 55 

Of the portion of land belonging to the United States cut off by the 
north and south meridian line, and amounting in all to about one hundred 
and fifty square miles, much the greater part is covered with a deep bog, 
on which a few scattering tamaracks struggle for existence. In some local- 
ities, where the ground is high, deciduous trees predominate, but, ' as a 
general rule, the forests are composed of coniferous trees of small size and 
little value. 

The Lake of the Woods receives two additional tributaries, one from 
the southwest, called the War Road River, and another from the west, called 
Reed River. These streams are simply small channels cut in the marshes, 
or muskegs. They drain a width of marsh varying from eight to sixteen 
miles in width. By the Reed River, the Indians are in the habit of making 
a portage to the headwaters of the Roseau River, and thus reaching the 
Roseau Lake. The actual length of the land portage is eight miles, but 
this is through a swamp, where the traveler sinks from one to three feet into 
the mud and water, and may consider himself fortunate if he does not once 
or more disappear entirely beneath the surface. After reaching the north- 
eastern branch of the Roseau, the difficulties of the trip are over. 

LAKE ROSEAU. 

Lake Roseau is a shallow lake, about three miles in greatest length. 
The shores are lined with a broad margin of tall grass and reeds, from 
which the lake takes its name. It is fed by two tributaries, the East 
Roseau and the Pine River; the former being composed of two branches, 
one from the north of the boundary and the other draining the broad 
swamps lying between the Lake of the Woods and the Red Lake in Min- 
nesota. It discharges into the Roseau River, a tributary of the Red River 
of the ISTorth. 

THE ROSEAU RIVER. 

This stream, after keeping a westerly course south of the boundary, 
finally crosses at a point thirty-three miles east of Pembina, and, flowing 
for the rest of its course through Manitoba, enters the Red River thirteen 
miles north of the line. The stream is used by lumbermen in floating out 



56 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAEY COMMISSION. 

logs from tlio pineries near Lake Roseau. It is interrupted, at one point, 
by rocky rapids, but, with that exception, is a clear flowing stream. Its 
average fall is not less than two feet to the mile, from which it is quite 
evident tluit it can never be made navigable excepting above the rapids. 
It is quite probable that, by cutting down the rapids a few feet, the river 
might be made to drain, nuich more thoroughly than it does now, the vast 
region of swamps through which it takes its course. 1"he first effect of 
cutting down the barrier would be to increase the current, which would 
again establish nearly the present regimen, but at a lower level. Lateral 
channels would then rapidly form through the soft material of the marshes, 
and a general system of natural drainage would establish itself, which would 
ultimately render available for settlement many hundi-eds of square miles 
no\v covered by bogs. The greatest depth found in the Roseau Swamp 
was about fourteen feet, at which a sounding-pole would strike a hard clay 
j)an. The river flows through the swamp, and at about the same level, for 
many miles. We may say, then, that a gradual wearing-out of the river- 
channel to the depth of ten feet would efi"ect the di'ainage of the greater 
part of this immense swamp. This is the process which is now actually 
going on, and which will be completed, like all the operations of nature, 
slowly but none the less surely. 

From the levels given herewith, it will be seen that the difierence of 
level between the Red River and the Lake of the Woods is two hundred 
and fifty feet. Of this, the greatest rise takes place in the first sixteen miles 
eastward from the Red River. The total rise here amounts to one hundi'ed 
and seventy feet. This swamp region is, therefore, a summit-level cut off 
from the Red River Valley by a ridge, through which the Roseau River, 
the natural channel of drainage, breaks in a series of abrupt rapids, 
obstructed with bowlders, but through which, in course of time, it will 
wear a deep and easy channel. At present, the whole of this country nuist 
remain uninhabited and without any special value. 

THE KED KIVEK. 

From the sixteen-inilt' ridge begins the valley proper of the Red River 
of tlie North. Its characteristics at the boundarv-liuc are identicallv the 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 57 

same as those at any other point of section — a valley apparently perfectly 
level, but in reality sloping toward the river quite rapidly, intersected by 
small running streams, which are simply the lines of drainage of the prairies, 
and which, therefore, are exceedingly variable in the amount of their dis- 
charge. Along these water- courses, as well as on the main river, and, in 
fact, wherever protection from the prairie fires is offered, will be found lines 
of forest, mostly of whitewood, but in some cases of oak. The valley is 
immensely fertile, as has been proved by actual settlement; the only draw- 
backs being the long and cold winter, the occasional incursions of grass- 
hoppers, and a liability to heavy floods. 

Tliese floods in the lower valley were at one time supposed by the 
half-breeds to be caused by an extraordinary rise of the Missouri River, 
which, breaking through some low point of the Coteau, poured an immense 
volume of water into the Mouse River near its southern bend, and caused 
an overflow in the lower Assiniboine and Red Rivers. This supposition 
was speedily found to be without basis. 

A very simple explanation is found in the tortuous course of the river, 
and in the fact that its course is from south to north. The melting of the 
snows on the upper waters causes a sudden and violent rise before the 
outlets are cleared of ice. The natural result is an ice-jam in every sharp 
bend, which acts as a dam to back the waters over the low-lying lands 

above. 

It is said that the river is quite rapidly widening its own channel. 
But of this I saw no evidence, beyond the ordinary wash which takes 
place in all alluvial streams where there is a constant cutting away of the 
banks in the bends of the river, the material excavated being again deposited 
below. 

Five small steamers ply on the river between Fort Garry and Moor- 
head, which is the station on the Northern Pacific Railroad. All the lands 
along the river and many of its branches are already taken up, and little 
settlements are beginning to make their appearance at various points. 

For many years the people of the Northwest have looked upon this 
valley as the great wheat-field of the world. It seems that this anticipation 
will, in time, be realized. The valley at the forty-ninth parallel has a width 



58 UNITED STATES NOETDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

of about fifty miles, whicli I do not think is materially reduced toward the 
south. Taking this as the uniform width, the entire area within the domain 
of the United States can be estimated at about 10,000 square miles, of which 
the gi'eater part can be cultivated. 

The Dominion Government have displayed great activity, and pre- 
sented many inducements to immigrants to settle in the valley between 
Pembina and Fort Garry. Their lands have been surveyed nearly on the 
same plan as the public lands of the United States. They have offered 
free transportation over the Dawson route, and, if it were not for the intol- 
erable discomforts of the communication, would probably have succeeded 
in attracting a very large immigration. As it is, their efforts are by no 
means a failure. A large colony of Mennonites, amounting to several 
thousand, have taken up land between Point Michel and the Pembina 
Mountains. These people apparently selected their homes on British soil, 
because they dislike a republican form of government. They are industri- 
ous, sober, and economical, and, although they are destined to great suffer- 
ing, will doubtless succeed in making for themselves comfortable homes. 
They have to fear the incursion of grasshoppers, which, if it should befall 
them in the first years, would be fiital to their enterprise, and discourage 
all futui-e immigration. The long winters and the scarcity of fuel will try 
them severely, until they become thoroughly accustomed to provide against 
the rigors of the climate; but this is a difficulty which has been met and 
overcome on the prairies of Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, and which will be 
met successfully on the plains of Northeastern Dakota and Manitoba. 

PEMBINA MOUNTAIN. 

The Pembina Mountain, which bordei's the western edge of the Red 
River Valley, is not a mountain in the ordinary acceptation of the word, 
but is dignified by the title only by comparison with the level lands of the 
region in which it is situated. It is, in reality, the sharp edge of the high 
prairie plateau which extends westward to the foot of the Coteau of the 
Missouri. The Pembina River breaks through the escarpment in a deep 
gorge, causing the apparent width of the rough ground to appear much 
greater than it really is. The eastern face of the mountain, though quite 



|V*^. 



m 



'f 







v^ 



REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. 59 

sharp in the vicinity of the boundary, becomes much more gentle both to 
the north and south, so that at the distance of a few miles it is reduced to a 
long, rolling slope, at the foot of which the numerous small streams empty- 
ing into the Red River take their rise. Being protected from prairie-fires, 
the slopes are covered with a very fair growth of forest, which on the south 
of the line is mostly of oak of small size. The distance along the line, from 
the foot of the eastern slope to the level of the second prairie plateau, 
including the width of the gorge of the Pembina River, is thirteen miles. 
From the point thus reached, the level prairie extends westward to the foot 
of the Turtle Mountain, without presenting to the eye any special points 
worthy of description. 

TURTLE MOUNTAIN. 

This elevation, which, like the Pembina Mountain, is only so called 
by comparison, is an irregular mass of drift, rising at the highest point to 
not more than 500 feet above the general level. The eastern slope is 
gentle, while the western escarpment is quite sharp. It is covered by a 
continuous forest of birch, aspen, and oak, interlaced with briers and wild- 
pea vines, forming an almost impenetrable thicket. Many fine lakes were 
found along the line of the boundary, one of which is more than a mile in 
width. It was named Lake Farquhar, out of courtesy to the first chief 
astronomer of the commission. . The width of the mountain, from east to 
west, was found to be thirty -four miles. Its extension in the direction of 
its greatest length, from northwest to southeast, is somewhat greater. As 
the. entire contour of the mountain was not surveyed, the exact proportion 
lying within the limits of the United States cannot be stated exactly, but 
may be given approximately at two-thirds of the whole. The Indians 
report that many small prairies are found in the southern part, and that the 
general surface is less rugged. 

THE MOUSE RIVEE. 

From the western slope of the Turtle Mountain to the foot of the 
Coteau the line ci-osses what may be called the valley of the Mouse River. 
This stream rises to the north of Woody Mountain, and runs southeast 
until it strikes the boundary. It then follows, nearly parallel to the line, 
eastward for about seventy miles, when, making a bold sweep to the south- 



60 UNITED STATES NOllTnEKN BOUNDAllY COMMISSION. 

east for a hundi-ed miles, it doubles back upon its course, and, crossing the 
line again twenty miles Avest of Turtle Mountain, empties into the Assini- 
boine. The distance across the bend on the forty-ninth parallel is only 
fifty miles. The boundary actually crosses this stream four times. There 
is a good growth of forest along the valley proper of the river, beginning 
at the second crossing, and ending about twenty miles south of the first 
ci'ossing west of Turtle Mountain. 

THE RIVIEEE DES LACS. 

Sixteen miles west of the second crossing of the Mouse River, the line 
cuts the head of the Rivi5re des Lacs. This singular stream heads far 
within the bend of the Mouse River, and, at first sight, impresses one 
strongly as being an ancient bed of that stream. The lake in which it 
heads is long and narrow, apparently di-aining only a very small area of 
flat prairie. It is undoubtedly fed by springs, for the surface-di-ainage is 
totally inadequate to furnish the necessary water-supply. The water itself 
is foul with vegetable decay, although there is but little of rank aquatic 
growth to be seen. 

Three miles north of the line, and just at the northwest point of this 
singular lake, stands the prominent butte known as the "Hill of the Mur- 
dered Scout." So level is the general surface that the. hill, although of 
small elevation, is the prominent landmark for many miles. Looking from 
its summit, the deep valley of the Mouse River, on the north and east, may 
be distinctly traced. Toward the south and west, the Coteau of the Mis- 
souri bounds the sight, forming apparently a steep and continuous barrier. 
This illusive appearance is merely the result of distance, for on nearer 
approach, the mighty ndge becomes a series of swelling- slopes, stretching 
out in endless convolutions to the far horizon 

The legend from which this isolated butte takes its name is curiously 
illustrative of the habits of the nomadic Indian tribes. As told me 1:iy an 
ancient half-breed, it ran as follows: Late in the fall of 1830, a party of 
Assiniboines, extending their wanderings far to the east of their own coun- 
try, camped on the point of the lake to the north of the butte. One of 
tlu'ir nuni])or, ascending tlic hill to watch the surrounding country for traces 



REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOaiER. 61 

of hostile occupation, discovered a camp of Sioux close under the hill on 
the south. Cautiously approaching the crest, he came suddenly upon a 
Sioux warrior lying rolled in his buffalo-robe, and apparently overcome 
with sleep. Seizing a large fragment of granite rock, the Assiniboine 
approached his foe with stealthy step. With one vigorous blow he struck 
the Sioux, and fearing to have missed his aim, or that it might not have 
been fatal, turned and ran from the spot. Looking back and seeing his 
enemy quivering on the ground, he returned and dispatched him. In 
memory of this deed, which, in the scale of Indian glory, ranks far above 
the honor of a well-contested fight, he dug in the gravelly soil the figure of 
a man lying at full length, with outstretched legs and uplifted arms. He 
also scooped out each of the footprints marking his path as he fled. These 
marks, though only a few inches deep, were still distinctly -snsible when I 
visited the spot in the summer of 1873, and will probably remain for many 
years. In the hollow representing the head of the murdered man there 
was a red granite stone, smooth, oblong in shape, and aboiit eight inches 
in greatest diameter, which was said to have been the stone used. 

From the Hill of the Murdered Scout, the country is a level or gentlv- 
roUing prairie to the foot of the Coteau. Along the valley of the Mouse 
River, in this interval, there are numerous outcrops of lignite, for an account 
of which see Dawson's report, before referred to. 

THE COTEAU OF THE MISSOUEI. 

The Coteau of the Missouri is one of the singular physical character- 
istics of the region. It extends in a direction from northwest to southeast 
for many hundred miles, with a height of from two hundred to three hun- 
dred feet. At the line it has a width of forty-five miles, though without a 
distinct western slope. The eastern slope is distinctly visible for a great 
distance, and retains its apparent abruptness of outline nearly to the cross- 
ing of the Northern Pacific Railway, though at that point the rise is so 
gradual as to be almost imperceptible. What its northern extension may 
be is not well known, though it certainlj^ extends beyond the Woody 
Mountain. It consists of a mass of drift, containing no rock in place, and 
very similar in appearance to Turtle Mountain, which is apparently one of 
its outlvers. 



62 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

From Turtle Mountain to the southeast, there is a series of rough liills 
with intervals of rolling prairie, extending to Devil's Lake, and thence to 
Lake Jesse, forming, with the Coteau of the Prairie on the eastern border 
of Minnesota, a line of drift-formation almost exactly parallel, and similar 
in character to the Coteau of the Missouri. 

The Coteau forms, in the latitude of the boundary, pretty nearly the 
western limit of the area adaj^ted to agricultural purposes, until the fertile 
belt near the Rocky Mountains is reached, though, as a grazing country, the 
limit may be placed somewhat farther to the west. The surface of the 
Coteau consists of an irregular collection of pointed hillocks, growing more 
and more irregular in design and contour, until they are merged in the bad 
lands. 

These bad lands, or "mauvaises terres," as they are termed by the 
half-breeds, set at defiance all rules of topography, as well as all adequate 
description. Lacking even the continuous lines of drainage on which the 
eye may rest, and which give form and system to an ordinary terrain, they 
stretch in an endless and tiresome succession of arid and treeless hills and 
ridges, a tumultuous expanse of baked mud. A large part of the country 
from the western edge of the Coteau to Frenchman's Creek may properly 
be called "bad lands." 

In this interval, the line intersects the headwaters of the Quaking Ash, 
the Little Rocky, and Frenchman's Creek, the first being a tributary of the 
Missouri and the latter two of the Milk River. Where crossed by the line, 
they are all small rivulets. Frenchman's Creek, though the largest, is 
strongly alkaline. 

WOODY MOUNTAIN. 

Woody Mountain, to the northeast of the crossing of Frenchman's 
Creek, lies about twenty miles within the British territory. It is a mass of 
drift, rising in an irregular plateau to the height of 3,800 feet above sea- 
level. It is a locality well known in the Northwest as the Avinter rendez- 
vous of the half-breed hunters. The cart-trail from the Red River settle- 
ments leads to Woody Mountain, and thence to Fort N. J. Turnay, a 
trading-post on Frenchman's Creek, from which point a trail leads south- 
east to Fort Peck, on the ]\Iissnuri River. 



\ 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 63 

Going westward from Frenchman's Creek, the boundary lies about 
midway between the Milk River and the Cypress Hills, cutting successively 
the Cottonwood, and the east and west forks of the former. 

THE THBEE BUTTES. 

.\ There are no special points of topographical interest until the Three 
Buttes are reached. These buttes, or " Sweet Grass Hills," as they are 
called by the half-breeds, lie to the south of the boundary. Each consists 
of a clump of foot-hills lying around a central cone, which shoots up to a 
height of 7,000 feet, or more, above sea-level. The slopes of the principal 
peaks consist of a mass of blocks of broken stone of small size, which are 
crossed and recrossed as closely as a network of vines, by innumerable 
paths made by the mountain-sheep. These buttes are the center of the 
feeding-ground of the great northern herd of buffaloes. 

This herd, which ranges from the Missouri River north to the Sas- 
katchewan, made its appearance, going south, about the last of August. 
The number of animals is beyond all estimation. Looking at the front of 
the herd from an elevation of 1,800 feet above the plain, I was xmable to 
see the end in either direction. The half-breeds, Sioux, Assiniboines, Gros 
Ventres of the prairie, and Blackfeet, all follow the outskirts of this herd; 
but, with all their wasteful slaughter, they make but little impression upon 
it. It is even said by the traders at Fort Benton that the number of buffa- 
loes is increasing, owing to the destruction of the wolves in late years. 

Numerous small rivulets take their rise among the foot-hills surround- 
ing the buttes, which, however, owing to the rapid evaporation during the 
dry season, will scai-cely flow more than two or three miles before they 
entirely disajjpear. It is not uncommon to see one of these little brooks 
flowing in the early morning, but drying up during the later hours of the 
day, and again renewing its flow during the cool hours of the night. It is 
singular that no timber of any size is to be found among these mountains; 
the only trees are a stunted pine, growing along the upper slopes. 

The vicinity of the buttes is the finest grazing country in the north 
part of Montana, and, being a rendezvous for the migratory herds of buf- 



64 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

faloes, it is, as a natural consequence, a debatable ground of the Indian 
tribes in the vicinity. 

\ The tribes disputing this territory are the Blackfeet, North Assiniboines, 
and the Grros Ventres of the prairie, though an occasional war-party of 
Sioux may be found, coming from the direction of the Bear's Paw Mountains. 
Westward from the Three Buttes the general character of the country 
improves rapidly. After passing the North Fork of the Milk River, the 
effect of the Rocky Mountains on the rain-fall can be distinctly seen in the 
increased growth of the herbage. The soil also improves, gradually but 
very perceptibly, up to the very base of the Rocky Mountains. The strip 
of land, of about twenty-five miles in width, lying close to and including 
the foot-hills of the ' mountains, has been very appropriately called the 
" fertile belt " 

THE MILK RIVER RIDGE. 

The Milk River Ridge, lying between the North Fork of the Milk 
River and the Saint Mary's, is the dividing-line between the waters flowing 
to the Missouri and those emptying into the Saskatchewan. The distinc- 
tion between the two systems is very marked. The streams flowing to 
the south and east, having their sources in the pi-airie or low down in the 
foot-hills, are sluggish in their flow, with a more or less alkaline tendency. 
The South Fork is particularly noticeable for the milky color of its waters, 
which gives the name of Milk River to the stream into which it flows. 
West of the Milk River Ridge, however, the two rivers crossed, namely, 
the Saint Mary's and the Belly River, are both mountain-streams, which 
take their rise in large lakes lying far up among the nigged peaks of the 
main divide. The Saint Mary's, although not more than one hundred and 
fifty feet in width, and having at its summer stage a depth of about three 
feet, would be a difficult stream to cross in the early spring, owing to its 
swift current and the rough masses of bowlders which form its bed. The 
Belly River is of less size but similar in character. 

THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 

The main ridge of the Rocky Mountains, into wliich the line at this 
point enters, has a general direction from northwest to southeast. 1 liad 




■^■, 









M 







REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 65 

been led to suppose that the ascent to the summit was a gradual slope, and 
was greatly surprised to find that the rolling prairie abutted sharply against 
an impassable escarpment of rocky precipices. It was found to be impos- 
sible to carry a continuous line even so far as the crossing of the Belly 
River, and the three stations at this point, the Chief Mountain Lake, and 
the old monument on the summit of the main divide, are connected by 
traverses. The last station observed astronomically was on the west shore 
of Chief Mountain Lake, seven miles from the summit, and was reached by 
rafting from the north end of the lake. The connection between the two 
final stations was made by a traverse of thirty-five miles, through the South 
Kootanie Pass. Chief Mountain Lake has a length of nine miles, and is 
bordered so closely by the precipitous slopes of the surroimding mountains 
that it is impossible to make one's way along the shore, even on foot. 

The highest peak of the Rocky Mountains in the vicinity of the bound- 
ary is at the southeast end of the lake, and has an elevation above the sea- 
level of 10,400 feet. The elevation of the lake is about 4,000 feet, which 
may also be taken as the height of the base of the main range. 
N B 5 



CHAPTER II. 

GENERAL NARRATIVE. 

The field-work of the commission occupied a part of the summer of 
1872, and of the two following years, 1873 and 1874. 

The act of appropriation authorizing the survey was approved March 
19, 1872, but the field-parties of the joint commission did not meet on the 
line until the 1st of September. At that time the engineer officers attached 
to the United States commission were Maj. F. U. Farquhar, chief astronomer, 
Capt. W. J. Twining, Capt. J. F. Gregory, and Lieut. F. V. Greene. 

Under the instructions of Major Farquhar, I took charge of the astro- 
nomical parties, and Captain Gregory, assisted by Lieutenant Greene, began 
the survey of the. line. 

The initial point of the survey was fixed, by joint observation, at Pem- 
bina, and the following scheme was agreed upon by the chief astronomers 
of the two commissions, and approved by the commissioners. 

Astronomical stations were to be observed at approximate intervals of 
twenty miles. The points so determined in latitude were to be considered 
as absolute. The connection from one station to the next in succession, 
was to be made by a tangent-line to the prime vertical circle at the first sta- 
tion. From the line so traced and marked upon the ground, the proper 
calculated off"sets to the circle of latitude were to be measured at certain 
intervals. From the last calculated off"set the relative error of position due 
to observation and the local deflection of the plumb-line, was to be deduced, 
and each intermediate point, already fixed, was to be corrected by the proper 
proportional amount, depending upon its distance from the initial point. 

Each commission agreed to make a topographical survey of a belt of 
territory five miles wide on its own side of the line, and it was agreed to 



68 UNITED statp:s nortdern boundary commission 

consolidate the topographical work of both parties on a series of maps, on 
a scale of one inch to two miles. It was also finally agi'eed to plant iron 
monuments along the southern border of Manitoba, from longitude 96° to 
longitude 99°, at intervals of one mile, and, west of Manitoba, to mark the 
line by stone pyramids or otherwise, at approximate intervals of three miles, 
to the sumiuit of the Rocky Mountains. 

Where forests were encountered, a clear cutting was to be carried 
through. "The northwest point'' of the Lake of the Woods, as determined 
by a previous joint commission, was to be recovered, and a due-south line 
was to be surveyed and marked from that point to the forty-ninth parallel, 
or until it cut the waters of the lake. The several points of agreement 
above given were taken by the chief astronomers as the basis of their work, 
and finally received the approval of both commissioners. 

During the months of September and October, I observed one latitude 
station on the Red River and one on the west shore of the Lake of the 
Woods, where it is intersected by the parallel of 49°. 

The country being impassable between the two points, it was necessary, 
in order to reach the latter, to go by way of Fort Garry, thence by the 
Dawson Road to the Northwest Angle, and by small boats to the parallel. In 
this duty I was greatly delayed by accidents and the state of the weather. 
My orders were to observe also at the Northwest Angle, but not to delay 
beyond the 7th of November. I remained at the angle, after returning from 
the lower station, until that date, without being able to fix a station, on 
account of continuous storms. I then returned to Pembina, which I reached 
on the 14th of November, and there received orders to return to Saint Paul. 

In the mean time Major Farquhar and Captain Anderson had found 
what were siapposed to be the remains of the old monument, and after suffi- 
ciently verifying its position, had started the meridian-line to the south. 
Lieutenant Greene had carried the first tangent eastward from the Red 
River thirty-three miles. The English parties had also observed one asti-o- 
nomical station east of the Red River, in addition to the joint stations at 
Pembina and the Lake of the Woods. 

Owing to the lack of funds, the parties of this commission could not 



EEPOUT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 69 

remain in the field during the winter, but left the uncompleted line, between 
the Red River and tlie Lake of the Woods, for another season. 

The English commission, being barracked near Pembina, were able to 
complete their astronomical and topographical work, on that part of the 
boundary, during the winter. 

The winter of 1872-73 was passed in active preparation for the folloAV- 
ing season. The astronomical and topographical notes of the preceding 
summer were worked, and the declinations of the stars to be used for lati- 
tude observation were prepared, the computations being made for every fifth 
day, from June 1 to Sej)tember DO. The office of the commission, during 
this winter, was located in Detroit, Mich. 

In the spring of 1873, Major Farquhar having been relieved from the 
commission at his own request, I was appointed chief astronomer and sur- 
veyor. The i^arties were organized in Saint Paul, Minn., and reached Pem- 
bina on the 1st of June. Captain Gregory was placed in charge of an astro- 
nomical party, I taking one myself, and giving Lieutenant Greene the gen- 
eral care of the line and the topography. The English being ready to take 
the field, there was no delay. After observing jointly the stations at Point 
Michel and the eastern base of the Pembina Mountain, it was thought best, 
the methods being essentially the same, and the results on the four joint 
determinations agreeing very nearly, to carry forward the astronomical work 
by alternate stations. By the methods adopted the line was checked every 
twenty miles, a new departure being made at each astronomical station. 
The cutting in Pembina Mountain was cominenced on the east by the 
English, and on the west by the parties under Lieutenant Gi'eene, and the 
station on the summit of the plateau of Pembina Mountain was, meanwhile, 
observed by Assistant Boss. Captain Gregory, having observed at the sta- 
tion at Long River, moved forward to South Antler Creek, while I took the 
station on the west side of Turtle Mountain. 

During these movements the United States parties were accompanied 
by an escort of two companies of the Seventh Cavalry, and Capt. A A. 
Harbach's company of the Twentieth Infantry, all being under the com- 
mand of Maj. Marcus A. Reno. Major Reno established his depot at the 



70 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

second crossing of Mouse River, at which point the main body of the escort 
was collected. 

In Turtle Mountain the first serious difficulty aud delay was encoun- 
tered. The cutting at this point, which I had supposed would not exceed 
twenty miles in length, Avas found to be thirty-four miles. Owing to the 
dense mass of small undergrowth, the cutting was most difficult, as the 
parties were not prepared to meet so formidable an obstacle. 

Leaving Lieutenant Greene at Turtle Mountain, I moved forward 
to the Riviere des Lacs, and observed the station near that point, while 
Captain Gregory moved to a station midway between the third and fourth 
crossings of the Mouse River. 

It had been agreed between the English chief astronomer and myself, 
at the beginning of the summer, that we would attempt to complete the 
survey of the line for the distance of four hundred miles, during that sum- 
mer. It was now evident that it could be done with ease by the astronomi- 
cal parties, but that, owing to the delay in Turtle Mountain, the surveyors 
would have great difficulty in completing their allotted task. I therefore 
sent Captain Gregory forward to fix the remaining three astronomical 
points, and established my camp at the Wood End, near the third crossing 
of Mouse River. 

The river here is no longer a running stream, the water being found 
only in pools. The valley also becomes much less distinctly cut, while the 
wood definitely ceases. The half-breed road which had so conveniently 
followed near the line for so great a distance, leads up the valley of the 
river, skirting the edge of the Coteau at a respectful distance, to avoid the 
rough ground. It was evident that it was to be of no more use to us, as its 
direction was too much to the north. The advanced party, therefore, reluc- 
tantly leaving the smooth, beaten path which had seemed like a connecting 
link with civilized life, turned abruptly westward, and plunged into the hills 
of the Coteau. The detail of the work performed by this party, as given 
by Captain Gregory, will be found in his report, which is transmitted here- 
with. The difficulties encountered, and the sufferings endured by his party, 
in the storm which shortly after broke upon them, while among the bad 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 71 

lands west of the Coteau, I commend to the consideration of those theorists 
who have insisted on drawing an isothermal line of 60° through this region. 

For some days after the departure of the working-parties, the weather 
remained clear and bright ; but on the 20th of September a sudden fall of 
the barometer indicated an approaching storm. During the night it broke 
upon us in a mingled snow and rain, the wind blowing a furious gale from 
the northwest. Throughout the day flocks of ducks and other aquatic birds 
had been winging their way towards the south, wliile at night the air was 
filled with wild-geese urging their flight before the tempest, and piercing 
the sky with harsh cries and the rushing of wings. My camp being comfort- 
ably located in a deep valley, and covered from the violence of the wind 
by a dense grove of trees, I was scarcely aware of the real fury of the 
stonn. At the Wood End we were apparently on the eastern edge, and the 
snow, although falling colitinuously for several days, did not lie heavily 
upon the ground. The working-parties in the Coteau caught its full force, 
and being on short allowance and without the shelter of timber, suffered 
severely. The snow fell to the depth of ten inches on a level, while the 
weather was bitterly cold. It is a source of wonder to me that the entire 
ti'ain of animals did not perish. 

On the 8th, Captain Gregory returned with his party, his animals 
worn out and totally exhausted with fatigue and hunger, they having been 
for three days without forage. He reported having passed Lieutenant 
Greene at the three hundred and eighty mile point. That officer, though 
much delayed, had, with his accustomed energy, pushed his work along 
regardless of weather, and now reported that he would be at the depot on 
the 14th. 

Our supplies being short, I at once started back to the second crossing 
of Mouse River, reaching it by easy marches in three days Leaving orders 
here for Lieutenant Greene to join me at Fort Totten, and to use his own 
discretion in regard to his route, I at once started directly across the coun- 
try. There was a sufficient supply of provisions, and by eking out the 
forage with flour and hard bread, I was able to make a half ration of for- 
age. The prairie had been burning in every direction for several days, and 
it was evident that not much grass could be found. Fiom previous expe- 



72 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

rience, I felt certain that there was no part of that country in which occa- 
sional pools of water could not be found, and I only feared that we might 
be caught in another heavy storm while on the open plains. I therefore 
directed the march toward what I supposed to be the head of the Cut Bank 
Creek, which we reached after a march of twenty-four miles, having suf- 
fered much for want of water. We found it to be a succession of pools, 
and, by following down along the old half-breed trail, crossed the Mouse 
River two miles south of the mouth of Willow Creek. I hesitated, here, 
whether to follow south up the Mouse River two days, and then strike for 
Lake Gereau, or to take the risk of crossing the open plain on a direct course 
for Devil's Lake. Ascending one of the sand hillocks, and looking east, I 
could just distinguish the top of a butte resting like a dark spot on the dis- 
tant horizon. This promised water, and I therefore started for it the next 
morning. We passed at noon a shallow pond of fresh water, and after 
marching over a flat plain which would be impassable for wagons in wet 
weather, camped by a stinking pool in a ridge of hills which ajipears to be 
a prolongation of Turtle Mountain, though separated from it by a low plain 
of some width. 

The prairie fires, which for some days had been burning brightly in 
every direction, had swept every vestige of grass from these plains, except 
in the immediate vicinity of the ponds, leaving the ground covered with a 
light film of ashes. Our march from this point was most distressing, owing 
to this cause. A strong east wind raised the dust and ashes in clouds, filling 
the eyes, nose, and mouth with an irritating alkali, which bit and smarted 
with undying zeal 

We reached Fort Totten on the 20th October, the only notable camp 
being that on the Hurricane Lake. This lake, of which I had never hea'-d 
before, although tolerably familiar with that part of the country, is a beau- 
tiful sheet of water, perhaps a mile in width. The north and west banks 
are covered by a heavy forest. Li the lake is a large island, partly tim- 
bered and partly prairie, connected with the north shore by a swampy penin- 
sula which is impassable, even on foot. The water is green and clear, and a 
perfect delight to the traveler wearied and disgusted with the usual alkaline 
or oftensive fresh waters of the plains. I think this lake is the liead of the 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 73 

north branch of the big Coul^, which empties into the Sheyenne, and am 
quite certain that it had never before been visited by white men. 

Lieutenant Greene an-ived on the 22d with his party. He liad fol- 
lowed down the Mouse River from the second crossing until he reached the 
great bend, and then had made a straight trail to Devil's Lake. 

I had made arrangements at Pembina to complete the survey between 
the Red River and the Lake of the Woods during the winter. A work so 
difficialt could only be justified by the fact that the ground was utterly im- 
passable in summer. The freezing of the swamps would enable the supply- 
train to move east as far as the Roseau Lake. I had, therefore, caused hay 
to be cut at several points, and a part of the winter clothing to be prepared. 
Lieutenant Greene, being in charge of the topographical work, took charge 
of the party detailed. The men, though they had had a rather rough sum- 
mer, most of them, readily volunteered for the winter. Having detailed the 
party to remain, and provided it witli the necessary transportation, I con- 
solidated what was left into two parties, and on the morning of the 24th 
took up the march to Fort Seward. The weather was now unusually cold, 
with heavy winds from the north and constant snow. The ice on the ponds 
was five inches thick. The men suffered greatly, as their clothing was 
hardly suitable for such exposure. We arrived on the 28th at Fort Seward. 

The animals beinsr worn down with work, I left most of the wagons in 
store, retaining only enough to can-y forage, and started the herd to Saint 
Cloud, Minn., under charge of the quartermaster's clerk, with a sufficient 
number of herders. The remaining men were sent by rail to Saint Paul, 
where they were discharged. 

The ofiice was still retained at Detroit, but, the topographers being in 
the field, no work could be done on the maps. The computers at once 
began preparation of the ephemeris for the ensuing year. In this ephem- 
eris the apparent places of the stars to be used were computed for every 
fifth day. This work being done in the office saved many vexatious delays 
in the field, and enabled me to count with certainty on a prompt and rapid 
movement of the several pai-ties. 

The detail of the winter work in the field, under the charge of 
Lieutenant Greene, will be found in his report. It presents many jioints 



74 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

of interest, on account of its novelty. Its difficulties were met with great 
good judgment by the officer in charge. Of this the best proof is that 
no animals were lost, and none of the men seriously frozen, although 
exposed for months in the ordinary avocations of camp and field during 
the most severe weather. The capabilities of this region for settlement 
are already sufficiently proven by practice, but the incidents of the survey 
shoAv that, with proper forethought and preparation, the rigors of the winter 
are little to be dreaded. 

The field-parties finished their allotted task, and returned to Saint 
Paul on the 14th of March, where they were discharged. 

Pending the passage of the act of appropriation for the survey, Avork 
was commenced on the preliminary maps, and all necessary preparation 
was made for the active field-operations of the ensuing summer. 

As the parties could not be organized before the passage of the appro- 
priation for the following year, there would only be four months in which 
to reach the ground, complete the survey, and to return. Of this time at 
least one-half would be occupied in travel, leaving only the short space of 
two months to make the survey. I scarcely expected to accomplish the 
work in this time, and had made estimates looking toward a retreat by way 
of Salt Lake, or for a winter's march of six weeks to Fort Abercrombie. 
Neither of these alternatives presented any great attraction, and it is 
perhaps due, in part, to this that the survey was pushed along with such 
remarkable rapidity. All preparations had been made to organize the 
expedition The train which had wintered at Saint Cloud was sent, under 
charge of Lieutenant Ladley, by rail to Bismarck, taking up on the way 
the wagons left at Fort Seward. 

I was notified of the passage of the appropriation on the 5th of June, 
and started for Bismarck with the parties fully organized, on the Cth. 
Reaching Bismarck on the 8th, I found the steamer Fontenelle waiting, 
but, contrary to the spirit of the contract made at Saint Paul, the boat had 
been loaded with two hundred tons of freight. This, with our wagons and 
animals, crammed the steamer to its utmost capacity, and made a rapid trip 
to Fort Buford an impossibility. The river was high, running with a strong 
curi'ent, and it was manifest that five days was too little time for the boat, 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 75 

loaded as it was, even supposing it possible under any circumstances, which 
I very much doubted. There was nothing else to be done but to resign 
one's self to a week of utter weariness and discomfort. In other and more 
civilized lands the word "steamer" conveys an idea of speed, as well as a 
certain assurance of comfort, and at least a semblance of the ways and 
practices of ordinary life. But no one in search of the amenities need look 
on the deck of an up-river boat. The hull is a shallow box, over which is 
thrown a light deck and small cabin supported on upright posts. The 
machinery is rough, primitive in design, and constantly suggestive of un- 
pleasant accidents. The high-pressure engines, exhausting in the open aii-, 
thumping over the centers, with leaky cylinders badly packed, or, as in this 
case, cracked and rudely banded with iron, can hardly be called reassuring. 
The light, thin upper works, burned in hundi*eds of holes by the sparks 
which are constantly flying in clouds over the deck, suggest an alternative 
scarcely more inviting. As an actual fact, however, I do not recollect ever 
to have heard of a single case of accident by explosion of boilers or by fire 
on the Upper Missouri. I am disposed to class this, also, among the special 
providences, rather than to attribute it to any skill on the part of the build- 
ers or owners. Certainly no thought of anything so worthless as human 
life entered into their calculation. The power of the machinery is appar- 
ently calculated with reference to down-stream work in a swift current, for, 
by the kindliest estimate of its performance, I have not been able to figure 
an up-stream speed so great as three miles an hour. 

Owing to the slow progress made by the boat, I was obliged to land 
the live stock at the Tobacco Garden, and herd it from that point to Fort 
Buford, where it arrived on the 15th of June, a few hours after the boat. 
Five days were consumed in shoeing the animals and making other neces- 
sary preparations. The escort, consisting of two companies of the Seventh 
Cavalry and five companies of the Sixth Infantry, with their train, was con- 
centrated here, under the command of Major Marcus A. Reno. 

On the 21st the expedition started from Fort Buford. Supplies Ctyr six 
weeks were carried in the train, and arrangements had been made to have 
further supplies sent up from Fort Benton. On reaching the Big Muddy it 
was found to be impassable, and we were delayed a day and a half building 



76 TnsriTED states northern boundary commission. 

a bridge. The stream Avas one hundred and twent}^ feet wide and five feet 
deep, with a soft mud bottom, which made it very difficult to set up the 
trestles. On the 25tli we reached the Quaking Ash or Poplar River, where 
the various parties separated. The topographical parties, under Lieutenant 
Greene, escorted by three companies Sixth Infantry, followed up this stream 
to the boundary. The details of their march and subsequent operations 
will be found in the report of Lieutenant Greene. 

Captain Gregory continued with the main party as far as the Little 
Rocky, where he branched oS, accompanied by Captain Bryant, with two 
companies, to the northwest, intending to make his first astronomical station 
to the east of Frenchman's Creek; but, becoming involved in the bad lands, 
he was obliged to cross that stream foui-teen miles below the line, at Fort 
Turnay, and follow up the west bank. 

I continued with the remainder of the escort, which marched up the 
valley of the Milk River, passing Fort Belknap, and finally established a 
camp on the Sandy, a southern branch of the Milk River, about forty-five 
miles from Fort Benton. At Fort Belknap agency the mails were found, 
and forwarded to the parties on the line. The supplies from Fort Benton 
not having arrived, I went to that place on the 12tli of July, and remained 
until the 24th, at which time the long-expected steamer made her appear- 
ance, having left, however, the main part of her stores at Cow Island, one 
hundred and twenty miles down the river. I sent a train, imder charge of 
Lieutenant Ladley, to bring up what forage was required ; and having sent 
another supply-train with the necessary supplies to the Sweet Grass Hills, 
I returned to my camp on the Sandy. 

From this camp, accompanied by Major Reno, I marched to the East 
Butte of the Sweet Grass Flills, where the escort had established their per- 
manent camp. I there learned that Captain Gregory's camp was only eight 
miles distant, though with rough country between. I therefore sent my 
train by the trail, and, riding directly across, found Captain Gregory camped 
on a small pool of water about two miles south of the lino. Lieutenant 
Greene's advance party was reported to be only a few miles back, and the 
supply-train from Fort Benton, passing between the first and second buttes, 
were expected to reach the West Butte the next day. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 77 

On the following day I moved my camp to the West Butte, and 
encamped on a small brook about one mile north of the line, where the 
permanent depot was established. This depot was established on the 1st of 
August. Captain Gregory and the advanced parties of Lieutenant Greene 
were immediately supplied, and pushed forward without delay. 

The work advanced rapidly, and at the end of August our line had 
been joined by traverse with that of the old northwestern boundary survey, 
on the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and the survey was complete. 

I then concentrated the parties at the suppl)' depot at the Sweet Grass 
Hills, and having detached Lieutenant Greene to carry a meridian from the 
line to Fort Shaw, in order to get a telegraphic connection for longitude, I 
left the Sweet Grass Hills with the remainder of the men, the escort mean- 
while taking the direct trail to Fort Buford. I arrived at Fort Benton 
September 8. Lieutenant Greene joined me again, on the 11th, with his 
party. 

I had previously had Mackinaw boats built and in readiness for our 
arrival, and on the 12th I started down the Missouri with the entire party, 
in six open boats. After a voyage of eighteen days we arrived at Bismarck, 
Dak., and thence, by Northern Pacific Railroad, reached Saint Paul, where 
the parties were discharged. 

Thus in four months the expedition completed a journey of nearly four 
thousand miles, three-fourths of which was by land and in open boats by 
water, and caiTied to completion the survey of three hundred and fifty -five 
miles of the boundary-line. 

It will be observed, by reference to the index of the records and maps, 
that a large amount of work has been done, and much information obtained 
by the commission, in addition to merely defining the line between the 
United States and the Dominion of Canada. Besides the official maps, a 
second series has been made, on a scale of one inch to eight miles, on which 
the lines of exploration by the different parties have been carefully located. 

It will be seen that a large number of reconnaissances have been made, 
which, in the aggregate, give a quite complete ^•iew of the whole region 
traversed. This series of maps also shows a boat-survey of tlie Missouri 
River from Fort Benton, Mont., to Bismarck, Dak., made while returning 



«o 



VNITKO !i5TATK!* Nv^KVUKKN IHHXIWKY <\>MMl^5Ji^lON. 



bv the vwu^x*** iittHl «?sj4itt>*tv\l dt*t;»ucT^ wvi>j wv by a cvMVS<*ftt xwuV 



C il A J' 'J L a J i /, 

TflP. VORTffWKHT POTWT, lAKK OF TffK WOOUH. 

FjVf^ry ou(: who i« at, fill fkfniliar with tli^: jAr^>jrraphy of thf; .N'ortJjwr:«t, 
}i;i« riotic<^;«l tlif; '.t.u<,uii>\()W. «liapo of thr; northc-m \>onri(]n.ry (ti tho fjriit/i^ 
Sfafr.-H, ;it tiif; Lakfs of tii*: VVood«, Aft^jr cro««)rijr f^kf; Hu\>f^f>r, it follows 
t,hf; apparorit clianrif;! of tlio wa.t/rr-way« comrriiinicatinj/ vvitii t.lir; f.ako of 
tJif: Woorl«, and, rfcaclilnjj tiio north wc-jit/:rri fK/int of rfi;i,t lak*^;, dro[;« Htid- 
df;nly to thf: ftrmtFi, nearly half a rlftgrw;, and follows thfc fr/rty-nlnth [MthWh] 
f,i' latitude to tho I'acifif; r:/;ai«t, Tlii« cMrionn confij/iiration rennhed from a 
la^;k of ^eojftaphical knowU:dj.frj at the time when the variotw tr^^tje« 
defininj( the hoiin^kry were made. The mo«t northw<r«t/;m fi^;int r/f tJ»/; 
I^ake of the VVood« liavinj^ be^yn fixed upon a« one fK/int of the IxmiKhiry, 
and the forty-ninth parallel of latitude a« the line to be followed tSu-McJi Hy 
the lioeky .VfountainH, and the latitude of the mo«t north wesstem point being 
unknown, the necond article of the f//nvention of Ij/TkUiU fOct/^ber 20, 
18l8j nij)(;(:\fu-A that tbe eonnerstion «hould U; mjide by a line n//rtli or 
H^iuth, a« thft caw; miglit be, Siibxequently, it U;ing frmnd th^.t the direc- 
tion wa« Hontb, it wa« »o ii.<rr<M(\ ujK>n and defined, in the treaty of Novem- 
ber 10, 1842. 'I'he latter treaty thu.H mu\)]y (h-Mnan, in rnord Acihxhd 
lang^uage, what had already been promulj.fated in the treaty of 1818, and 
the latt/;r, in turn, adjustH r^jrtain difficiiltifrf* Armxi^ nrular previotw tn^tU^ 
(BeptemberS, 1783; November 19, 1704; De«ftmber 24, 1814> 

T}iii« we find that tlie f;ommi«»ioner«, under the «ixth and W;venth arti- 
clfjs of the trftaty of Ghent, fixed and marked the jreographieal ]ifmU.lon of 
the nort,}i western point, and there rested from their labors, leavin;? to «af>- 
sequent cornmi.»««ion.«, the duty of marking the line westward, 

Tlie n5<;ovr^ of thi.s position gave ri«*5 to much Am:nmu>n, and at one 



80 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

time promised considerable trouble. The point being indicated, and defi- 
nitely fixed by the joint commission under the sixth and seventh articles of 
the treaty of Ghent, admitted of no change of location by the present com- 
missioners. Its description, by latitude and longitude, was not sufficiently 
accui'ate to determine its position, since the methods employed were inade- 
quate. It became necessary, then, to examine the details of the work done 
by the astronomers of the former commission, in order to fonn a fair judg- 
ment in regard to the accuracy of their work. During the winter of 1872-73 
the necessary copies of the record were obtained, and I was able to deter- 
mine, within very narrow limits, the true position of the monument. The 
water of the lake being much higher in 1872 than when the monument was 
built, the site was overflowed to the depth of several feet. The super- 
structure had entirely rotted away, being composed of aspen, and there 
only remained a few fragments of oak to mark the spot. 

The following letter to the commissioner gives, in detail, the technical 
points of the position taken by the chief astronomers, in regard to the 
recovery of the monument : 

United States Northern Bocndary Commission, 
In the field, Lat. 49° N., Long. 102° 57' W., October 1, 1873. 

Sir : In your memorandum of September 15, you request my opluion in regard to 
the initial point of the United States northern boundary, at the northwest point of the 
Lake of the Woods, and whether I consider the objection of the English commissioner 
to the point selected by the English and American chief astronomers, as well taken, 
and, finally, in case of a difference of opinion between yourself and the English com- 
missioner, which cannot be reconciled, what means of settlement remain. 

Before answering these interrogatories, I beg leave to state briefly the means used, 
originally, to fix the "most northwest" jjoint of the Lake of the Woods, and the 
method followed in recovering the monument erected at that time. 

I have before me the reports of Dr. I. L. Tiarks, astronomer (November IS, 1825), 
and David Thompson, surveyor (October, 1824), who were employed by the British 
Government to determine the northwest point, and whose reports were adopted at the 
time by the commissioner ou the part of the United States. 

From these reports, it appears that a question arose between the angle at the Rat 
Portage and the northern point of the bay, now known as the Northwest Angle. 

This question was settled by Tiarks in favor of the latter, en the i)rinciple that the 
northwest point was that point at ■which, if a line were drawn in the plane of a great 
circle, making an angle of 45° with the meridian, such a line would cut no other water 
of the lake. He therefore determined the relative position of the two points in ques- 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 81 

tion by means of tht^ir latitude aiitl longitude; tlio latitudes were fixed by means of 
the sextant, and tbe longitude by the mean of several chronometer determinations. 

The point fixed as the northwest point being in a swamp, its position was given 
by certain courses and distances from a reference monument. Tlie question now is to 
find this monument. It is described by Thompson as a "square monument of logs, 
twelve feet high by seven feet square, the lower part of oak, the upper part of aspen.'- 
Its latitude is given by Tiarks 49° 23' 06". 48 north ; its longitude, approximately 
95° 14' 38" west from Greenwich. 

So far as these co-ordinates are concerned, for any purpose of again finding the 
point, the longitude may be entirely rejected. It appears to have been determined by 
two chronometers, and as tbe distance traveled, and the elapsed time, were great, it 
may very easily be wrong by ten miles. It is only given by Tiarks as an approxima- 
tion. 

This is of little consequence, as the location of the northwest point, east and west, 
is confined to the narrow channel of the bay, which, at this point, runs generally north 
and south, and (the swamp included) has a width of only two hundred or three hun- 
dred feet. 

The latitude, then, and the visible channel are the guides to be followed in search- 
ing for the ancient monument. 

From the report of Tiarks, I find that the latitude of the monument, that being 
the point at which he observed, was determined by three series of circum-meridian 
altitudes of the sun. The results, and number of observations in each, were as given 
below, viz: 

Latitudes. Number of observations. 

490 23' 02". 37 9 

490 23' 03". 60 15 

490 23' 09". 24 29 

The true mean latitude from these observations is 49° 23' 05" 07, but the latitude, 
combining according to the number of the observations in each series, is 49° 23' 06".48, 
which is the result Tiarks adopted. This method of weighting the observations should 
not have been used, as there is always a constant error in such series, due to the cor- 
rection for index-error, and, in this case, a small additional inaccuracy arising from the 
fact that no barometric correction was applied to the refraction. These errors are, 
however, of comparatively little consequence, and their sum would probably not ex- 
ceed four seconds of arc. 

There remains a greater defect, arising from the unknown eccentricity of the sex- 
tant used. This Tiarks himself recognized, but, as he was more especially concerned 
in getting the relative latitude of two points within half a degree of each other, he 
took no means to eliminate the resulting error, which he regarded as being common to 
both stations. 

This oversight is fatal when it becomes a question of recovering the exact point of 
observation, as there may have been an error of eccentricity on the limb of the sex- 
tant, which would give an error of a half mile in the latitude, though, as the instru- 
ment was one of very large radius (9"), and made by a maker of great reputation 
(Troughton), it is not probable that tbe eccentricity was so great. 
N B 



82 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Leaving tbis point for the present, I will state the means used to recover the monu- 
ment. 

In the fall of 1872, Major Farquhar and (3aptain Anderson, the chief astronomers 
of the joint commission lor determining the boundary, observed for latitude near the 
northwest point of the Lake of the Woods, and, guided by their results and by infor- 
mation obtained from Indians, discovered what they agreed in su])posing to be the 
remains of the monument, but in a latitude about Ave hundred feet south of that given 
by Tiarlis. 

Its position with reference to the northwest point of the bay, as given by Ihe several 
courses and distances, is sufficiently exact. 

The evidence appears to me to be strong enough to warrant them in the conclusion 
at which they arrived. 

Owing, however, to the laige possible error in the determination of the latitude by 
Tiarks, and considering that the northwest i)oint, so determined, lies within what must 
be acknowledged to be English territory, I am of the opinion that the English com- 
missioner may, without being considered as acting in an obstructive manner, take the 
ground that the evidence is not conclusive; but in making such objection, it is incum- 
bent on him to suggest some other point, as the " most northwestern," which the shape 
of the bay would render possible. 

There is another means of reducing the uncertainty of Tiaiks's determination of 
the latitude, w-hich I respectfully suggest for your consideration, in case of a final dis- 
agreement between yourself and the English commissioner. It is to take accurate 
observations for latitude at the angle near the Rat Portage. That station was marked 
by Thompson by a monument in stone, six feet high and four feet base, which can 
doubtless still be fouud. Tiarks observed there in the same manner as at the north- 
west point. Hence, by finding the amount of the error of his work at the Rat Portage, 
and applying the same correction to his work at the Northwest Angle, ihe error due to 
the eccentricity of his sextant will be eliminated, and the uncertainty of his latitude 
will be reduced within a verj' small limit. 

If the latitude, so found, should still indicate that the monument was near the 
point agreed upon by Major Earquhar and Captain Anderson, I do not see that any 
further objection could be made by Her JIajesty's commissioner to an immediate settle- 
ment of the vexed question. 

If, however, such objection should still be made, the matter will then have passed 
beyond my ])rovince as the chief astronomer of the commission. 
I am, very respectfuHj-, your obedient servant, 

W. J. TWINING, 
Captain of Engineers, Chief Astronomer United States 2^orthern Boundary Commission. 

Archibam) Campbell, Esq., 

United States Commissioner, Northern Boundary. 

While the shape and general character of the surroundings of the 
Northwest Angle of the Lake of the Woods, wei'e such as to confine the 
search to a very small portion of the bay, the scale of the maps was too 
small to serve as a definite basis of agreement. A now survey was there- 



M» 



0fh 






. >.M,tli Wrsl Point 






.^v-^-^' 



'■^'.l/, 



%,. 



MAP 

of i}\e vicinity of the 

i^oKTJii WEST mmr 



'°A- 



LAKE OF THE WOODS 








jr- - ■-"~-^" -"-. 


0g'B 


;~ 








1: 4"'^^' 


7" 


S- 




""til 












-^-r f-^i^-s -;ff»^": :-:^_ 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 83 

fore made by an English party already on the ground. This survey was 
subsequently carried down to the forty-ninth parallel, where it was taken 
up by the parties under Lieut. F. V. Greene, and continued to the mouth 
of the Rainy River. The work of the English in the vicinity of the North- 
west Point was checked by Capt. James F. Gregory, United States Engin- 
eers. The details will be found in his report, which is transmitted herewith. 
The position of the Northwest Point, as fixed by Ca2:)t. S. Anderson, 
R. E., and Maj. F. U. Farquhar, United States Engineers, during the fall 
of 1872, was not finally agreed to by the commissioners until September, 
1874. 



CHAPTER IV. 

ASTRONOMICAL DETERMINATIONS OF LATITUDE, AND METHODS OF SURVEY. 

On account of the peculiar nature of the disputes Hable to arise in 
regard to an international boundary-line, and the acrimony with which such 
controversies are usually prosecuted, it has been thought best to give, in a 
condensed form, the observations made by the United States parties, and 
the methods employed in fixing the positions of the monuments which mark 
the line. 

An abstract of the Bntish tangent-lines and mounds is added, in order 
to complete the record of the connections between astronomical stations. 

Official copies of the English astronomical observations are on file in 
the Department of State. 

In obedience to the instructions of the commissioner, an official copy 
of the United States astronomical and geodetic record was transmitted to 
the chief astronomer of Her Majesty's commission, October 14, 1875. It 
was accompanied by a descriptive memoir, from which the folloAving expla- 
nations are taken : 

Astronomy. — The astronomical record consists of — 

1st, The observations made with the zenith telescope to determine 
latitude ; 

2d, Instnimental constants ; 

od, Abstract of chronometer records ; 

4tli, Star catalogues 1872, '73, and '74. 

Instruments. — The instruments used in determining the latitude were 
zenith telescopies Nos. 7, 11, and 20, Wlirdemann. Nos. 7 and 11 were of 
^5 inches focal length. Both were of small power, and more or less damaged 
by use. No. 7 was used only on three stations in 1873 : it being found that 

85 



86 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

the level was badly ground, and that the instrument was loose on its hori- 
zontal axis. No. 20 was of 32 inches focal length, with a magnifying power 
of sixty diameters. It was found to be, in every respect, a pei-fect instru- 
ment. 

The chronometers used were by Negus, of New York, and Bond, of 
Boston. 

In computing the latitude of any station, the arithmetical mean of all 
the determinations was taken as the true latitude, no weights being applied. 
It is thought that the accuracy of the computation, and the number of 
authorities combined in each decHnation, warrant the assumption that the 
star places are nearly absolute, leaving in the deteraiinations only the error 
of the observation. This view has been found to be correct, or nearly cor- 
rect, by subsequently examining the residuals given by each pair of stars, 
when referred to the mean latitudes of a large number of stations. 

In order to prevent the suppression of observations, a mathematical 
criterion was applied. This, while of doubtful utility in computations made 
under the supervision of one skillful computer, I thought to be desirable as 
a number of observers were engaged simultaneously, and the computations 
were to be comjjleted, promptly, in the field. 

The standard number of observations, thougli varying with different 
stations, was finally fixed at about sixty, it being found that, with the 32- 
inch instrument, sixt}- observations would give a mean result of which the 
probable error would be about four feet. This probable eiTor was consid- 
ered to be very much within the differences which might arise from the 
methods employed in computing the declinations of the stars used, and the 
general eri-ors incident to such work. 

Instrumental constants. — The observations by which the instrumental 
constants were determined, are given in full. It will be observed that no 
eflfort was made to determine the run of the micrometers, nor the differ- 
ences due to changes of temperature. I am of the opinion that all such 
corrections are, even under the most favorable circumstances, somewhat 
hypothetical, and therefore liable to introduce unknown eiTors into the 
work, and that they are rather matters of curiosity than of practical impor- 
tance in field-work. 



EKrORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. 87 

The method of cletermining the mean places of the stars used is the 
only part of these computations which calls for any special remark. 

In the fall of 1872, the astronomical party was ordered into the field, 
under my charge, without time for careful preparation. 

The only authorities available at the time for computing the star places, 
were the Greenwich Observations from 1836 to 1867. The computations 
for the two stations observed in 1872, depended entirely on these observa- 
tions. During the winter of 1872-73, a careful and systematic examina- 
tion of the existing authorities was commenced, and the list of stars, as 
given for 1873, was prepared. This work was continued during the subse- 
quent winter,' and the results are given in the star catalogue of 1874, which, 
however, differs very slightly from that of 1873. 

The principles which were adopted in the discussion of these star 
places, were mainly derived from the work of Argelander, Bonner Beobach- 
tungen, Band VII. 

Some few stars were taken from the second part of that work without 
modification. These are British Association Catalogue numbers 198, 979, 
4918, 5313, 5502, 6114, 75!5, 7377, 8083, 8206, and 8273. The positions 
uf Greenwich 12 year 73, and B. A. C. 896, were taken from Part I. For 
the remainder, the following catalogues and observations were con.svilted : 
Bradley, 1755, B; Lalande, Fedorenko, 1790, Fed; D'Agelet (Gould), 1800, 
D'A; Lalande, 1800, L.L ; Piazzi, 1800, Pi; Groombridge, 1810, Gr ; 
Struve, 1830, P. M; Argelander's Abo, 1830, Abo; Taylor's Madras, 1835, 
T; Jacob's Madras, 1848-1852, J^g, &c.; Bessel's zones (Weisse) (+15° 
to 45°), 1825, Wa B; Pond's Greenwich, 1830, Pd; Airy's First Cambridge 
Catalogue, 1830, CC; Riimker, 1836, R; Edinburgh (Henderson^ 1835, 
1844, Edinburgh (Smyth), E^,, &c. ; Cambridge (Challis), 1839-1860, 
Chso, &c. ; Armagh (Robinson), 1840, Arm; Bonn North Zones, 1842, O 
A; Radclifife Catalogue of 6317 stars, 1845, R C; Radchfife, 1860, RC^; 
RadcMe, later observations, 1861-1870, R Cc, &c. ; Bonn, (Vol VI). 1866, 
Arg; Brussels (Quetelet), 1859-1866, Q59, &c. ; Konigsberg; Washington 
(transit circle), 1867-71, Wn ; Washington Catalogue (mural circle), 1860, 
Y ; the entire series of Greenwich catalogues and observations since the 
directorship of Airy, 1836-1871, Ay 40, Ay^.,, Ay^, A}\o, Ayc^, Ay^g, &c.; 



88 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Paris observations, 1856-1867, Pje, &c.; Durham, D; the volumes of the 
Astronomische Nachrichten ; Leiden, 1870, L ; Pulkowa, 1845, Pul. 

The dates after the name of each catalogue refer to the epochs to which 
each was reduced, and the initials following the date, the designation by 
which these catalogues and observations will be subsequently referred to. 

Systematic corrections, as deduced by Argelander, in Vol. VII, Bonn 
Obs., were applied to most observations of a date earlier than 1860. In 
one case, that of Yarnall's Washington Catalogue, a special comparison was 
made with Wolfer's Fundamental List, in the Tabulae Reductionum, which 
is the basis of Argelander's work. But this coiTection was omitted in a few 
of the later reductions. 

Owing to the great discrepancy in the number of observations on the 
different stars, the weights were adopted to suit each particular case — i. e., 
no uniform weight was given to the positions taken from any one catalogue, 
though a general standard was adopted for each, which Avas nearly as foUows: 



B ... 
D'A. 
Fed . 
L.L. 
Pi ., 
Gr .. 



.... i 

X 
.... 4 

.... i 
J 

.... J Q 

.... J 

.... i 

P. M 1 



Abo.. 
T .... 
J .... 
W2B. 
Pond . 



CO.. 
R ... 
E . . 
Ch .. 
A ... 
O A. 
R Ci 
RC2. 



R Cg, &c 



Arg 
Q . 

K 



h 
1 

1 

1 

1 
1 
1 

n 
1 

i 



Wu .. 
Y 

Ay 40 • - 
Ay 45 ■ ■ 
Ay 50 ■ - • 



1 
1 
1 

1 



Ayen 1 J to 2 

1^ to3 



Ay(;4 

Ayes, &c li 

P 2 

Pnl 2 

L (16 symmetrical observations) 4 



These weights represent the degree of confidence in the several author- 
ities when represented by from three to five observations. In a few of the 
later reductions, the weights were made decimal fractions in all cases, and 
increased for some of the modern authorities. 

The ordinary method of combining the observations to obtain the result 
for 1872, 1873, or 1874, as required, was, briefly, as follows: The right 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 89 

iisceiision found in the Greenwich Catalogues, or, these faihng, in that of 
the British Association, was used to obtain the annual precession in decli- 
nation, the secular variation in decHnation being taken directly from these 
authorities. All observations in a given case were then reduced to the 
required mean epoch, proper motion being always neglected. The result- 
ing corrections (k) to the value of the assumed declination, the systematic 
corrections referred to above having been applied, were regarded as made 
up of three parts: x, a correction to the assumed declination at the required 
epoch; ti/, a correction varying with the time, or, in other words, the proper 
motion; and v a residual error of observation. Equations of condition were 
accordingly made of the form (x-\-ty—]i=0) Vi', in which |j denotes the 
weight. The value of t was usually taken to the nearest tenth of a year, 
reckoning from the date of observation, where that could be ascertained, to 
the required epoch. These equations were treated in the ordinary manner. 
But the value of x Avas usually derived from observations made in 1830, or 
later. 

The following example will serve to illustrate the above explanation: 

B. A. C. 67. 

With the annual precession, -f 20".()18, computed for 1864 from the 
A. R, found in Ay 54 (nsing Struve's constants), and the secular variation, 
— 0".035, adopted from that catalogue, each set of observations is reduced 
to the required epoch, 1873.0; a systematic correction having first been ap- 
plied to the declinations as given by D'A, L. L, Pi, Wa B, Arm, and Y. 

R Ce^, R Cc8, and R Ceg were combined so as to fonn one equation. 
Aye,, Ay 69, and Ay 70 were treated in the same manner, the weights in com- 
bining being strictly according to the number of observations in each year. 
Rejecting Lalande, we have the following conditional equations and weights, 
assumed S for 1873 being 37° 15' 53".0: 

Weight. 

B. re— 117.0?/— 7.79 = ^ 

D'A. X— 88.8 -2.77 = 1 



Pi. X— 73. —4.41=0 ^ 

WoB. X- 48. -3.68 = I 
T. X- 38. -2.20 = 2 



90 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Arm. 


X — 


33.9 


— 2.25 = 


1 


Yar. 


X — 


25.7 


-1.94=0 


1 


K. 


X — 


11.2 


-2.G0 = 


\ 


Ay64 


X — 


8.5 


-O.H5 = 


3 


Qe.. 


X — 


8.1 


-1.25 = 


\ 


L. 


X — 


4.1 


-0.55 = 


4 


R. C,, 


X — 


3.7 


— 0.5(J = 


u 


Ajeo 


X — 


3.G 


-1.64 = 


U 



From the above, result the following normal equations: 

+ 14.8.T— 262.Gv/ = + 22".18 
— 262.Gj; + 14339.1?/ = — 907".92 

from which, 

a;= + ".55 and «/ = — ".053 

Using T and the succeeding authorities for the value of x, we obtain 
37° 15' 53". 55, as the (5 for 1873.0; a result identical with that derived from 
the direct solution of the normal equations. The following tabic exhibits 
the reduction, in tabular form. Column one contains the designation of the 
various authorities; column two, the epoch to which each catalogue is found 
reduced; column three, the mean epoch of observation (in the cases of B, 
L. L, Pi, Wo B, and T arbitrarily assumed); column four contains the 
declination as given by the catalogue itself In cases such as Ayg^ and L, 
where the observations have been reduced to the date of the catalogue, in 
some instances with proper motion, the seconds of 8 are adopted so as to 
correspond with the mean date of observation — i. c, as they would have 
been had no proper motion been applied; column five contains the system- 
atic correction as derived from Vol. VII, Part I, Bonn Observations (Arge- 
lander); column six, the declination as it results from each authority, the 
precession being applied to reduce it to 1873.0; column seven, the number 
of observations on which each authority is based; column eight, the final 
value of the declination for 1873 as it is given by each authority; column 
nine, the residuals or the corrections which the declination and proper 
motion adopted for 1873.0 give to each catalogue. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



91 



Catalogue. 



I? .... 
D'A .. 
L.L.. 
Pi.... 
WoB. 
T .... 
Arm . . 
Y .... 
K .... 
Ajo, . . 
Qm.-- 

R C67 . 

KCes. 
A.Ves.- 
L .... 
R C'eg. 
Ayeo.- 

Aj-TO.- 



Epocb, re. 
duct ion. 



17bb 

IHOO 
1600 
1800 
1825 
18:!5 
1840 
18(0 
18G1 
1864 
1864 
1867 
1868 
1868 
1870 
1869 
1869 
1870 



Epoch, ob- 
servation. 



17r36 

1784. 2 
1795 

18C0 
1825 
1835 
1839. 1 

1847. 3 

1861. 8 
1864. 5 

1864. 9 
1867.8 
1868. 8 
1868. 8 

1868. 9 
1869. 8 

1869. 8 
18i 0. 8 



Cat. d. 



Sys.corr. 



36 36 
51 
51 
51 
59 

37 03 
04 
11 
11 
12 
12 
13 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 
14 



36.6 
33.8 
32.1 
37.2 
54.7 
15.0 
54.9 
34.2 
55. 4 
53.7 
54.1 
54.4 
12.4 
14.7 
53.5 
33.7 
34. 5 
53.5 



—0.4 
—1.8 
—1.8 
+0.9 
+0.4 
—0.3 
+0.5 



a 1873.0. 



No. 
obs. 



37 15 



GO. 
55. 
[52. 
57. 
56. 
55. 
55. 
54. 
55. 
53. 
54. 
.'>4. 
52. 
54. 
53. 
.^)3. 

r,4. 

53. 



4 
4 
3 
9 
1 
4 
6 
4 
1 

22 
1 
1 
2 
4 

15 



liesulling 
6 1873.0. 



.54. 6 
51.1 



53. 5 
54.1 
53.2 
53.5 

53. 6 
55.0 
53.4 
53. 8 
54.3 
52. 3 
54.6 
53. 3 
53. 6 
54.4 



Ilesid- 
u.als. 



— 1.0 

+2.5 



0.0 
—0.6 
+0.4 
+0.1 

0.0 
—1.5 
+0.1 
—0.3 
—0.7 
+ 1.3 
—1.0 
+0.2 
—0.1 
—0.8 

0.0 



i!, 1873.0, 37° 15' .'>3".55. An. prec, +S0".014. ;i', -".U.W. Sec. var., 



".U3j. 



The computation was generally carried to hundredths of a second in 
the details, but is not rigidly correct to that place. 

The stars comprised in the catalogue of 1873 and 1874 were reduced 
as above, with the exception of a few declinations for 1874, which were 
treated in a manner varying so slightly as not to require special explanation. 

Connection of astronomical stations. — The geodetic record gives the deter- 
mination of the azimuths for each tangent, the station-errors, and the final 
offsets to the parallel of latitude in which the station- errors are distributed. 

These tangents were run with an 8-inch transit-theodolite, Wiirdemann, 
graduated to 10', reading by two verniers to 10", with illuminated axes, 
circular and striding level, the tangent-screws working against springs, 
which was found to be a serious defect. 

Azimuths. — The instrument was mounted in the meridian of the astro- 
nomical station, and an approximate 90° turned off, from any data availa- 
ble. On this approximate line, at a distance of one to three miles, a bull's- 
eye lantern was placed ; its light, two inches in diameter, at a distance of 
two miles, gave an image equal to a second-magnitude star. The azimuth 
of this mark was determined by observations on circumpolar stars near 
elongation. Tlie stars most frequently used in the early part of the evening 
in summer were ft and y Cephei and Polaris (eastern elongation), and ft 
and /'- Ursae Minoris (western elongation). Ten readings were taken on 
each star, and ten on the mark, live with lamp east and live lamp west. 
The star-readings Avcre reduced to elongation from ihc recorded time 



92 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

(simultaneous time-observations with sextant), and tlie mean of tlie ten 
constituted the result for that star. The other stars were taken in different 
parts of the arc, to eliminate errors of graduation, and the final mean was 
the mean of results by stars. Five stars, with fifty readings, was consid- 
ei'ed a good determination, although three stars were used when it was not 
practicable to get more in one night. Treating all the readings (thirty to 
fifty in number) by least squares, the probable error of this work ranges 
fr«m 0".8 to 4".0 at a station, with a mean of 1".8. The transit was care- 
fully leveled before each pointing and the level examined afterward; if 
deranged, the observation was rejected. 

Having thus determined the true azimuth of the mai-k, its distance 
from the transit was chained, and the difi'erence between the azimuth and 
270° or 90°, with this distance in feet, gave the solution of a triangle, of 
which the required side was the distance, in feet, of the mark from the 
prime vertical sought. Having thus found the direction of the tangent, it 
Avas traced to the meridian of the next astronomical station by means of the 
transit, above described, and two targets, the distance being chained at the 
same time. 

Tracing the tewr/c«^.— OalHng the point where the transit stood during 
the azimuth observations (marked with stake and pencil-point), Station 1, 
the transit was can-ied to Station 2, set up, leveled, and pointed at the 
target, which Avas over Station 1. The other target, in front, was then 
by signals, ranged into the line of 1 and 2, and this gave Station 3. 
The transit was then taken to 3 and the rear target to 2, the front target 
Avas ranged into line, and gave Station 4 ; and so on to the next astro- 
nomical station. 

The collimation was so adjusted that its error was as small as possi- 
ble, and, to cut out the remaining error from this source, two sights were 
taken at each station. With clamp north, the telescope was pointed to the 
back target, and then revolved in the Y" to align one point in front ; the 
instrument was then turned 180° in azimuth, which brought the clamp 
south, resighted on the back target, and another point in front similarly 
determined. The mean of the two was taken as a point of the tangent. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 93 

The telescope was not reversed in the Y", on account of the dust. The 
targets used are shown in the accompanying report of Lieut. Greene. 

The communication between the front and rear targets and the transit- 
instrument, was kept np by means of large flags, and the United States 
Army signal code of three elements. The men were instructed in this, and 
quickly learned it, but to insure accuracy each man was provided with a 
printed card containing the alphabet. A few special signals were added. 
By this means, and by transporting the targets and men in Hght wagons, as 
much as eighteen miles of line has been traced in one day. The greatest 
length of chaining in one day was fifteen miles. In rough ground two 
chainings were made. At the end of the tangent a series of azimuth 
observations was taken, similar to those at the beginning, the transit being 
placed over the terminal stake, and the mark over the stake next before it. 
The average azimuth-error in eighteen miles was 20"; when less than this, 
the tangent was considered correct; if over, it was adjusted in computing 
the offsets for the mounds. The difference between the computed offset 
from the tangent to the parallel of 49°, and the measured distance to the 
astronomical mound, was taken to be the "station-error," i. e., the difference 
between the astronomical and relative geodetic determinations of the two 
stations. This was distributed between the stations in direct proportion to 
the distance. This made the forty-ninth parallel, as marked, a line of irreg- 
ular curvature. 

Computations. — The astronomical station being considered absolute, the 
offsets to the mounds were computed by the ordinary formula. For con- 
venience, a table was computed for latitude 49°, giving the offsets and true 
azimuth for distances of 1,000 feet up to 200,000. Between the even 
thousands, the offset was readily intei-polated. The final offset was, then, 
the sum of this computed offset, ± the proportional part of the station- 
error, ± the error of the initial point north or south of 49°, ± the correc- 
tion due to azimuth error. A list of these offsets and the stakes from which 
they were to be measured was furnished to the "mound party," who 
followed. 

Topograx)hy.—A\\ topographical work, except some sketching along the 



94 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

tangents, was done with the stadia-rod and a 6-inch theodohte. The theod- 
oUtes were made by Wiirdeman, and were similar, in nearly all particulars, 
to the larger transit used on the tangent-line. The cross-hairs were fixed, 
and the distance was read by noting the number of spaces covered on the 
rod; the smallest space marked was five feet, and the rod read by estimation 
to one foot. Each rod was graduated for its own instrument by measuring 
with great care 1,000 feet, and marking the points covered by the extreme 
wires ; this distance was then subdivided and marked. 

The rods read to 1,500 feet, and in rough, broken country were found 
more accurate than the chain, and at all times more expeditious. 

The angles were kept by the method of traversing, or "keeping the 
azimuth"; each recorded angle being the angle of the line of sight with the 
true meridian, and were counted from 0° to 360°. The line always started 
from some stake on the tangent from which the azimuth was taken. When 
practicable the line was again closed on the tangent. Of one thousand four 
hundred miles of stadia-work, sixty-nine lines, comprising seven hundred 
and fifty miles, were closed, with an average eiTor of 2.7 feet per 1,000 feet 
of line. As much as twelve miles of this sort of work, exclusive of side- 
pointings, has been done in one day by a single party with one theodolite 
and five rods. The vertical angle was always read, and gave an approx- 
imation to the vertical heights. 

In the office, the stadia-readings have all been reduced to horizontal 
and vertical distances by means of tables. From the horizontal distances, 
the rectangular co-ordinates were computed, and these gave the error of the 
line, which was distributed at each station, proportionately to the length of 
line. The adjusted stations wei-e then plotted by co-ordinates. 

In projecting the majis the polyconic method has been adopted. Each 
.sheet is projected with reference to its own central meridian, and to the 
forty-ninth parallel, as determined at the Lake of the "Woods, for central 
parallel. The parallel actually marked in ink is the approximate parallel 
traced on the gi'ound. 

The length of 1° of longitude, in latitude 49°, is taken to be 240,076 
feet. 



■m^. 



, Ijf -T 






i, ^XP 




EEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMEE. 



95 



APPENDIX D. 

SUMMAKY OF ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS, OBSERVED BY THE UNITED STATES ASTRO- 
NOMICAL PARTIES. 



a 

3 



1872. 
1 
4 

1873. 
5 

6 

7 

8 

11 

13 

15 

17 
19 
21 
23 

1874. 
25 
27 
29 
31 
33 
35 
37 
40 



Position. 



Lalve of the Woods 

Red River, Initial Point . 



Pointe Michel, 20 miles west 

of Red River. 
Pembina Mountain8,east side. 
PembinaMountainSjWestside 

Long River 

Turtle Mountain, west side .. 

South Antler Creek 

West of Rivifere des Lacs, 

237 miles west of Red River. 

Mouse River 

Mid Coteau 

Bully Spring 

Four hundred and eight and 

a half Mile Point. 



Frenchman's Creek 

Pool on Prairie 

East Fork, Milk River. . 

Milk River Lakes 

East Butte 

Red River 

North Fork, Milk River. 
Chief Mountain Lake . . 



Observer. 



Capt. W.J. Twining., 
do 



...do 



Capt. J. P. Gregory . . . 
Assistant Lewis Boss 
Capt. J. F. Gregory . . . 
(!apt.W.J.Twiuing.. 
Capt. J. F. Gregory . . . 
Capt. W.J. Twining.. 

Capt. J. F. Gregory. . . 

...do 

...do 

...do 



.do 
.do 
.do 
.do , 
.do 
.do 
-do 
.do . 



3 S 



84 
104 

60 

74 
79 
82 
79 
81 
72 

80 
66 
64 
59 



Latitude. 



48 .59 45. 67 
48 59 55. 92 

48 59 57. 20 

49 00 02. 50 
43 59 51. 55 
48 59 58. 54 

48 59 53.76 

49 01 48.76 
49 01 01.63 

48 58 10. 29 

49 00 44.73 
49 01 09.11 

48 59 28. 90 



48 58 

49 00 
49 00 
48 59 

48 59 

49 01 

48 59 

49 00 



09.10 
02. 95 
01.86 
55. 39 
06. 30 
01. 42 
59. 31 
04.00 



±0.63 

±0. 82 

±0.42 



±0.35 



±0.35 
±0. 828 
±0. 324 

±0.588 
±0. 457 
±0. 408 
±0. 359 



±0. 359 
±0. 303 
±0. 288 
±0. 387 
±0. 326 
±0. 275 
±0. 270 
±0. 335 



O o CO 



±0.07 
±0.08 

±0.05 

±0.24 
±0.04 
±0. 037 
±0.04 
±0. 092 
±0. 038 

±0. 066 
±0. 056 
±0. 051 
±0. 047 



±0. 043 
±0. 037 
±0. 036 
±0. 045 
±0. 042 
±0. 035 
±0. 034 
±0. 049 



Si 

V a 



2 east. 

1 do. 

2 west. 



3 do. 

4 do. 

5 do. 

6 do. 

7 do. 

8 do. 

9 do. 
10 do. 
U do. 
12 do. 



13 do. 

14 do. 

15 do. 

16 do. 

17 do. 

18 do. 

19 do. 

20 do. 



Note. — The instrument used at stations Nos. 6, 13, and 17 was Wurdemann, No. 11, 25-inch, having a 
defective level, and being, at station No. 6, also loose upon its horizontal axis. No. 6; being a joint sta- 
tion, was not reobserved. At stations Nos. 1 and 4, WUrderaann, No. 7, 95-inch was used. At all other 
BtatioDS, the instrament used was WUrdemann, No. 20, 32-inch. 



1872. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 
Observations for Latitude. 

(Astronomical Station Xo, 1.— Initial point, 2J miles north of Pembina. Datota.— Observer, W. J". Twinins, Captain Tlnited 
States Engineers.— Zenitb Telescope, Wiiriiemann No. 7.— Chronometer, Negus Sidereal No. 1514.] 



B. A.C. 
No. 



Keadings. 



Microm. 



6553 
6560 



6728 

07-10 



6780 
6fl7 



6937 
6970 



70iit 
7073 



7345 

7448 



7480 
7489 



7503 
7605 



7636 
7679 



7755 
7765 



7820 

78S2 



7902 
8024 



8306 
8273 



6553 
6580 



6621 
6681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6987 
6970 



7100 
7166 



7215 

7277 



21.041 

24. .556 



19. 873 
24. 727 



22. 505 
22.647 



18. 384 
26. 024 



19. 8.i3 
25.025 



19. 844 

28. 638 



16. 390 

28. 04J 



20. 696 
23. 758 



19. 952 
23.200 



19. 223 
27. 602 



20. 590 
26. 312 



1.5. 457 
26. 827 



28. 703 
13.215 



29. 075 
16. 400 



21. 633 
25. 043 



24. 694 
20. 400 



19. 742 

24. 573 



23.112 
23.219 



18.027 
So. 637 



14. 974 

29. 594 



18. 735 
27. 579 



Level. 



40.8 
45.8 



44.5 
39.6 



44.3 

40.4 



45.2 
45.7 



45.0 

29.7 



51.7 
34.6 



45.4 
53.4 



47.1 
50.2 



47.8 
45.7 



47.3 

38.7 



47.5 
43. 1 



48. 5 
43.6 



3t'. 2 
41.8 



36.5 
38.7 



40.9 
32.1 



41.5 
3(i. 8 



44.0 
34. 2 



41.3 

40.2 



43.7 
37.6 



46.0 
30.7 



43. B 
40.5 



41.4 
37.0 



42.4 
47.9 



43.2 
47.4 



44.4 

43.9 



44.4 
00.3 



33.2 
57.4 



46.5 
39.9 



46.0 
42.0 



44.9 
47.7 



40.4 
5.5.0 



47.0 
48.5 



44.9 
48.4 



37.2 
38.9 



39.8 
38.0 



39.3 

48.8 



39.9 
45.8 



38.7 

48.8 



42.0 
43.3 



40.7 
47.3 

40.2 



42.9 
46. 6 



Merid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



32 18 19. 33 

65 46 U9. 20 



43 25 30. 61 
54 40 43. 00 



57 43 01. 32 
40 16 47. 94 



36 28 07. 01 
61 41 46.54 



61 51 22. 63 

36 01 58. 89 



57 07 32. 77 
40 40 47.91 



47 03 22.11 
51 06 43. 70 



43 58 .52 84 
.52 03 37. 20 



37 57 55. 90 
60 06 12. 88 



55 36 50. 39 
42 12 05. 88 



58 47 15. 31 
39 05 01. 37 



43 49 .55. 53 
4il 24 43. 42 



41 16 49. 17 
56 25 18. 59 



20 37 22. 84 
67 03 54. t9 



32 18 19.50 
65 46 09. 4 ) 



40 07 48. 03 
57 46 29. 44 



43 25 30. 85 
54 40 4cJ. 28 



57 43 01.64 

40 16 48. 20 



36 28 07. 30 
61 41 46.94 



42 45 39. 20 
55 3:1 33. 94 



57 07 33. 17 
40 40 48. 37 



Correciions. 



Microm. 



-2 18. 27 
-3 10.94 
+0 05. 59 
-5 00. 44 
+3 23. 45 
+5 47. 90 
-7 38. 36 
-1 21. 11 
-2 07. 77 
+5 29.61 
-i-3 44. 65 
-7 27.27 
+8 .50. .58 
+8 18.60 
-2 14.22 
+2 48. 92 
-3 10.01 
+0 04. 23 
-4 58. t7 
—9 33. 1 1 
+5 47. 90 



Level. 



+1.71 
-1.39 
-1.39 
—0.58 
-6. 75 
-0.9T 
+2.79 
+ 1.90 
+0.20 
-3.46 
-0. 05 
+0.18 
+0.88 
-0.58 



Eefrac. 



-3. 40 -0. 04 

-1.66 +0.03 

1.60 -0.05 



— 1. 93 
-1.31 
-4.30 
-1.21 



0.00 
-0.09 
-0.17 
+0.10 



Eed. to 
merid. 



-0.04 

-0. 03 

0.00 

-0.09 .. 

+0.06 

+0.10 

-0.13 

-U. 02 

-0.03 

+0.10 

+0.07 

-0. n 

+0. 16 
+0. 16 



Latitude. 



+.14 



48 59 .57. 67 
.5.5. 43 
58.83 
5.5. 67 
57.52 
.57. 37 
57.20 
5.5. 85 
56.79 
54.39 
51.25 
53.25 
55.50 
57.03 
56.81 
56.04 
56,31 
57.16 
.56. L5 
.56. 99 

48 59 57. SO 



Remarks. 



September IC. 



September 18. 



96 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. 



97 



Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 1 — Coutinued. 



B. A. c. 
No. 



73'15 
7448 



7505 
7ti05 

■7636 
7679 

7820 

7883 

796-2 
8024 

80S3 
8128 

6728 
6748 

7100 
7166 

7215 

7277 

7345 

7448 

7480 
7489 

7503 
7605 

7636 
7679 

7755 
7765 

7787 
7800 

7820 

7883 

7962 
8034 

8036 
8059 

8083 
8128 

?a06 
8273 

8344 

8366 

46 

67 

120 
175 

198 
219 



Headinga. 



Microm. 



18. 876 

25. 780 

19. 967 
24. 902 

14. 993 

29. BID 

18.790 

27. 620 

14.465 

26. 120 

20. 687 
23.-33 

20. 834 
24.236 

17. 837 
26. 073 

18.725 
24. 344 

19. 274 
2i918 

15. 373 

26. 807 

31. 073 
17. 673 

20. 195 
21. 6i;6 

18.223 
24. 998 

28. 406 

15. 865 

16. 899 
21. 035 
31. 106 
26. 914 

14. 5.58 

29. 651 

2.5. 650 
19. 276 



Level. 



N. 



45.9 
39.6 

43.4 
40.6 

44.5 
43.1 

44.0 
43.7 

43.8 
46.6 

43.4 
43.3 

43.0 
44.4 

40.0 
38.7 

38.4 
53.5 

39.4 
36.6 

40.8 
40.7 

41.0 
40.7 

39.5 
45.0 

39.7 
43.5 

38.2 
47.9 

40.6 
44.2 

41.3 
49.0 

43 
47.7 

44.0 

44.8 

41.2 
53.9 

4.5.0 
45.9 

42.2 
40.7 
40.3 
54.4 



41.1 
49.0 

44.8 
47.9 

44.0 
46.5 

44.3 

45.9 

44.6 
42.1 

44.8 
46.4 

46.4 
45.0 

37.2 

38.7 

39.8 
34.8 

39.4 
42.0 

38.7 
39.7 

39.0 
39.9 

41.3 
36.7 

41.9 
38.6 

43.7 
34.0 

41.5 
38.0 

41.1 
34.4 

43.4 
37.4 

41.4 

40.8 

44.7 
33.4 

42.0 
43.2 

46.1 
48.0 
48.8 
34.8 



Merid. 
diat. 



44. 2 45. 

48. 40. 7 



45.0 
39.7 



43.5 
48.9 



Declination. 



47 08 22. 55 

51 C6 44.20 

45 .58 53. 30 

52 03 37. 70 

37 .57 X. 32 
60 06 13. 46 

55 r6 .50. 98 

42 13 00. 39 

48 49 56. 09 

49 24 45. 99 

41 16 49. 69 

56 25 19. 24 

56 27 56. 59 

41 22 53. 77 

43 25 31. 20 

54 40 45. 71 

43 45 39. 71 

55 33 3). 69 

57 07 33. 77 

40 40 49. 06 

47 08 23. 20 

51 06 44. 93 

45 58 54. 00 

52 03 3d 47 

37 57 56. 94 
60 06 14. 33 

55 30 .51. 81 

42 12 07. 10 

58 47 16. 83 
39 03 05. :,S 

52 01 12. 33 
45 53 49. 53 

48 49 56.93 

49 24 46. 85 

41 16 50. 48 

56 25 20. 2i 

49 21 39. 23 

48 30 10. 73 

56 27 57. 56 
41 22 54. 51 

30 37 23. 94 
67 05 50. 70 

60 30 47. 75 
60 36 1.5.83 
60 49 39. 73 
37 15 43. 31 

32 .53 43.-1 
65 26 53. 04 

47 35 13.33 

50 16 21. 27 



Corrections. 



Level. 



Kefrao 



-7 36. 31 
-1 19.66 
—2 03. 28 
+5 28. 55 
-7 28. 64 
+8 54. 36 
-H 31.59 
-3 14. 13 
-9 43. 84 
+5 47. 35 
-7 38. 48 
-1 £0.48 
-2 13.83 
+5 23. 98 
+3 41. 04 
+2 23. 35 
-7 29. 83 
+8 47.12 
+0 58. 65 
+4 26.51 

+8 13. 33 

-)-6 33. 96 
-1-3 51.27 
-2 44. 90 

-9 53. 72 
-1-4 10.74 



—1.03 
—1.90 
-0.88 
-0.79 
-1-0.83 
-1.24 
-0.90 
-fO. 63 
+3.89 
-1.35 
-1-0.70 
-1-0.40 
+ 1.40 
-1-0.61 
-1-1.89 
-1-1.19 
-1-3. 33 
-1-2.23 
+I.4S 
-1-4.05 

+1.51 

+3. .53 

-1-3.77 
-1-3.47 

+1.46 
-1.73 



-0. 13 

-0.03 

-0.03 

+0.10 

-0. 13 

+0.16 

+0.08 

-0.05 

-0.17 

+0.10 

-0.13 

-0.02 

-0.03 

+0.10 

+0.07 

+0.03 

-0.13 

+0.10 

+0. 02 

+0.08 

+0.16 

-I-.07 
-. 03 

-0.18 
+ 0.07 



Red. to 
iDOiid. 



-1. 13 



Latitude. 



Eemarka. 



+0.03 



48 59 55. 90 
53.86 
55.70 
50.55 
54. 23 
57.75 
55.95 
54.90 
.58. 08 
57. 51 
50.15 
56.22 

53. 23 
54.14 

54. 19 
55.50 

55. 37 
54.85 
55.15 
56.67 



55.32 

55. 64 

56. 17 
56.54 



55.44 
48 59 55. 91 



September 18. 



September 21. 



N B- 



98 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — -Station No. 1 — Coatiaued. 



B. A. c. 
Ko. 



Readings. 



Microm. 



12-Tr. 73 
345 

6937 
6970 

7024 
7073 

7100 
71C6 

7215 
7277 

7345 

7448 

7480 
74B9 

7505 
7'i05 

7636 
7679 

77,55 
7765 

7M0 

7882 

7962 
8024 

8036 
2059 

8083 
8128 

8206 
8373 

8344 
46 
67 
120 
175 

198 
219 

239 
259 

487 
522 

6937 
6970 

7024 
7073 

7215 
7277 

7480 
7489 

7820 

7882 



Level. 



18.211 
25. 198 



18.004 
25. 759 



19. 328 

24. 183 



15. 336 
30. 221 



19. 841 
28. 531 



16.194 
27. 923 



20. 705 
22. 803 



20. .523 
23. 907 



21. 756 
29. 935 



16. 585 
28. 019 

28. 371 

14. 993 

21.610 
23. 034 

18.331 
2I>. 041 

28. 103 

15. 672 

10. 448 
30. 095 

26. 427 
14.365 
29.410 

23. 959 

19. 681 

27. &38 

17. o; 9 

18.899 

20. 331 

18. 630 
26.253 

20. 4.52 
23. 399 

19. 966 

28. 728 

20. 021 
2i.07O 

15. 091 
26. 414 



42.5 

40.2 

36.6 
42. 2 

37.3 
40.9 

34.7 
44.4 

32.7 
45.2 

37.5 

40.3 

36.2 
43.6 

3,5.0 
43.8 

38.6 
42. 2 

36.3 
44.5 

3.5.6 
44.7 

36.9 
42.0 

33.0 

48.8 

37.0 
47.1 

31.0 
58.0 

33. 2 
36.7 
49.9 
40.3 
36.6 

36.4 
41.2 

39.4 
33.4 

.36.4 
39.5 

34.6 
22.9 

.35.8 
34.0 

36.7 
35.5 

42.9 
26.6 

39.2 
32.7 



llerid. 
dist. 



45.9 
43.0 

3.5. 4 
39.7 

34.9 
31.6 

37.5 

28.0 

39.6 
27.4 

34. S 

32.5 

37.(1 
29.7 

38.3 
28.0 

35.3 
31.7 

37.4 
29.6 

38.3 
29.6 

37.4 
32.8 

41.6 
20.4 

39.3 

28.5 

45.9 
19. 3 

39.2 
41.0 
27. 9 
37.2 
41.0 

41.2 

35.9 

37. 9 
41. 9 

40.0 
37.5 

29.7 
42.0 

39.9 
42. 2 

39.4 
40. 5 

33.7 
50. 

37.4 
44.3 



Decliu.ttion. 



35 



30 



/ " 
67 03 52. 88 
30 44 49.74 

36 28 08. 24 

01 41 48.37 

61 51 24. 53 
36 03 00. 30 

42 45 40, 48 
55 33 35. 52 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



31 VI .H. I-l 
40 40 49. 74 


47 08 24. 17 
51 06 46. 04 


43 5ei 55. 06 
52 03 39. 62 


37 57 57. 83 
60 06 15. 59 


53 36 53. 13 
43 13 08. 22 


.58 47 18.26 
39 05 06.04 


48 
49 


49 53.23 
24 48. 19 


41 

50 


16 .51. 71 
25 21. 75 


49 

48 


21 40.04 
36 12.20 


36 
41 


23 59. 14 

22 55. 87 



Level. 



30 37 24. 98 

67 05 58. 27 

60 30 49. 43 
60 49 31.44 
37 15 49.55 
32 52 44. 83 
63 26 53. 81 

47 35 13. 79 

.50 lU 22. 78 

60 25 29. 10 
37 48 30.29 

47 58 54. 40 
50 03 44. 30 

36 28 08. 36 

61 41 48.65 

61 51 24. 72 
36 02 00. 42 

.57 07 35. 06 
40 40 49.87 

45 58 55. 37 
53 03 39. 83 

48 49 .58. 49 

49 24 48. 43 



+4 34. 85 
-5 05. 06 
+3 10. 94 
-9 44. 75 
+5 41.84 
-7 41.39 
-1 24.89 
—2 13. 04 
+5 21.74 
-i-3 38. 48 
-7 29.78 
-f 3 46. 30 
+0 56. 02 
+4 23. 93 

+8 09. 00 

+6 32. .55 
-3 47. 89 

-9 51.83 

+4 06. 96 

-7 03. 23 

-0 53.40 

-5 58.83 

+3 14. 00 

+5 44. 67 

-1 20.60 

-7 23.43 



Kef rue 



-fO. 18 
+0. 83 
+2. 63 
+3.06 
-fa. 43 
+ 1.80 
+2. 93 
+3.38 
+3. 10 
+3. 10 
+2.79 
+1. 90 
+3. 10 
+3.67 

+5. 38 

+4.72 
4-3. 98 

-0. 29 

+0.11 

-1.12 

-0.49 

-3.19 

-2.77 

-1.73 

-3.19 

-2.18 



Red. to 
laerid. 



+0.09 
-0. 09 
+0. 06 
-0.17 
+0.10 
-0. 13 
-0. 02 
-0. 03 
+0.10 
+0.07 
-0. 13 
+0.16 
+0.02 
+0.08 

+0.16 

+0.11 
-0.05 

-0.18 

+0.07 

-0.13 

-0.02 

-0.09 

+0.06 

+0.10 

-0. 02 

-a 13 



L.ititude. 



Kemarkfl. 



+0. 16 



+0.11 



48 39 56. 43 
.53. 99 
56.03 
50.14 
56. 68 
53. 38 
53.38 
56. 92 
55.61 
34. 37 
56. 09 
55. 13 

55. 56 
55.20 

56. 28 

56. 88 

56. 34 

57. 02 
55.42 
53. 22 
56.44 
.56. 32 
54.46 
53.50 
53.75 

48 59 53. 74 



September 21. 
September 26. 



Septeiaber 27. 



REPOEr OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



99 



Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 1 — Coiitinuetl. 



Keadings. 



B.A.C. 
No. 



Microm. 



inC2 

eon 

8083 

8206 
8273 

8344 
46 

67 

120 
175 

1!)8 
219 

239 
2:9 

6624 
6681 

7024 
7073 

71C0 
7166 

7215 
7277 

7345 

744d 

74eo 

7489 

7505 
7605 

7636 
7679 

7755 
7765 

7787 
'.800 

7820 

7883 

7962 
6024 

8036 
8059 

8083 
8128 

8206 
8273 

8344 

8366 

46 

67 

120 
175 



28. 171 
14. 674 

17. 735 
24. 633 

29. 036 
16. 431 

16. 230 

30. 438 

26. 343 

14. 012 

29. 012 

24. 446 

18. 092 

27. 1P2 
16. 488 

24.673 
20. 4:6 

22. 3C8 
27. 240 

15. 769 
30. 550 

19. 232 

27. cei 

15. 669 

27. 341 

20. 609 
22. 793 

21. 0."l 
24. 394 

13.253 
21.654 

18. 184 

23. 757 

18. 7:3 

22. 3-0 

15.20H 
£6. 540 

29. 498 

16. 106 

21. 569 

23. 035 

19. 321 

20. 080 

28. 536 
15. 992 

17. 682 

21. 8il 
31.8';6 
27. 675 

14.401 

29. 49U 



Level. 



39.4 
33.2 

39.5 
29.0 

40.5 

26.5 

36.2 
33.4 
40.2 

40.0 
36.9 

40.6 
36.3 

39.1 
37.5 

39.2 
45.0 

45. 8 
40.0 

45.6 
44.7 

44.0 
45.6 

46.5 
43.0 

45. 9 
46.5 

40.0 
48.6 

44.4 
32.6 

44.8 
48.1 

44.8 

48.8 

44.5 
40.9 

46.1 

48.9 

43.6 
50.8 

45.9 
48.0 

36.9 
39.9 

34.2 
33.9 
34.6 
41.0 

3H. 4 
40.6 



37. 5 
44.5 

38.2 
48.7 

37. 5 
52.0 

43 2 
46. 
39.2 

39.9 
44.2 

40.7 
45.5 

43.0 
44.6 

44.9 
39.5 

42.1 

48.0 

42.4 
43.6 

44.5 
44.0 

43.4 

40.2 

45.8 
45.3 

45.8 
4.i.6 

47.8 
59.3 

46.5 
42.0 

46.1 
41.3 

45. 8 
44.0 

45.7 
43.7 

49.0 
4-2.1 

47.0 
45.2 

35.7 
33.9 

40.0 
40. 5 
40.4 
34.0 

36.6 

35.9 



Merid. 

dist. 



21 



DecliD.-itioD. 



41 16 51.95 
56 25 22. 00 

56 27 .59. 54 

41 22 30. '.0 

30 37 25. 18 
67 05 56. 85 

60 :'0 49. 79 
60 49 31. 79 
37 15 49.80 

32 .52 4.5. 06 
63 26 54. 17 

47 35 14. 09 

50 16 23. 09 

60 25 29. 44 
37 48 30. .53 

40 07 48. 74 

57 46 30. 49 

61 51 24. 89 

36 02 00. 53 

42 45 40.75 
55 33 33. 87 

57 07 35. 27 

40 40 60 01 

47 08 24. 56 

51 06 46. 48 

45 58 5.'). 48 

52 0.) 40. 08 

37 57 58. 05 
60 06 16. 09 

55 36 53. 64 
42 12 08. 66 

38 47 18.83 

39 03 07. 07 

.52 01 14.22 
45 53 51.25 

48 49 58. 75 

49 21 48. 72 

41 16 .52.20 

56 23 23. 37 

49 21 41.21 

4n 36 12. 77 

56 27 59. 76 
41 22 56. 38 

30 37 2.5. 39 
67 05 59.21 

60 30 50. 13 

60 36 18.22 

60 49 32. 13 

37 15 50. 05 

32 53 45. 28 
65 26 .54. 53 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



-1-8 50. 94 

4-4. 31. 33 

-f 8 15. 06 
-1-6 37. 82 
-2 41.09 

-9 CO. 06 

-|-4 09.95 

-7 00. 67 

-1-2 47.07 

■j-i 14.25 

-9 41.45 

-1-5 43. 38 

-7 39. 13 

-1 22. 57 

-2 11.54 

-1-5 30. 47 

-f 3 39. 23 

-1-2 20. 71 

-7 25. 77 

-f 8 46. 81 

-1-0 £7. 07 

-f 4 25. 88 

-1-8 13. 45 

-1-6 33. 10 
-1-3 50. 28 
-2 45. 26 

-9 53. 56 



Level. 



-2. 12 

-4. 14 

-5. C6 
-1.12 
-2.01 

-1.62 

-2.09 

-2. 47 

-0. 01 

-0.97 

-1-0.97 

-fO. 25 

-f 0. 43 

-fO. 29 

-1-1.17 

-0. 77 

-1-0.99 

-1-1.39 

-f0.30 

4-1.26 

4-0. 74 

4-0. 38 

4-1.63 



i 



0.27 
■0.09 
0.27 



4-1.46 



Eefrac. 

4-0.16 

4-0.08 

4-0.16 
4-0.11 
-0.03 

-0.18 

4-0.07 

-0.12 

4-0. 03 

4-0.06 

-0.17 

4-0.10 

-0. 13 

-0.02 

-0.03 

4-0. 10 

4-0.07 

4-0. 03 

-0. )3 

4-0.16 

4-0.02 

-f0.08 

4-0.10 
4-0.11 

4-0.07 
-0.05 

—0.18 



Ked. to 
me rid. 



-i .06 



Liilitude. 



48 5 J 55.99 

55.16 

52. 17 
56.60 

57. 05 

57.75 
56.52 
56. 73 

56. 76 
50.05 
57 60 
56.37 
66.67 
55.68 
56.67 
54. 95 
53. 24 
54.86 

58. 19 
55.51 
53.42 
54.41 

57. 53 



5,1. .57 
54. 58 
50.05 



Kemark,4, 



S'epli'mbir27. 



September 28. 



100 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 1 — Continued. 



B.A.C. 

:so. 


Eeadings. 


Declination. 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


liemarlis. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Merid. 
(list. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Eefrac. 


Reil. to 
mel id. 


If. 


s. 


198 
219 

239 

259 

12-Tr. 73 
343 

401 
438 


24. 750 
18.533 

28. 459 
17. 677 

19. 533 

20. 455 

29. 607 
15. 108 


34.0 
47.4 

37.6 
40.5 

38.3 
40.5 

36.3 
43.5 


41. 3 

28.5 

37.8 
35.1 

37.8 
35.7 

40.0 
33.0 


m.s. 

""'o'ao' 


Q 1 

47 35 14. 33 
50 10 23. 39 

60 25 29.78 
37 48 30. 77 

07 05 55. 35 
30 44 5i.20 

88 04 20. 96 
69 36 24. 70 


+4 04. 56 
-7 04. 14 
+4 31.11 
+9 32.71 


+2. 01 
+1.17 
-fl. 19 

+i.r,7 


+0.07 
-0. 12 
+0.09 
+0.18 




+0.04 


/ /' 

48 59 56. 13 
57. 18 
."i.^ 71 

48 59 57. 29 


Septeniber 28. 



104 determiDationa. 

Mean latitnde, 43° 59' 55".92 

VaUio of micrometer turn used, 78".67.'» 

Value of one division of level, 0".B9U3 



e 1".23 

T 0".82 

fo 0".13 

To 0".08 



1873. 
UNITED STATES NORTH ERN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

r Astronomical Station Ko. 2, east.-Lake of the Woods, 69 miles east of Pembina.— Observer W. J. Twining, Captain United 
States Engineers.— Zonitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 7.— Chronometer, Iseigas hidereal No. 1014. 



B. A.C. 

No. 



1Q8 
219 

2S9 
2.')9 

13-Tr. 73 
■345 

401 

438 

487 
5C3 
5G0 

611 
ti5C, 

744 
75S! 

825 
890 

6728 
6748 

6937 
6970 

7024 
7073 

7100 
7166 

721 ."i 
7277 

7345 
7448 

7480 
7489 

7505 
7605 

7636 
7679 



7787 
780U 



7820 
7862 



Readings. 



Microm 



25. 106 
19. 194 

28. 289 

17. 045 

19. 395 
25.832 

28. 470 
14.418 

18. 487 
20.341 
25. 658 

25. 693 
18. C84 

23. 081 
20.018 

14. 154 
31. 945 

19. 579 
24. 787 

17. 894 
25. 872 

19. 397 

23. 970 

13.914 

29. 027 

17. 861 
26. 255 

16. 309 
28. 343 

20. 173 
20. 630 

20. 024 
23.721 

21.801 
29. 715 

18. 810 

24. 070 

19. 346 
22. 584 

15. 670 
27. 457 



Level. 



N. 



38.3 
34.8 

3.5.7 
48.4 

38.1 
49.5 

39.9 
45.9 

40.9 
46.0 
45.9 

38.5 
39.4 

39.0 

49.7 

40.0 
47.2 

41.7 
40.6 

41.8 
41.3 

40.8 
45.5 

42.0 
43. C 

40.3 
47.8 

45.2 
44.7 

45.8 
44.5 

46.8 
43.3 

44.0 
40.6 

43.7 
47.0 

44.0 
46.9 

45.5 
46.6 



37.0 
40.4 



39.4 
27.2 



38.0 
37.1 



37.9 
32.3 



37.7 

32.8 
32.7 



40.3 
39.6 



40.8 
30.1 



39.5 
32.0 



38.8 
39.5 



40.9 
41.7 



42.7 
38.7 



42.2 
41.0 



44.0 
37.8 



40.9 
42.0 



41.4 
42.9 



40.0 
44. 8 



44.2 
42. r, 



45. 1 

42. 2 



45.0 
42.4 



43.4 
42.5 



Morid. 



m.s. 
35 



Declination. 



47 35 19. 31 
50 16 28. 53 

60 25 33. 65 
37 48 34. 84 

67 00 01. 60 

30 41 .54.57 

28 04 24. 01 
69 36 31. 01 

47 58 59. 82! 
50 02 49. 87 j 

50 09 46. 00 

63 46 20. 60 
34 23 CO. 34 

66 49 40. 08 

31 13 45. 93 

19 28 08. 04 
78 54 37. 61 

43 25 32. 34 

54 40 47. 33 

36 28 09. 47 

61 41 50.61 

01 51 27. 04 

36 02 01. 92 

42 45 4i 49 

55 33 38. 28 

57 07 37. 89 
40 40 52. 14 

47 08 27. 19 

51 06 49. 68 

45 58 58. 50 

52 03 43. 54 

37 58 00. 86 
60 06 20. 22 

55 36 57. 06 
42 12 12 00 

58 47 2.3. 36 
39 00 10. 34 

52 01 IP. 47 
45 53 55. 13 

48 50 o:. 90 

49 24 53. 07 



Corrections. 



+ 3 52. 56 

- 7 22. 31 
+ 4 1.x 21 
+ 9 12. 77 

- 1 12.93 

- 4 59.22 

- 2 00. 49 
-11 39.84 

- 3 24. 87 

- 5 13.83 
+ 2 59. 89 

- 9 54. 51 
+ 5 30. 20 

- 7 53. :» 

- 1 37. 01 

- 2 20. 43 
-I- 5 11.32 
+ 3 26. 91 
+ 2 07. 37 

- 7 43. 67 



Level. 



-0.88 
+3.94 
4-2.81 
+3.51 
+3. 09 

-0.40 
+4.00 
+3. 53 
+0.90 
+0.11 
+1.10 
+0.54 
+1. 43 
+1.57 
+1.35 
+1.00 
+0.88 
+0.76 
+0.79 
+1.S9 



Eefrac 



+0.07 
-0.13 
+0.08 
+0.17 
-0.03 

-0.09 
-0. 04 
-0.26 
-0.00 
-0.10 
+0.05 
-0.18 
+0.10 
-0.13 
-0.02 
-0.04 
-1-0. 09 
+0.06 
+0.03 
-0.13 



Ked.to 
merid. 



+0.10 



+0.11 



Latitude. 



48 59 45. 83 
46. 74 
44. 18 
43. 90 

45. 58 

46. 76 
46. 47 
40. 30 

43. 80 
40. iS 
43.52 
4<i.24 
46.73 
46.49 
45.34 
46.13 
47.12 

44. 58 
44.99 

48 59 45. 57 



Remarks. 



October 10. 



Octoboi' 17. 



101 



102 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 2 — Coutinued. 



B. A. c. 
^■o. 



Readings. 



ilicrom. 



Level. 



X. 



Merid. 
dist. 



Corrections. 



-963 
60^4 

8036 
8039 

f-083 
8128 

8206 
8273 

8314 
8324 

8344 

83C6 

46 

67 

120 
175 

198 
219 

239 
2r.» 

I 12.Tr. 73 
345 

401 
438 

474 

487 
522 
560 

Cll 
656 

744 
752 



979 

909 



1101 
1127 



1203 
1228 



1254 
1287 



C728 
G748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



28.130 
15.111 

20. 917 
21.9=2 

18. .537 
24. 918 

29. 244 

17. 149 

25.231 

18. 443 

16. 384 
20. 529 
30.612 
25.991 

13. 7.58 
29. 307 

24. 655 
18. 834 

27. 615 

16. 401 

19. 398 

25.884 

29. 044 

14. 926 

13. 697 

17. 783 
in. 576 
24. 880 

25. 765 

18. 138 

22. 466 
19.499 

14.638 
32. 378 

18. 177 
25. 375 

19. !i03 
22. 225 

25. 538 

19. 751 

24.716 

20. 431 

19.424 

26. 586 

22. 101 

21. 887 

18.144 
26. 176 

20. ni9 
24, .561 



44.4 
48.3 

43.6 
49.6 

4.5.4 
47.6 

4.5.3 
49.6 

45.2 
49.6 

40.7 
40.0 
40.4 
43.2 

40.4 
43.5 

40.5 
43.1 

39.4 

43.7 

39.4 
46.4 

39.9 
44.4 

42.0 

42.1 
42.5 
42.1 

40.1 
41.0 

40.7 
40.9 

40.9 
42.3 

39.9 
45.1 

41.8 
43.0 

41.4 
42.8 

40.0 
43.9 

4,5. 2 
37.7 

40.7 
35.2 

42.0 
44.0 

42.4 
44.2 



45.3 
41.7 

46.0 
40.0 

44.4 
42. 2 

4.5.3 
41.9 

46.1 
41.0 

38.7 
38.9 
38.9 
36.7 

39.6 
36.5 

39.7 
36.9 

40.5 
36.1 

40.7 
34.1 

40.6 
36.3 

38.9 
38.9 
38.4 
38.7 

40.6 
39.6 

40.6 
40.8 

41.0 
40.3 

43.4 
38.0 

41.4 
40.2 

41.9 
40.0 

42.7 
39.7 

35.1 
43.1 

40. 5 
46.4 

41.0 
39.1 

40.3 
39.6 



I Declination. 



41 16 56.10 
56 25 27. 53 

49 21 4,5. 89 
48 36 17. 44 

56 23 05. 07 
41 23 10. 58 

30 37 28.70 
67 06 03. 50 

73 42 13. 54 

24 26 08. 19 

60 30 56. 14 
60 36 24. 25 
60 43 38. 23 
37 15 54. 33 

32 52 49. 04 
65 27 01. 01 

47 35 19. 57 

50 16 28. 80 

60 23 35. 97 
37 43 35. 04 

67 06 01. 94 
30 44 54. 74 

28 04 24. 17 
69 36 31. 37 

43 04 20. 79 
47 59 00. 08 

51 02 f>0. U 
50 09 46. 32 



Microm. 



63 46 20. 92 
34 23 06. 53 



06 49 40. 41 
31 13 40.09 



19 23 0^. 13 
78 54 37. 95 



77 15 42.38 
20 34 20.81 



31 15 13.35 

66 47 52. 82 



02 41 40.92 
35 25 24. 25 



50 00 09.19 
48 Ii4 58. 55 



43 25 32. 34 
,54 40 47.34 



,-.7 43 0.3. 99 
40 10 50. 03 



36 28 09. 43 
61 41 50.05 



61 51 27. 04 
36 02 01.92 



Level. 



Kefiac, 



Red. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



+ 8 32. 13 
4- 41. 89 
+ 4 11.01 
+ 7 55. 79 

- 4 26. 63 

+ 6 17. 92 
-I- 3 34. 86 

- 3 01.78 
-10 11.66 
+ 3 48. 98 

- 7 21.13 
-f 4 15. 54 
+ 9 15.37 



- 7 19.91 
- 1 10.53 



- 4 59. 93 

- 1 50.71 
-U 37.06 
+ 4 43. 15 

- 1 47. C8 

- 3 47. 65 

- 2 48.46 

- 3 2,!. 06 

- 08. 42 

- 5 15. 99 
-f- 2 58. 67 



-1-1.28 
-fl.62 
-1-1.44 
-1-1.73 

-fl.60 

-1-1.91 
-fl.70 

-1-1. SO 
-1-1.75 
-1-1.57 
-1-1.46 
-f 2. 38 
-1-1.66 



-1-1.46 
-1-1.64 



-f 0. 34 
-1-0.04 
-1-0.43 
-fO.81 
-1-0.72 
-1-0.38 
-1-0.47 
-1-1.05 
-2.43 



-fO. 15 
-f 0. 02 
-1-0.07 
-1-0.15 

-0.09 

-fO. 11 
-fO. 06 

-0.05 
-0.19 
-1-0.07 
-0.13 
-1-0. 08 
-1-0.17 



-0. 12 

-0. 02 



-0.09 
-0.04 
-0.26 
-1-0.10 
-0.03 
-0.07 
-0. 05 
-0.06 
0.00 



-1-0.04 



-f0.02 



Eemarks. 



-fl.33 -0.10 
-1-1.39 +0.05 



48 59 45.38 
45.19 
45.34 
44.77 

45. 75 

45. 21 
43.91 

46.25 
44.95 
44.80 
45. 70 
46.34 
44.97 



44.98 
40. 20 



47.05 
46.54 
46. 15 

45. C6 

46. 69 
45. 25 

45. 83 
47.73 

46. 10 
4.-,. 31 

48 .59 4 1. 59 



October 17. 



October 13. 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE. 



103 



Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 2- Continued. 



Headings. 



B. A.C. 
No. 



7100 
7166 

7215 

7277 

7345 

7448 

7480 

7489 

7505 
7605 

7636 
7679 

7755 
7765 

7787 
7600 

7820 
7882 

7962 
80:>4 

fO:iO 
8059 

808:! 
8128 

8S06 
8i7i 

8314 
832* 

8344 

83GI) 

46 

67 

120 
175 

108 
ftl9 

12-rr. TS 
345 

474 
4H7 

532 
560 

611 
656 

741 

752 

8.>5 
896 

979 
999 

1203 
1228 



14. 524 

29. 645 

17. 822 

26. 184 

16. 145 
28.138 

20. 737 
23.160 

20.555 
24. 269 

18. 796 
26. 663 

19. 490 
24. 757 

19. 432 
22. 6.:8 

15. 020 

27. 693 

28. 609 

15. 640 

25. 463 

26. 591 

18. 472 

24. 850 

^8.341 
16. 275 

25.366 
18.614 

16. 412 

20. 572 

30. 638 
26.041 

14. 809 
30.284 

26. 1k7 
20. 357 

19. 051 

25. 592 

14. 892 

18. 95H 
20. 745 

26. 025 

26. 115 

18. 456 

23.046 

20. 081 

13. 180 
30. 905 

17. 559 
24. 766 

2." 217 

19. 428 



Lt!TCl. 



41.5 
45.8 

40.6 
45.6 

41.9 
40.6 

42.8 
40.6 

43.9 
39.0 

42.0 

40.7 

40.6 
46.7 

43.2 
44.0 

42.9 
43.7 

43.4 
44. S 

44.3 
43.9 

42.3 

45.2 

33.7 
35.2 

33.6 
36.5 

33.7 
33.9 
33.7 
35.6 

34.6 

34.8 

36.1 
32.6 

44.9 
24.0 

34.5 
34.4 
3.1.1 
35.9 

32.0 
38.2 

36.5 
32.0 

33.7 
36.6 

23.3 

42.8 

33.6 
38.0 



Merid. 
dist. 



43.4 
37.9 

43.4 

38.7 

42.4 

44.2 

43.3 
44.4 

41.0 
46.3 

43.5 
44.8 

44.7 
38.6 

4.3.0 
41.5 

42.3 
41.8 

42.4 
41.7 

42.2 
42.3 

44,0 
41.0 

33.6 
32.3 

33.9 
31.0 

33.7 
33.9 
33. 8 
32.0 

33.2 
33.0 

31.7 
35.3 

23.6 
43.6 

33.3 

33.4 
32. C 
31.9 

35.7 

27.7 

31.8 
36.3 

34.6 
31.7 

4.';. 
20.7 

35.5 
29. B 



17 



Declination. 



28 



42 45 43. .n 
55 33 38. 35 

51 07 37. 97 

40 40 52. 20 

47 08 27.28 

51 06 49.80 

45 58 58. 61 

52 03 43. 63 

37 58 00. 95 
60 06 20.41 

55 36 57. 83 
42 12 12. 13 

58 47 2:1. 54 
39 05 10. 46 

!i3 01 18.65 

45 5-1 55. 28 

48 50 03. 05 

49 24 53. 2.) 

41 16 56.27 

56 25 27. 76 

49 21 46. 10 
48 36 17.64 

56 28 0.-). 30 
41 23 00.76 

30 37 2?. 83 
67 06 05. 80 

73 42 13. 86 

24 26 08. 30 

60 30 56. 51 
60 36 21. 54 
60 49 38. 51 
37 15 54. 50 

32 52 49. 21 
65 27 01.34 

47 35 19. 82 

50 16 29. 07 

67 06 02. 27 

30 41 54. 90 

48 04 21. 05 
47 59 00. 34 
50 02 50. 41 
50 09 40. 58 

63 46 27. 24 

34 23 06. 71 

60 49 40. 73 

31 13 46.25 

19 28 08. 21 
78 54 38. 29 

77 15 43. 71 

20 34 20. 90 

62 41 41.17 

35 25 24. 39 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



Li-vel. 



- 9 54. 83 
+ 5 28. 94 

- 7 51.77 

- 1 35.31 

- 2 23. 74 
+ 5 09. 46 
+ 3 27. 19 
+ 2 06. 90 

- 7 43. 12 
+ 8 30. 17 
+ 44. 37 
+ 4 10. 89 
+ 7 54. 65 

- 4 25. 61 

+ 6 IP. 78 
-I- 3 3,5. 14 

- 3 00. 83 

-10 OS. 75 
+ 3 49. 34 
+ 4 17, 31 

- 7 17.90 

- 1 10, 30 

- 5 01, 19 

- 1 56. 08 
-11 37,22 
+ 4 43. 50 

- 3 47,72 



+1.51 
+0.92 
-0.9 J 
-0,74 
-0.99 
-1.26 
+0,90 
+0.38 
+0 56 
+0,85 
+0,83 
+0,56 
+0,67 

+ 1,17 

+0.81 
+ 0.81 
4-0, 79 

+0,73 

+0,38 

+0.61 

+1,17 
+0,79 

+1, 53 

+ 0,09 

+0,90 

+0. 09 

+ 1. 19 



Kefrac. 



-0.18 
+0.10 
-0.13 
-0.02 
-0.04 
+0.09 
+0, 06 
+0,03 
-0,13 
+0,15 
+0, 03 
+0,07 
+0, 15 

-0, 09 

+0,11 
+0. CO 
-0.05 

-0,19 

+0.07 

+0,08 

-0.12 
-0,03 

-0,09 

-0.04 

-0. 26 

+0.10 

^0.07 



Red, to 
merid. 



+0,04 



Latitud 


e. 


C ' / 




48 59 46, 94 


45, 


04 


45 


73 


45 


04 


45 


91 


43 


27 


45 


19 



+0,06 



+0.11 



4,5, 46 
43, 19 
47, 15 
44, 55 
42. 78 
46.55 



45.21 
45.53 
46,42 


47 


05 


44,24 


46 


.57 


46. 96 


45,95 


47 


23 


46 


86 



Kemarts. 



October 18. 



46,67 

4.5.49 

4.? 59 46.18 



104 



UNITED STATES NOETEERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — i^tation N'o. L> — Continued. 



B. A. C. 

No. 


KciLding5i. 


Declination. 


Curroctions. 


Latitude. 


Keniarfea. 


ilicrom. 


Level. 


Merid. 
Uist. 


ilicrom. 


Level. 


KeHac. 


Rod. to 
merid. 


N. 


S 


12."4 
l-^6i 

12-4 
1,87 

77.n5 
7;C5 

7820 
-8SJ 

Ro;c 

6J09 

60S! 
8128 

82C6 
6273 

8314 
8324 

8344 

831.8 

4U 

67 


24. 434 

20. 121 

26. O.ll 
11.700 

19. 007 
24. 2.18 

16. 299 

28. 098 

21. fOl 

22. 802 

18.528 
£4. 900 

28. 519 
10. 31<9 

24. ^.W 

18. 078 

l.-i. 724 

19. 9C4 
2;i. 973 

25. 354 


33.8 
3U.6 

39.0 
41.3 

38.4 
40.3 

37.3 
41.0 

38.4 
41.4 

40.7 
39.4 

39.7 
40. C 

40.5 
38.0 

39.4 

38. !1 
3:). 1 
411. 


33.8 
31.1 

41.9 

39.4 

29.7 
37.9 

40.7 
37.2 

40.4 
37.5 

38.1 
39.7 

39.0 
39.2 

39.2 
40. G 

40.2 
411. U 
40. 5 
39.0 


"'o'io 


/ ■' 
.^(l CO O'.l. 41 
48 04 S8. 73 

50 CO 10.28 
48 04 59. 40 

59 47 21.47 
39 05 11.08 

48 f 03. 88 

49 24 54. 15 

49 21 47. 13 
48 30 18.00 

50 28 06.49 
41 23 01. 07 

3.1 37 29. 53 
67 00 07. 29 

73 42 15. 40 

24 20 C8 87 

CO 30 57. 84 

60 30 2">. 97 
CO 40 3X89 
37 15 55.30 


- 2 49. 66 

- 2 48. 46 
+ 3 26. 56 

- 7 44.14 
+ 40. 74 
+ 4 10. 66 
+ 7 56. 77 

- 4 26. 51 

+ 1! 18. 82 
+ 3 34. 39 

- 3 01.70 


+1.24 

—0. 22 

+0.23 

+0.09 

+0. 43 

+0. 52 

+0.34 

-0.29 

+0.18 
-0. 02 
+0.04 


-0.03 
-0.03 
+0.00 
-0.13 
+0,02 
+0.07 
+0. 13 
-0.09 

+0.11 

+41. 00 
-0. 03 


+0.05 


43 59 4.-.. 60 

40.14 

44.70 

44.83 

43. 08 

43.33 

45. 07 

43. 28 

43. 71 

45.09 

48 59 45.91 


October 18. 
October 22. 
October 23. 



Moan latitado, 48° 59' 45".C7. 

1^'umber of detLTniinations, 84. 

Value of micrometric turn, 78". 67.*'.. 
One division of level, 0".89t'5. 



c 0".95 

T 0".0l3 

.-J 0".010 

To 0".007 



1873. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

I Astronomical Station No. a west— Pointe Michel, 20 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, W. J. Twininj Captain United 
States Engineers.— Zenith Telescope, Wiirdemanu No. -iO.— Chronometer, Negus Sidereal No. I51J.] 



B. A.C. 
No. 


Eeadings. 


Declination. 


Coirections. 


Latitado. 


Keniarks. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Merid. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Eefrac. 


Red. to 
merid. 


N. 


s. 


dist. 


4S04 
48=27 


11.402 
25. 232 


27.5 
29.5 


30.4 
28.4 


m. «. 


o / " 
50 24 54. 84 
47 20 41. 54 


+ 7 09.11 


-0.40 


+0. 12 


" 


o / // 

48 59 57. 02 


June 13. 


4897 
4918 


14. 303 

23. 003 


29.6 
29.0 


23.6 
29. 4 




33 20 00. 78 
59 48 45. 01 


- 4 29. 93 


+0.13 


-0.09 




57. 50 




4937 
4974 


27.299 
9.746 


28.9 
31.4 


29.2 
28.2 




50 08 58. 41 
48 08 62. 24 


_ 9 01.03 


+ 0.65 


-0.15 




56.20 




5026 
5097 


15. 142 
24.201 


31.0 
32.0 


30.1 
29.5 




38 44 30. 36 
59 24 45. 33 


- 4 41.08 


+ 0.76 


-0.08 




57.45 




.5271 
5313 


20. 705 
16.039 


30.2 
35.0 


32.4 
27.0 




42 48 28. 59 
55 06 33. 74 


+ 2 24. 77 


+ 1.30 


+0.04 




57.23 




.i.'ioa 

55i3 


8.387 
28.225 


31.5 
31.5 


29.9 
30.2 




55 29 38. 43 
42 03 43. 00 


+ 10 15.52 


+ 0.63 


+0.18 




57.07 




5545 
5624 


P. 402 
2il.6a3 


30. I 
33.0 


31.8 
29.4 




69 02 33. 84 
28 35 34.21 


+ 10 58.43 


+ 0.20 


+0. 20 




57.35 




.■-1644 
5658 


17. 608 
23.534 


36.2 
37.0 


25.0 
34.1 


o's-i's' 


42 27 54. 98 
55 37 64. 69 


- 3 03. 87 


+ 0.92 


-0.05 


+ 0.14 


56.98 




.5693 
.5823 


25. 033 
12. 491 


31.0 
30.0 


30.0 
29.0 




31 54 43. 29 
63 52 12. 21 


+ 6 29. 12 


+ 0.45 


+ 0.11 




56.93 




5853 
5911 


24. 645 
13. 329 


31.5 

28.7 


27.4 
31.0 




49 49 37.51 
48 21 57. 24 


- 5 51. 11 


+0.40 


-0.09 




56.58 




6047 
6073 


26. 897 
10. 595 


30.0 
33.2 


30.0 
27.4 


1 00 


72 12 30. 79 
26 04 11.47 


- 8 25. 81 


+ 1.30 


-0.15 


+ 0.29 


56.76 




6114 
6157 


12. 660 

25. 866 


30.0 
33.0 


31.0 
28.9 




76 58 33. 44 
20 47 39. to 


+ 6 49.75 


+0.47 


+0.14 




5G.98 




6268 

6389 


15. 174 
24. 726 


32.6 
31.5 


28.7 
29.7 




39 20 n. 57 

53 43 31. 22 


- 4 50.37 


+ 1.27 


-0.09 




57.21 




6318 
6365 


13. 697 

2l». 380 


30.0 
33.0 


31.2 

23. 




59 27 44. 99 
33 14 52. 87 


+ 8 37. 63 


+0.85 


+0. 15 




57.56 




6937 
6970 


12. 855 
21. 995 


29.1 
35.5 


32.7 
27.0 




36 27 50. 92 
01 41 25. -.9 


- 4 43. 59 


+ l.in 


-0.08 




55.79 




7024 
7073 


15.810 
22. 671 


30.8 
35.3 


32. 2 
27.0 




61 50 61. 86 
36 01 43. 91 


+ 3.33.83 


+ 1.54 


+0.06 




57.36 




7100 
7166 


9.606 

27. 777 


33.3 
34.4 


29.5 
38.4 




43 45 2t32 
55 33 13. 59 


- 9 23. 80 


+2. in 


-0.10 




57.18 




7215 
7377 


12.451 
24.116 


31.0 
36.4 


32.0 
27.3 




57 07 13. 88 
40 40 33. 00 


+ 6 01.94 


+ 1.81 


+0.10 




57.20 




7320 
7.Yr.2395 


21.900 
16.238 


31.5 
38.0 


32.4 

36.3 




38 09 11.30 
59 44 48. 01 


+ 2 5"i. 69 


+2.41 


+ 0.03 




57.81 




5271 
5313 


21.383 
16. 896 


35.9 
29.0 


29.0 
35.6 


;;::::; 


42 43 28. 77 
55 06 33. 93 


+ 2 2.5. 43 


+0.07 


+0.04 




56.92 


Juno 14. 


5415 
5460 


28. 835 
i>.345 


33.0 
32.8 


32.7 
32.9 




58 16 10 21 
40 00 46. 18 


- 8 31. 3T 


+ 0.04 


-0. 15 




43 59 56. 76 

t 





1(:5 



106 UNITED STATES NORTHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude— Station No. 2 — Continued. 



B. A.C. 
No. 


lioadings. 


Declination. 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Remarks, 


Microm. 


Level. 


Ucrid. 
dist. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Kefr.ac. 


Rwl. to 
mcrid. 


N. 


s. 


5502 
5523 


n.444 
29. 280 


31.3 
33.0 


31.1 
30.6 


tn.s. 


. o / " 
65 29 38. 68 
43 09 43. 33 


1 II 
+ 10 15.46 


+0. 36 


+0. 18 


" 


t It 

48 59 56. 90 


1 
•June 14. 


554.i 
5634 


10. 203 
31.397 


34.0 
34.2 


32.0 
33.2 




69 02 33. 10 
28 35 24.41 


+ 10 57.60 


+0.67 


+ 0.20 




57 23 




T,64i 
56^8 


15. 165 
21. 104 


32.2 
37.7 


33. 2 
30.1 


"o'ao' 


42 27 55. 23 
55 37 64.96 


- 3 04. 27 


+ 1.03 


-0. 03 


+0. 03 


56.86 




5693 
582J 


25. 007 
12.481 


33.2 
37.1 


34.9 

31.2 




31 54 43. 50 
65 53 12. 49 


+ 6 28. 63 


+0.94 


+0.11 




57 20 




5853 
6911 


2,3.777 
14. 464 


34.9 
34.8 


33.4 
33.2 




49 49 37. 78 
48 21 57.61 


- 5 51.01 


+ 0.69 


-0.09 




57.28 




eii4 

6157 


12. 256 
25. 444 


31.2 
29.6 


20.0 
28.0 




76 68 33. 74 
20 47 39. 90 


+ 6 49. 19 


+ 1. 52 


+ 0.14 




57 67 




62C8 
62b9 


13. 559 
23.115 


23.0 
S.8.0 


2.3.3 
20.1 





39 26 13. 83 
58 43 31.51 


- 4 50. 53 


+ 1.25 


-0,09 




57 30 




6318 
6365 


U. 435 

88.073 


23. 
27.2 


23.2 
21.6 




59 27 45.28 
38 14 53. 13 


+ 8 36. 20 


+ 1.66 


+0. 13 




57. 32 




5271 
5313 


22. 433 
17. 702 


.32.0 
31.8 


32.1 
32.8 




43 48 29. 03 
55 06 34.22 


+ 2 2C. 79 


-0. 25 


+ 0.03 





58. 21 


Jnne 15, 


5415 
54 CO 


28. 609 
12. 160 


34.0 

30. 1 


31.0 
34.9 




58 16 10. 46 
40 00 46. 40 


- 8 30. 18 


-0.40 


-0.14 




57.71 




5302 
5.123 


14.460 
34. 324 


32.1 
32.0 


32.6 
33.0 




65 29 3?. 93 
42 09 4.3. 46 


+ 10 16.33 


-0.33 


+ 0.18 




57, 38 




5603 
5823 


24. 835 
12. 311 


33.0 
33.3 


32.1 
32.8 




31 54 42. 72 
65 52 12.77 


+ 6 28. .39 


+ 0.31 


+0. 12 




50.76 




5P33 
5911 


26. 5.35 
15. 187 


33 7 
33.0 


33.1 
33.1 


::::: 


49 49 3.8. 05 
48 21 57.87 


- 5 52. 72 


+0.33 


-0.09 




55.48 




6047 
6073 


26. 791 
10. 541 


33.0 
34.9 


31.0 
33. 1 




73 12 31.36 
20 04 11. 90 


- 8 24. 20 


+ 0.40 


-0. 15 




57.68 




6114 
6137 


12. 559 
25. 792 


32.9 
35.3 


34.2 
32.1 




76 58 34. 02 
20 47 40. 11 


+ 6 50. 59 


+0. 42 


+0.14 




58. 22 




62G8 
6289 


14. 375 

23. 898 


34.0 
38.0 


3.3. 5 
30.4 




39 26 14.09 
58 43 31.81 


- 4 50. 60 


+ 1.36 


-0.09 




58. 56 




6:Ut< 
6365 


11. 5i6 
28. 229 


32.2 
37.0 


36.2 
32.5 




69 27 45. 58 
38 14 53. 40 


+ 8 38. 35 


+ 0.11 


+0.15 




58.00 




642 1 
6470 


20, 331 
20. 931 


34.9 
35.1 


31.8 
34.1 




49 17 21.10 
48 41 55. 73 


+ 18.00 


+ 0.25 


+0.01 




56. 67 




6.153 
6586 


17.740 
21. 529 


37.1 
33.1 


32.1 
36.5 




32 17 62. 23 
65 45 46. 79 


- 1 57 47 


+0. 30 


-0.03 





57.37 




6634 

(681 


21.915 
1.3.833 


36.1 
33.5 


33. 5 
34.4 




40 07 29.38 
57 45 67. 56 


+ 3 08. 71 


+0. 83 


+0.05 





58.06 




6728 
6718 


17.214 
2!. 702 


33.5 
3T9 


36.0 
32.7 




43 25 11.77 
54 40 24. 38 


- 2 51.21 


+ 0.47 


-0.03 




57.29 




6730 
6817 


17.938 
18. 680 


33.8 
33.8 


31.8 
38.0 




57 43 39. .37 
40 16 23. 91 


+ 23. 93 


-0.94 


+ 0.01 




57. 26 




7024 
7073 


16. 663 
23.614 


34. 1 
35.1 


37 
36.0 




61 50 63.41 
30 01 44.43 


+ 3 33. 70 


-0.85 


+ 0. Oil 




58. 33 




7100 
71li6 


10.717 
28. 840 


38.1 
33.4 


33.0 
3.3. 




43 43 24. 83 
53 33 1 1. 13 


- 9 23. 31 


1 1.10 


-0.10 




58,12 




7213 
7277 


13. 687 
23. 400 


36.0 
34.0 


35. n 

37. 4 




.37 07 14.41 
40 40 33.50 


1 6 03. 4:! 


-0. 54 


+ 0.10 




48 59 66. 91 





KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 2 — Continued. 



107 



B. A. C. 

No. 



7320 
-Yr. 2395 



5415 
SJOO 



.5502 
5523 



5545 
5624 



5644 
5638 



5693 
5823 



5833 
5911 



6047 
6013 



6114 
C157 



0268 
62Sa 



6318 
63G5 



6421 
6476 



6553 
0585 



6631 
6681 



6738 
6748 



678.1 
6817 



Readings. 



Microm 



20. 895 
15. 237 



29. 523 
13! 033 



8.563 
28. 372 



0.923 
31.265 



16. 244 
21. 177 



27.710 
15. 153 



22. f<37 
11.184 



27. 671 
11.372 



13.928 
27. 145 



16.449 
25. 993 



12.179 

S8. 838 



20. 280 
SO. 825 



17.232 
21. 043 



21. 779 

1.5. 700 



17.7,53 
23. 332 



18. .598 
19.311 



Level. 



37.5 
36.5 



29.0 
28.3 



28.1 
24.1 



2.5. 
26.9 



30.0 
26.5 



29. 2 
27! 9 



28.7 
29.7 



30.1 
30.4 



29.7 
31.0 



40 
21.6 



27.3 
34.8 



31.3 
31.4 



39.5 
33.2 



31.0 
33.3 



31.5 
33.0 



29.0 
33.2 



34.2 
35.6 



27.9 

28.4 



28.0 
33.2 



31.3 

23.4 



27.1 
31.0 



2H. 2 
31! 2 



30.1 
29.8 



30.1 
30.2 



31.4 
30.0 



21.5 
40.0 



33.9 

27.2 



31.0 
31.0 



33.4 
29.6 



31.5 
30.0 



31.0 

29.5 



33.2 
29.0 



Merid, 
dist. 



16 



Declination. 



38 09 11. 79 
59 44 48. 53 



58 16 10. 98 
40 00 46. SO 



55 29 39. 49 
43 09 43. 98 



69 03 33. 94 
28 35 23.03 



42 27 56. 00 
55 37 C.5. SO 



31 54 43. 19 
65 53 13. 38 



49 49 38. 64 
48 21 58. 47 



72 13 33. 00 
26 04 13. 39 



76 58 34. C3 
20 47 40. 58 



39 26 14. 66 
58 43 32. 44 



59 27 40. 21 
38 14 53. 95 



49 17 21.71 
48 41 50.34 



33 17 62. 75 
63 45 47. 43 



40 07 29. 96 
57 46 08. 44 



43 25 12. 35 
54 40 25. 00 



57 42 40. 18 
40 16 29. 47 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



+ 2 53. 86 


+ 0.91 


- 8 31.67 


-0. 22 


+ 10 14.03 


-1.78 


+ 11 02.19 


-1.29 


- 3 04. C9 


-0.36 


+ C 29. 6) 


-0.51 


- 5 53. SO 


-0.33 


- 8 25. 72 


+ 0.04 


+ 6 50. 09 


-O.IG 


- 4 56. 13 


+ 0.02 


+ 8 3S. 89 


+ 0.23 


+ 16.91 


+ 0.16 


- 1 58.25 


+0.38 


+ 3 08. 63 


1-0.40 


- 3 53. 10 


+ 0.89 


+ 52. 13 


0.00 



Level. 



Kefrac. 



+ 0.05 
-0.15 
+0.18 
+ 0.20 
-0. 05 
+ 0.11 
-0. 09 
-0.15 
+ 0.11 
-0.09 
+ 0. 15 
+0.01 
-0.03 
+ 0.05 
-0 05 
+ 0.01 



Red. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



o / /' 
43 59 57. 01 

57.34 

54.70 

60.60 

56.44 

57. 53 

55.88 

56. 36 
57.68 

57. 35 
57.34 
56.10 
.57. 19 
58.27 
56.56 

43 59 56. 96 



Ecraarks. 



.June 15. 
.June 17. 
Rejected. 



Rejected.isdotib'. 
lul on record. 



Me.in latitude (60 determinations), 48° 59' 57".20. 

e = ± 0".ni 

T = ± 0".43 

f„ = ± 0".n8 

To = i 0".05 



1873. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

[Astronomical Station No. 3.— East side of Pembina Mountain, 35 milf s west of rembina.— Observer. J. F. GreKory, Lien- 
tenant United States EngiDeers.— Zenith Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 11. — Chronometer, Negus Sidereal No. 1481.] 



B. A. C. 

No. 



soae 

5097 



.■•>271 
5313 



5415 
6400 



5502 
5523 



5545 
5C24 



56D3 
5823 



5853 
5911 



626S 
6289 



C318 
6365 



niC'l 
C470 



f.553 
6586 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



7024 
7073 



4S04 
4827 



4S07 
4918 



4937 
4974 



5026 
5097 



5271 
5313 



5415 
5460 



5502 
5523 



rLcaJinRs. 



Microm. 



21. 7na 

14.477 



16.931 
21.019 



11.609 
2.j. 089 



26. 8."0 
10. 235 



2.1. 712 
7.871 



13. 459 
34. 139 



14. 596 
23. 620 



24. 101 
16.591 



26. 052 
11.899 



19. O.'^S 
18. 882 



20. 536 
17.69G 



22. 819 

18. 648 



19. 421 

18. 732 



21. 5."0 
15. 4.!8 



24. 590 
12. 9X, 



22 "11 

is! Ill 



12. 7.S7 
27. 4lii; 



22. 7.-^2 
10.' 545 



17. 613 
21. 999 



12. 484 
25.911 



28. 01 1 
11.182 



Level. 



42.3 

28.2 



40.7 
41.0 



38.8 
30.5 



37.0 
42.6 



50.0 
12.0 



41.2 
4.>.6 



37.0 
31.7 



43.0 
24.2 



48.0 
21.8 



35.6 
31.0 



37.5 
S5. 4 



47.5 
28.0 



53.5 
31.5 



43.3 
27.0 



41.0 
27.0 



30.6 
40. G 



2fi. 
4i3 



33.8 
27.0 



4.i.5 
li'.e 



26.0 
28.0 



15.2 
47.6 



30.0 
45.0 



33.6 
33.7 



35.0 
44.3 



37.7 
32.2 



24.8 
59.0 



34.6 
33.2 



41.1 
46.6 



37.6 
50.0 



32.3 
59.2 



43.8 
50.7 



44.6 
47.3 



3.1.7 
55.2 



30.0 
52. 



42.2 

58.0 



32. 2 

43.8 



41.0 
30.6 



44.4 
22.0 



36.1 
43. 5 



24.0 

57.2 



44.0 
42. ;i 



54.7 
22.7 



ilerid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



38 44 30. 73 
69 24 45. 70 



42 48 29. C2 
65 06 34. 22 



58 16 10.44 
40 00 46.41 



55 29 38. 93 
42 09 43. 46 



69 02 33. 38 
28 35 24. 61 



31 64 43. 72 
65 52 12. 78 



49 49 38. 04 
48 21 57. 87 



39 26 14, 09 
58 43 31. 81 



59 27 45. 58 
38 14 53. 39 



49 17 21.09 
48 41 55.72 



32 18 02 22 
65 45 40. 78 



41 25 11.78 
64 40 24. 39 



67 « 39. 57 
40 16 28. 91 



61 51 02.41 
36 01 44. 43 



50 24 53. 33 
47 20 42. 06 



SS 20 10. 30 
39 48 45. 59 



50 08 58. 99 
48 09 04. 43 



33 44 30. 73 
69 2( 45. 99 



42 48 29.28 
55 06 34. 47 



.18 16 10.72 
40 00 46. 64 



55 29 39. 20 
4> 09 41.93 



Corrections. 



- 4 30. 67 
+ 2 31. 89 

- 6 20. 48 
+10 16. 62 
+11 02.88 
+ 6 36. 82 

- 5 40. 72 

- 4 39.03 
+ 8 45. 86 
+ 28. 83 

- 1 4.1.52 

- 2 34. 97 
+ 2.1. 71 
+ 3 47. 50 
+ 7 13.41 

- 4 23. .«0 

- 9 05. 40 

- 4 28. 89 
+ 2 41.77 

- 8 18. 88 
+10 20. 40 



Level. 



+ 1.30 

- 3. 35 
+ 3.01 

- 6.70 
+ 4.34 

- 5.89 

- 8.18 

- 6.73 

- 5.89 

- 4.77 
+ 0.93 

- 9.58 

- 3.10 

- 0.12 
+ 2.45 

- 5.83 

- 7.10 
-10.01 

- 4.53 



Kefrac, 



-0.08 
+0.04 
-0.13 
+0.17 
+0.21 
+0. 12 
-0. 119 
-0.08 
+0.14 
+0.01 
-0.03 
—0.04 
+0.01 
+0.06 
+0. 12 
-0. 08 
-0. 15 

-n.cs 

^ 0. 05 

-0.14 
+0.18 



Eed. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



48 59 00. 10 
64.91 
64.87 
01.00 
55. 32 
69.03 
.19. 25 
03.66 

58. 75 
57.97 
63.06 
68.30 
60.89 
01. 40 

59. 13 
08. 95 

58. 61 
63. 50 
00. 53 

59. 65 
48 50 64.11 



KemarKs. 



June 15 



Juno 16 



108 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 3 — Continued. 



109 



B. A. C. 
No. 



Readinga. 



Microm. 



Level, 



3S\ 



5545 
5634 



5603 
5823 



5853 
5911 



6114 
6157 



6-J6a 
6SS9 



6318 
6365 



6553 
6586 



6624 
6681 



6723 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 
7277 



5271 
5313 



5415 
5460 



5545 
5624 



5693 

5823 



5853 
5911 



6114 
6157 



6268 
6289 



6421 
6476 



5026 
5097 



5271 
5313 



5415 

5460 



27. 443 
9.471 



15.272 
26. 409 



15.733 
24. 678 



26. 088 
14. 931 



23. P36 
15. 977 



26. 568 
12. 526 



21.942 

18. 891 



18. 186 
23. ii78 



22.917 
18. 451 



20. 609 
19. 800 



23. 927 
16. 496 



22. 789 
10. 919 



27.171 
12. 316 



24. 742 
14. 849 



23. 190 
19. 033 



27. 648 
13. 971 



10. 277 
28. 253 



2.1.271 
14. 522 



24. 501 
15. 376 



13. 513 
24.619 



15.650 
23. 600 



10. 939 
20. 434 



16. 110 

23.478 



21.561 
17. 411 



26.820 
13. 307 



22.0 
30.0 



3.3.1 
10.7 



21.6 
25.6 



28.3 
47.0 



41.0 
41.0 



41.0 
33.3 



28.2 
44.5 



44.2 
44.0 



45.5 
23.2 



34.0 
31.2 



27.6 
42.0 



3.i.5 
31.7 



48.6 
18.5 



26.1 
43.2 



23.0 
34.0 



34.0 

38.7 



45.0 
20.8 



15.5 

50.5 



34.0 

20.8 



41.0 
40.9 



39.8 
51.1 



34.6 

48.0 



27.5 
30.0 



32.8 
22.0 



44.4 
09.5 



48.3 
41.0 



38.3 
61.0 



51.0 
47.0 



44.4 
20.0 



32.8 
33.3 



33.2 
39.8 



41.5 
24.6 



24.6 
25.0 



44! 5 



33. 5 
30.1 



40.4 

26.0 



32.0 
36.7 



19.0 
49.0 



41.6 
25.0 



46. S 
38.5 



38.7 
34.2 



27.0 
52.0 



57.9 
24.7 



41.3 
49.0 



34.1 
34.7 



3:;. 
24.5 



42.0 
28.9 



33.5 
31.5 



28.8 
38.8 



n.8 

51.8 



Merid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



09 02 33. (14 
28 35 24. 62 



31 54 42. 95 
63 52 13. 07 



49 49 36. 57 

48 31 58. 16 



76 58 34. 32 
20 47 40. 34 



39 20 14. 36 
58 43 33. 12 



59 27 45. 89 
38 14 53.06 



32 18 02. 43 
65 45 47. 10 



4 I 07 29. 67 
57 46 07. 87 



43 25 13. 06 
54 40 24. 08 



57 42 39. 87 
40 16 29. 18 



36 27 51. 73 
61 41 26. 65 



61 51 02. '0 
36 111 44. 71 



42 45 25. 12 
55 33 14. 42 



.17 07 14. 08 
40 40 33.76 



42 48 29. 57 
55 06 34. 73 



58 16 11,00 
4U 00 46.90 



69 02 33. 93 
28 35 25. 06 



31 54 43.19 
65 S3 13. 38 



49 49 38. 64 
48 21 58.47 



76 58 34. 63 
SO 47 40. 58 



39 26 14. 66 
58 43 32. 44 



49 17 21.73 
48 41 56. 33 



33 44 31. 18 
59 34 46. 50 



42 48 29. 87 
55 06 35. 02 



58 16 11.29 
40 00 47. 17 



CorrectioDB. 



Microm. 



Level. 



+11 07.75 
+ 6 53. 80 

- 5 32. 35 
+ 6 54. 54 

- 4 52. 00 
+ 8 41.73 

- 1 53.36 
+ 3 09. 19 

- 2 45. 93 
+ 30. 00 

- 4 30. 10 
+ 3 38. 10 

- 9 11.94 
+ 6 07. 57 
+ 2 34.43 

- 8 £8. 17 
+11 07. 90 
+ 6 39. 38 

- 5 39. 04 
+ 6 52. 68 

- 4 55. 61 
+ 18. 39 

- 4 3:5. 70 
+ 2 34. 19 

- 8 22. 08 



Kefrac. 



Red. to 
merid. 



-11.56 
-17.21 
-15. 75 
+ 1. .52 
+ 5.24 
+ 0.71 
+ 2.05 
+11.97 
+ 0.78 

- 1.05 
+ 0.99 

- 0.47 

- 0.28 
+ 0.84 

- 8.15 

- 0.15 

- 4.09 

- 5.15 

- 9.15 
+ 4.06 
+ 9. 42 

3.63 
2.33 
3.97 
3.04 



+0. 21 
+0.13 
-0.09 
+C.15 
-0.09 
+0.15 
-0.04 
+0. 05 
-0.05 
+0.01 
-0. 00 
+0. 06 
-0. 16 
+0.10 
+0.04 
-0. 15 
+0.21 
+0. 12 
-0.09 
+0.15 
-0.09 
0.00 
-0.08 
+0.04 
-0. 15 



Latitude. 



Eem.irks. 



48 59 55. 63 
64.73 
.59. 17 
63.54 
66.39 
63. 37 
63.44 
69.98 
63.17 
63.55 
63.99 
01. 39 
07.09 
62.73 
58. 49 
CO. 48 
6.3. 51 

62. 63 
60. 37 
64.49 
67. 27 
61. 04 
03. 67 

63. 71 
43 59 63. 90 



.Tune 16. 



June 18. 



110 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude.— Station Xo. 3 — Continued. 



B. A. c. 
No. 



5302 
5D23 



5545 
5024 



S644 

5C58 



5G93 
5t-i3 



5g53 
5911 



B114 
0157 



Gacs 

6269 



6318 
6365 



6421 
0476 



0553 
6386 



C624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



0937 
0970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
71C6 



4897 
4918 



5026 

5097 



5271 
5313 



5502 
5523 



5345 
5624 



EeadiDgs. 



Microm. 



5644 
5638 



5693 
56i!3 



5S53 
5911 



6114 
6137 



11. 642 

28.471 



10. 381 
28.305 



17. 174 

21.800 



25. 067 
14. 337 



24. 095 

14. 8c8 



13. 223 

24.578 



15.653 

23.287 



13. 031 

27. 387 



19.815 
20. 705 



18. 022 
21.036 



22. 423 
16. 991 



17. 096 

21. 397 



19. 587 

20. 546 



16.043 
23.560 



17.311 

23. 087 



11.517 

26. 487 



14. 846 

21.6<J0 



14. 241 

21.570 



20. 579 
ia433 



9.573 
26. 477 



8.678 
26. 069 



15. 959 

20. 472 



23.419 
12. £06 



23. 078 
13. 938 



12.434 

23. 801 



Level. 



28.0 
24.8 



31.7 
21.6 



29.8 
20.0 



24.3 

28.5 



22.3 
29.0 



30.9 
19.5 



28.0 
20.8 



40.5 
11.1 



42.6 

26.4 



30.4 
32.2 



38.2 
14.5 



38.6 
17.3 



33.0 
18.4 



24.5 

40.8 



33.8 
39.0 



33.7 
40.6 



.36.0 
28.6 



25.0 
31.8 



33 

28. 7 



33.3 
19.2 



43.5 
16.0 



39.8 
19.8 



25.7 
31.5 



32.1 

24.8 



50.0 
14.0 



Merid. 
difit. 



3a 9 

36.0 



29.9 
38.8 



30.1 
40.7 



3.1.7 
32.0 



38.3 
32.2 



31.7 
43.4 



35.2 
40.7 



5i8 



21.3 
37.7 



33.8 
3il 



20.1 
50.7 



26.9 
43.3 



32.6 

48.7 



42.6 
20.5 



BeclmatioD. 



Corrections. 



53 29 39. 79 
42 09 45. 48 



69 02 34. 25 
23 35 23.31 



42 27 56.99 
55 38 05. 81 



31 54 43. 46 
63 52 13. 72 



49 49 37. 19 

48 21 58. 79 



76 58 34. 97 
20 47 40. 85 



.39 26 14. 97 
58 43 32. 79 



59 27 46. 56 
38 14 54.26 



49 17 22. 05 
43 41 56. 66 



32 18 03. 04 
65 45 47. 76 



40 07 30. 27 
57 46 08. 51 



33.6 
28.7 




33.9 

20.8 




32.4 
40.8 




44.3 
37.7 




36.0 

40.5 




33.0 
49.2 




25. 5 
52.5 




29.0 
49.1 




43.2 
39.3 




33.2 
4'J.O 




21.1 
57.0 





43 25 12.66 
54 40 25. 32 


57 42 40.50 
40 16 29. 77 


30 27 5^32 
61 41 27.26 


01 51 03.30 
36 01 45. 29 


42 45 2.5.09 
55 33 15. 03 


38 SO 10. 93 
59 48 46.28 


33 44 31.41 

59 24 40. 77 


42 43 30. 19 
53 06 33. 32 


53 29 40. 10 
42 09 43. 77 


69 03 34.57 
28 35 25.57 


42 27 56. 59 
55 38 L6. 14 


31 54 43 74 
03 52 14.00 


49 49 37. 52 
48 21 59. 12 


70 53 35. 31 
20 47 41. 13 



Microm. 


Level 


/ // 


" 


+10 25. 28 


- 4.99 


+11 05.97 


- 4.77 


- 2 51. 88 


- 6.23 


+ 6 3S. 67 


- 4.91 


- 5 42. 09 


- 5.95 


+ 7 01.90 


- 7.66 


- 4 43.04 


- 8.40 


+ 8 53. 40 


- 7.41 


+ 33. 07 


+ 3.10 


- 1 51.99 


- 1.02 


+ 3 2-'. 01 


- 7.47 


- 2 39. to 


- 5.98 


+ 35. C3 


- 9.27 


- 4 40.04 


+ 2.54 


+ 3 34. 61 


+ 3. 26 


- 9 16.21 


+ 4.25 


- 4 21. 72 


- 2.48 


- 4 32.31 


- 7.81 


+ 2 34.03 


- 4.59 


+10 23.07 


- 8.59 


+11 08. 46 


- 5.74 


- 2 47.68 


- 5.74 


+ 6 31. 33 


- 7.8! 


- 5 39. 60 


- 8.46 


+ 7 02. 34 


- 4. 56 



Ee&ac. 



+0.19 
+0.21 
-0.05 
+0.12 
—0.09 
+0.15 

-0.08 
+0. 16 
+0.01 

-0.04 
+0.06 

-0.04 
-1-0.01 

-0.03 
+0.06 

-0.17 

-0.08 

-P. 08 
+0.04 
-H).i9 

+0.21 
-0.05 
+0. 12 
-0.09 
+0. 15 



Red. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



Remarks. 



48 59 63. 11 ! June 18. 
61.20 
62.89 
62.57 
59.86 
62. 30 
61.70 
60.56 
6;. 13 
02. 35 
63. 99 
63.17 
61. 50 
62.21 
02. 22 
08.24 
64. 32 

5a89 

02.24 
02.01 
03.00 
07. 89 
55. r.i 
60.1 
43 59 CO. 15 



June 19. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 
Observations for Latitude. — Staiion No. 3 — Continued. 



Ill 



B. A. C. 
No. 


Keadings. 


DecliDation. 


Corrections. 


Latitnde. 


Remarks. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Merid. 
dist. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Eefrac. 


Red. to 
merid. 


N. 


S. 


6268 
6289 

6318 
6365 

6421 
6476 

6553 

6566 


14. 663 

23. 313 

9.954 

24. 806 

19. 276 
20. 063 

17.208 
20. 052 


25.0 
31.4 

36.0 
21.5 

33.7 
24.0 

26.0 
27. 


46.5 
40. G 

35.6 
50.0 

38.0 

47.8 

45.9 
45.3 


- 


m 


.9 




O 1 II 

39 26 15. 29 

58 43 33. 15 

59 27 40. n2 
38 14 54. 58 

40 17 22. 40 
48 41 57.01 

32 18 03. 35 
65 45 48. 12 


- 4 44. 24 
+ 8 49. 53 
+ 29.24 

- 1 45. 67 


- 9.52 

- 8 71 

- 8.71 
-11.84 


-0.03 
+0.16 
+0.01 
-0.03 




O t It 

43 5D 60.38 
61.73 
60.23 

48 .59 58. 19 


Jane 19. 


•- 







Mean latitnde (74 determinations), 49° 00' 02".5O. 

J = ± 3". 164 
To = ± 0".Q43 



1873. 

UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BOUlS'DAEY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

[Astronomical station So. 4, -n-est side of Pemliina iTonntaiD. 47 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, 'Lewis Boss.— Zenith 
Telescope, WUrdemaun Ko. 20.— Chronometer, JJegus Sidereal Xo. 15ia.] 



B. A.C. 
No. 



lieadinps. 



Microm. 



Level. 



5-271 
5313 



5415 

5460 



5503 
5523 



5545 
5C-24 



5693 
5823 



6853 
5911 



(1047 
6073 



C114 
6157 



62fi8 
6289 



6421 

6476 



6553 

0586 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



4(137 
4M4 



5026 
5097 



5271 
5313 



5415 
5460 



5502 
5523 



5545 
5624 



20. 683 
16. 170 



26. 781 
10. 031 



8. 951 
28.538 



a 756 
27. 719 



25.653 
13. 339 



24. 591 
13. 059 



27.418 
10.9C1 



11.504 
24. 548 



12.267 
22. 118 



18.816 
19. 160 



16. 190 

20.212 



21. 120 
15. 286 



16. 333 

22. 091 



19. 047 

19. 5S5 



27. 704 
9.978 



l.=i. Olt^ 
24. 325 



21. 5.i2 
17. 118 



27. 081 
10. 317 



9.213 

28. 824 



8.800 
29. 767 



27.0 
22.8 



26.5 
28 2 



27.9 
2;t.6 



26.8 
25.6 



30.0 
19.9 



26.2 
21.7 



26.6 
29. 1 



27.1 

25.8 



22. 4 

29! 3 



29.0 



28.0 
24.8 



27.0 
31.0 



30.0 
28.0 



30.4 
28.1 



31.2 
27.3 



32.6 
26.6 



Merid, 
dist. 



28.2 
31.9 



26.4 
27.3 



27.7 
26. 2 



26.8 
31.2 



28.2 
27.8 



23.5 
35.0 



27.3 
34.3 



2D. 
33.5 



28.2 
25.6 



26.7 
29.3 



28.0 
30.0 



31.4 

27.4 



33.3 
26.7 



27.0 
33.3 



27.8 
32.1 



30.: 



29.3 
31.1 



29.2 
32.2 



29.3 
33.2 



28.2 
3.".. 8 



Declination 



Corrections. 



42 48 31. 47 
55 08 36. 84 



58 16 13.20 
40 00 49. 00 



55 29 41.77 
42 09 46. 12 



69 02 36. 28 
28 35 20. ',19 



31 54 45.26 
65 52 15. 99 



49 49 41. 17 
48 22 01. 01 



72 12 34. 74 
26 04 14.50 



76 58 37.41 
20 47 42. 52 



39 26 17.23 
58 43 35. 23 



49 17 24. 50 
43 41 59.12 



32 17 65. 22 
65 45 50. 33 



40 07 32. 61 
57 46 11.10 



43 25 15. 07 

54 40 27. 85 



57 42 43. 05 
40 16 32. 13 



50 09 00. 84 
48 09 04. 65 



33 41 32. 91 

59 24 48. 29 



42 48 31. 70 
55 06 37. 03 



58 16 13. 41 

40 00 49. 29 



55 29 42. 00 
42 09 46. 33 



69 02 36. 52 
28 35 27. 17 



Level 



+ 2 20. C3 

- 8 39. 71 
+10 08.30 
+10 50. 43 

+ 22.2:1 

- 5 .57.81 

- 8 30. 02 
+ C 44. 72 

- 5 05. 65 
+ 10.07 

- 2 01.79 
+ 3 01. 01 

- 2 58. 06 
+ 10. 69 

- 9 03. 99 

- 4 4r.77 
+ 2 17. 58 

- 8 39. 21 
+ 10 08.48 
+10 50. 53 



Refr.ac. 



meiid. 



L.atitude. 



„ 
+0.04 

-0. 13 

+0.18 

+0. 21 

+ 0. 12 

-0.10 

-0.10 

+0.14 

-0.09 

0.00 

-0.04 

+0. 05 

-0.05 

0.00 

-O.IG 

-0.03 ' 

+0.04 : 

-0.15 

-0.89 : +0.18 

-1.07 +0.21 



-2. 30 
+0.04 
+0.18 
-1. 45 
-0. 80 
-1.92 

-3.S6 
+0. 42 
-0.53 
-1. 14 
-1.47 
-1.85 
-2.03 
-1.61 
+0.07 
-0.53 
-0.65 



48 59 51. 92 
51.28 
52. 67 
.50.82 
52.17 
51. 20 
51.10 
.51. 50 
50.94 
51.95 
51.80 
51. 45 
50.90 I 
52.25 
51. 09 
51. 82 
51.46 
51.31 
51.94 
48 59 51.54 



Eemark.s. 



112 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



113 



Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 4 — ^Continued. 



Readings. 



B. A. C. 

No. 



Microm, 



5644 
5658 



5693 
5823 



5853 
5911 



6047 
6073 



6114 
6157 



6268 
6289 



6318 
6305 



64-21 
6476 



6583 
6.';86 



6624 
C681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7100 



7215 
7277 



7.320 
7-Tr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



7416 
74.')3 



7480 
7489 



7505 
7605 



7627 
7086 



4937 
4974 



60C6 
5097 



15.426 
21. 646 



25. 300 
13. 026 



25. 458 
13. 906 



27. 674 
11. 160 



12. 065 
25.071 



14. 321 

24. 150 



12. 273 
28.711 



18.152 
18.491 



16.714 
20. 743 



22.665 
16. 820 



16. 172 
21. 940 



18. S.W 
18. 853 



13. 997 
23. 302 



14. 853 
21. 520 



10. 1)94 
28. 424 



14. 057 
25. 596 



21.313 
15. 773 



19. 120 
10. 220 



24. 079 
14.472 



17.090 
19. 353 



17. 399 
21.284 



21.610 
1.% 699 



10. 174 
23. 647 



28. 191 
10. 209 



18. 927 
28. 265 



N. 



29.7 
33.7 



27.8 
36. 2 



3-3.1 

28.1 



26.0 
24.1 



25.0 
25.0 



22. 9 
2'! 4 



25.4 
23.6 



27.0 
22.5 



24.0 
2.5.3 



27.7 
21.1 



21.0 
29.0 



27. 1 
22.5 



27.0 
24.0 



31.4 
19.6 



25.4 
25.8 



30.1 
20.8 



29.9 
21. 3 



24.5 
27.2 



24.5 
27.8 



31.8 
20.3 



26.7 
24.9 



26.4 
25.3 



32.0 
20.2 



30.9 
39.2 



31.0 

29.2 



32.6 

28.8 



35.0 
27.3 



31.3 
35.6 



26.4 
28.2 



27.0 
27.6 



30.2 
23.8 



27.4 
29.1 



26.5 
30.9 



29.0 
28.0 



25.4 
3-i2 



32.8 
24.7 



26.7 
31.3 



27.8 
31.1 



23.3 
35.4 



29.3 
29.9 



25. 4 
35.5 



26.2 
35.0 



31.9 
29.4 



32.4 
29.2 



25.0 
36.4 



29.8 
32.0 



30.2 
31.2 



2.5.3 
36.9 



25.7 
19.0 



27.2 
32.0 



Merit! 

(list. 



DeclinatioD 



43 27 58. 47 
55 38 08. 47 



31 54 45. 46 
65 52 16. 25 



49 49 41.42 
48 22 01. 27 



72 12 35. 03 
26 04 14. 78 



76 58 37. 09 
20 47 42. 72 



39 26 17. 50 

58 43 35. 58 



59 27 49. 38 
38 14 56. 80 



49 17 24.79 
48 41 59.40 



32 18 05. 49 
65 45 50.00 



40 07 32.90 
57 46 11.42 



43 25 16. 37 
54 40 28. 17 



57 42 43. 37 
40 16 32. 43 



30 27 .54. 83 
01 41 30.09 



61 51 06. 10 
36. 01 47. 76 



42 45 SO. 41 

55 33 17. 80 



57 07 18. 03 
40 40 36. 63 



38 09 15. 01 
59 44 51.93 



59 27 41. 79 
38 51 38. 99 



02 03 40. 55 
30 07 02. 96 



45 58 43. 39 
52 03 26. -27 



37 57 47. 80 
60 06 00. 90 



25 19 37. 34 
72 34 17. 95 



58 47 05. 76 
39.04 58.99 



50 08 60. 92 
48 09 04. 96 



38 44 33. 04 
69 24 48. 43 



Corr(cuon8. 



Miciom. 



- 3 12. 99 
+ 6 20. 83 

- 5 68. 43 

- 8 32. 39 
+ 43. 54 

- 5 04. 94 

+ 8 :;o. 03 

+ 10.52 

- 2 05. 01 
+ 3 01. 30 

- 2 58. 97 
+ 15. 45 

- 4 43. 71 
+ 3 26. 86 

- 9 28. 73 
+ 5 58. 03 
+ 2 61. 89 

- 9 46. 42 

- 4 58. OS 

- 1 10.21 

- 2 00. 54 
+ 2 57.20 
+ 3 51. 87 

- 9 17. 94 

- 4 49. 73 



Level. 



+ 0.44 
+ 0.38 
-1.49 
-1. CO 
-1.03 
-0.28 
-i.67 
-1.76 
-1.72 
-1.90 
-1.67 
-1.87 
-1.76 
-1.72 
-1.78 
-2. 23 
-2.23 
-2.14 
-2.07 
-2.07 
-2.27 
-2. 10 
-2. '23 
+5.09 
+0. 22 



Refi ac. 



-0.05 
+ 0.12 
-0.10 
-0.10 
-hO. 14 
-0.09 
+0.15 

0.00 
-0.04 
+ 0.03 
-0.04 

0.00 
-0.08 
+ 0.00 
-0.10 
+0.10 
+0.03 
-0. 17 
-0.09 
-0.02 
-0.03 
+ 0.C0 
+0.07 
-0. 16 
-0.08 



Red. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



Remarks. 



° ' • " 1 
48 59 60. 87 

52.19 

51.33 

51. 36 
52.85 
51.13 
51.60 
60.85 
51.31 
51.59 
61.09 
51.48 
.■•1.91 

52. 13 
51.44 

53. '22 
53.10 
51.66 
51.52 
5'2. 53 
51.51 
53. 75 
5-2. C8 
50. 53 

48 59 51. 14 



Rejected 
Rejected. 



.June 27. 



N B- 



114 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BOUND AEY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — station No. 4 — Continued. 



B. A. c. 
No. 



fiflTl 
5313 



S415 
S4C0 



5502 
5523 



5'Jll 



C(,47 



filH 
U157 



CiG8 



5-271 
5313 



5415 
54eO 



5.W2 
55i3 



5545 
5624 



.5(144 
5058 



5603 
5t<a3 



5g:>3 
5!)11 



0114 
C157 



6208 
0289 



0421 
0470 



6047 
6073 



6114 
0157 



0508 
028'.l 



0318 
0305 



0421 
6470 



6.-.53 
658o 



6624 
61181 



6780 
6«I7 



Readings. 



21. 028 
17. 220 



27. 762 
11.010 



9.401 
29. 009 



25.138 
13. 555 



26. 368 
9.814 



12. 071 
25. 001 



14.417 
24. 251 



20. 694 
10 306 



27.413 
10. 048 



9.152 
28.712 



9.186 
30. 070 



15.886 
22. 112 



2.5. 875 
13. 055 



25.371 
13. 740 



9. 427 
22. 325 



14.218 
24, 099 



19. 707 
19. 956 



27. 477 
10. 840 



12.223 
25. 082 



13.363 
23. 207 



11.090 

27. 982 



18.489 
18. 723 



in. 422 
20. 551 



22 180 
10. 433 



1 8. 639 
19.1140 



Level. 



27.0 
28.3 



29.5 
27.0 



32.4 

21.5 



31.0 
34.3 



34.0 
22.0 



28.5 
27.1 



26.9 
30.5 



25.5 
32. 1 



30.5 

27.8 



29.0 
27.8 



27.0 
32.3 



25.7 
34.6 



30.0 
29.0 



.32. 5 

28.1 



29.0 
31.1 



31.2 
27.3 



2.5.4 
30.4 



27.9 
29.7 



28. 2 
28! 4 



26.3 
29.5 



28! 3 



2.5. 5 
28.7 



27.8 
20.4 



30. 5 
24.3 



23.7 
27.1 



25.6 
28.3 



22.3 
34.0 



26.2 
33.2 



23.4 
35.4 



28.3 
30.4 



31.3 

27.4 



.30.9 
24.8 



20.3 
29.6 



28.0 
30.2 



31.3 

20.2 



32.0 
21.1 



29.9 
^9. ** 



29.2 
30.8 



26.4 
30.5 



29.5 
27.9 



27.2 
30.7 



26.3 
21.7 



24.3 

22. 3 



21.3 
23.3 



26.3 
23. 2 



27.0 
21.0 



27.3 
24.7 



2.5. 
27. 



24.0 

29. 8 



Merid 
dist. 



Declination. 



42 48 31.92 
55 00 37. 24 



58 16 1.3. 63 
40 CO 49. 47 



55 29 42. 22 
42 09 40! 54 



49 49 41.06 
48 22 01. 52 



72 12 35. 29 
20 04 14. 98 



70 58 37. C6 
20 47 42.91 



39 20 17. 70 
58 45 35. 88 



43 48 32. 42 
55 06 37. 06 



58 10 14.05 
40 00 49. 96 



55 29 42. 68 
42 09 46. 97 



f 9 02 37. 22 
28 35 27. 73 



42 27 ."9. II 
55 37 09. iO 



31 54 40. 05 
65 52 17. 04 



49 49 42. 18 
43 22 02. 04 



70 58 38.51 
20 47 43. 29 



39 26 18.27 
58 43 30. 47 



49 17 2.5.66 
48 41 00.26 



72 12 30. 10 
26 04 15.63 



76 58 38.81 
20 47 4 !. 49 



39 20 18. 55 
58 43 30. 78 



59 27 50. 58 
68 14 5T. 80 



49 17 25. 90 
48 41 00.56 



32 18 06. 49 
05 45 51.00 



40 07 .34. 00 
57 46 12. 64 



57 42 44. 60 
40 16 33.54 



Corrections. 



llicrom. 


Level. 


+ 2 10. 77 


-0.11 


- 8 39. 77 


4 0.58 


+10 08. 39 


-0.53 


- 00. 01 


-0.91 


- 8 33. 03 


-0.02 


+ 6 41.19 


-0.09 


- 5 03. 12 


-0.29 


+ 2 16.15 


+0.42 


- 8 40. 18 


+ 0.53 


+ 10 06.90 


-0.18 


+ 10 47.98 


+ 0.40 


- 3 13. 18 


+ 0.80 


+ 6 19. 16 


-0.02 


- 6 00. 88 


—0. 22 


+ 6 40. 19 


+ 0.83 


- 5 06.58 


+ 0.60 


+ 07. 73 


+ 0.14 


- 8 36. 20 


+ 1.74 


-f 6 38. 98 


+ 2.45 


- 5 07. 30 


+ 2.01 


+ 8 2:>. 50 


+ 1.40 


+ 07. 26 


+ 0. 29 


- 2 08.11 


+ 0.49 


|. 2 58.31 


.| 0. 30 


1 12. 44 


-10.22 



Kefrac. 



+ 0.04 
-0.15 
+ 0.18 
-0. 10 
-0.10 
+0.14 
-0.09 
+ 0.03 
-0.15 
-to. 18 
+ 0.21 
-0.00 
+ 0.11 
-0.10 
+0.14 
-0.09 

0.00 
-0.16 
+ 0.14 
-0. 09 
+ 0.15 

0.00 
-0.04 
I 0.03 

o.on 



Ked. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



+ 0.21 
+ 0.03 



48 59 5L28 
52.21 
52. 42 
50.58 
50.73 
51. 29 

51. 35 
51.04 
53.19 
51.73 
51.06 
51.73 

50. 80 
50.91 

52. 06 

51. 30 
50.83 

51. 27 

52. 72 
.52. 29 
51.27 

50. 81 

51. ,54 

52. 02 
48 59 51 73 



Remarks. 



June 27. 



June 29. 



June .30. 



EEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 4 — Coutinut'il. 



115 



B. A. C. 

No. 


Readings. 


Decimation. 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Hemarks. 


Microiu. 


Level. 


Merid 


Microm. 


Level. 


Eefrac. 


Eed.to 












N. 


S. 


















6937 
0970 


14. 652 
24. 070 


24.2 
31.2 


30.7 
23.7 


m.s. 


/ // 

36 27 55. 00 
61 41 31.31 


- 4 52. 40 


+ 0.22 


-0.03 


" 


O / It 

43 59 51. 35 


June 30. 


7024 
7073 


15.984 
22.514 


30.4 
25.1 


24.6 
30.1 




01 51 07. 33 
30 01 48. 83 


+ 3 22. 61 


+ 0.18 


+0.00 




50.93 




7100 
716G 


11.775 

3,1. 202 


27.0 
29.0 


28.2 
26.2 




43 45 27. .53 
55 33 18. 97 


- 9 31.74 


+0.36 


-0.10 




51. 71 




7ai5 

7277 


13.344 
24. 700 


27.7 
28.3 


27.3 
27.2 




57 07 10.22 
40 40 37. 69 


+ 5 52. 35 


+ 0.33 


+0.10 




51.23 




7320 
7-Yr. 2395 


21. 408 
16. 100 


28.2 

2s!o 


27.4 
27.3 




38 09 16.07 
59 44 53.08 


+ 2 46. 37 


+0.33 


+0.03 




51.31 




7377 
739« 


28. 544 
9.536 


27.4 

28.4 


28.0 

27.3 




59 27 42. 94 
38 51 40.04 


- 9 49.77 


+0. U 


-0. 17 




51.06 




7416 
7453 


24. 860 
15. 138 


29.2 
27.0 


20.4 
28. 9 




02 02 41. 73 
36 07 04. 01 


- 5 01. 65 


+0.20 


-0. 09 




51. 33 




7480 
7489 


18. 406 
20.781 


26.8 
29.0 


29.0 
2C.2 




45 58 44. 45 
52 03 27. 37 


- 1 13. C9 


+0.27 


-0. 02 




52.47 




7505 
7605 


16. COO 
20. 004 


20.1 
28.1 


26.8 
27.9 




37 57 48. 84 
60 06 01. 97 


- 2 04. 23 


+0.50 


-0.03 




51. 70 




7627 
76t6 


21. 201 
1.5. 044 


27.8 
28.1 


28.0 
27.3 




23 19 38. 26 
72 34 18. 96 


+ 2 52. 42 


+ 0.14 


+ 0.00 




51.23 




7755 
7765 


15. 145 
22. 486 


27.6 
29.3 


27.8 
26.2 




58 47 06 83 
39 04 59. 98 


+ 3 47.77 


+0.05 


+ 0.07 




48 59 51. 90 





Mean latitude (79 determinations), 48° 59' 5l".55. 

e = 0".53 
r = 0".35 
£„ = 0".06 
lo = 0".04 



1873. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

[ AHtronoinical Station No. 5. — Long Iliver, 77 inilofl woHt, of Pombin.i Obsorvor, J. F. Grpfjory, Licntpnant United St^itea 

3Cnj;inecra — Zenith TolcHCopo, Wiirdomanu No. 20.— Clirouonioler, Negus Sidoronl No. I-I8I.J 



B. A. C. 

No. 


Readings. 


Dfclin.ttion. 


Correct iona. 


Latitude. 


Itomarlia. 


Micr4)ni 


J.ovel. 


Morid. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Eefrac. 


Red. to 
nierid. 










N. 


S. 


















5415 
54U0 


2«. 12 
11.438 


28.0 
31.3 


27.2 
24. 8 


m. s. 


O ' " 

58 10 10.35 
40 00 51.97 


- 8 30. 73 


+ 1.03 


-0.15 


// 


O ' " 

48 59 58. 91 


Jnly 9. 






.■i.'iOS 
5523 


9. 210 
28. 890 


28.5 
29.4 


27.8 
20.9 






55 29 45. 11 
42 09 49. 29 


-flO 10.02 


+0.71 


+-0.18 




58.71 




5853 
,5911 

01117 
(1073 


25. 170 
13.710 

20. 003 
10. 205 


;'0. 3 

27.0 

30.8 
27.7 


23.7 
32.7 

30.0 
32.8 






49 49 4,5.02 
48 22 04. 93 

72 12 39. 02 
20 04 17.75 


- 5 55. 58 

— 8 28. 79 


-0.91 
-0.90 


-0.10 
-0.16 




58.39 
58. 48 








fit 14 
C157 


12. 145 

25. 251 


30.1 
27. 5 


30. 5 
33.3 






70 58 41. 72 
i.0 47 4.5. 59 


+ 6 46. 65 


-1.38 


+-0.14 




59.06 




G20fl 
C289 


13. 750 
23. 480 


30. 5 
31.0 


31.0 

::o. 5 






39 20 21.30 
58 43 39. 80 


- 5 01. 71 


0.00 


-0.09 




58.78 








C3I8 

c:j(i5 


ii.atio 

27. 784 


31.0 
29. 2 


30.3 
32.0 






59 27 53. 07 
38 15 00. 04 


+ 8 31. 77 

+ 12. 10 

2 03. 40 


60 


+0.15 
+0.00 
-0.04 




58.48 




0421 
0470 


19.403 

19. 8.55 


31.0 
29.0 


31.9 
33.2 






49 17 28. 95 
48 41 03.04 


98 




57.48 




0553 
0580 


10.791 
20. 708 


30.0 
31. 


32. 3 
31.1 






.32 17 09. 19 


-0.40 




58. 33 




0024 
6081 


2). 020 
10. 150 


31.2 
33. 


32. 
31.1 






40 07 30. 95 
57 45 75. 87 


+ 3 02. 13 


+-0.25 


+0.05 




58.84 




0728 
0748 


10. 204 
21. 990 


31.0 
32. 


33. 
32. 5 






43 25 19.50 
04 40 32. 04 


- 2 ,57. 00 


—0. 42 


-0.05 




.57. 97 




0780 
0817 


19. 043 
19. 008 


31.0 
31.2 


33. 7 
33. 3 






57 42 47. 88 
40 10 30. .53 


-1- 17. 53 


-1.07 


1 0.00 




58.06 




7024 
7073 


1.5.070 


33.5 


:2.o 
30.4 






Gl 51 10.02 


+ 3 28.41 
- 9 27. 37 




+0.06 
-0.17 




58. 38 








7100 
7100 


08. 754 
27.010 


33. 9 
30.0 


31.9 
;5. 3 






42 45 32. ,52 
.55 33 9. '.SI 


-0.00 




59.22 








7315 
7277 


13. .'•01 
3.5.010 


32.1 

33. 5 


33.0 
32.0 






.57 07 22. 37 
40 40 40. 94 


+ 5 57. 10 
^- 2 51. 02 
- 9 43. 30 


-0. 14 


+0. 10 




58.71 




7320 
7-Yr. 23i)5 


21.919 
10. 407 


34. 
31.9 


31.9 
34. 1 






38 09 19.00 
59 44 56. -.fi 


-.X02 


+ 0.05 




58.08 




7377 
7398 


28. 7011 
9. 1 02 


::o. 
35.5 


3,5. 3 

;:o. 






,59 27 45 84 
38 51 42, 90 


+0.04 


-0.18 




57.90 




7410 
7453 


23.017 
14.045 


'.9.8 
37.1 


30.2 
29. 2 






02 02 41,87 
30 07 00. 83 


- 4 57. CO 


+ 0.33 


-0.09 




59.09 




.... 




7480 
7489 


17.981 
20. 250 


34. 3 
32. 2 


r2.l 

.14. 3 






45 58 47. 44 
.52 03 30.41 


- 1 10. 40 


+-0. 02 


-0. 02 




.-•a 52 




7505 
7005 


10. 870 
20. 777 


34. 
34.0 


32. 7 
33.5 






37 57 51. 70 
60 00 0,5. 42 


- 2 01. 04 


+-0. 40 


-0.03 




48 59 57. 89 







lie 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 5 — Contiuued. 



117 



B. A. C. 

No. 


Eeailiugs. 


Declination. 


CorrectioDS. 


Latitude. 


Kcmarks. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Merid. 
(list. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Refrac. 


Red. to 

tuerid. 


N. 


S. 


7027 
7680 


22. 143 
10. 391 


34.5 
30.7 


32.8 
37.1 


m 


s. 


r If 

25 19 40. 80 
72 34 21. 82 


+ 2 58. 47 


-1.03 


+0.00 


// 


' // 
48 50 58.79 


July 9. 


7755 
7765 


15. 533 

93.058 


34.1 
29.5 


33.7 
38.5 






58 47 09. 69 
39 05 02. 71 


+ 3 53. 48 


-1.93 


H 0.07 




57.83 




7787 
7t00 


16. 456 
21. 428 


33.5 
31.1 


34.2 
37.0 






52 01 0.5. 78 
45 53 44. 21 


+ 2 34. 27 


-1.47 


+ 0.04 




57.83 




7820 

7S82 


IS. 52-2 
26. 590 


34.5 
30.7 


33.2 
3;. 7 






48 49 51. 22 

49 24 41.57 


- 7 16. 49 


-1.17 


—0.13 




58.00 




6271 
5313 


20.965 
10. 360 


27.9 
20.8 


22.7 
30.6 






42 48 34. 48 
55 06 39. 52 


+ 2 22. 88 


—1.03 


+0.04 




58.89 


July 10. 


541.5 

5400 


27. f..-,7 
11. 000 


20.0 
24.3 


26.0 
28.0 






58 16 16. 49 
40 CO 52. 11 


— 8 34. 90 


-0.83 


-0.15 




58.30 




5,103 
5523 


9.644 
29. 384 


20.9 
20.6 


2.5. 7 
29. 






,55 29 4.5. 27 
42 09 49. 43 


+ 10 12.48 


-0.97 


+ 0.18 





59.75 




5545 
5024 


8.431 

29. 490 


2.5.6 
25.5 


27.1 

28.0 






69 02 39. 90 
28 35 30.01 


+ 10 53.41 


-0. 89 


+ 0.21 




57.69 




5044 
5058 


16. 030 
22. 084 


26.3 
24.6 


26.8 
28.5 






42 28 01. 79 
53 38 11. 93 


- 3 07. 64 


-0.98 


-0.03 




57. 99 




5f53 
5911 


25.141 
13. 708 


27.0 
23.6 


26.2 
29.4 






49 49 4.5.23 
48 22 03. 13 


- 5 54. 74 


— 1. 11 


-0.10 




59. 24 




5502 
552.1 


9.359 
29. 092 


26.8 
23.9 


28.0 
28.9 






55 29 44.41 
42 09 49. 60 


+ 10 13.27 


- 0. 94 


+ 0.18 




58.51 


July 11. 


5545 
5624 


8.358 
29. 4J4 


30.8 
22.2 


24.2 
33.2 






69 02 40.06 
28 35 30. 14 


+ 10 53.93 


—0.98 


+ 0.21 




58.20 




5644 
5658 


16.517 
22.597 


27.5 
26.7 


27.8 
28.6 






42 28 01.96 
55 38 12.93 


- 3 08. 65 


—0.49 


-0.05 




57.91 




5033 
5B23 


24. 571 
12.196 


28.0 
28.9 


27.3 

97.7 






'31 54 48.63 
C5 52 20. 37 


+ 6 23. 97 


+ 0.43 


+ 0.11 




59. CO 




5853 
5911 


25. 508 
14.023 


28.1 
27.6 


28.4 
29.1 






49 49 4.5. 44 
48 92 03. 36 


- 5 56. 33 


-0.40 


-0. 10 




58.55 




6047 
6073 


26. 490 
10. 035 


28.4 
28.0 


23.0 
28.0 






72 12 39. 51 
96 04 18.11 


- 8 30. .56 


+0. 09 


—0.16 




58.18 




6114 

6157 


12. .568 
25. 598 


29.0 
27.3 


26.9 
28.2 






76 58 42. 25 
20 47 43. 83 


+ 6 44. 29 


+ 0.27 


+ 0. 15 




58.75 




6208 
6289 


13.657 
23.449 


29. 2 
29! 2 


26.1 
26. I 






39 26 21. 79 
.58 43 40. 41 


— 5 03. 83 


+ 1.38 


—0.08 




58.58 




6318 
6365 


11.014 

27.441 


27.0 
31.8 


28.5 
24.0 






59 27 .54. 23 
38 15 01. 14 


+ 8 29. 69 


+ 1.40 


+ 0.15 




58. 92 




6421 
6476 


19.730 
20. 121 


97.5 
29.0 


28.6 

27.4 






49 17 29. 48 
43 42 04. 21 


+ 11.52 


+0.11 


0.00 




58.48 




6553 
OJSO 


16. 390 
20. 403 


90.0 
27.7 


27.2 
29.2 






32 18 09. 68 
63 45 55. 78 


— 9 04. 51 


+ 0.07 


-0.04 




58. 25 




5415 
5400 


27. 663 
10. 938 


96.0 
31.2 


25.1 
21.0 






58 10 16.81 
40 00 52. 40 


- 8 38. 31 


+2. 47 


-0. 15 




58.61 


July 12. 


5.Wi 
5323 


9.500 
29.243 


95.0 
28.5 


27.2 
•24 






,55 29 45. 00 
42 09 49. 70 


+10 10.71 


+0.51 


+0.18 




59.03 




5693 
5823 


25. 271 
12. 837 


27.7 
22.1 


20.2 
33.0 






31 54 48. 79 
03 59 20. 59 


+ 6 23. 80 


-2. 10 


+0.11 




58.50 




6047 
6073 


27. 290 
10. 847 


27.0 
29.0 


99.2 

27.7 






72 12 40.01 
20 04 18. 48 


- 8 30. 46 


-0.20 


-0.16 




48 59 58. 42 


July 13. 



118 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Observations for Latitude. — Station Xo. 5 — Continued. 



B. A. c. 

No. 



KeacUnjia. 



aiicrom. 



6114 
6157 



626S 
6i89 



C3I8 
6365 



6481 
C476 



6553 
CS8G 



6624 
6C81 



6738 
C748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 

7277 



7320 
7-Yr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



7416 
7453 



7480 
7489 



7505 
7605 



7637 
76-J6 



7755 
77115 



7787 
7809 



7820 
7883 



7962 
81)21 



8030 
8059 



8083 
8128 



5693 
5833 



12. 438 
25.461 



14.171 
23. 959 



11.405 
27. 819 



19. 551 
19.883 



16. 285 
20. 308 



22.581 
10. 749 



15. 530 
21.308 



18. 545 

19. 037 



14. 747 
24. 098 



15. 478 
23. 120 



10.387 

28. 708 



13. 847 
25.320 



21.691 
16. 239 



28.719 
!i. 813 



23. 346 
13. 700 



17. 876 
20. 173 



17. 833 
21. 763 



21. 973 
16.311 



1.5. 928 
23 437 



16. 812 
21. 730 



12. .578 
26. 717 



27. 693 
10. 432 



17.011 
19. 708 



14. 900 

23. 707 



24.311 
1 1. 980 



Level. 



27.1 

29.9 



31.1 

27.5 



27.1 
32 



28.7 
29.0 



29.3 
30.0 



30.8 
30.2 



31.2 
30.0 



27.0 
34.4 



31.8 
33.0 



26.0 
36.7 



32.2 
30.5 



31.5 
32.1 



32.5 
33.1 



31.4 
33.0 



29.5 
37.4 



33.8 
34.0 



34.0 
3,3.0 



34.0 
31.0 



33.0 
30.0 



31.3 
34.7 



34.0 
32.0 



36.2 
30.3 



34.0 
34.0 



33.4 
36.0 



25. 6 
27.0 



29.3 
27.0 



2.5. 6 
29.3 



29.6 
25.5 



29.3 
29.0 



30.0 
29.8 



29.1 
30.1 



29. 2 
30! 7 



34.0 
27.0 



31.0 
30.0 



37.0 
20.7 



31.0 
33.0 



33. 1 
32.0 



31.8 
31.3 



33.0 
33.0 



35.2 

27.7 



32.5 
31.3 



31.1 
33. 4 



32.1 
3.5. 6 



33.7 
36.7 



35. 2 
32.0 



.32. 
35.0 



31.0 
37.1 



.33.0 
33. 5 



35.0 
31.4 



2t. 1 
24.8 



Merid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



76 58 43. 79 
20 47 40. 27 



39 26 22. 27 
58 43 40. 97 



59 27 54. 79 
38 15 01.64 



49 17 30. OS 
48 42 04.76 



32 18 10. 16 
65 45 56. 40 



40 07 38. 05 
57 46 17. 21 



43 25 20. 71 
54 40 33. 88 



57 42 49. 15 
40 16 37.67 



30 27 .59. 95 
01 41 35.93 



01 51 11.94 
30 01 52. 67 



43 45 33. 72 
55 33 23. 51 



57 07 23. 72 
40 40 43. 14 



38 09 20. 17 
59 44 57. 57 



59 97 47. 14 
38 51 44. 13 



63 02 46. 17 
36 07 07.98 



45 58 48. 67 
53 03 31. 68 



37 57 53. 96 
60 00 06. 25 



25 19 41.83 
73 34 S3. 08 



.••8 47 10. 06 
39 05 03. 87 



.52 01 07.00 
45 53 45. 40 



48 49 53. 4 i 

49 24 43. 81 



41 10 48.68 
50 85 16. 26 



49 21 36. 59 

48 30 08. 42 



56 27 54. 30 
41 23 54.06 



31 54 49. Hi 
65 .53 21. 07 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



+ 6 44.07 

- 5 03. 70 
+ 8 29. 29 
+ 10. 30 

- 2 04. 83 
+ 3 00. 95 

- 8 59. 28 
+ 15.27 

- 4 50. 14 
+ 3 2fi. 08 

- 9 58. 45 
+ 5 5.5. 98 
+ 2 49. 38 

- 9 40.61 

- 4 59.29 

- 1 11.27 

- 2 01.94 
+ 2 5.5. 68 
+ 3 53. 99 
-\- 2 33. 59 

- 7 18.70 
+ 8 5.5. 54 
+ 1 0.5.00 
+ 4 33.20 
+ 6 32. 60 



Level. 



+0.16 
+0.83 
+0.89 
-0. 27 
-0.11 
+0.40 
+0.29 
+0.09 
+0.85 
-0.22 
-0. 29 
-0.11 
+0.56 
-0.14 
+0.89 
+0.67 
+0.56 
-0.00 
-I.C5 
-0.27 
-0. 09 
-0.30 
+0. 20 
+0. 41 
+0.76 



Refrac. 

+0.14 
-0.09 
+0.15 

0.00 
-0.04 
+0.05 
+0.05 

0.00 
-0.09 
+0.00 
-0.17 
+0.10 
+0.05 
-0.18 
-0.09 
-0. 03 
-0.03 
+0.06 
+0.07 
+'J. 04 
—0. 13 
+0.10 
+0. 03 
+0.08 
+0.11 



Bed. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



Remarks. 



48 59 58. 90 
58.66 
58.54 
57.44 
58.31 
59.03 
58.25 
58.77 
58.55 
58.38 
59.70 
58.90 
58.86 
58.70 
58.58 
59. .55 
58.19 
.57. 60 
58. 37 
58.50 
5a 70 
57.81 
57.39 
57.99 

48 59 58. 58 



July 13. 



July 14. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



119 



Observations for Laitiide.— Station No. 5— Coutiiiued. 



Readings. 



B. A. C. 
No. 



Microm 



6047 
6073 



6114 
6157 



62(i8 
6289 



6624 
6681 



6728 

6748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7100 
7106 



7215 
7277 



7377 
7398 



7480 
7489 



7505 
7605 



26. 558 
ID. 077 



12.012 
25. 033 



13.779 
23. 557 



22. 568 
16. 730 



16. 084 
21.916 



19. 323 
19.813 



14. 260 
23. 573 



11. 119 

29. 521 



13. 823 
25. 227 



28. 932 
10. 002 



18. 065 
20. 371 



17. 392 
21.286 



Level. 



N. 



27.0 
27.0 



26.2 
29.0 



27.1 
27.3 



22.1 
21.0 



22. 9 
2X6 



22.5 
20.5 



23.6 
17.5 



21.9 
23.4 



23.3 

28.6 



24.2 
25.0 



29.5 
S3.0 



27.0 
23.5 



27.0 
27.0 



27.7 
24.7 



26.0 
25.7 



22.1 
23.7 



22.0 
21.2 



22.1 
24.1 



21.1 
27.0 



21.0 
19.3 



2.5. 3 
20.5 



26 1 
25.2 



22.5 
23.0 



24. 2 
28.'! 



Merid. 
dist. 



Declination, 



72 12 40. 28 
26 04 18. 68 



76 58 43. 03 
20 47 46. 47 



39 26 22. 53 
58 43 41. 27 



40 07 38. 62 
57 46 17. 86 



43 25 21. 32 
54 40 34. 53 



57 42 49. 80 
40 16 38. 26 



36 28 00. 51 
61 41 36.59 



42 45 34. 34 
55 33 24. 17 



57 07 24. ?A 
40 40 42. 74 



59 27 47. 80 
38 51 44. 71 



45 58 49. 29 
52 03 32. 30 



37 57 53. 43 
60 06 07. 33 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



- 8 31. 3G 
+ 6 44. 01 

- 5 03. 39 
+ 3 01.14 

- 3 00.95 
4- 15. 20 

- 4 48. 96 

- 9 30. 97 
+ 5 53. 84 

- 9 47.04 

- 1 11.55 

- 2 00. 82 



Level. 



0.00 
+0.02 
+0.60 
-0.60 
+0.74 
-0.71 
-1.56 
+1.11 
+1.3G 
-0.47 
-0.22 
-0.56 



Eel'rac. 



-0.16 
+0. 14 
—0.09 
+0.03 
-0.05 
0.00 
—0.09 
-0.17 
+0.10 
-0.18 
-0.02 
-0.03 



Red. to 
merid 



+0.01 



Latitude 



48 59 57. 00 
59. 56 
59. 03 
58.83 
57.67 
58.52 
57. 94 
59. 22 
58.84 
58.66 
59.00 

48 59 58. 97 



Remarks. 



July 14. 



July 15 



Meftn latitude (82 determinations), 48° 59" 58.54". 
s = ± 0". 49775 
7o= ± 0".037 



1873. 
UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDAEY. 

Ohservations for Latitude. 

lAstronomicai Station No. 6.-West side of Turtle Monntaiu, 150 miles west of Pembina.-Observer W. J Twinirs, Captaiu 
United Stales Engineers.— Zenitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 20.— Chronometer, Ne^us bidcreal JSo. loU.J 



B. A.U. 
No. 



Eeadinjrs. 



Microm 



C047 

00":) 



G114 
0137 



6289 



G421 
C476 



0553 

6580 



6624 
CG81 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 

7277 



7320 
7-Tr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



7416 
7453 



7480 
74b9 



7.505 
7605 



7627 
7t66 



7755 
7705 



7787 
7600 



7820 
7882 



Level. 



N. 



Morid. 
dist. 



26. 003 
9.279 



12. 01 J 

24. 7U7 



15. 285 
25.318 



22. 483 

22. 546 



16. 021 
20. 334 



24. 035 
18. 479 



18. 551 
24. 602 



20. 093 
20.9:5 



1.5. 965 
22. 349 



11.376 
29. 954 



15. 691 

26. 8J8 



23.725 
18. 552 



30. 48? 
11.284 



26. 044 
10.117 



21.514 
24. 142 



16. 9:14 
21. 127 



22. f45 
17. 461 



l.\9,-|4 
21.135 



17.841 
22. 50 1 



13.719 

28. 153 



26.6 
25.0 



2.'). 8 
25.3 



2«. 6 
23.6 



C6.5 
25.1 



27.2 
25.7 



26.8 
25.5 



24.5 
27.5 



26.1 
26.5 



2.-. 
27.2 



29. 5> 
20.5 



27.2 
26.1 



27.0 
27.1 



27.5 
26.0 



2^.0 
20.0 



27.0 
28.8 



28.7 
25.6 



27! 1 



29. 8 
21.0 



27.6 
25.5 



28.7 
26.1 



Declination. 



2.5.2 
27.3 



26.5 
27. 2 



25.0 
30.0 



27.5 

28.9 



27.0 
28.8 



27.7 
29. 



30.1 
27.3 



23.7 
28.3 



30.4 
28.0 



25.5 
34.8 



28.0 
29.1 



28.5 
28.5 



28. 4 
30.0 



23.0 
30.0 



28.4 
27! 2 



27.4 
31.0 



03 2 
29; 7 



27.4 

3:t. 1 



21.4 
31.3 



28.2 
31.4 



Corrections. 



ilicrom. 



72 12 43. 86 
26 04 21. 51 



76 58 40. 73 
20 47 49. 07 



39 26 26. 09 
58 43 45.32 



49 17 34. .52 

48 42 09. 19 



32 18 14.03 
63 46 01.29 



40 07 42. 37 
57 46 22. 03 



43 25 25. 30 
54 40 38. 84 



57 42 .54.19 
40 10 42 20 



61 51 17. 23 
36 01 57.39 



42 45 38. 55 
55 33 28. 73 



57 07 28. 95 
40 40 40. 63 



38 09 24. 84 
59 45 02. 87 



59 27 52. 70 
38 51 48. 85 



62 02 51.50 
36 07 12. 58 



43 58 53. 65 
52 03 36. 81 



37 57 57. 52 
GO 06 11. 49 



25 19 45. 86 
72 34 28. 23 



58 47 16.03 
39 03 08. 48 



.52 01 11.97 
45 53 51. 00 



48 49 57. 74 

49 24 48. 38 



Level. 



Eefrac. 



Red. to 
merid. ! 



Latitnde. 



Kemarks. 



-S 38. 87 
+0 36. 69 
-5 11.30 
+0 01. 95 
-2 13. 82 
+2 52. 39 
-3 07. 75 
+0 06. 89 
+3 18.08 
-9 36.43 
+5 45. 55 
-f 2 40. 51 
-9 55. 85 
-3 08.01 
-1 20.61 
-2 10. 10 
+2 47. 05 
4-3 42. 81 
+2 24. 68 
-7 27. 85 



-0.20 

-0.58 

-0.62 

-1.07 

-0.63 

-0.98 

-1.20 

-0.98 

-1.38 

-2.30 

+0.85 

+0.67 

-1.09 

-0.89 

+0.18 

-0.91 

-0. CO 

-1.40 

-1.69 

-1.07 



-0.17 


+0. 14 


-0.09 


0.00 


-0.04 


+0.05 


-0.05 


0.00 


+0.06 



-0.17 
+0.10 
+0.04 
-0.18 
-0.09 
-0.02 
-0.03 
+0.06 
+0.06 
+0.04 
-0.13 



48 59 53. 45 
.54.15 
53.09 
52. 74 
53.15 
53.66 
53.07 
54.10 
54.07 
54.74 
34.30 
63.08 
53.66 
53.05 
51.78 
53.47 
53.55 
53 73 
54. 51 
48 59 54. 01 



July 28. 



120 



KEPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Ohscrvationn for Latitude. — Station No. G — Coutiuucil. 



121 



B. A. C. 

No. 



7962 
8024 



P036 
8059 



8083 
81SS 



8206 
8S7S 



8314 
8334 



8344 
67 



3853 
5011 



6047 
6073 



6114 
6157 



6318 
6j65 



6421 
0476 



6553 
6586 



6024 
6681 



6738 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7160 



7215 

7277 



7320 
7-Yr. 2305 



7377 
7398 



7416 
7453 



7480 
7489 



7755 
77G5 



Keadinga. 



Microm. 



Level. 



29. 005 
12. 921 

19. 824 

21. 657 

16. P03 
25. 370 

28. 065 

12. 278 

22. 333 
14. 149 

11.419 

24. 005 

25.300 

13. 643 

28. 459 
11. 723 

13. 154 

25. 902 

14. 298 
24. 329 

13.114 

29. 201 

22. 160 

22. 170 

17. 508 

21. 842 

23. 411 
17. 805 

IH. 285 

24. 387 

20. 369 
20. 528 

14. 938 
24. 599 

16.711 
23. 009 

10. 207 
28.901 

15. 128 

26. 351 

22. 163 
17.032 

30. 154 
10. 924 

27. 001 

17. 049 

18. 650 
21.P88 

15. 7.59 

22, «t:5 



N. 



28.0 
28.0 



29.8 
25.1 



28.1 
25.7 



27. 1 
2!<.0 



29.4 
20.4 



29.2 
27. 1 



22.3 
32.0 



31.6 
31.0 



30.6 
33.4 



31.0 
32.5 



30.9 
33.1 



31.0 
32.4 



31.4 
32.1 



32.1 
31.1 



32.3 
32.9 



32.1 
33.2 



31.2 
33.2 



32.0 
32.2 



31.4 
33.0 



32.0 
31.4 



31.4 
33.0 



33.2 
30.3 



32.0 
32.4 



31.5 
32.5 



31.5 

32.8 



31.4 

29.2 



Merid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



1 10 53. 34 
j 25 20. 45 

) 21 41.70 
i 36 14.00 

! 27 59. 97 
I 22 59. 15 

) 37 30. 63 

r 05 58. 26 

I 42 0.^ 78 
I 26 12.04 

I 30 50. 28 
r 15 54. 10 

) 49 47. 90 
! 22 09. 44 

! 12 44. 10 
i 04 21.71 

i 58 46. 98 
) 47 49. 26 

I 20 26. 34 
i 43 45. 60 

I 37 59. 48 
) 15 05. 82 

I 17 34. 81 
1 42 09. 47 

I 18 14.25 
i 46 01.01 

I 07 42. 05 
■ 40 22. 35 

1 25 25. 59 
I 40 39.16 

' 42 54.51 
I 16 42. 49 

; 28 04. 67 
41 41.51 

51 17.57 
1 01 57.68 

I 45 38. 80 
. 33 29. 00 

' 07 29.20 
I 40 40. 95 

1 09 2.5. 13 
I 45 03. 20 

I 27 53. 04 
! 51 49. 14 

: 02 51. 84 
1 07 12. 84 

I 58 53. 96 
I 03 37. 13 

1 47 10.35 
I 05 08. 77 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



+8 46. 97 
+0 56. 87 
+4 26. 00 
+8 09. 83 
-4 13.93 
+6 32. 37 
-6 01.09 
-8 39. 28 
+6 35. 54 
-5 11.24 
-1-8 21.00 
+0 00. 50 
-2 14.47 
+2 51. 15 
-3 09. 33 
+0 04. 93 
-4 59. 76 
4-3 15.41 
-9 40. 03 
-f 5 45. 12 
-1-2 39. 20 
-9 56. 06 
-5 08. 79 
-1 21.06 
+3 41. 10 



Level. 



0.83 
-1. 20 
-1.09 
-1.09 
-1.14 
-0.85 
-3.17 
-}-0. 14 
+0.85 
+0.60 
-1-0.70 
+0.40 
+0.25 
+0. 02 
+0.60 
+0.98 
+0.53 
+0.38 
+0.40 
-0.09 
+0.27 
-0.14 
+0.20 

0.00 
+0.00 



Rcfr.ic. 



+0.16 
+0. 02 
+0.08 
+0.15 
-0.08 
+0.11 
-0.10 
-0. 17 
+0.14 
-0.03 
+1.15 

O.tO 
-0.04 
+0.05 
-0.05 

0.00 
-0.09 
-fO.OO 
-0.17 
+0.10 
+0.04 
-0.18 
-0.09 
-0.02 
+0. 00 



Red. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



48 59 53. 20 
53.57 
53.45 
53.3:! 
53.76 
53.82 
.53. 74 

53. 60 

54. 65 
55.24 
54. 50 
53. 04 
53. 09 
.53. 72 
53. CO 
54.41 
53.77 
53.48 
54.16 
53. 24 
53.68 
54.11 
53.66 
53.87 

48 59 54. 32 



July 28. 



July 29. 



122 



UNITED STATES KOKTHERN BOUiSIDARY COMMISSION. 



Obscn-alions for Latitude. — Station No. (i — Continued. 



KeadiDgs. 



B. A. C. 
No. 



7787 
71-00 



7;iC3 
80-J4 



fD36 
80J9 



POr<:l 
8138 



8;os 

8273 



8:il4 



(i7 



0047 



CI14 
filj7 



6208 
e-MV 



G318 
63C5 



6431 
6470 



G553 
6588 



6634 
0681 



6738 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6»37 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7160 



7210 
7277 



7320 
7.Yr. 2395 



7377 
73S8 



7410 
7453 



7180 
7489 



Microm. 



19. 431 
23. 998 

29. 424 
13. 491 

20. 541 
23. 332 

17. 208 
35. 715 

19. 032 

13. 395 

23. 057 

14. 830 

9. 8.-8 
23. 430 

2-'. 332 
11.573 

12. 479 
2.>. 229 

13.037 
23. 134 

11.720 
37. 854 

21.511 
21.504 

1.5. 966 

20. 349 

23. 407 
16. 901 

18. 204 
34. 404 

20. 265 
20. 405 

1.1. 314 

24. 992 

1.5. 567 
23. 859 

9.062 
27. 790 

14.662 

25. 785 

23. 254 
18. 125 

29. 837 
10. 554 

24. 968 
14.96i 

30. 600 
33. ',74 



Level. 



N. 



33. 
30.5 



31.4 
31. li 



33.7 
31.0 



36.2 
33.4 



30.8 
32.1 



30.8 
33.0 



30.7 
33. 3 



33.4 
33.1 



33.0 
39.9 



33.0 
34.0 



33.0 
33.1 



33.1 
33.5 



33.1 
34.3 



.33.2 
33.0 



33.7 
33.1 



33.5 
33.5 



33.4 
34.1 



.34.1 
33.1 



3.3.7 
34.1 



34.2 
31.3 



34.7 
33.0 



32.1 
30.7 



31.3 

38.5 



34.5 
35.7 



30.0 
32.1 



31,5 
31.4 



30.2 
31.8 



31.4 

:.o.3 



33.1 
31.0 



33.2 
30.0 



32. 3 
30.0 



31.5 
32.0 



31.0 
34.8 



33.0 
31.0 



33.0 
33.2 



33. 2 
32! 1 



33.4 
31.4 



32.4 
33. I 



32.4 
33.0 



33.8 
33.1 



34.2 
33.7 



3.3.6 
34.9 



34.3 
33.9 



33. 7 
37.0 



33. 4 
36.3 



.36.4 
33.0 



37.2 
30.3 



34.4 

33. 2 



Merid 
dial. 



Declination. 



O ' " 

52 01 12. 28 
45 .53 51. 30 

41 16 53. 62 
50 25 20. 74 

49 21 42. 04 
4S 30 14.28 

50 27 59.20 

41 22 59.41 

30 37 30. 86 
07 05 58. 52 

73 43 06. 03 
24 26 12. 35 

60 30 50. 53 

37 10 54. 32 

72 12 44. 86 
26 04 22.31 

70 58 47. 80 
20 47 49. 84 

39 26 27. 15 

58 43 40. 48 

59 28 00. 37 

38 15 00. 6) 

49 17 3.5. 71 
48 42 10. 39 

33 18 1.5. 09 
65 46 02. 62 

40 07 43. .54 
57 40 23. 37 

43 25 26. .53 
54 40 40. 18 

57 42 55. 55 
40 10 43. 43 

30 28 05. .59 
01 41 42. GO 

61 51 18.66 
36 01 58. 60 

42 40 39. 84 

50 33 30. 15 

57 07 30. 36 
40 40 48. 23 

38 09 20. 10 
59 40 04. 33 

.59 27 54.10 
38 51 50.11 

63 02 52. 90 
36 07 13. 79 

45 08 55. 00 
53 03 38.31 



CoJTCCtiODS. 



Microm. 



Level. 



+3 21.61 

+8 40. 39 

+0 55. SG 

+4 S3. 95 

+8 07. 97 

-4 15.21; 

+6 30. 26 

-8 39.99 

-f 6 35. to 

-5 13.28 

+8 20. CO 

+0 00. 23 

-2 15.99 

+2 50. 74 

-3 10.51 
+0 04. 34 

-5 00.28 
+3 15. 22 
-9 41.08 
+0 45. 13 
+2 39. 14 
-9 ,58. 30 
-5 10.49 
-1 22.97 



-0.04 
4-0. 03 
+0.38 
+0.45 
-0.04 
+0.30 
+0.38 
+0.33 
-0.05 
+0.04 
-0. 03 
+0.51 
+0.36 
+0.16 

+0.31 

+0.25 

-0.09 
-0.29 
-0.09 
-1. 16 
-0.07 
+0.09 
+0.51 
+0.58 



Eefrao. 



+0. 04 

+0.16 

+0. 02 

+0.08 

+0.15 

-0.08 

+0.11 

-0.17 

+0.14 

-0.09 

+0.15 

0.00 

-0.04 

+0.05 

-0. 05 
0.00 

-0.09 
+0.06 
-0. 17 
+0. 10 
+0. 04 
-0. 18 
-0. 09 
-0.02 



Red. to 
Diorid. 



Latitude. 



48 50 53. 40 


r.2. 75 


53.82 


53.79 


52. 77 


64.16 


53.18 


53. 65 


53.91 


53.49 


54.23 


53.78 


53.19 


54.40 


53.10 


54.08 


53.63 


53.62 


53.00 


53.36 


53.72 


53.74 


53.31 


48 59 54. 19 



lifmarks. 



July 20. 



August I. 



EEPOET OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude.— Station No. G— ContiDiied. 



123 



B. A. C. 
No. 


Readings. 


DeclinatioD, 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Remarks. 


Micron] 


Level. 


Meritl, 


Microm, 


Level, 


Ref 1 ac 


Red. (o 
merid. 


N. 


S, 


(list. 


7505 
7G05 

7C27 
76c 6 

7755 
7765 

7787 
7600 

7820 
7862 

71163 
8034 

8036 
8059 

8083 
8128 

8206 
8373 

8314 
8324 


17, 399 
21. C8I 

23. 549 

18. 632 

16 123 
23.211 

20. 087 

24. 646 

14. 105 
28. 595 

28. 845 
1I.9CG 

18. .108 
20. 090 

17.314 

25. 833 

26. 931 
11.1-5 

23.642 
15.411 


34.5 
.IS. 7 

35.2 
34,2 

34.2 
35.2 

34.2 
33.1 

35.7 
33.3 

34.0 
35.0 

36,0 
32.5 

35.3 
34.7 

35,8 
33,4 

35,0 
33.8 


34.2 
34.0 

34.2 
36,3 

36,2 
35.2 

35,9 
37.0 

34.2 
36.9 

36.1 
34,8 

33.9 
37.4 

.14.1 
34.9 

34,0 
36,9 

35,2- 
36. 3 


7W. s. 

"o'ao 


O / It 

37 57 58.78 
60 00 12. 91 

25 19 46. 02 
73 34 29, 07 

58 47 17, 43 
39 05 09, 73 

52 01 1.3, 33 
45 53 52, 30 

48 49 59, 04 

49 24 49, 09 

41 16 54.69 
56 25 21. 75 

49 31 43. 01 
48 36 15. 25 

56 28 00.24 
41 23 00.30 

30 37 31,66 
67 05 59. 44 

73 42 06. 93 
21 26 12, 96 


1 It 
-2 12, 86 

+2 44, 97 

+3 39, 92 

+2 21,45 

-7 29, 59 

+8 45, 57 

+0 55, 29 

+4 24. 32 

+8 08, 87 

-4 15,39 


+0,44 
-0.25 
-0,44 
-1.25 
-0,47 
-0,42 
-0.62 
+0,22 
-0,38 
-0,60 


-0,03 
+0,00 
+0,00 
+0,04 
-0,13 
+0,16 
+0, 02 
+0,08 
+0,15 
-0.08 


+0, 06 


48 59 53. 40 
53,07 
53.18 
53,06 
54,17 
53, .'.3 
53,82 
54.89 
54,19 

48 59 53. 88 


Angast 1. 



Mean latitude (79 determinations), 48° 59' 53", 70. 

« = 0".53 

T = n".35 

to = 0",06 

To = C",04 



1873. 
UNITED STATES NOKTnEUN BOUNDARY. 



Observations for Latitude. 

I Astronomical Station No. 7. — South Antlor Crci'k. Ifl3 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, Lieiiteunut United 
Stales Engineers. — ZtmitU Telescope, Wii-demanu No. 11.— Cbronomeltr, Negus Sidereal No. 1481.] 



B. A. C. 
No. 



5693 
5d-J3 



5sr>:t 

5011 



C017 
0073 



fill 4 
C157 



B268 
CJgO 



K!18 
G3G.i 



C4ai 
«1TC 



6553 
G5S6 



C6a4 
CG81 



G7i8 
0748 



fi7H0 
0sl7 



6937 
C970 



7024 
7073 



7! (10 
71U0 



7:ko 

"■Yr. 2395 



7377 

"398 



7416 
7453 



74?0 

7489 



7505 
7C05 



Headings. 



Microm. 



2,\ 327 
12.170 



22.051 
12.252 



21.332 

13. 388 



!]. 490 
23.282 



19.470 
21. 737 



13.37G 

29. 967 



19. 809 
22. 891 



21. 179 

21.718 



2C. 022 
18. 3.9 



21.110 
23.130 



19. C93 
22. 910 



19.118 
24. 100 



16. 731 
25. 053 



15. 193 
27.710 



1.5.619 
27. t61 



24.713 
17. 392 



27. 6C0 
l4.G3fi 



23. 827 
18. 555 



22.333 

21. 480 



22. 042 
22. 542 



Level. 



N. 



30. 2 

4.5. 



3,5. 2 
42.3 



35.7 
43.0 



35.8 
33. 5 



40.1 
33.7 



39.6 
34.8 



28.0 
31.9 



32.3 

28.3 



30.2 
29. G 



31.7 

30.8 



30.7 
32.8 



32.8 
32. 2 



31.5 
33.9 



33. 5 
32.4 



32.3 
35.4 



33. 5 
34.3 



3.\ 1 
36.0 



33.1 
36. 1 



34.6 
34.0 



32. 5 
42. 



38.7 
31.8 



39.0 
32.0 



,39. 7 
4.\6 



36. 
42.5 



■x.o 

42.2 



31. 5 
2,^.3 



28.5 
32.7 



31.0 
3-J.O 



30.4 
31.9 



32. 1 
30.0 



31.3 
32. 1 



33.2 
31.5 



31.7 
3;!. 3 



33.7 
31.1 



32. 9 
31.8 



31.3 
30. C 



33.4 
30.4 



31.8 
3-!. 7 



Merid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



31 54 62. 20 
65 52 25. to 



49 49 50. 05 
48 22 10. 12 



72 12 44. 87 
26 t4 22. 33 



76 58 47. 81 
SO 47 49. 84 



39 26 27. 13 

58 43 46. 48 



59 28 00.37 
38 15 00.63 



49 17 3.5. 09 
48 42 10. 40 



32 18 15. 09 
65 46 02.62 



40 07 43. 54 
57 46 23. 37 



43 25 26. 53 
54 40 40. 18 



57 42 55. 55 
40 16 43. 43 



36 28 05. 60 
6i 41 42.60 



61 51 19.66 
36 01 58. 59 



42 45 39. 83 
55 33 30. 15 



.57 07 30. 36 
40 40 48. 23 



38 09 26.11 
59 45 04. 33 



.59 27 54. 10 
38 51 50. 11 



62 02 52. 96 
36 07 13. 79 



45 ,58 .5,5. 00 
52 03 38. 22 



37 ,57 58.78 
00 00 12. 92 



Co rectious. 



Microm. 



+ 8 03. 84 

- 4 12. 72 

- C 46.61 
+ 8 32. 43 

- 3 15.6'1 
+ 10 I'j. 42 
+ 1 54. 51 

- £0. 03 
+ 4 45. 83 

- 1 1,5.05 
+ 1 59. .52 

- 3 05. 10 
+ 5 09. 20 

- 7 45. 26 
+ 7 38. 55 
+ 4 32. 00 

- 8 03. 8-9 

- 3 15.88 
+ 31. 09 

- 18. .59 



Level. 



+ 5.43 
+2. 29 
+2. 52 
-4.25 
-1.54 
-1.54 
4 0.03 
-0. 20 
-1.C5 
+0.07 
+ 0.46 
+0..52 
+0.23 
+ 0.29 
+ 0.95 
+ 1.01 
+ 1.05 
+1.77 
-I 1.34 
-f 4. 97 



Kcfc-ac 



+ 0.14 
-0.07 
-0. 13 
+ 0.18 
—0.05 
+ 0.18 
+ 0.C3 
0.00 
+ 0.11 
-0. 02 
+ 0.03 
-0.05 
+ 0.09 
-0.13 
+ 0. 13 
+0.08 
-0.14 
-0.06 
+ 0.01 
-0.01 



Red. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



48 61 53. 01 

49 01 49. 58 

49.38 
47.18 
49.53 
48.56 

47. 61 
48.63 
48.34 
48.36 
49. 50 
49.47 
48.14 
49. 87 
4.S. 93 

48. 31 

49. 15 
49.20 
49. C5 

49 01 .52.23 



Remarks. 



August 1. 
Eejecteil. 



1-,>1 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



125 



Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 7 — Continned. 



KeadiDgs. 



B. A.C. 
No. 



7637 
768G 



Level. 



Microm. 



7755 
77G5 



7767 
7S00 



7820 
7882 



7002 

ton 



8036 
8059 



8083 
8128 



8206 
8273 



8314 
8324 



46 

07 



5853 
5911 



6047 
6073 



6114 
6157 



6268 



6318 
6365 



6421 
6476 



6553 
6586 



6624 
0681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 

7277 



25. 236 I 33. 6 
17. 726 I 35. 8 

17. 192 ' 33. fl 

26. 088 I 36. 1 



18. 518 
25.376 



18. 203 
27. 2;)7 



33.9 
37.0 

34.5 
24.5 



30.7% ; 34.6 



7320 
7-Tr. 2395 



13,612 



19. 641 

24. 187 



16. 791 
2P. 917 



30. 317 
14. 170 



23.015 
19. 182 



22. 173 

20. e.'io 



24. 407 
17. 622 



26. 125 
15. 187 



14. 0.';4 
27. 731 



lO.OrO 
24. 478 



13. 141 

29. 605 



19. 797 
32. 966 



20. 822 

21. 313 



26. 143 
18. 427 



20. 8.52 
22.8C0 



24. 060 
27. 259 



18. 786 
23. 773 



17. 467 
25. 804 



16. 036 
28. 558 



16.011 
28. 345 



22. 645 
15.302 



41.5 

3.M 
32.3 

33.4 
37.0 

35.9 
41.5 

33.8 
37.3 

33.3 
38.0 

23.7 
23.6 

25.7 
25.0 

24.0 
29.5 

26.7 
27.0 

24.5 
32.7 

25.4 
24.7 

29. 1 
20.5 

27.6 
34.5 

28.5 
26.6 

23.0 
29.8 

29.8 
24.7 

24.6 
33.5 

29.5 
26.3 

24.8 
36.1 

31.0 
29. 1 



Merid. 

dist. 



DecliratioD. 



.33.7 
31.9 



34.3 
32.0 



34.5 
31.3 



33.6 
44.0 



34.0 
27.0 



33.6 
36.1 



34.7 
31.1 



32.5 
27.5 



35.1 
31.3 



.35. 7 
31.0 



2.3.6 
24.7 



24.7 
25.6 



26.9 
21.2 



24.4 
24.6 



26.9 
19.3 



26.9 
26.0 



24.0 
33.7 



26.7 
20.7 



26.7 
29.0 



32.8 
26.2 



27.4 
32.7 



32.8 
24.5 



2-1.4 
31.9 



33.fi 
23.0 



28. 1 
30.0 



25 19 4P. fS 
72 34 29. 68 



58 47 17. 43 
39 05 09.73 



52 01 13. 34 
45 53 52. 30 



48 49 59. 07 

49 24 49. 70 



41 16 ,54. 69 
56 25 21. 73 



49 21 43. 01 
48 36 15. 25 



56 28 00. 25 
41 22 60.30 



30 37 31.66 
67 05 59. 43 



73 42 06. 93 
24 26 12. 96 



60 49 29 70 
37 15 55. 16 



49 49 50. 96 
48 22 10. 33 



72 12 45. 12 
26 04 22. 44 



76 58 48. 08 
20 47 50. 03 



39 26 27. 39 
58 43 46. 77 



59 28 00. 67 
38 15 0(1. 90 



49 17 36. 03 

48 42 10. 70 



32 18 1.5. 36 
65 46 02. 96 



40 07 43. 84 
57 40 23. 72 



43 25 26. 86 
54 40 40. 54 



57 42 I'..';. 91 
40 16 43. 74 



36 28 0.5. 90 
61 41 42.98 



61 51 10. 04 
36 01 5S. 92 



42 45 40. 19 
55 33 30. 54 



57 07 30. 75 
40 40 48. 30 



38 09 26. 45 
,59 43 04.73 



Corrections. 



+ 4 39. 03 
+ 5 33. 12 
+ 4 14.80 

- 5 35. 63 
+10 38. 45 
+ 2 48. 90 
+ 6 16.22 
+ 9 59. 93 

- 2 92.41 

- 56. .59 

- 4 12,09 

- 6 40. 39 
+ 8 28. 16 

- 3 20. 56 
+ 10 11.70 
+ 1 57.74 

- 18. 32 
+ 4. 40.C8 

- 1 15.35 
+ 1 58. 86 

- 3 05. 20 
+ 5 09. 75 

- 7 45. 24 
+ 7 38. 26 
+ 4.32.82 



Level. 



+ 1.24 
+ 1.21 
+ 1.67 
-6.09 
+ 4.94 
-0.72 
+ 1.31 
+5.69 
+ 1.54 
+ 1.51 
-0.33 
+ 0.13 
+ 1.77 
+ 1.54 
+ 3.00 
-1.57 
-2.65 
+4.81 
-0.20 
-2.03 
— I.f3 
+ 0.26 
-1.47 
+ 1.41 
+0.05 



+ 0.09 
+ 0.10 
+0.08 
-0.09 
+0.19 
+ 0.05 
+ 0.10 
+0.19 
-0.05 
-0.02 
-0.07 
-0. 13 
+ 0.18 
-0. 05 
+0.18 
+ 0.03 
0.00 
+0. U 
-0.09 
+0.03 
-0.05 
+0.09 
-0.13 
+ 0.13 
+0.08 



Red. to 



La'itnde. 



o ' '/ 

49 01 48. 66 

48.01 
49.37 
42.50 
51.80 
47.36 
48.10 
51.36 
49. 03 
47.33 
47.81 
47.39 
49.16 
48.01 
49.26 
49.57 
48.19 
55.38 
48.13 
46.68 
47.27 
49.08 
48.52 
49.33 
49 01 49. 14 



Rem.trks. 



Angnst 1. 



Rejected. 



August 2. 



Rejected. 



126 UNITED STATES NORTDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitu(lc.— Station No. 7 — Coiitiuued. 



B. A. c. 

Ko. 



-3" 
7398 



T41fl 
7453 



7480 

74eo 



7505 
7605 



7627 
7686 



7755 
7705 



7787 
7800 



7830 

7Cg2 



7962 
8024 



8036 
8059 



8083 
8128 



8206 
6273 



8314 

8324 



5G93 
5823 



5&")3 
5911 



0047 
6073 



6114 
6157 



6268 
6289 



0318 
63G5 



C421 
6476 



6553 
6586 



C624 

6681 



6728 

C748 



CTSO 
C817 



EeaUnp's. 



ilicrom. 



25. 457 
12. 421 



23. 881 
18.613 



22.033 
21.210 



22.113 
22. C20 



25. 206 
17. 705 



16. 818 
85.820 



18. 7S9 
25. 656 



18. 633 
27. 681 



31. 2.-)2 
14. 093 



19. 183 
23. 707 



17. 340 

27. 438 



30. 377 
14. 132 



23. 137 

19. 399 



22. 043 
20. 642 



27. 540 
14. 360 



24. 6011 
17. 803 



26. 631 
1.5. 715 



14,607 
2S. 323 



18. 838 
24. 140 



13.290 
29.883 



20. 1.50 
23. 253 



21. 8.35 

22. 391 



20.321 
18.653 



21.190 
2.!. 219 



20. 733 
2:i.9l8 



Lci 


•el. 


N. 


S. 


26.8 
33.4 


32.7 

20.2 



Merid. 

dist. 



27.8 
34.8 



31.6 

30.8 



59. 5 
31.5 



31.5 
3.>. 1 



29.2 
33.3 



30.5 
32.7 



33.1 
31.0 



34.3 

31.7 



20. 2 
3?! 5 



31. n 
36.6 



3 '.2 

25.5 



28.0 
32.3 



31.0 
23.5 



23.0 
28.0 



26.4 
27.0 



26.7 
32.9 



27.4 
33.0 



29.8 
21.8 

28.3 



27.5 
29. 1 



29.7 
24.7 



30 3 
25.1 



32.0 
27.3 



27.4 
33.7 



32.5 
25.1 



28.0 
29. 2 



30.7 
20.6 



30.0 
29.8 



32.8 

38.8 



31.7 

39.0 



30.0 
31.5 



28.3 
33.2 



34.5 

25.2 



32.8 
37.2 



30.7 
39.0 



36.0 
31.9 



32.8 
40.6 



25.3 
24.6 



26.6 
27.0 



2rt. 8 
23.5 



23.0 
23. 7 



26.1 
34.5 



2a 1 

38.1 



28. 1 
33.6 



28.0 
33.6 



27.4 
32.0 



32.0 
27.0 



15 



Decimation. 



CorrecUons. 



Microm. 



o / " 

59 27 54. 74 
38 51 50. 47 

62 02 53. 37 

36 07 14. 13 

45 58 55. 38 

52 03 38. 60 

37 57 59. 13 

60 06 13. 30 

25 19 47.22 
73 34 30. 07 

58 47 17. 83 
3U 05 10. 08 

53 01 13. 72 
45 53 53. 67 

43 49 59. 45 
49 84 50. 07 

41 IG 55.02 
56 25 22. 12 

49 21 43. 37 

48 36 15. 60 

56 28 00. 61 
41 23 00. 64 

30 37 31.96 
67 05 59. 78 

73 42 07.27 
24 26 13. 83 

60 49 29. 93 

37 15 55. 35 

31 54 52. 50 
65 5-. 25. 39 

49 49 50. 45 
48 22 10. 54 

72 13 45. 36 

26 04 22. 63 

76 58 48. 34 
20 47 50.21 

39 26 27. 64 

58 43 47. 05 

59 27 60.96 

38 15 07. 17 

40 17 36.20 
48 43 11.01 

32 18 1,5. 63 
65 46 03. 30 

40 07 44. 14 

57 46 24. 06 

43 25 27. 18 
54 40 40. 88 

57 43 56. 26 
40 16 44. 07 



- 8 01.34 

- 3 15.73 
+ 30. 58 

- 18. 84 
+ 4 38. 69 
+ 5 33. 35 
+ 4 15. 14 

- 5 36. 17 
+ 10 37.53 
4- 2 48. 08 
+ 6 15. 18 
+10 03.57 

- 2 18. 88 

- 52. 05 
+ 8 09. 09 

- 4 14. 76 

- 6 45. 20 
+ 8 29. 60 

- 3 16.99 
+ 10 16.50 
+ 1 55.29 

- 20. 06 
+ 4 44. 90 

- 1 1.5.39 
+ 1 58. 71 



Level. 



+0.43 
+ 1.47 
+ 1.70 
+0.23 
+ 1.24 
+0.29 
+0. 83 
+0. 52 
+ 1.80 
+9. 62 
+2.49 
-3.60 
-2. 49 
-5. 99 
+0.50 
-0.07 
+3. 73 
+3.17 
-3. 95 
+ 0.20 
-0.43 
-2. 39 
-2. 03 
-0.03 
+ 0.36 



Refrac. 



-0. 14 
-0.06 
+0.01 
-0.01 
+ 0.09 
+0.10 
+0.08 
-0.09 
+ 0.19 
+ 0.05 
+ 0.10 
+ 0.19 
-0.05 
-0.03 
+ 0.14 
-0.07 
-0.13 
+II.13 
-0.05 
+ 0.18 
+ 0.03 
0.00 
-J 0.11 
-0.03 
+ 0.03 



Red. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



+0.03 



49 01 48. 55 
49.43 
49. 28 
47.60 
48.66 
47.69 
49.24 
49. 02 
48.09 
50.23 
48.40 
40.03 
48.83 
44.58 
49.33 
45.63 
51.38 
52.22 
47.36 
50.95 
48.54 
46.41 
47.08 
43.59 
49 01 49.27 



Eemarkfl. 



Kejected. 
August 3. 



REPOET OF TUE CUIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 7 — Coutiuued. 



127 



EeatUoffs. 



B. A.C. 
No. 



Micrnm. 



7031 
7073 



7100 
7ia6 



7215 
7277 



7320 
7-Yr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



7410 
7453 



7480 
7489 



7505 
7(i05 



7627 
7686 



7755 
7765 



7787 
7800 



7820 
7882 



7962 
8024 



fO'56 
6059 



P083 
8128 



If. 028 
20. 328 



10.066 
28. 629 



10. 437 
28. ■i63 



a.-). 189 
17. 8«7 



27. 970 
14. 953 



24.778 
19. 523 



21.750 
20. 933 



23. 5J2 
23. 035 



2"). 744 

18. 239 



17. 2 iO 
20. 237 



18. 883 
23. 744 



IP. 499 
27. 5G9 



31.608 
14.440 



19. 200 
23.715 



16. 848 
26. 977 



Level. 



29.0 
3.i. 2 



29.7 
33.0 



2D. 8 
34.3 



31.0 
30.0 



30.7 
33.0 



31.0 
33.0 



32.0 
33.0 



33.7 
31.1 



.'(2. 8 
31.4 



30.8 
34.8 



31.8 
33.3 



33.3 
3-3.0 



35.3 
32.0 



30.8 
37.1 



33.0 
36.0 



32.0 
28.0 



31.8 
23.8 



32.0 

28.3 



31.5 

26.9 



32.1 
30.0 



32.1 
.30.0 



31.3 
30.4 



30.8 
33.8 



31.3 
32.7 



33.9 
30.1 



33.0 
31.3 



31.3 
33.3 



30.8 
34.5 



3,5.6 
59.2 



34.4 
30. 5 



Meriil. 
dist. 



20 
09 



Declination. 



o ' " 

61 51 19. 43 
36 01 59. 24 

42 45 40. 53 

55 33 30. 91 

.57 07 31. 13 

40 40 48. 03 

38 09 26. 79 
59 45 05. 13 

59 27 54. 95 

38 51 50. 81 

62 03 53. 76 

36 07 14. 47 

45 53 55. 75 
52 03 38. !;9 

37 57 59. 48 
00 06 13. 70 

25 19 47. 53 
72 34 30. 47 

58 47 18.21 

39 05 10.43 

52 01 14.10 
45 03 53. 04 

48 49 59. 83 

49 24 50. 44 

41 16 55.38 

56 25 23. 49 

49 21 43. 73 
48 30 1.5.90 

56 28 00. 97 
41 23 00.98 



Corrections. 



+ 5 08. 38 

- 7 40. 77 
+ 7 38.03 
+ 4 31.30 

- 8 03. 03 

- 3 15.24 
+ 30. 35 

- 18. .32 
+ 4 38. 84 

I- 5 .W. IG 

+ 4 14.91 

- 5 30. 99 
+ 10 37.80 
+ 2 47. 75 
+ 6 10.33 



+0.72 
+ 0.09 
+ 1.24 
+ 3.^8 
+0. 53 
+ 0.02 
+ 1.0? 
+0.07 
I 0.07 
+ 0.52 
+ 0.20 
+ 0.21 
+ 0. 65 
+ 1.01 
+ 1.01 



Ilefrac. 



+ 0.03 
-0. 13 
+0. 13 
+0.03 
-0.14 
-0.06 
+0. 01 
-0.01 
+ 0.09 
+0. 10 
+ 0.08 
-".09 
+ 0.19 
+0.05 
+ 0.10 



Red. to 

merid. 



+ 0.11 



Latitndo. 



40 01 4^. :2 



49. 51 



49. 29 
50.11 
49.63 
49.43 
48. 92 
48. 33 
48.00 
48. 10 
48. 82 
48.28 

47. 64 

48. 65 
48.42 



EcQiark.s. 



Mean latitude (81 determinations), 49^ 01' iS".1C,. 

I = 1".223 

T = 0".828 

€„ = 0".13G 

Tj = 0".092 



1873. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY 

Ohservations for Latitude. 

[Astrontiroical S'ation No. S — about 7 miles west of RiTi^^*^ i'cs Lacs, 237 miles west of rembina. — Obserrer, "W. .T.Twining, 
Captain United States Engineers.— Zenith Telescope, 'Wiirileaiann No. 20. — Clironometer, Negus Sidereal No l.')13.) 



B. A. C. 
No. 


r.eadinss. 




Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Kemarks. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Merid 

dist. 


Declination. 


Micrttiu. 


Level. Refrac. 


Eod. to 
merid. 


N. S. 


(i476 


20. 615 
2J.717 


26.1 
24.3 


26.5 
2d 7 


m.s. 


/ '/ 
49 17 39. 33 
. 48 42 14. 17 


+1 05. 22 


-1.07 4-0.02 


" 


-5 ' " 
49 01 00. 94 


August 10. 


6553 
65«> 


18. IS.-1 
20. 479 


26.3 
26.4 


26.5 
27.1 




.12 Ifl 18. 39 
65 46 06.90 


-1 11.18 


-O.CO , -0.02 




01.28 




6C24 
6li*l 


2:1. 451 
15. 917 


26.6 
28.1 


26.9 

25.8 




40 07 47. 32 
57 46 27. •.7 


4-3 5a 76 


-fO.44 


4-0.02 




01. 70 




67-i8 
6i4d 


17. 792 
21.871 


26.7 
26.9 


27.1 
27.0 




43 25 30. 64 
54 40 44. 69 


-2 00. 56 


-0. 11 -0. C-3 





00.97 




6780 

6817 


17.0S9 
19. 300 


17.1 
34.3 


36.6 
19.6 




57 43 00. 17 
40 16 47. 50 


+1 C8.60 


- 1. 07 4-0. 02 




01.41 




6937 
6970 


24.983 
22.610 


26.1 
27.8 


28.8 
27.3 




36 28 09. 68 
01 41 47.63 


-3 56. 65 


-0.49 ' -0.07 




01 43 




7024 
7073 


15. 942 
24.294 


26. a 
27.0 


28.3 
2T.8 




61 51 2.1.75 
30 02 02. 60 


+4 1'). 14 


-0. 65 4-0. 07 




01.83 




7100 
71G6 


10.574 
27. 246 


26.9 
26.9 


28.0 
28.0 




42 45 44. 43 
55 31 35.26 


-8 37. 29 


—0. 49 1 -0. 15 




01.91 




7215 
7277 


12. 679 
25.851 


2« 6 
27.4 


28.2 
27.3 




57 07 r>. 51 
40 40 52. 58 


+6 48. 69 


-0.33 4-0.11 




Oi r.3 




7320 
7yr.2;i95 


22.919 
15.750 


2.5.5 
27.3 


28.9 
27.3 




38 09 30. 64 
59 45 09. 60 


+3 42. 44 


-0. 76 4-0. 06 




01. 80 




7377 
73'JS 


27. 326 
10. 107 


28.1 
24.0 


26. 6 
30.8 




59 27 .54. .55 
38 51 54. 73 


-8 54. 2 i 


-1.18 -0.16 




01. .-5 




7416 
7453 


21.811 
13.890 


27.3 
25.0 


27.3 
29.0 




62 02 58. 44 
36 07 18.32 


-4 0-..77 


-1.13 1 -0.07 




01.41 




74SD 
746SI 


19. 861 

20. 563 


26. 6 
26.0 


25.1 

28.8 




45 59 00. 03 
52 03 43. 47 


-0 21.78 


-0.96 


O.CO 




50.01 


Ri'jected. 


7505 

761.5 


18. 754 
20. 972 


26. 8 
21.0 


28.0 
'.9.6 




37 53 03. 44 
00 116 lA 43 


-1 08.82 


-0. 8", 


-0.0; 




01.24 




7627 

76.S6 


22.112 
14.713 


S'i.l 2'. 3 

23. 7 ' 30. 8 




23 19 50. 87 
72 34 .15. 36 


+3 49. 57 


-O.S0 


4-0.08 




01. 81 




7755 
77C5 


14.399 
23. 436 


20. 1 2!'. 9 
31. I 26. 9 





58 47 22. 93 
39 0-. 14. 49 


+4 40. 40 


-i-1.05 


4-0. C8 




CO. 2! 




77,-7 
7c0J 


17. 399 

•a. S80 


99. 2 ' 2^ 
32. 7 2.4 




.52 01 18.61 
43 53 57. 5^ 


4-3 21.28 


4-1.32 


4-0.0.; 




00.73 




7820 
7682 


13.r5J 
20. 521 


28 1 31. 5 
36.0 24.7 




48 .-M) 04.26 

49 24 54. 89 


-0 29. lis 


4-1. 70 


-0. 11 




01. 25 




7P62 
8024 


2^. 794 
9.865 


•V.9 31 2 
32.0 99.0 




41 16 .'.O 51 
to 23 27. 04 


4-9 V. 32 


4-0 25 


4-0. 18 


.... -- 


01.02 




6036 
t03'J 


17. 800 
21.600 


313 31.0 

3a 3 31.0 


49 21 48.13 
48 36 20. 30 


-fl 57.90 


-0.31 


4-0.03 




49 01 01.82 





IJf^ 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station N'o. S — Cuiitinncd. 



129 



Keadings. 



B. A. C. 

No. 



Microm 



e083 
8128 



820S 
8273 



6314 
6324 



8344 

67 



6047 
6073 



G1I4 
6157 



6268 
6289 



6533 
6386 



6C24 
6C81 



0728 
C74B 



6780 
6817 



CP37 
0970 



7024 
7073 



7627 
7686 



7755 
7765 



7787 
7800 



7820 
7882 



7962 
8024 



8036 
8059 



6206 ■ 
8273 



6314 
8324 



8344 
67 



6114 
6157 



6268 
6269 



6318 
6365 



14.016 
25.441 



27. 750 
'J. 975 



21.055 
14. 851 



n.305 
23. 940 



26. 810 
12. 117 



10. 435 
25. 205 



14. 821 
22. 825 



17. 690 
19. 959 



23.010 
15. 434 



17. 189 
21. 225 



17. 954 
20. 191 



15. 735 
23. 350 



14. 964 
23.334 



24. 150 
16. 825 



14. 472 

23.545 



16. 9C0 
23. 499 



13. 807 
26. 358 



29. 319 
10. 395 



18.015 
21. 799 



2=. 404 
10. 656 



22. 465 
16.232 



8.483 
23.112 



10.SI7 
25. 045 



12. 694 

20. 70S 



10. 580 

38. 785 



Level. 



30.0 
30.3 



31.4 

29.5 



30.0 
30.5 



30.0 
29.7 



23.3 
28.0 



24.4 
27.6 



2.1.1 
25.8 



24.5 
25.9 



26.8 
23. G 



25 3 
i3.C 



26.1 
22.4 



2.1.7 
24.0 



25.5 
27.2 



24.7 
28.0 



25.7 
24.8 



27.5 
27.fi 



26.0 
29.0 



29.1 
26.7 



28.8 
2M.5 



28.5 
27.4 



29.2 
27.0 



29.0 

2a 8 



27.0 
30.0 



28.9 
27.0 



Merit! . 
(list. 



31.0 
30.8 



?0.0 
32.0 



31.5 
31.0 



31.4 
32.0 



24.5 
22.1 



25.9 
22.8 



25.6 
25.0 



28.0 
26.9 



25.8 
29.0 



27.0 
28.9 



26.0 
29.8 



26.4 
2.5. 9 



24.0 
27.0 



24.9 
24.0 



27.1 
24.0 



26.7 
27.7 



25.0 
26.8 



23.0 
26.0 



23.0 
29.0 



28.0 
28.9 



28.9 
30.0 



28.0 
31.5 



25.9 
22.0 



29.7 
£7.0 



28.1 
29.9 



Declination. 



Correctiona. 



Microm. 



50. 23 0.5. 50 
41 23 04.93 



30 37 35. 83 
67 00 04. 50 



73 42 1 1. 97 
24 20 16.7-J 



60 30 50. 34 
37 15 59.20 



72 12 47. 64 
20 04 24. 69 



76 58 .50. 98 
20 47 52. 12 



39 26 30. 39 
58 43 50. 21 



32 18 18.61 
65 40 07. 25 



40 07 47. .57 
57 46 28.08 



43 25 30. 92 
54 40 44. 04 



57 43 00. 49 
40 16 47.84 



30 28 69. 97 
61 41 47.98 



01 51 24. 10 
36 02 03. 10 



25 19 51. 13 
72 34 3.5. 76 



58 43 23.32 
39 03 14.84 



.52 01 19. 02 
45 53 57.91 



48 50 04. 03 

49 24 55. 27 



41 16 59. 86 
5G 25 27. 44 



49 21 48. 48 
48 36 20. 68 



30 37 3fi. 14 
67 06 04. 94 



73 42 12. 30 
24 26 17. 00 



60 30 36. 72 
37 15 59.57 



76 58 51. 14 
SO 47 52. 24 



39 26 30. 56 
58 43 50. 42 



.59 28 04.41 
3rt 13 10.27 



+5 20. 56 
+9 11.51 
-3 12.40 
+7 31.27 
-7 36. 07 
+7 40. 14 
-4 08.34 
-1 10.40 
+3 55. 00 
-2 05. 23 
+1 09.41 
-3 56. 27 
-)-4 19.70 
+3 47. 28 
+4 41.51 
+3 23. SO 
-6 29. 43 
+9 47. Iii 
+1 57.41 
+9 10. 08 
-3 1.3.39 
+7 33. 84 
+7 .39. 14 
-4 08.57 
+9 24. F6 



Level. 



-0.33 
-0.25 
-0.44 
—0.83 
+1.49 
+0.74 
+0.07 
-1. CO 
-0.98 
-1.50 
-1.63 
-1 



Rcfrac. 



+0.10 
+0.17 
-O.OG 
+0.13 
-0.14 
+0. 10 
-0.07 
-0.02 
+0.07 
-0. 03 
+0.02 



Kod. to 
mciitl. 



-1.20 


+0.08 


+0.P3 


+0.08 


+0. 36 


+0. 08 


-0.87 


+0.06 


+0.00 


-0.11 


+0. 22 


+0.19 


+0. 18 


+0.03 


+0.09 


+0.17 


-0.07 


-0.06 


-C.74 


+0.13 


+2.21 


+0 lU 


+0.07 


-0.07 


-0.47 


+0.17 



Latitado. 



■I'J 01 01.54 
01. G3 



Kciuarkt*. 



01.30 




01. 39 




01. 55 


August 17 


02.59 




01. 96 




01. 51 




Ol.t'g 




.14 




01.97 




01.61 




02. 18 




01.67 




01.03 




00.85 




01.01 




01.22 




02.20 




01.48 




00. .56 




01.38 




03.20 


Angusl 18. 
Kcjecteil. 


01.92 




01 01.92 





N B- 



130 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. ^Statio a No. 8 — Continued. 



B. A. c. 
No. 



Keadinge. 



6421 

(i47C 



6553 

65S6 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6^17 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7416 
7453 



7480 

74'19 



7.'i0,'> 
7605 



7627 

7686 



7755 
776.') 



7830 
7(rea 



6114 
6157 



6afi8 
6289 



6318 
6365 



6421 

6476 



P553 
6586 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



69.')7 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 
7277 



19.0,56 
21. 135 



18.083 
20. 379 



23. 465 
15. 914 



17. 856 
21. 944 



17. 895 
20. 077 



15. 250 
22. 894 



14. 884 
23. 194 



23. 926 

15.965 



19.211 
19. 844 



Level. 



7320 
7-Yr. 2395 



15. -105 
23.724 



10, 9.-.7 
27. 635 



12.063 
2.). 21)7 



22. 63H 
1.5. 522 



17. 
20. 


933 
194 


22 

is! 


654 
297 


13. 998 
23. 113 


11. 
27. 


635 
126 


10 
25 


877 
746 


13 

21 


419 
444 


11 

29 


502 
700 


18.625 
20. 726 


17 

19 


304 

585 


22 
15 


8H 
2i5 


17 
21 


225 


15 
22 


0-<6 
719 



31.5 
24.0 



27.5 
29.3 



23.8 
28.3 



27.7 
29.4 



28.6 
27.9 



29.1 
29.0 



28.6 
29.6 



27.1 
30.8 



30.1 
29.0 



29.0 
30.8 



30.9 
30.7 



31.0 

28 5 



30.0 
30.8 



26.1 
26. 5 



20. 3 
30.1 



23.7 
28.8 



25.1 
32.7 



29.1 
27.8 



28.7 
99.6 



30.0 
28.6 



29.2 
30.0 



29.0 

29.6 



30.0 
29.0 



31.9 

28.1 



28.9 
30.1 



39.1 
30.0 



30.0 
31.0 



31.0 
32.4 



31.5 

30.8 



Merid. 
diet. 



29.5 
28.9 


29.7 
30.6 


31.4 
29.9 


31.1 
32.4 


31.6 
33.0 


3i 3 
31.1 


33. 5 
31.4 


34.0 
30. 5 


33.0 
34.0 



Declination. 



Corrections. 



29.0 
30.6 




30.0 




30.0 
3U.3 




30. 2 

31. G 




32.2 
32. 1 




31.5 
3) 3 




33. 3 
32.2 




34 8 
31. 4 




33. 6 
3.-.. 




31.0 
3j. 1 




3'}. 5 
37. 




34.1 

33.7 





49 17 39. 84 
48 42 14. 64 

32 18 IS. 81 
65 46 07. 52 

40 07 47. 80 
57 46 28. 36 

43 25 31. 18 

54 40 4."). 28 

57 43 00. 79 
40 16 48. 10 

36 23 in. 24 
61 41 48.31 

61 51 24. 44 

36 02 03. 38 

62 02 59.21 
30 07 18.95 

45 59 00. 75 
52 03 44.22 

37 58 04. 09 
6j 06 19. 92 

25 19 51.42 
72 31 30.16 

58 47 23. 72 
39 05 15. 18 

48 .50 0.5.01 

49 24 55. 64 

76 58 51.27 
20 47 52, 32 

39 96 30. 70 

58 43 50. 59 

,59 S8 04. 60 

38 15 111. 43 

49 17 40,03 

48 42 14.8'. 

32 18 18,97 
65 4:1 07. 75 

49 07 48. 00 
57 46 28. 61 

43 25 31. 40 
51 40 45.53 

36 S8 1 ', 47 
01 41 4 '.61 

61 51 21.75 
36 OJ 1, 62 

42 45 45. 33 
55 33 36. 20 

.57 07 36. 57 
40 40 .53.50 

38 09 31.55 

59 45 10.79 



MicrOTU. 



+1 04.51 
-1 11.24 

+3 54. 29 
-2 06. 84 
+1 07. 70 
-3 ,57.17 
+4 17.84 
-4 07.01 



Levfl. 



-1 10.15 

+3 48.27 
+4 42.81 
-6 27. .57 
+7 41.35 
-4 09.00 
■f 9 24. 64 
+ 1 05 19 
-1 10.77 
+3 55, 06 
-2 06. 56 
-3 56.83 
+4 18. 12 
-8 37. 48 
+6 47.82 



-0.51 
— 0. 02 
-0.27 
-0. 33 
-0.60 
-0.11 
-0.18 
-0.47 



-0 19.64 I 4-0,02 



-0,07 
-1-0.14 
-0.87 
-0. 33 
-1.69 
-f0.04 
-0.76 
-0,76 
-0.89 
-1.00 
-0.44 
-0.80 
-1.16 
-0.71 
-1.11 



Kefrac. 



-1-3 40.79 I -0. 18 



+0.02 

-0.02 

+0.07 

-0.03 

+0.02 

—0.07 

+0.08 

-0.07 

-0.01 

-0.02 

+0. 08 

+0.08 

-0.11 

+0.16 

-0.07 

+0.17 

+0. 02 

-0. 02 

+0.07 

-0.0! 

-0.07 

+0.08 

-0.15 

+0.11 

-hO.OO 



Red. to 
uielid. 



Latitude. 



49 01 01.20 

01. fc9 

02. 17 
01.03 
01.. 57 
01.92 

01. 65 
ftl. 53 

02. 85 

01. II 

02. 28 
01.47 
02. 3 J 
01.61 
01. 62 
01. .56 
01.88 
01. 6S 
02.44 
01.44 

01. 84 
01.23 

02. 45 
01.86 

49 01 01.84 



August. 19. 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



131 



Observations for Lalitudc— Station No. 8— Continued. 



n. A.c. 

No. 


Headings. 




Declinatioa. 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Hemarks. 


llicrom. 


Level. 


Merid. 
d;st. 


llicrom. 


r , i 


Ked. to 
merid. 


N. 


s. 


Level. 


Eefrac. 


7:i-7 
7398 


28. 015 
11. 64U 


34.7 
32.2 


33.8 
36. 1 


m.s. 


59 28 00. 63 
38 51 55. OJ 


-8 .55.81 


n 
-0.07 


-9. 10 


" 


O / // 

4'J 01 01. 53 




7416 
7453 


33. 461 
25. 510 


35.1 
32.0 


3:1.1 
30.3 




62 03 50. 50 
30 07 19. 2.) 


-4 00.70 


-0.51 


-0.07 




02. 1 1 




748:) 
7489 


19. 807 
aO. 505 


34.5 
33.0 


34.1 
3.-). 8 


.:::;;; 


45 .W 01.05 
52 03 44. 56 


-0 19. 83 


-0..53 


-0.01 




02. 47 




7627 
7680 


22. B95 
IS. 035 


3.1.9 
34.1 


35.8 
30.1 




2'i 19 51. 60 
72 34 30 54 


+3 4a 35 


-0.87 


+0.C8 




49 01 01. 60 





Mean I.Ttitudo (72 determinations), 49° 01' 01". 03. 
e = 0".487 
T = C".324 
£j = 0".0574 
io = 0".0383 



18 7 8. 

UNITED STATES NOETDERN BODNDAliY, 
Observations for Latitude. 

Astronomical Station No. 9— Mouse liiver, 271 miles west of rembina.— ObseiTcr, J. F. Gregory, Lieutenant tTnited 
States Engineers.— Zenith Telescope, "W'iirdemaDn No. 20. — Chronometf r, Negus Sidereal No. 1481.] 



B. A, C. 
No. 



(■.047 
6073 



C114 
61,^7 



6203 
«2t:9 



G318 
036.'') 



6421 
6476 



6553 
638G 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



67.'^0 
6817 



0937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7160 



7215 
7277 



7627 

7686 



7755 
7703 



77,S7 
7800 



7902 
8024 



80.16 
8039 



8083 
8128 



8200 
8273 



Keadings. 



Micron). 



Level. 



96.020 
9.158 



H. 480 
21.645 



13. 109 
20. 400 



15. 037 
26.212 



21. Ml 
lA 942 



17. 203 

23. 727 



21. 512 
19.811 



16. 192 
24.231 



22. 230 
19. 445 



l.i. 1.59 
26. 148 



20. 831 
23. 130 



11.334 

29. 883 



17. 408 
23.718 



21. 2.''2 
19! 730 



19. 336 
22. 330 



21.130 
22. 042 



23. 531 
12. 332 



21. 831 
20. 347 



18. 064 
23.117 



26. 701 
16. 485 



28.5 
27.2 



28.0 

28.7 



33.5 

25.2 



30.4 

29.7 



28.3 
33.4 



32.8 
30.1 



32.5 

29.1 



33.0 
30.6 



30.6 
34.8 



37.9 
26.9 



30.8 
38.7 



34.3 
31. 1 



31.7 
40.8 



2fj_ 2 
20.0 



24.7 
SO. 1 



32. 3 

21.0 



24.8 
28.5 



27.0 
25.5 



26.2 

28.5 



28.1 

28.2 



2.5.0 
33.0 



28.7 
31.0 



33.0 
29.3 



30.8 
33.7 



31.3 
34.7 



31.0 
33.6 



33.7 
30.0 



2?. 1 
39.3 



3,->. 5 
28.3 



32.6 
30.3 



30.5 
1:9. 3 



24 
32.1 



28.3 

25.8 



28. 2 
20' 7 



22 
33. 9 



29.8 
20. 5 



28. 1 
30.0 



Merid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



Coirections. 



72 12 AB. 12 
20 04 24. SO 



70 53 51. 28 
20 47 52.32 



39 26 31). 70 
58 43 50. 59 



59 28 04. 61 
38 15 10. 43 



49 17 40. 03 
48 42 14. 83 



32 18 18. 98 
05 40 07. 70 



40 07 48.00 
57 46 2 J. 61 



43 23 31.40 
54 40 45.53 



57 43 01,03 
40 16 48.32 



30 28 10. 45 
01 41 48. 60 



01 51 24.75 
36 02 03. 02 



42 45 43. 33 
55 33 .30. 26 



57 07 36. 57 
40 40 53. 51 



25 19 51. 66 
72 34 36. 54 



58 47 24. 14 
39 03 ir>. 50 



52 01 19.76 
43 ,53 58. 43 



41 17 00.53 
50 25 28. 20 



49 21 49. 21 
48 30 21,40 



50 28 06. 64 
41 23 00.07 



30 37 30. 74 
07 06 0.3.71 



Microm. 


Level, 


-10 26.49 


+0. 33 


+ 4 48. £0 


+0.13 


- 6 59. 51 


+O0J 


+ 6 32. CO 


+0. 13 


— 1 47.31 


-0. 20 


- 4 02. 39 


-0.5" 


+ 1 03.20 


-1.44 


- 4 58. 6S 


-P. 33 


- 1 43.47 


+0. 56 


- 48. 29 


-0.85 


+ 1 25.42 


+1.,87 


-11 28.80 


-1. 03 


+ 3 54. 44 


+2.19 


+ 57. 44 


-2.39 


+ 1 51. 46 


-0.85 


+ 33. 88 


-1.34 


+ 6 .iO.O!) 


-0. 83 


- 54.70 


-0. 10 


+ 231. 30 


-0,98 


+ 6 19.57 


-1.83 



Eefrac. 



-0.21 
+0.10 
-0. 12 
+0. U 
-0.03 
-0.08 
+0.02 
-0.08 
-0. 03 
-0.12 
+0. 03 
-0.20 
+0.07 
+0.02 
+0.03 
+0.01 
+0.12 
-0.02 
+0.04 
+0.12 



lied, to 
merifl. 



L-titude. 



48 58 10. 09 
10. 33 
11.01 
10. 66 
09. 86 
10.38 
10.08 
09.37 
11.74 
10.23 
11.51 
10.71 
11.74 
09.17 
10.46 
11.05 
09.74 
10.42 
09.72 

48 58 09. 09 



Kemarlis. 



Angi-st 19. 



Vi-i 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude.— Station No. 9— Continued. 



133 



Eeadinss. 



li. A. C. 



46 

67 



6647 
6073 



6114 
6157 



6C68 
6:!89 



6318 
6365 



6^21 
6476 



6553 
6586 



6624 
661^1 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6J';0 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 
7277 



7320 
7-Tr. 23U5 



7377 
739'i 



7416 
7453 



7505 
7605 



7627 
7056 



7755 
7765 



7787 
7800 



79B2 
8324 



8030 
8059 



8083 
8I2< 



22. OCO 
14. 500 



29.448 
12. 595 



17.288 
25. 030 



16. 539 
27. t63 



16. 024 
26. 575 



22. 945 
20. 018 



17. 474 
24. 031 



21. 705 
£0. CG9 



10. 435 
24. 494 



22. 852 
20. 029 



15.735 
26. 748 



19. 862 
22. 107 



11.007 
30. 473 



18.513 
24. 803 



21. 451 
20. 157 



31. 136 

12. 056 



20. 976 
15. 053 



18.653 
2.3. 840 



18.351 
24. 903 



21.563 
SO. Ill 



19. 864 
22. 79.! 



21. 937 

22. 738 



26. 859 
15. 666 



22.316 
20. 796 



19. 533 
23. 605 



Level. 



26.3 
33.0 



25.7 
33.0 



15.7 
17.1 



16.5 
19.1 



16.0 
19.8 



17.0 
19.7 



19.3 
19.5 



19.3 
20.5 



21.9 
19.8 



19.2 
23.0 



21.9 



20.3 
23.5 



22.3 
21.6 



21.7 
23.5 



22.8 
22.9 



22.3 
23.5 



23.7 
2-2.0 



21.7 
21.9 



24.5 
23.2 



22.7 
25.2 



23.6 
25.0 



2.J. a 
21.0 



21.6 
28.3 



23.8 
27.6 



29.7 
23.1 



33.0 

26 7 



16.3 
15.9 



17.8 
15.5 



18.9 
16.0 



19.0 
17.3 



18.7 
19.0 



19.7 
19.3 



18.8 
21.1 



21.9 
18.5 



20.8 
21.9 



22.5 
19.8 



21.0 

22.0 



22.0 
21.0 



22.0 
22.0 



22.6 
21.7 



22.5 
21.8 



22.0 
23.5 



21.0 
21.8 



22.3 
23.9 



21.5 
22.0 



24.3 
22.3 



21.0 
24.6 



27.1 

20.5 



iTvrid. 
disi. 



Dcclin.'itinu. 



CO 49 34. 20 
37 10 00. -.0 



72 12 48. 52 
26 04 24. t7 



76 58 51. 53 
20 47 52.38 



39 20 30. f 3 
.58 4.1 50. 74 



59 28 04. 70 
38 15 10.56 



49 17 40. 15 

48 42 15. 01 



32 18 l!l. 13 
65 40 07.97 



40 07 48. 19 
57 46 ';9. 05 



43 25 31.61 
5» 40 4.1. 77 



57 43 01.30 
40 16 48.54 



36 28 10. 69 
61 41 48.89 



61 51 25.04 
36 02 03. 85 



42 45 4.5. 58 
55 33 36. 56 



57 07 36. 87 
40 40 53. 77 



38 09 31.81 
59 45 11.11 



59 28 Of. 98 
38 51 55. 96 



62 02 59. 90 
36 07 19. 50 



45 59 01. 35 

52 03 44. 88 



37 58 04. 67 
60 06 19.93 



25 19 51. 89 
72 34 30. 91 



58 47 24. 44 
39 05 15. 79 



52 01 20.09 
45 53 58. 78 



41 17 00.86 
56 25 23. 55 



49 21 49 55 
43 36 21.75 



50 28 07. f>l 
41 23 ll'i. 33 



Corrcctiofls. 



MieT'M 



- 4 39. 40 
-10 £6.16 
■j- 4 47. 67 

- 7 00. 73 
+ 6 32. 01 

- 1 48.75 

- 4 03. 62 
+ 1 00. 78 

- 4 59. 42 

- 1 44.89 

- C 49. 18 
4- 1 25. 27 
-11 29. 80 
+ 3 53. 70 
+ 48. 08 
-11 43.90 

- 7 00. 09 

- 3 15.72 

- 4 03. 43 
+ 53. 95 
+ I 48. 79 
+ 20. 76 
+ 6 55. fO 

- 56. 47 
+ 2 31.29 



Levtl. 



+2.13 
-0.33 
+0.20 
+0.75 
+0.29 
+0.13 
+0.3G 
+0.26 
+0.59 
+0.59 
0. 00 
+0.49 
+0.29 
+0. 72 
1-0.56 
1-0.49 
+0.72 
+0.07 
+0.26 
+0.49 
+0.40 
+0.33 
+0. 52 
+0.75 
+ 1.41 



Eefrsc. 



-0.06 
-0.21 
+0. 10 
-0.12 
+ 0.11 
-0.03 
-0.08 
+0. 02 
-0.08 
-0.03 
-0. 12 
+0. 03 
-0.2) 
+0.07 
+0. 02 
-0.21 
-0.15 
-0.05 
-0. OT 
+0.02 
-1-0.03 
+0.01 
+0 12 

-o.o; 

+0.01 



Eed. to 
mt'rid. 



Latitude. 



48 53 09. CO 
09.85 
10. 12 
10.09 
10.07 
08.93 
10.21 
09.68 
09.78 
10.59 
10. 49 
10.23 
11.30 
09.81 
ir-. 12 
01-65 
09 58 
10.4; 
09. 06 
08.88 
09.39 
01.51 
11.29 
CO. 91 

43 .58 09.4: 



August £0. 



134 UNITED STATES KORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 9 — Continued. 



Eca<ling9. 



n A. C. 



8C06 



8314 
83-^4 



Corrections. 



lao 

175 



198 
219 



S39 
259 



12-Tr. 73 
345 



401 

438 



6114 
6157 



6268 
6-Je9 



6318 
6365 



6421 
6176 



6553 
6566 



C624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



67i:0 
6817 



6937 

ixr.n 



7350 
7-Yr. 2 .95 



7377 
7598 



7416 
7453 



7480 
7489 



7505 
7605 



7627 
7686 



7755 
7765 



7787 
7t00 



Level. 



OR 2jO 

16. 144 



25.893 
16. 040 



27. 842 
20. iSO 



11.650 
30. 760 



23. .141 
20. UU8 



28. 286 
13. 7-.:3 



19.482 
23,636 



27. 543 
15. 3:5 



16. 727 
24. 528 



15.413 
S.6. 093 



1?. 648 
26. 240 



21. 740 

18. 829 



17. 492 
24. 027 



22.040 
to. 378 



1.5.935 
23. 965 



22. 542 
19.711 



15. 310 

20. 329 



21. .^37 
20. 191 



:;o. !;93 

11.248 



26. 514 
15. 245 



18. 115 
23. 267 



18. 9.38 
25. 435 



21. 379 

19. 876 



19. 430 
22.369 



21.387 
22. 253 



26.8 
25.3 



24. 8 

28. 2 



20.3 

25.4 



25.0 
27.0 



27.0 
26.5 



21.5 
33.0 



27.0 
25.0 



27.2 
27.2 



21.0 
22.7 



23.4 
23.3 



23.0 
23.0 



22.7 

25.2 



24.0 
24.8 



24.8 
25.9 



2.5.2 
26.5 



24.7 
2^.2 



27.8 
27.3 



21.0 
18.3 



19. 8 
20.3 



20.8 
19.5 



21.0 
18.3 



19.5 
20.0 



20.9 
19.3 



20.7 
21.0 



20.7 
21.0 



Merirt. 
<l:st. 



Iltcliimtion. 



23.0 

24.8 



2,5.3 
21.9 



E6. 3 
24.6 



24.5 
24.7 



29.9 
18.5 



24.5 
26.6 



2'. 9 
25.1 



S2.2 
22.0 



23.3 
23.6 



24.0 
21.1 



2,5.0 
23.0 



23.9 
24. 5 



35.0 
24.8 



2C. 1 
25. a 



27.2 
22. 8 



2.-). 6 
20.3 



10.0 
21.7 



20.5 
20.0 



If. 5 
20.9 



10. 4 
21.9 



20.9 
21.3 



20.5 
22.3 



21.0 
20.8 



21.0 
20.8 



Level. 



: 37 37. 03 

67 06 OI-.08 

73 42 13. 50 
24 26 17. 80 

60 49 34. 46 
37 16 00. 49 

32 1-3 ,57, 34 
65 27 01.65 

47 35 24. 17 
50 16 32. 29 

60 25 38. 04 
37 48 42. 14 

67 06 03. 50 
30 45 02. 97 

28 04 34.61 
6? 36 33.90 

76 58 51. 52 
20 47 53. 46 

39 26 ;;o. 84 

58 43 50. 88 

59 28 04. 89 

33 15 10.70 

49 n 4''. 30 

48 42 )5. l7 

32 18 19.27 
65 46 08. 19 

40 07 48. 36 
f)7 46 29. 04 

43 25 31.81 
54 40 45.99 

.57 43 01.43 
40 16 49.73 

,36 28 1(1.90 

61 41 49 16 

38 09 32. on 

59 45 11. 43 

.59 28 01. :;o 

38 51 .56.21 

62 02 on. 22 

36 07 19.75 

45 59 01.72 
52 03 45. 18 

37 58 01. 93 

60 06 20. 26 

25 19 .52. 10 
72 34 37.26 

58 47 24. 78 

39 05 16.08 

52 01 20. 42 
45 53 59. 08 



+ 15.55 

- 06.08 
_ 4 40.90 
-II 50.76 
+ 2 10. 15 

- 9 01.07 
+ 2 34. 34 
+ 7 33. 54 
+ 4 49. 84 

- 6 50. 10 
+ 6 33. 54 

- 1 48. 10 

- 4 02. 80 
+ 1 01.75 

- 4 58.35 

- 1 45. 18 

- 6 49. 40 
+ 50.01 
-11 47.60 

- 58. 69 

- 3 11.42 

- 4 01.. 39 
-f 5.5. 84 
+ 1 49.20 
+ 33, IB 



Eefrac. 



+1.41 

+1.90 

+0.46 

+0.36 

fl.ll 

+2. 00 

+0. 29 

+1.44 

-0.16 

-0. 07 

-0.49 

-0.03 

+0. 33 

+0. 29 

+0. 13 

+ 1.28 

+1.05 

-0.46 

-0.13 

-0.03 

-0.65 

-0.88 

-0.85 

-0.03 

-0.03 



Red. to 
mend. 



+0.12 
-0.12 
-0. 06 
-0.23 
+0.03 
-0.16 
+0.05 
+0. 14 
+0. 10 

-0,12 

i 
+0,11 

-0.03 I 

-0.08 

+0. 02 

-0.03 

-0.03 

-0.12 

+0.0J 

-0.21 

-0.15 

-0. 05 

-0.07 

+0. 03 

+0.03 

+0.01 



L.ntitudc- 



Keii).<>rk8. 



43 58 0,-'. 63 
11. 3-. 
06. 92 
08.88 

09. H 

10. 86 
OT. 93 
09.38 
11.77 
11.57 
10. 96 
09. 54 
11.18 
10.76 
10.60 
11.65 
11.56 
11.31 
10.82 
11.11 
11.31 

in, ;6 

09.69 

09.63 

48 53 11. 91 



Keje.Ifd. 



Au.-ust21. 



KEPOKT OF TEE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 9— C'outinued. 



135 



B. A. C. 
No. 



■7850 

7882 



7962 
8024 



8036 
8059 



8083 
8128 



8206 
8273 



8314 
8324 



120 
173 



198 
219 



239 
259 



12- Tr. 73 
345 



401 
438 



Readi] 



Micron) 



13. ,503 
28. 590 



21. 783 
20. 282 



18.519 
82. 657 



26.341 
16. 143 



25. 885 
16. 053 



24. 8.50 
17.315 



11.619 

30. o;o 



23.283 
19. 759 



28. 092 
14. 173 



19.053 
23. 243 



27. 372 
15. 119 



21.0 
20.2 



21.8 
50.0 



20.7 
92.0 



20.8 
21.5 



21.0 
20.7 



20.7 
21.0 



20.3 
22.6 



22.0 
21.6 



22.0 
21.6 



21.8 
22.5 



21.7 
SI. 1 



21.9 
23.0 



20.8 
22.0 



20.8 
22. G 



22.0 
20.8 



29.0 
20.8 



21.0 
21.1 



21.1 
20.8 



22.5 
20.6 



91.9 
22.0 



91.7 
22.0 



22.0 
21. a 



22.3 
23.0 



23.0 
22.0 



Merid, 
dist. 



Declination. 



48 ,50 OO. 00 

49 24 56. 63 



41 17 01.16 
56 23 28. 90 



49 21 49. 88 
48 3C 22. 00 



56 28 07. 35 
41 23 06. 68 



30 37 37. 28 
67 00 CO. 86 



73 42 13. 85 
24 26 18. 04 



60 49 34. 83 
37 10 00. 70 



32 52 57. 60 
65 37 01. 97 



47 35 94. 51 
50 16 32. 59 



60 25 38. 46 
37 48 42.41 



67 06 03. 81 1 
30 45 03. 22 



28 04 34. 84 j 
69 36 31.18 I 



Corrections. 




Microm. 


Level. 


11 frac. 


Red. to 
merid. 




/ // 


" 


// 


„ 




- 9 20. 54 


-0.52 


-0.16 






+ 6 53. 49 


-0.59 


+0.12 






- 55. 77 


-0.03 


-0.02 






+ 2 33. 74 


-0. IC 


+0.01 






+ 18. 82 


-0. )6 


+0. 12 






- 6 05. 30 


-0.07 


-0. 12 







- 4 39. 00 


-0.07 


-0.00 






-11 47. 77 


+0. 13 


-0.22 







+ 9 10. 93 


-0.03 


+0.03 






- 8 59. 44 


+0. 30 


-0. 10 






+ 2 35. 68 


-0.82 


+0. 05 






+ 7 35. 25 


-0.03 


+0.14 







Mean latitude (80 determinations), 48° 58' 10''. 29. 
£ = ± 0".8721 
T = ± 0". 3889. 
£„= ± 0".0974. 
T(= ± 0".0b58. 



Latitude. 



48 58 10. 10 
10. 12 
10.15 
10. 61 
10.85 
10. 45 
07.71 
11.92 
09.48 
11.19 
08.43 

48 58 ). 87 



Kemarka. 



Rejected. 



18 7 3. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERlS" BOUNDARY. 
Observations for Latitude. 

[Astronomical Station Jfo. 10— Mi<l Coteau, 312 milea wi-st of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. GreOTry, Lientcnant United States 
EDgiucers.— Zenith Telescojie, Wiinlemann No. 20.— Ubronometer, Negus Sidereal No. 1481.] 



B. A.C. 

No. 



7787 
7trO0 



7820 
7882 



79C2 
8024 



8036 
8059 



8083 
8128 



8200 
8273 



8314 
8324 



120 
175 



239 
259 



Gr. 12-Tr. 73 
345 



401 

438 



6421 
6476 



0533 
6586 



6624 
6081 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7106 



7215 
7277 



KeadiufiS. 



Micron] . 



15. 864 
21.607 



12. 8,88 

as. 110 



2A358 
10. 101 



17. .321 
20. 360 



14. 876 
21. 042 



27. eo6 
10.581 



23. 175 

15. 284 



21. 380 
17. 205 



9.720 

27. 7:4 



25. 001 
12. 477 



13. 528 
23. 406 



28.762 
9.230 



18.631 

SO. on 



18. 4.i8 
21. 157 



2 1. 32r) 
17. 515 



17, 813 
22. .570 



19. 506 

20. 989 



16. 1.53 
24. 516 



17.001 
24.531 



11.510 

28. 940 



14.222 
20. 610 



Level. 



23.5 
28.0 



26.5 
27.7 



29.0 
26.0 



25. 5 
31.6 



27.0 
28.5 



31.0 
S6.0 



29.0 
27.0 



30.2 
27.0 



32.3 
23.0 



28.1 
31.1 



29.4 
29.0 



32.2 
26.9 



21.0 
22. 1 



24.0 
23.1 



23.9 
24.0 



23.2 
22.1 



21.9 



23.6 
21.0 



22.7 
25.4 



28.6 
26. 5 



28.0 
27 3 



26.0 
29.8 



30.0 
24.0 



28.6 
27. 2 



25.3 
31.1 



28.0 
30.1 



28.0 
31.0 



23.4 
32.9 



30.1 
27. 2 



29.7 
30.0 



26.7 
32.1 



21.6 
21.3 



20.6 
21.7 



21.1 
21.1 



22. 
23.1 



23. 9 

24. 



22. 8 
22.3 



21.3 
22.0 



23. ■! 24. 
25. 9 22. 



23.3 
20.0 



Merid. 
dist. 



24.4 
22. 



01 25.06 
54 03. 33 



EO 10.55 
L5 01. 24 



17 05. 38 
25 33. 81 



21 54.47 
30 i.6. 64 



28 12.24 
23 10.91 



37 40. 87 
00 11.50 



42 18.08 
26 21. 10 



49 38. 98 
16 04.51 



5! 01. 16 
27 00.04 



25 42. 94 
48 45. 98 



Ofi 08. 24 
45 06. 47 



04 37.87 
30 38. 41 



17 42.78 
42 17.70 



18 21.47 
46 11.32 



Corrections. 



07 61. 01 
40 32. 32 



25 34. 82 
40 49. 42 



43 05. 09 
16 51.80 



28 14.03 
41 53.25 



51 29. .53 
02 07. 33 



45 49. 51 
33 41. 10 



Microm. 



07 41. 56 
I 40 57. 80 



+ 3 00. 05 

- 6 50. 25 
+ 9 24. 61 
+ 1 34.29 
+ 5 03. 01 
+ 6 48.24 

- 3 33. 81 

- 2 09. 54 

- 9 18.02 

- 30. 45 
+ 5 06. 49 
+ 10 06.03 
+ 43.73 

- 1 33.03 
+ 3 31. 30 

- 2 27. 60 
■ I- 40.01 

- 4 19.43 
+ 3 55. 19 

- 9 01.00 
+ 21. 37 



Level. Kefrac, 



-0.30 
-0.23 
-0.18 
+0. 09 
-0.07 
+0.14 
-0.47 
-0.40 
-0.09 
+ 0.42 
-0.20 
+ 0.07 
+0.04 
+ 1.07 
+ 1.27 
+0.04 
-0.51 
+ 0.51 
+ 0.40 
+0.71 
+ 0.65 



+0.05 
-0. 12 
+ 0.17 
+ 0.02 
+ 0.09 
+0.17 
-0.07 
-0.03 
-0. II 
-0.11 
4 0. 10 
+0. 19 
+0.01 
-P. 03 
+0. 00 
-0.04 
+0.02 
-0.08 
+0.07 
-0.16 
+-0. II 



Red. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 


Kemarka. 


o ' /' 




49 00 43. 94 


September 4. 


45.27 




44.20 




45. 55 




44.01 




44.73 




45.72 




41. ■IS 


Rejected. 


4.3. 02 




44.32 




43. 65 




44.43 




44.04 


September 5. 


41.39 




44. 29 




44. 52 




43. 97 




44.59 




44. 11 




41.80 




49 OP 41. ^4 





lac 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations fur Latitude. — Station No. 10 — Coutinued. 



137 



B. A. C. 
No. 



7320 
7.Tr. 8395 



7377 
7398 



7410 
7453 



7480 
7489 



7503 
7605 



7627; 
7686 



7755 
7765 



7S62 
8034 



8036 
8059 



8083 
6128 



8206 
8a73 



Readings. 



Level. 



23.287 
16.910 



29. 190 
11.171 



S4. 146 
15. 432 



IS. 959 
21. 307 



18.861 
21.8C8 



23. 489 
16. 887 



15. 425 
23. 866 



29. 470 
11.310 



18.412 
21.473 



15. 931 
25. 589 



24.6 
25.0 



23.4 
26. 3 



26.3 
23.3 



25.5 
25.0 



23.2 
28.0 



59. 3 
22.0 



23.5 
07.2 



19.3 
16.3 



18.0 
17.5 



17.5 
17.8 



8314 
8324 


23.135 

16. 189 


836G 
67 


16. 335 
24. 896 


120 
175 


20. 145 

28. 178 


198 
219 


25. 551 
16.510 


239 
259 


26.819 
14. 249 


Gr.l2.Yr. 73 

345 


15.181 
25. 015 


401 
438 


29. 978 
10. 461 


474 

(487 

5 522 

560 


n. 137 
18. 327 
18. 942 
25. 65 J 


611 

656 


21.981 
16. 943 


744 

752 


21. 073 
18. 929 


825 
896 


9.635 
30. 480 


979 
999 


14.099 
24. 882 


1020 
1067 


16.112 
21.539 



28. 365 18. 5 
11.375 20.7 



18.9 
Ik 7 

19.1 
20.0 

20.0 
20.6 

21.5 

18.2 

20.5 
19.0 

19.8 
19.7 

19 6 
1-1.4 

24.6 
24.6 
14.7 
14.7 

20.0 
18.3 

19.3 
20. S 

19.2 
21.7 

20.0 
20.9 

21.0 
19.7 



23.4 
23.0 



24.7 
21.8 



21.8 
25.0 



23.0 
23.8 



25.9 
22.1 



20.7 
2R5 



13.2 
39.6 



17.0 
20.2 



18.8 
19.1 



19.0 
19.0 



19.0 
18.3 



19.1 
18.1 



19.0 
19.5 



19.6 
19.0 



18.0 
21.0 



19.0 
20.2 



19.3 
19.5 



£0.3 

13.6 
13.6 
23. 6 
33.8 

18. 5 
SO. 3 

20.0 
19.0 

20.4 
18.9 

21.0 
19.6 

19.3 
21.0 



Merid. 
diut. 



Declin.ition. 



38 09 35. SO 
69 45 16. 12 



69 28 06. 05 
38 53 00. 13 



62 03 05. 12 
36 07 23. 50 



45 59 06. 02 
53 03 49. 86 



37 58 09. 33 
60 C6 25.35 



25 19 55. 30 
72 34 42. 70 



58 47 29. 95 
39 05 20.31 



41 17 06. 15 
56 25 34.11 



Corrections. 



Micrum. 



4S 21 54. 78 
48 36 26. 95 


56 28 12 
41 23 11 


.'.8 
19 


30 37 41 
07 00 11 


59 

86 


73 42 19. 36 
24 20 21. 40 


CO 36 32 
37 )6 04 


21 

89 


32 53 01.41 
65 27 06. 99 


47 35 28 
60 10 37 


94 
11 


60 25 43. 29 
37 48 46. 36 


67 06 08. 59 
30 45 06. 70 


28 04 .38 10 
69 36 38. 75 


48 04 30. 45 
47 59 08. 75 
50 02 53. 58 
£0 09 54. 93 


63 46 33. 26 
34 33 17. 15 


60 49 47. 47 
31 13 57. 30 


19 28 21. 
78 54 43. 


25 
01 


77 15 47. 
kO 34 33. 


20 
01) 


25 12 22. 
72 54 43' 


92 
10 



+ 3 17. 86 

- 9 19. 08 

- 4 30. 37 

- 43. 08 

- 1 33.30 
+ 3 24. 84 
+ 4 21. 90 
+ 9 23. 46 
+ 1 34. 01 
+ 4 59. 66 
+ 8 47. 16 

- 3 35. 52 
+ 4 25. 63 

- 9 19. 53 
+ 4 40. 53 

- 6 30. 02 

+ 5 00. on 

+ 10 O.i. 50 

- 6 28.31 

- 19. 0.^ 

- 4 ro. 40 

- 1 00.53 
-10 46.77 
+ 5 34. 57 

- 3 48. 39 



Level 



+ 0.71 

+ 0.71 

+ 0.63 

+ C.83 

+ 0.71 

+ 0.47 

-2.70 

-0.36 

-0. 5.J 

-(1.60 

+ 0.42 

+ 0.31 

+ 0.14 

+ 0.44 

+ 0. 16 

+0.07 

+0. IC 

-0. 40 
+0. 42 
+ 0.47 

-0. 11 
+0. n 
+ 0.36 
+ 0.07 
+0.01 



Refrac. 



+ 0.05 
-0.16 
-0.08 
-0.02 
-0.03 
+0.07 
+ 0.08 
+ 0.17 
+ 0.02 
+ 0.09 
+ 0,17 
-0.07 
+0.08 
-0,17 
+0. OS 
-0.11 
+0.10 

+an 
-0.11 
-0.01 

-0.0: 

-0. 03 
-0-25 
+0. 12 
-0.03 



Red. to 
nierid. 



Latitude. 



49 00 44. 58 
44.56 
44.51 
45.07 
44. 72 
44.41 
41.41 
43. 40 
44,36 



41 


04 


44 


47 


45 


10 


44 


40 


44 


95 


43. 


79 


44 


76 


41.97 


41. 


77 


44. 


69 


42. 


.55 


45. 


0! 


45. 


95 


45. 


47 


44. 


45 


49 CO 41.65 



Kt-joc'.ett. 



138 



UNITED STATES ^■ORTHERN BOU^^DARY COMMISSION. 



Observations for Latitude. — Station A'o. 10 — Contiuued. 



B A.C. 



1203 
liiS 



IW-I 

liisT 






B5'.:! 
65S6 



0054 
6«fl 



C7Sg 
0743 



C7S0 
0817 



6937 
6fl70 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7315 
7377 



7300 
7rr.2395 



7377 
739S 



7410 
74.->3 



7480 
74S9 



7305 
7605 



7637 
76i^6 



7:6> 



7620 

7r83 



7962 
8D34 



S036 

S05J 



8031 I 
813? , 



Readings. 



CorrectioDs. 



Level. 



ilicrom. 



21.961 
16. 351 



in. 372 
20. 733 



18.347 
21. 212 



23. 843 I 
16.974 



20.0 



19.0 
2i0 



17,6 
17.0 



19.3 
17.5 



19.7 
1.4 



17. C05 
2i 343 



19.2G4 
20.780 



15. 828 
24. 102 



19.0 
19.0 



1,=.0 
£0.0 



211.0 
20.5 



16. 932 
24 543 



11.337 

•in. 717 



14.010 
26.395 ; 



23.0(1 
16. 671 



29. 171 
11.210 



24. 397 
15. 713 



20. 069 
31. 490 



18. 071 
21. 680 



23. 486 
16 890 



16. 016 
24. 383 



17. 236 
23. 008 



13.973 
27.213 



29. 437 , 
11.233 ' 



1.=.541 
21. 597 



1.-.. 877 
35.6;.! 



20.0 
19. 2 



29.5 
20.0 



20.2 
2U.0 



SO. 5 
22.0 



19.8 
22.4 



22.1 
20.7 



22.1 
21.2 



25.1 
18.5 



1 23.2 



23.2 
21.4 



aa. 1 

23.0 



24.0 

21. 8 



ia4 

20.9 



21.7 

18.6 



18.0 
19. 1 



17.0 
19.5 



17.2 
20.2 



19.2 
19.2 



20. 5 
19.0 



19.5 
19.4 



20.0 
21.0 



19. 7 
20.6 



20.2 
£1.0 



20.4 
19.0 



22.0 
19.6 



20.0 
21.7 



20.3 
21.2 



17.3 

23. I 



22.4 
21.2 



21.6 
23.5 



il.O 
£4. 2 



M rul 
dist. 



Dec'lnation. 



ilicroiu. 



23. 1 
21.1 



23 3 
23 



23.7 
23.3 



33.9 
S3. 6 



23.4 
34.0 



("3 41 
35 25 



50 00 
43 03 



49 17 
48 43 



33 18 
65 46 



40 07 
57 46 



43 25 
54 40 



57 43 
40 10 



36 28 
61 41 



61 51 
3G 03 



42 45 
55 33 



57 07 
4(1 40 



38 C9 
59 45 



59 28 
38 52 



03 03 
36 07 



45 59 
5i 03 



46.81 
33. 13 



15.71 
03.98 



4a M 
17. 83 



21.50 
11.45 



51. 14 

32. 48 



34.97 
49. 59 



0.-.. 23 
51.96 



14.18 
53.47 



- 2 54. 06 

- 1 54. 37 
+ 44. 99 

- 1 32.03 
+ 3 33. 10 

- 2 27. 07 
+ 47. 04 



Level. , Refrac. 



f0.03 , -0.03 



29. 76 
07. 51! 



49.71 
41.34 



41. to 
5--. CO 



36.00 
16.38 



06. 32 
00.34 



05.40 
23. 77 



06.26 
50.11 



37 5.< 
00 06 



25 19 
72 31 



58 47 
39 05 



52 01 
45 54 



43 50 
49 25 



41 17 

56 '.ii> 



09. 13 

25.66 



5.% 53 I 



43.0 J 



30.25 
20.53 



25.66 

oa97 



11.13 
0L83 



05. 91 
3).4i 



49 21 

48 36 : 



56 28 
41 2 i 



12 fO 
11.46 



-fO. 10 -0.03 

-0. 56 +0. 01 

+ 0.11 -0.03 

-0.07 -f^O.06 

-0. 09 -0. 04 

-0. 33 +0. C2 

- 4 lasS +0.36 -0.08 

+ 3 57. 05 —0. 40 +0. 07 
I 

- e 50. 47 +0. 04 j -0. 16 

+ U 24.31 -0.23 +0. U 

+ 3 17. 65 j +0.69 +0.03 
1 

- 9 17.25 +0.14 i -0.16 

- 4 29.44 tO. 35 -0.08 

- 44. 1^ ; +0. 40 I -0. 02 

- 1 33. 3 i -l\27 -0.03 . 

+ 3 34.68 ^0.18 ' +0.07 

+ 4 19.70 -0. 11 -|0. 0:< 

I 
T 01. 20 , +0. 03 +0. 05 

- :0. 74 -0.14 j -0.13 

+ 9 24.51 -0. 16 +0. 17 +0 01 

-I- 1 3^83 -0.29 +1.0: I 

+ j C2.46 -0.35 tT.O' I 



Red. to 
meiid. 



Latitude. 



Remarks. 



49 00 45. 93 
45.61 



44. 81 


Septembe 


44. .-iS 


44.96 




45.08 




45.35 




45. .53 




4:>. .38 




48. 94 


Rejected. 


44.13 




44.58 




46.06 




45.31 




44.45 


44.40 


44. 19 


45.13 




46. 15 


45. 76 


44. 70 


4". 71 




4 1 00 44. 4S , 





Miau nf station (66dctarnituatiau!i). 41P 03' 44" 
. = ± 0".6783 
r = ± 0" 4.-.75 
t„ = J^ «".0835 
7„ = i 0".0563 



18 7 3. 

UNITED STATES XORTHEEN BOUNDAEY. 
Observations for Latitude. 

[ Astronomical Station No. 11— BuMy Sprin*:, 363 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, Uuited States Eoginecrs.- 
Zeniih Telescope, Wiirdemaon No. 20. — Chronometer, Xegus -Sidereal Xo. 1431.] 



B. A. C. 
Ko. 



6937 
C970 



7024 
70T3 



71C0 
7166 



7215 

7277 



7320 
r-Tr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



7416 
7453 



74eo 

7489 



7627 
76f6 



77.55 
7765 



7787 
78110 



7820 

7882 



7962 
8034 



8036 
8059 



80.83 
8128 



8206 
82T3 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



6780 

C8 7 



Keadings. 



Microio- 



16. 3f0 
24. 002 



16.264 
24. 570 



11. 697 

28. 350 



13. 186 
16. 399 



23.491 
16.338 



28.683 
11.4.38 



23.802 
1.5. 846 



19. 6^2 
20 260 



23.864 
16. 524 



15. 451 
24.530 



17. 430 
23.981 



14. 309 
26.822 



29. 415 
10. 560 



18. 093 

21. 778 



15. 571 
26.022 



28. 640 
10.918 



24.776 
17.237 



13. 058 
22. 063 



18. 379 
20. 627 



16. 195 
2:3.839 



Level. 



X. 



15.9 
17.0 



18.4 
14.5 



17 1 
15. 5 



17.1 
16.8 



20.0 
14.3 



19.3 
15.3 



21.0 
14.3 



19.1 
17.0 



2.3.0 
14.1 



18.0 
18.7 



18.3 
13.3 



17.0 
80.0 



20.5 
19.0 



17.7 
20.2 



18.2 
17.0 



17.0 
16.5 



13.0 
20.3 



16.0 
H.O 



1.5.3 
15 3 



17 3 
17.7 



17.0 
15.3 



14.0 
18.0 



15.4 
17.0 



16.1 
18.0 



15. 1 
21.1 



17.0 
21.0 



15.3 
S22.3 



17.7 
20.5 



14.4 
23.7 



20.1 
19.4 



in. 7 

19.5 



20.7 

ia9 



17.7 
18.0 



19.1 
16.0 



;7. 5 
18.6 



1&6 
19.0 



16.7 
10.0 



14.9 
16. C 



15.9 
16.0 



16 I 
16 7 



Merid. 
dist. 



DeclinatiOD. 



Corrections. 



ilicrom. 



36 27 75. 73 
61 41 55.47 



61 51 31.82 
36 02 09. 17 



42 45 51. 51 
55 33 43. 46 



57 07 43. 99 
40 40 59. 96 



38 09 37. 86 
59 45 18.70 



59 28 08. 74 
38 52 02. 28 



62 03 07. 92 
36 07 25. 68 



45 53 68. 48 
52 03 52. 49 



25 19 56. 99 
72 34 45. 95 



58 47 32. 95 
39 05 22. 73 



52 01 28. 22 
45 54 06.41 



48 .10 13.61 

49 25 04. 35 



41 17 08.23 
56 23 .37. 20 



49 21 57 67 
48 36 29. K 



56 58 1.". 67 
41 23 13. SI 



30 37 43. 28 
67 00 i5. 17 



40 07 5-2. 45 
57 40 31.15 



43 25 36. .52 
51 40 51. 30 



57 43 07 14 
4) 16 53.56 



3; 2-! 1'.83 
61 41 5-.61 



- 3 56. 49 
+ 4 17. 71 

- 8 36. 70 
4- 6 47. 79 
+ 3 41. t'4 

- 8 53. 07 

- 4 06. 85 

- 19 80 
4- 3 47. 74 
+ 4 41. 70 
-I- 3 23.26 

- 6 28.25 
4- 9 4.5. 02 
+ 1 54 34 



Level. 



Eefrac. 



Red. to 
merid. 



-0.02 
-i-0.20 
-0.09 
-0. C4 
-0.42 
-0.70 
-0.51 
-0.47 
-0.22 
-0. 02 
-0.5- 
-0.5? -0. 



-fO. 83 
-1-0. 02 



9 09.87 , -0.91 
3 53. 9 • ' 4^1. 47 



2 04. .36 



-0.1s 



-0.07 
4-0.08 
-0.13 
4-0. 12 
4-0.00 
-0. 10 
-0.07 
-0.01 
40.08 
4-0. OS 



4-0.17 

4-0.01 



4- 5 24. 27 , -0. 20 4-0. 10 



4-0.17 
4-0.07 
-0.03 



4- 1 09. 7i; - 0. 11 0. 00 

I 
- 3 :7. 17 , 4-0.4) -0.07 



Latitude. 



49 01 09. 02 
08.49 
10.34 
09.85 
09.89 
09.52 
09.37 
10.20 
09.07 
09. DO 
10.0,-1 
10.04 
08.76 
03.74 
C8.91 
08.30 
U8.70 
09.37 
0?.97 

49 01 09. 01 



Bemarks. 



September 14. 



September 15. 



131) 



140 



UNITED STATES NORTBERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Observations for Latitude.— Station Xo. 11— Continued. 



B. A. C. 



Ilratliugs. 



7034 
-.073 

7100 
71(iO 

7-215 
7277 

7320 
7-Tr. 239 j 

7377 
73'JS 

7416 
7433 

7480 
748'J 

7(27 
7066 

7755 
7765 

7787 
7800 

7820 
7882 

7962 
f024 

8036 
8059 

8083 

8128 

8206 
8-473 

8314 

8324 

46 
67 

1-20 
175 

198 
219 

239 
259 

Gr. l.J.Yr. 73 

345 

474 

487 
522 
SCO 

611 
656 



Microm 



15. 743 
24. 063 



12.190 

28. 882 



13. 348 
26. 401 



23. 183 
16. 112 



29. 0I"5 
11.713 



23. 913 
15. 892 



20. 021 
20.741 



23.841 
16. 529 



16.257 19.5 
25. 294 19. 



17. 020 
23. 532 



14. 849 
27. 4L0 



29. 770 
10. 938 



18. 752 
2-2. 457 



14. Sol 
25. 264 



28. 800 
11.141 



22.977 
16. 706 



C8. 112 
24. 564 



11.045 

28. 407 



25. 207 
15. 525 



14. 048 
19. 229 
19. 181 
25. 804 

23.613 
10. 243 



N. S, 



17.0 
18.8 



19.0 
16.4 



17.2 
18.1 



19.0 
19.0 



17.7 
SO. 3 



eo. 4 

18.0 



19.1 
19.8 



19.1 
18.9 



19.7 
19.0 



17.2 
•23. 2 



20.0 
21.9 



37.0 
03.6 



2-2.0 
19.8 



21.0 
2-2.0 



21.7 
21.0 



21.0 
22. 



fi0..3 
23.0 



CO. 2 
23. 



26.021 I 21. 
14.110 21. 



14.8:9 21.4 
25.409 19.7 



20.461 21.0 
19.000 I 20.2 



2;>. .) 
17.0 
16.8 



19 
S3.0 



Morid. 
(list. 



Declination. 



CorrectioEs. 



17.4 
15.7 

1.5.0 
18.0 

17.0 
16.5 

16.3 
17.0 

18. 5 
15.7 

16. 
18.3 

17.5 
17.0 

18.2 
19.1 

19.0 
19.5 

IS. 8 
19.4 

21.0 
1C>. 

20.0 
18.7 

03.3 
37.0 

18.4 
21.0 

20.0 
19.5 

20.0 
■20.3 

20.7 
19.5 

21.0 
19.0 

■:o. 1 

18.1 

20.0 
19.0 

19. 
21.0 

1.-,. 1 
1.1. 1 
-23.8 
-23.8 

21.7 
17.7 

20.0 
20. « 



61 51 32.06 
36 02 09. 34 

42 43 51. 72 
j 55 33 43. 70 

57 07 44. 24 

40 41 00. 18 

38 on 38. 08 
59 44 79. C3 

59 27 69. 03 

38 51 6-3. £2 

62 02 68. 21 
Ui u7 £5. 91 

45 59 08 74 
52 03 5-2. 78 

25 19 57. 24 

72 34 46. 28 

58 47 33. 29 

39 05 23. 00 

' 52 00 88. 55 
45 M 06. 72 

48 50 13. 92 

49 24 64. 63 

41 17 08. 53 
56 25 37. 56 

49 21 58.00 
48 36 30. 15 

56 28 16. 03 
41 23 14.11 

30 37 43. 54 
67 06 15.57 

73 42 23. 16 
24 26 23. 51 

60 49 40. 07 
37 16 07. 55 

:'2 53 03. 88 

65 27 10. 52 

47 35 31.97 

50 16 40. 21 

60 25 46. C5 

37 48 48. 96 

67 06 11.93 
.•)0 44 68.96 

48 04 33.19 
47 59 11.48 
.50 03 (11.57 
50 09 57. 64 

63 46 36. 27 
34 -23 19.21 

66 49 49. 52 

31 13 59.14 



4- 4 18.15 

- 8 37. 73 
+ 6 45. 00 
+ 3 39. 40 

- 8 56. 53 

- 4 08.87 

- 2-2. 34 
+ 3 46. 67 
+ 4 40. 40 
+ 3 2-2. 05 

- 6 30. 36 
+ 9 44.31 
+ 1 54 96 
+ 5 23. 09 
+ 9 07. ill 

- 3 14. 57 

- 1 50.09 

- 8 58. 70 
+ 5 00. 41 

- 6 09. 57 
+ 5 27. 34 



Level. rLefiac. 



+0.C0 
4-0.07 
4-P. 40 
+1. 05 
-1-0. f 5 
-1-0.91 

-1-0. r8 

-1-0. 16 
0.00 
-fO. 11 
-fO. 70 
4-0.71 
4-0.07 
4-0.53 
-1-0.78 
4-0. 53 
4-0. 62 
4-0.74 
-fl. 11 
-fO.96 
+0. 25 



01. 49 4-0. 80 
6 06.78 4-0.76 



3 48. 67 
45. 33 



-1-0. rs 

+0.11 



40. C 8 
-0.15 
4-0.12 
40.06 
-0.16 
-0.07 
-O.OI 

4 0. cs 
40. o.< 
+».oa 

-0.11 
+0.17 
+0.03 
+0.10 
+0.17 
-0.07 
-0.03 
-0. 17 
+0.03 
-0.10 
+0.10 



0.00 
-0. 10 



Eeil. to 
mciid. 



Latitude. 



49 01 09.53 
10. 50 
07. 73 
09.07 
09. P.! 
09.03 
09. 39 
08.87 
08.63 
09. 85 
CO. 59 



-0.67 j. 
-0. 02 I 



Keniarks. 



0?. 


24 


09.13 


08. 


1 
79 


08. 


42 


09 


22 


08 


81 


09.07 


07.69 


09 


10 


08 


16 


08 


82 


09 


29 


09 


58 


49 01 on 


12 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER. 

Observations for Lutitwle.— Station No. 11— Contiuuert. 



141 



B. A.C. 

Ko. 


Heailingg. 


Correction.?. 


La;itude. 


KemarkH. 


Microni 


Level. 


Merid. 
di3t. 


Declination 


Microm. 


Level. 


Eefrac 


Kod. to 
niorid. 


N. 


S. 


805 
896 


9. 996 
30. 150 


21.7 
i.0.5 


19.4 
20.5 


m. s. 


o / // 

19 28 22. CO 
78 54 45. 42 


-10 25.33 


+0. 51 


-0.24 


" 


/ // 

49 01 08. 95 




979 

999 


l:i. 740 
25. 245 


20.7 
21.0 


20.4 
19.7 




77 15 49.48 
20 34 33. to 


+ 5 56. 97* 


+0.30 


+0.13 




08.85 




1101 
1127 


16.758 
21. 498 


19.5 
23.4 


21.1 
17.1 




25 12 24. 28 
72 54 45. 07 


- 2 27. 07 


+1.05 


-0.05 




08.61 




1203 

1228 


22. 920 
18. 021 


21.0 
20.0 


19.3 
19.6 




62 41 48.36 
35 25 33. 33 


- 2 32. 00 


+0.C0 


-0.04 




09. 40 




1354 
1287 


21. 869 
IS. 890 


on o 

Tao 


17.7 
20.7 




50 00 16. 65 
48 05 05. 18 


- 1 32. 43 


+0. 62 


-0.02 




09.18 




0624 
C081 


23. 926 
16. 419 


12.8 
17.1 


11.7 
07.9 




40 07 53. 54 
57 46 34. 28 


+ 3 .52. 92 


+2. 30 


+0.07 




08.70 


September Hi. 


6728 
6748 


17. 802 
21. 818 


9.3 
13.0 


15.7 
12.0 




43 25 36. 04 
54 40 51. 50 


- 2 04.61 


-1.20 


-0.03 




08.23 




6780 
6817 


18. 8S3 
21.108 


14.1 
9.5 


10.7 
15.6 




57 43 07 29 
40 16 53. 09 


+ 1 09.04 


-0. CO 


+0.00 




08.93 




6937 
6970 


16. 638 
24.285 


15.4 
11.2 


10.6 
15.0 




36 28 15. 98 
61 41 55.91 


- 3. 57 27 


+0.22 


-0.07 




08.83 




7024 
7073 


16. 208 
24. 506 


14.1 
12.1 


12.0 
14.2 




61 51 32.27 
36 02 09. 50 


+ 4 17. 47 


0.00 


+0.08 




08.84 


- 


7100 
7166 


11.797 
28. 481 


14.0 
12. 7 


12.5 
14.0 




42 45 51.90 
55 33 43. 93 


- 8 37. 00 


+0. 04 


-0. 15 




10.14 




7215 

7277 


13.310 
26. 408 


14.0 
13.8 


13.4 
14.1 




57 07 44. 48 
40 40 CO. 38 


+ 6 46.40 


+0.07 


+0. 12 




09.02 




7787 
7800 


17. 290 

23. 748 


7.4 
23.6 


22.2 
0.1 




52 01 28. 84 
45 54 07. 00 


+ 3 20. 38 


+0.60 


+0. 06 




08. 06 




7820 
7882 


14. 768 
27. 378 


15.2 
lAO 


14.7 
12.0 




48 ,50 14. 22 

49 25 04. 99 


- 6 31. 26 


+1. 45 


-0.11 




09. C8 




7962 
8024 


29. 672 

10. 882 


19.0 
16.5 


12.0 
14.7 




41 17 08.81 
56 25 37. 90 


+ 9 43. 01 


+ 1.9(; 


+0. 17 




08.50 




8036 
8059 


18. 190 
21. 854 


1.5. 

18.U 


10.0 
13.0 





49 21 5H. 33 
48 36 30. 48 


+ 1 53. 68 


+0. 89 


+0.03 




09.01 




8083 
8128 


1.5.180 
25.581 


17.0 
17.0 


13.4 
14.0 




.'.0 28 16. 39 
41 22 74.41 


+ 5 22. 72 


+1.61 


+0.10 




09.83 




8206 
8273 


28. 886 
11.211 


16.0 
16. ti 


15.8 
15.8 




.3(1 37 43. 79 
67 06 15. 95 


+ 9 08. 41 


+0.27 


+0.17 




08.72 




8314 
8324 


22. 958 
16. 670 


18. D 
14.7 


14.2 
17.4 




73 42 23. 56 
24 26 23. 73 


- 3 15.10 


+ 0.25 


-0.07 




49 01 08. 73 






Mean latitude (04 determinations), 49° 01' 09".ll. 














£ 
T 

To 


= 0".613 
= 0".408 
= 0".077 
= 0".05I 













1873. 

UNITED STATES KORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

AtitroDoinical Station No. 12 — 408 miles west of Pembina. — Observer, J, F. Gregory, Lieutenant United States Engiiieers,- 
Zeuitli Telescope, "Wiirdemauu No. 'iO. — Cbrouometer, Nej^us Sidereal No. 1481. J 



IJ A. C. 
No. 



litadingB. 



Corrections. 



7100 
71(.C 



73-20 
^T^. tS'J.T 



7377 
73118 



7416 
7453 



74f'0 
748a 



7505 
7t,U5 



7027 

70!!0 



7755 
7703 



7787 
7e00 



6.'>53 

GS8u 



0024 

(ifi!-l 



(.72-< 
0748 



0780 
Crl7 



0937 
09T0 



7024 
7073 



7213 
7277 



7.320 
7-Yr. 2395 



Microra. 



7377 
7398 



71 1 G 
;iJ3 



10.330 
30. 243 



14. 907 

84. 783 



22. 027 
18. 179 



30. 500 
0.973 



25. 685 
14.445 



18.233 
22.181 



17. R39 

23. 206 



22. 020 
17. 973 



17. 073 
22. 840 



18. 981 
23. 224 



10. 737 
23. 259 



22, 406 

18. lis 



16. 338 
2X 022 



20. 4M 
19.410 



14.585 
25. 490 



17. 449 
23.512 



14. 960 
24. 789 



22. 147 
1,8. .330 



30. 575 
10. 035 



23. 543 
14. 2-0 



Levil. 



N. 



14.0 
18.0 



14.3 
10.0 



15.0 
14.7 



14.7 
10. 8 



13.0 
19.0 



14.2 
18.5 



17.0 
15.3 



15.7 
18.0 



13.0 
£0.0 



17.3 
14.2 



13.8 
14.8 



14.8 
12.0 



13.8 
14.0 



12.4 
1.5. G I 



11.0 
18.9 



12.8 
13.8 



U.6 
13.0 



It. 1 
17.0 



14.1 
13.0 



14.0 
13.0 



17.0 
13.3 



17.0 
15.8 



16.5 
17.0 



17.0 
14.6 



17.0 
13.0 



17.5 
13.8 



l.->. 
17.1 



1G.9 

14.7 



19.8 
12.8 



15.0 
17.9 



12.8 
12.0 



11.7 

14.0 



12.8 
12.0 



11.3 
11.3 



Merid. 
di3t. 



Declination. 



13.5 
13.1 


12.4 
15.0 


1.5.8 
10.0 



13.0 
14.1 



I .37 

1 40 



45 52. 47 
33 44. 65 

07 4.3. 24 
41 01.00 

i 09 38. r 8 
I 45 £0. 17 

1 28 10, £0 
< 53 03, Zii 

! 03 09. 49 

; 07 20. 70 

) 59 09. 80 
• 03 53. 94 

J 58 12. 31 
) 06 29. 93 

i 19 58. 18 
! 34 47. 78 

? 47 34. 72 
) 05 24. C8 

! 01 29. 89 
■) 54 07. 9G 

i 18 23.90 
) 40 13. 58 

) 07 52. 85 
I 40 34. 77 

i 25 37. 07 
I 40 52. 03 

r 43 07. 90 
) IG 54. 10 

i CS 10. .30 
I 41 56.70 

I 31 33. 12 
i 03 10.10 

r 07 43. 43 
J 41 01.17 

i 09 39. 04 
) 45 20. 38 

) 28 10.42 
3 53 03. 51! 

i 03 01. 74 
} 07 2 •. 93 



Micrcm. 


-10 17. 


CO 


-f 


5 00. 43 


-1- 


1 .".9. 


39 


- 


10 30. 


911 


- 


5 48. 


73 


- 


2 03 


.':o 


- 


2 .33 


73 


-f 


2 05 


85 


+ 


2 58.94 


+ 


1 40.62 


- 


2 50 


71 


T 


2 14 


GO 


- 


3 46 


CO 


- 


32 


27 


- 


5 38 


33 


+ 


2 37 


CO 


T- 


5 04 


97 


+ 


1 5' 


43 


- 


13 37 


C3 


- 


5 4 >. 4 1 



Levtl. 

+0. 27 
-0.56 
-0.83 
-0.C2 
+0.89 
-rO. 31 
4-0.04 
+0.47 
+0.09 
-0.31 
+0. 83 
+!). 38 
+0.80 
+0.53 
+1. 33 
—0.2; 
-0. 18 
1 0. 31 
0.00 
-I 0. 09 



Eefrac, 

-0.18 
+0.09 
+0,(3 
-0.19 
-0. 10 
-0.03 
-0. 05 
+0.01 
+0. 03 
+0. 03 
-0.06 
+0. (3 
-0.07 
-0.01 
-0. 10 
+0.04 
+0. 0,1 

+0. o: 

-0. I'J 
-0.10 



Red. *o 
merid. 



Latitude. 



Kemai-li! 



45 59 30. 99 Sp.ptember20. 
Ktjected. 

29.08 I 

28.09 

29. C9 ! 
I 
."0. 10 

29. 03 

28. 38 

29,34 

28,48 

29.23 

23.32 Sci)teuiber2l. 

28.82 



I 



29.29 
29.23 
29.47 

aa52 

28.18 
23. C8 

I 29.18 

' 43 39 £8.83 



11-2 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMEIi. 



143 



Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 12 — Coul-iuuecl. 



B. A. c. 
No. 



7480 
7.189 



7505 
7G05 



7027 

imii 



7755 
7705 



7787 
7800 



7820 

7882 



7902 
8024 



8036 
8059 



8206 
8273 



8314 
8324 



120 
175 



198 
219 



239 
259 



0. 12Yr. 73 
345 



401 

438 



Eeadinffs. 



Level. 



7215 

7277 



7320 
7-Yr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



7416 
7453 



C553 

0580 



6624 

6681 



6738 
6748 



6; 80 
C817 



18. 333 
22. 303 

17. 379 
22. 953 

21. 723 
17. 680 

17. 485 
23. 2iO 

19. 492 

22. 035 

12, 907 

28. 767 

28. 250 
12. 099 

19.676 

20. 094 

16.802 
24. 000 

£6.911 
12. 533 

24. 722 

15. 160 

23. 577 

16. 755 

10. 146 
30. 755 

23. 518 

17. 091 

27. 198 

12. on 

16. 694 

24. 016 

28. 269 
ll,2e9 

14. 77.-^ 

24. 583 

21.549 

17. 751 

30. 538 
9.942 

25. 133 

13. 890 

17. 210 

22. 690 

22.271 

19. 970 

16. 271 

23. 569 

20. 902 
19. 844 



13.0 
10. 1 



15.6 
13.0 



16.0 
13.8 



14.7 
15.7 



14.4 
10.0 



13.0 
17.1 



12.2 
20 



14.7 
16. 



14.fi 
14.0 



14.0 
15.7 



13.0 
15.8 



15 7 
13.7 



13.0 

13.8 



10. 8 
11.4 



13.0 
I'y. 6 



14.6 
09.9 



15.7 
11.3 



19.5 
14.3 



14.fi 
20.9 



21.1 
1,1.7 



19.0 
30.5 



20.0 
20.7 



18.3 
22.4 



19.0 
22.0 



14.6 
11. 1 



11.6 
15.7 



12.8 
15.5 



14.5 
13.1 



14.5 
13.0 



15.6 
12.0 



17.2 
09.0 



14.4 
12.4 



13.2 
13.2 



13.5 
12. 2 



14.8 
11.7 



12.0 
14.0 



14.2 
13.6 



10.3 
15.4 



14.0 
11.0 



12.1 
17.0 



11.8 
10.1 



13.3 
19.4 



15.1 

1G.8 



19.5 
13.0 



12.8 
18.7 



19.5 

18.8 



19.7 
19.9 



22. 3 

iSs 



23.0 
19.0 



Mcrjfl. 
(list. 



Corrections. 



Det-liualioD. 



45 59 10. 00 
52 03 54. 17 



37 58 12. 48 
60 00 30. 19 



25 19 58. 35 
72 34 48. 07 



58 47 34. 98 
39 05 24. 28 



52 01 30 14 
45 54 08. 20 



48 ,50 lii, 47 

49 25 06. 28 



41 17 09.97 
56 25 39. 37 



49 21 59. 68 
48 30 31. 82 



56 28 17. 89 
41 23 15.03 



30 .37 44. 77 
07 00 17. 65 



73 42 25. 32 
24 '.6 24. 57 



60 49 51. 04 
37 10 09. 03 



32 53 05. i2 
65 27 12. 58 



47 35 33. 69 
50 16 42 00 



60 25 48. 03 
37 48 50. 43 



67 00 14.02 
30 45 10.21 



28 04 41.33 
09 36 42 99 



57 07 4''. 55 
40 41 02.12 



38 09 39.97 
59 45 21. 64 



59 28 11.70 
38 52 04. 50 



03 03 09. 12 
30 07 27. 90 



32 IS 2.1. 38 
05 40 14, 38 



40 07 53. 51 
57 46 J5. 06 



41 2') 37. 89 
54 40 5 ]. 02 



57 4 I 08. 94 
40 10 55 o;i 



- 2 03. 18 

- 2 52. 95 
+ 2 05. 44 
4- 2 57. 94 
-(- 1 39.07 

- 8 12. 10 
+ 8 02.51 
+ 12. 97 
+ 3 41.47 
+ 7 26.05 

- 4 5C. 00 

- 3 31.67 
-10 L9. 45 
+ 3 19.41 

- 7 50. 90 
+ 3 4". 18 
+ 8 40. 85 
+ 5 04.22 
J- 1 57.84 
-10 39.04 

- 5 48.81 

- 2 50. 03 
4- 2 13.4" 
_ :; 40. 4 I 

- 33. 8:i 



Level. 

It 

+0. 76 

+0. 29 
+0. 33 
+0. 02 
+0. 05 
+0. 50 
+1.34 
+0.87 
+0. 49 
+0. !r9 
+0. 51 
+0. 70 
-0.22 
+0.50 
+0.80 
-1.03 
-O.fO 
+0.25 
+0.87 
+0.67 
+ !. 18 
+0. 27 
+1. 2". 
-0 fl.> 



r.cfrac. 



-0.03 
-0.05 
+0.04 
+0.05 
+0.02 
-0.14 
+0,14 
0.00 
+0.07 
+0.14 
-0.10 
-0.00 
-0.20 
+0.00 
-0. 14 
+0.08 
+0. 17 
+0.09 
+ 0.03 
-0.19 
-0.10 
-0. 0'! 
+0. O'i 
-0.f7 
-0.01 



Eed. to 
meiid. 



Latitude. 



o / '/ 
48 59 29. 63 

28. 03 

29.02 

28. 24 
28.91 
£9. 20 
28.66 

29. 59 

28. 79 
28.29 
29.29 

29. 07 
29.03 

27. 88 
20.29 
28.35 
28.98 

28. 89 
29.53 

29. .37 
30.73 



Keniarks. 



SeptcniVcr26. 



Ktjected. 
29. CO I Soptotiibpr28. 
2.'-'. 31 



48 59 29. 10 



144 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude.— Station Xo. 12 — Contiuued. 



B. A. c. 

No. 



13-rr. 



6937 
6970 

7024 
7073 

7215 

7277 

7416 
7453 

7!"62 
8024 

e036 
8059 

80t-3 
8128 

8-206 
8273 

8314 

8:H4 

46 
67 

120 
175 

ins 

219 

S39 
259 

73 
345 

401 

438 

474 

487 
522 
560 

611 

656 



Keadings. 



Microm, 



Level. 



14. 762 
25.696 

17. 778 

23. 762 

14.958 

24. 729 

25. 273 
13. 927 

28. 283 
12. 813 

20. 514 
20. 896 

16. 0t9 
20. 066 

26. 883 
12. 546 

24. 981 

15. 396 

2.1. 210 

16. 467 

9.912 
30. 563 

23. 709 
17. 306 

27. 661 
12. 474 

16. 145 
23. 383 

23. 1.50 

11. 258 

12. 6H5 

17. 858 
21.111 
27.811 

25. 072 
14. 400 



22 
20.5 

21. 2 
2U7 

21.6 
19.6 

20.8 
18.0 

22.0 
18.5 

19.0 
20.0 

21.0 
18.4 

19.0 
20.7 

20.3 
19.2 

20.9 
17.0 

22. 2 

loiS 

20.5 
18.2 

20.2 
18.6 

20. 4 
19.0 

21.3 
19.0 

21.0 
20. 5 
19.5 
19.1 

21.0 
19.4 



Merid. 
d:st. 



19.6 I 
20.7 

19.9 1 
19.5 

19.2 
21.0 

l.o.O 

20.7 

17.7 
21.7 

21.0 
20.0 

IS.O 
21.5 

21.0 
19.1 

19.9 
20.7 

19.1 

22.8 

17.4 
23.4 

19.0 
21.6 

19.6 
21.2 

19.9 
21.0 

19.3 
•i2. 

20.0 
SO. 3 
21.3 
21.2 

20.0 
21.5 



DecUuation. 



36 28 17. 45 

61 41 58.06 

01 51 34. 55 
36 02 11. 10 

57 07 46. 99 

40 41 02.50 

62 03 11.. 57 

36 07 28. 30 

41 17 11.79 
56 25 41. 62 

49 22 01. 77 
48 36 33. 90 

56 28 20. 18 
41 23 17.51 

30 37 46. 30 
67 06 20. 20 

73 42 27. 97 
24 26 25. 87 

00 49 53. 48 

37 16 10. 79 

32 53 06. 81 
65 27 15. 07 

47 35 35.75 

50 16 44. 12 

60 95 51. 00 
37 48 52. 15 

67 06 16. 47 
30 45 11.65 

23 04 42. 64 
69 36 46. 47 

48 04 36. 79 
47 59 15. 05 
.50 03 05. 20 
50 10 01.21 

63 46 40. 29 
34 23 21. 9i 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



- 5 39. 23 

4- 2 34. 04 
+ 5 08. 17 

- 5 52. 04 
+ 8 00. 00 
+ 11. »5 
+ 3 39. 58 
+ 7 24. 84 

- 4 57. 40 

- 3 29. 22 
-10 40.75 
+ 3 18. 67 

- 7 51.21 
+ 3 44. £8 

+ 8 44. 12 

- 7 49. 32 

- 1 40.93 



Level. 



+0.49 

+0.78 

+0. 22 

+0.02 

+0 25 

-0.44 

-0.25 

-0.09 

-0.23 

-0.89 

-0.47 

-0.42 

-0.44 

-0.33 

-0.22 
-0.25 
-0.36 



Kfefrac. 



-0.10 

+0.04 

+0.09 

-0.10 

+0.14 

+0.00 

+0.07 

+0.14 

-0.10 

-0.06 

-0.20 

+0.06 

-0.14 

+0.07 

+0.16 
-0.13 
-0.03 



-0.23 -0.10 



Eed. to 
merid. 



Latitudo. 



48 59 28. 90 
28.31 
28. 23 

27. 82 
27.10 
29.24 

28. 25 
28.14 
29.17 
31.96 

29. 52 

28.25 

29.78 

28.38 

28.62 
29.30 

as. 80 

48 59 29. 63 



Remaiks. 



Rejected. 



Kojected. 



ileim latitude (.'9 dcte:miii.".tion.«), 46° 59* 2S".90. 

c = -t 0".530 

T = ± 0". 339 

t„ = ± 0".071 

T„ = ± 0".047 



18 7 4. 
UNITED STATES NORTnERN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

[Aatronoinical Station No. IT — Frenchman's Creek, 462 milea west of Penibiua, Dakota.— Observer, J. F. Gregory. Captaiu 
United Spates Engineers. — ZeQitli Telescope, "Wiirdmaun No. 20. — Cbronometer, Negu.s Sidereal No. 1513.] 



B. A. C. 
Ko. 


Read 


ngs. 


Declination. 


Corrections. 


La.il nde. 


Rt^niarks 


Miorom. 


Level. 


Merid. 


Microui. 


Level 


Refrac. 


Red. to 










N. 


S. 


















5271 
biVi 


20. 7.'i6 
19. 345 


18.1 
17.5 


12.9 
13.0 


m. s. 


O 1 " 

42 48 19 24 
55 06 20.21 


( 1' 
+ 43. 83 


+2. 10 


+0.01 


" 


48 .58 08. 72 


July 0. 


5415 
6460 


30. 581 
10. 810 


19.0 
14 4 


10.3 
14.5 




58 10 03. 5H 
40 00 40. 09 


-10 14. 15 


+1. 92 


-0. 18 




09.42 




5502 
55-J3 


12.232 

28. 800 


14.5 
12.6 


H.O 
16.0 




55 29 33. 43 
43 09 37. 93 


+ 8 34. 6:, 


-0.05 


+0. l.i 




09. 83 




5545 
5624 


11. 166 
29. 043 


14.1 
11.7 


14.2 
15.7 





69 02 28. 67 
28 35 19. 85 


+ 9 15.31 


-0.91 


+0.17 




08. 83 




5C44 
5658 


15. 9,12 
25. 238 


14.0 
13.0 


13.0 
14.0 




42 27 51. 65 
55 38 02. 05 


- 4 48. 45 


0.00 


-0.03 




08. 33 




5693 
58J3 


25. 073 
15. 953 


16.0 
12.8 


10.2 
11.0 




31 54 39. 58 
65 52 11.88 


+ 4 43. 29 


+1.03 


4-0. 09 




10. 14 




58J3 
5911 


27. 097 
12. 907 


16.0 
1.3.8 


10.9 
1.3. 5 




49 49 37. 69 
48 21 59. 09 


- 7 39. 42 


+1.20 


-0.13 




10.04 




6047 
6073 


29.821 
10.010 


14.5 
13.0 


13. 5 
l.'i. 4 




72 12 34. 3.-) 
26 04 14. 32 


-10 15.08 


-0.31 


-0.20 




08.74 




6114 
6157 


15.499 
25. (J9I 


14.5 
1.5.2 


14.0 
12. 5 




76 58 38. 39 
20 47 42. 38 


+ 4 57. 95 


+0.71 


+0. 11 




09. 15 




cson 

6245 


14. 896 
26.0117 


11.5 
16.8 


14.4 
12.5 




79 58 50. 54 
17 45 47. 93 


+ 5 47. 94 


+0. 9d 


-i-0. 13 




0^. 30 




6263 
62S9 


13. 473 

26. 733 


16.0 
16.5 


13.4 
13.0 




39 25 19. 96 
58 43 38. 68 


- 6 51. 90 


+ 1.3C 


-0. 12 




08.60 




6318 
6365 


14. 078 
26. 006 


14.5 
17.3 


14 8 
12.3 




59 27 52. 94 
38 15 00. 73 


+ 6 41.58 


+1. 03 


+0.11 




09.57 




6421 
6476 


22.001 

28. 817 


17.3 
13.0 


12.9 
17.5 




49 17 31. 18 

48 42 04. 42 


- 1 38.90 


-0. 02 


-0. 02 




09.86 




6553 
6580 


16.736 
24. 364 


13.9 
17.6 


17.0 
13.3 




32 18 13. 26 
65 45 58. 63 


- 3 56. 95 


+0. 27 


-0.C8 




08.68 




6624 
6681 


21. 897 
19. 693 


16.7 
14.5 


14.2 
16.6 




40 07 40 91 
57 40 19. 93 


+ 1 OS. 4fi 


+0.09 


+0. 03 




08.99 




6728 
0748 


15.330 
24. 780 


14.7 
17.5 


16.8 
14.0 




43 25 2.1. 40 
54 40 38. 82 


- 4 53. 55 


+0.31 


-0.08 




08.79 




6780 
0817 


22. 391 
19. 192 


14.2 
17.1 


17.0 
14.2 





57 43 53. 99 
40 16 43. 20 


- 1 39. 37 


+0.03 


-0.03 




01. 24 




6830 
6865 


13. 9S7 
27. 280 


IG.O 
16.0 


1.5.8 
15.5 




47 36 20. 92 
50 33 46.91 


- 6 5i. 10 


+ 0. 11! 


-(\ 13 




08. 86 




6!)37 
C970 


13. 902 

26. 982 


16.7 
16.0 


15.0 
16.0 




30 28 07. 32 
61 41 43.09 


- C 46. 30 


+0. 38 


-0. 13 




09. 16 




7024 
7073 


27. 668 
30. 494 


17.3 
14.7 


14.8 
17.5 




61 51 19. rs 

36 02 01.79 


+ 1 27. 78 


-0.07 


+0.03 




4-( 58 08.63 





N n- 



-10 



145 



146 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station I^'o. 13 — Continued. 



B.A c. 
Xo. 



7100 
7166 

7215 
7277 

7320 
7-Tr. 2395 

7377 
7398 

7J16 
7433 

7505 
7566 
7595 
7605 

7627 
76S6 

T755 
7765 

7787 
7800 

7R2I) 

7S82 

7907 
7945 

7962 
8024 

5115 

5178 

5271 
5313 

5415 
5460 

5502 
5323 

5545 
5624 

5044 

5658 

5693 

5823 

58.53 
5911 

6047 
6073 

0114 
6157 

6206 
6245 

6268 
6239 



■Roadings. 



Microm. 



9.184 
31. 344 

16. 433 
24. 046 

20. 740 
19. 168 

31. 523 

8.683 

27. 065 
13. 505 

1.589 
!.■>. 830 
3,3. 480 

8.478 

20. 640 

18. 971 

19. 060 

22. 459 

20. 287 

21. 146 

11.531 
29. 747 

10.498 
29. 181- 



Level. 



N. 



17.0 
15.3 



26. 858 
13.719 




27. 399 
14. 869 




21.291 
19.917 




00. 439 
10. 643 




12.2?0 
28. 825 




11.433 
29. 301 




16. 033 
25. 333 




25. 8C6 
16. 677 




27. 900 
13. 133 




29. 960 
10. 141 




1.5. COO 
2.5. 227 




1.5. 193 
26. 419 




13. 771 

26. 985 





16.0 
17.1 

15.1 

18.7 

16.1 
17.6 

17.1 
17.0 
17.5 
17.0 

16.4 

19.5 

17.7 
17.1 

16.1 

18.5 

19.0 
16.9 

17.3 
18.0 

19.0 
17.7 

40.2 
42.7 

18.2 
12.0 

12.8 
17.0 

14.5 
12.0 

13.0 
14.2 

1.';. 

13.4 

13.7 
1.'.. 

16.0 
12.4 

17.1 

14.8 

18.3 
13.9 

16.1 
17.0 

18.0 
1.5.8 



Merid. 
dist. 



15.0 
17.1 



15. 7 17. 
16.7 16.5 



17. 1 
16.0 

1,8.5 
15.1 

17.8 
16.5 

17.0 
17.4 
17.0 
17.5 

18.1 
15.7 

17.8 
18.2 

19.1 
17.0 

10.8 
19.2 

18.8 
18.5 

17.5 
19.5 

38.4 
37.7 

06.1 
13.2 

12.6 
09.0 

12.0 
14.5 

14.0 
13.5 

13.0 
14.7 

14.5 
14.4 

13.5 
17.7 

13.9 
10.7 

13.3 

18.2 

16.0 
15.4 

14.7 
17. 1 



Declination. 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



Level. Kefrac 



42 45 42.93 
55 33 33.01 

57 07 33. 50 

40 40 52. 92 

38 09 31. 86 
59 45 09. 05 

59 27 59. 43 

38 51 56. 63 

62 02 58. 73 

36 07 20. 77 

37 58 06. 67 
37 42 22. 33 

60 32 13. 99 
CO 06 20. 67 

25 19 56. 90 
72 34 38. 21 

58 47 26. 78 

39 03 19. 89 

.52 01 23.24 

43 54 02. 56 

48 .50 09 41 

49 25 00. 63 

74 42 48. 12 
22 54 10. 38 

41 17 06.45 

50 25 34. 53 

61 CO 24. 50 
37 02 47. 09 

43 48 19.45 
55 06 26. 43 

58 16 03. 82 

40 00 40. 32 



55 29 33. 68 
42 09 38. 17 


C9 02 28. 95 
23 35 20. 09 


42 27 51.91 
53 38 02. 33 


31 54 39. 83 
65 52 12. 20 


49 49 38. 00 
48 21 39. 40 


72 12 34. 70 
26 04 14. 59 


76 59 38. 73 
20 47 42. 64 


79 58 50. 90 
17 45 48. 21 


.39 26 20. 28 
,58 43 39. 04 



-11 28. 36 
+ 3 56. 48 
+ 48. 83 
-11 49.32 
- 7 01.21 



- 9 08. 26 

- 4 o:>. 06 



+ 51. 84 
+ 1 45. 58 
+ 26. 63 

- 9 25. 84 
4- 9 40. 33 
+ 6 48. 14 

- 6 29. 22 
+ 42. 68 
-10 14.92 
+ 8 33. 94 
+ 9 15. 03 

- 4 48. 80 
+ 4 43. 58 

- 7 38.65 
-10 15 64 
+ 4 59. 04 
+ 5 48. 71 

- 50. 47 



+0.04 
-0.25 
0.00 
-1-0.04 
-0.13 



+0.02 
-0.09 



+0.47 
-0.27 
-0.33 
-0. 02 
-0. 22 
-0.07 
+1.52 
+2.43 
+1.83 
O.PO 
-0.07 
+ 0. 16 
-0.04 



-0.20 
+0.07 
+0.02 
-0.20 
-0.12 



-0.16 
-0.07 



+0.02 
+0.03 
+0.01 
-0.16 
+0.20 
+0. 12 
-0.11 
+0.01 
-0.18 
+0.15 
+0.17 
-0.08 
+0.09 



Eed. to 
merid. 



-0. 62 


-0.13 


+0 29 


-0.20 


+0, 16 


40.11 


+0.38 


+0.13 


+0. 43 


-0. 12 



Latitude. 



Remarka. 



48 58 09. 45 
09.51 
09.30 
03.57 
08.29 



09.76 
08.45 



09.88 
08.67 
09.26 
09.02 
09.58 
03.03 
07.99 
08.06 
08.80 
10.01 
09. 65 
08.34 
09.64 
09.30 
09.10 
09.99 
08.77 
' 48 ,58 09. 52 



July ■ 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 
Observations for Latitude.— Station S'o. 13— Coutiuued. 



147 



B. A. C. 

No. 



6318 
0365 

6421 
6476 

6553 
6586 

6624 
6661 

6728 
6748 

6780 
6817 

6830 
6803 

6937 
6970 

7024 
7073 

7100 
Tt66 

7215 
7277 

7320 
7-Tr. 2395 

7377 
7398 

7416 
7453 

7480 
7489 

7505 
756C 
7595 
7605 

7627 
7686 

7755 
7765 

7787 
7600 

7820 
7882 

7907 
7945 

7962 
8024 



Eeadmgs. 



Micron' 



Level. 



13.885 
26. 646 



22. 291 
19. 091 



16. 9(>3 
24. 528 



21. 695 
19. 478 



15. TOO 19. 
25. 139 19. 5 



1.5.7 
18.0 



19.6 
17.0 



18.3 

20. S 



Merid. 
dist. 



17,6 

17.4 



16.8 
20.0 



19.8 
17.9 



19.0 19.0 
19. 20. 



2-3. 580 
19. .381 



13. 598 19. 4 
26. 961 16. 



19.3 
17.8 



13. 875 
26. 925 



19. 025 
21.859 



9.601 
31. 771 



16. C20 
24.231 



20. 697 23. 
19. 140 21. 4 



20.0 
19.2 



19.2 
20.5 



18.8 
21.8 



18. 6 20. 
18.3 20.4 



19.8 
19.5 



20.0 
22.2 



19.6 
22.3 



33. 087 
9.240 



27.180 22.6 
13.603 23.0 



20.5 
24.0 



17.751 

24. 027 

1.273 

16. 508 
34. 187 
9.197 

20. 803 
19. 190 

19. 2^6 
22. C94 

20. 256 
21.116 

11.255 

29. 4.57 



11.190 23.0 
29. 870 23. 6 



21.8 
24.9 

23.9 
24.3 

24. 
23.7 

2.5.0 
24.0 

23.0 
23.0 

21.0 
24.4 



27. 538 
14.378 



25.2 
21.6 



19.7 
20 9 



20.7 
19.1 



22.2 
20!8 



20.5 



23.6 
20.5 

22.0 
21.9 

23.6 
20.7 

22.0 
22.4 
23.0 
23.5 

22.0 
23.6 

24 " 
24.1 

26.0 
22.3 

24.0 
23.9 

24.6 

24.0 

22.2 
26.7 



DccUnatioD. 



59 27 53. 31 
38 15 01. 07 

49 17 31.54 

48 42 04. 79 

32 18 12. 58 
es 45 59. 01 

40 07 41. 26 
57 46 20.31 

43 25 25. 70 

54 40 39. £0 

57 42 54. 37 
40 16 43. CO 

47 36 21.29 
50 33 47. 29 

.36 28 07. 67 
61 41 4.3.48 

61 51 20. 36 
36 02 02. 13 

42 45 43. 27 

55 33 33. 37 

57 07 33. 9>i 
40 40 53. 22 

38 09 32. 19 
59 45 09. 41 

59 27 59. 80 
38 51 56. 97 

62 03 59. 09 

36 07 21.09 

45 59 02. 24 
52 03 45. 04 

37 58 06. 99 
37 42 22, 64 

60 32 14.32 
60 06 20. 99 

25 19 57. 17 
72 34 38. 52 

58 47 27. 06 
39 05 20. 18 

52 01 23, 54 
45 54 03, 87 

48 50 09, 71 

49 25 00. 97 

74 42 48. 40 
23 54 10. 64 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



+ 6 42. 61 

- 1 39. 40 

- 3 50. 86 
+ 1 OS. 87 

- 4 53. 02 

- 1 39.37 

- 6 55. 10 

- 6 45. 37 
+ 1 28. 03 
-11 28.67 
+ 3 56. 42 
+ 43. 37 
-11 49.51 

- 7 01.74 

- 3 14.95 



- 9 09.16 

- 4 06. 14 



Level. 



41 17 06.73 
56 25 34. 82 



+ 50.11 
+ 1 45. 86 
+ 26. 78 
- 9 25. 53 
+ 9 40. 26 
+ 6 48. 79 



-0. 2:l 

-0.04 

+0.2.> 

-0. 22 

-0. 16 

-0. f 8 

-1. 16 

-0.78 

-0.29 

+0. 54 

-0. 25 

+0.38 

+0.09 

+0.38 

+0.54 



+0.65 
+0. 47 



+0.76 
-0.51 
-0.65 
-0.36 
-0.45 
-0.47 



Eefrac 



+0.11 

-e. 02 

-0.08 

+0. 02 

-0.08 

-0.03 

-0. 12 

-0.12 

+0.03 

-0.20 

+0,07 

+0.02 

-0.20 

-0. 12 

-0.05 



-0, 16 
-0,07 



+0,02 
+0, 03 
+0,01 
-0. 16 
+0.20 
+0.13 



Eed. to 
iiieiid. 



Latitnde. 



Mean latitude (68 determination 
£ = 0". 538 
T = 0". 359 
c„ = 0". 065 
To = 0". 043 



s), 48° 58' 00". 10. 



48 58 09. 60 
08.71 
09.10 
09.46 
09. S2 
09. CO 
07.91 
09, 30 
09,01 
09, 99 
09,89 
09. 57 
08. 76 
08,01 



09 
09 


Fl 


0» 


25 


08 


7,1 


09,(0 


0.1, 


34 


09, 


29 


C9, 


53 


48 58 09, 


21 



Rem art 8. 



1874. 
UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

[Astronomical Station No. 14 — COO miles west of Pembina. — Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain United States Engineers 
Zenith Telescope, Wijrdemann Ko. 20. — Chronometer, Negns Sidereal No. 1513.] 



Headings. 



B. A. C. 
No. 



.'.ll.'i 
54C0 



550-2 
55-23 



5543 
5624 



5644 
5058 



5693 
5S23 



5853 
5911 



6047 
6073 



6114 
6157 



6-206 
0245 



6268 
6389 



6553 
6586 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
C817 



6830 
6865 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 



7215 
7277 



Slicrom. 



7:i20 
7.Tr. -2395 



148 



23. 883 
12. 763 



10. 139 
30. 331 



9.770 
31. 265 



1,^. 319 
24. 010 



-26. 969 
14. 239 



-20. 973 
14. 784 



28. 321 
1-2. 1-27 



1.3. 021 
26. 864 



12. 917 

27. 782 



15. 441 

23.043 



18. 304 
2-2. 334 



23. 426 
17. 620 



17.118 
-2-2. 973 



20. 498 
20. 667 



15. 653 
25. -150 



15. 449 
24. 895 



17. 291 
23.769 



11.1-20 
29. 658 



14. 590 
25.815 



2-2. 693 
17. 519 



Level. 



•22.0 
•20.6 



22. 6 
■20.0 



22.7 
21.9 



21.7 
-24.4 



2-2.2 
-24.0 



23.5 
23.6 



-24.8 
2-2.3 



23.4 
24.2 



2.5.4 
-23.3 



2.). 7 
'24.3 



24.7 

25.4 



25.9 
21.0 



27. 3 
24.5 



23.5 
-26.3 



25.0 
37.5 



24.0 

25.8 



25.8 
24.0 



26.0 
25.1 



2.5.5 
•26.0 



24.9 

-27.9 



19.3 
21.5 



20. 2 
-22.4 



20.7 
22.0 



22.0 
19.3 



21.0 
20.6 



21.7 
2-3.1 



•21.3 

24.7 



23.7 
•23. 6 



23.0 
•25.3 



•23. 2 

•24.7 



23.5 
22.0 



21.8 
•23.8 



20. 9 
•24.0 



24.0 
21.5 



23.5 
■24.3 



■24.8 
•37.0 



•24.8 
30. 



26.0 



26.5 
•23.8 



M»^rid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



58 10 01. 51 
40 CO 41. 00 



55 39 34. 43 
42 09 38. 88 



09 02 29. 70 
•28 35 •20. 73 



42 27 5-2. 67 
55 38 03. 13 



31 54 40. .'i3 
65 53 13. 08 



49 49 38. 80 
48 '23 CO. ^29 



72 12 3.5. 67 
20 04 1.-). 36 



70 58 39. 72 
SO 47 43. -37 



79 58 51.91 
17 45 48. 92 



39 26 21. ^24 
53 43 40. 11 



33 18 13. 53 
65 46 60. 15 



40 07 4-2. 29 
57 46 21. 45 



43 25 26. 83 
54 40 40. 34 



57 43 5.5. .52 
40 16 44. 00 



47 35 2^2. 40 
50 33 48.41 



30 28 0.9. 70 
01 41 44.65 



01 51 21. ,54 
30 03 03. 17 



42 45 44. 30 
55 33 34. 53 



57 07 35. 01 
40 40 54. 29 



38 09 33. 24 
59 45 10.55 



Corrections. 



- 8 20.11 
+10 26. 91 
+11 07.70 

- 2 £6. 78 
4- 35. 43 

- 5 47. .53 

- 8 23. 03 
+ 6 51. 37 
+ 7 41.75 

- 4 53. 27 

- 2 03. 18 
+ 3 10.33 

- 3 01. 67 
+ n.46 

- 5 04. 32 

- 4 53. 42 
+ 3 21. 33 

- 9 35.85 
+ 5 4a 70 
-■ 3 40. 73 



Level. 


Eefrac. 


+0.40 


-0.15 


+0.13 


+0.18 


+0.42 


+0.21 


+1.07 


-0.0.1 


+0.1-9 


+0. 12 


+0. 74 


-0. 10 


+0. 25 


-0.16 


+0. 07 


+0.15 


+0. 09 


4-0. 19 


+0.47 


-0.09 


+0.89 


-0.04 


+0.96 


+0.05 


+1. 52 


-0.05 


+1.36 


0.00 


+1.56 


-0.03 


0.00 


-0.09 


-0.43 


+0.06 


-0.07 


-0. 17 


-0.07 


+0.10 


+0. 50 


+0.05 



Hed. to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



49 00 0^2. 69 
03.87 
03.54 
02.14 
03.24 
02.68 
0-3. 57 
03. 14 
03.41 
02.78 
0-2.51 
03.23 
03.18 
0-2. 91 
0-2. .56 
03. 16 
03.19 
03.35 
03. 37 

49 00 03. 22 



Remarks. 



July 10. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 14 — Continued. 



149 



B. A. C. 
No. 



"377 
7308 

7«6 
7453 

7480 
7489 

750.') 
75C<; 
7595 
7(i03 

7755 
77GS 

77f9 
7800 

7820 
7883 

7907 
7945 

7962 
80i4 

8036 
8059 

5971 
5313 

5415 
5400 

5502 
5523 

5545 
3K24 

5644 
56.58 

5693 
5823 

5853 
5911 

6048 
6073 

6114 
6157 

6206 
6245 

6268 
62=9 

6318 
6363 

6431 
6476 

6553 
6586 



Eeadings. 



Microm. 



30. 036 

10. 833 

S5.246 
15.298 

18.861 

21. 527 

2.732 

17. OliO 
32. 036 

7.042 

17. 157 
24. 192 

18. 449 

22. 950 

12.917 

27. 503 

8.573 
30. 691 

28. 526 

11. 764 

19. 462 

21. 047 

23. 347 
18. 313 

28. 627 

12. 533 

10. 273 
30. 443 

9.713 
31. 204 

17. 506 
23. 193 

27. 378 
14. 063 

25. 841 
14.663 

29. 013 
12. 330 

13. 870 

27. 096 

12. 803 
27. 625 

V\ 487 
23. 119 

11.945 

28. 488 

2\117 

20. 513 

18. 53! 

22. 550 



Level. 



24.1 
30.0 

26.7 
27.5 

30.3 
26.8 

32.3 
32.8 
26.0 
26.0 

30.0 
26.0 

26.8 
28.9 

27.7 
28.6 

28.5 
26.4 

27. 2 
29^7 

33.0 

25.7 

17.9 
22.7 

18.0 
17.3 

18.9 
18.0 

19.0 
19.2 

20.3 
19.5 

20.8 
20.8 

19.7 
23.0 

23.5 
20.5 

23.7 
19.9 

23.6 
22.0 

c)n o 

24] 

21.4 
25.2 

23.5 
23.0 

22.1 

33.8 



28.0 
22.6 

26.8 
26.5 

24.1 
28.1 

00. 7 
23^0 
30.0 
30.6 

26.8 
31.0 

30.0 
28.0 

99.7 
28.0 

28.0 
30.2 

29.0 

27.1 

24.0 
31.0 

17.5 
13.0 

18.3 

19. 8 

18.6 
19.8 

19.0 
19.7 

18.5 
19.3 

18.2 
19.5 

20.6 
18.0 

19.3 
22.5 

19.5 

23.7 

20. 1 
22.0 

22.0 
20.4 

23.0 
19.8 



24.0 
2^.9 



Merid. 
(list. 



Decliuation. 



40 



28 00. 94 
51 58. 02 

03 00.21 
07 22. 11 

59 03. 33 
03 46. 13 

58 08. 01 

42 23. 66 

33 1,5.43 
06 22. 09 

47 28.11 

05 21. 18 

01 24. 57 
54 03. 87 

50 10. 71 
23 01. 9C 

43 4". 35 

34 11.46 

17 07. 66 
23 35. 73 

21 50. 75 
36 29. 17 

48 CO. 21 

06 27. 26 

16 04. 69 
00 41. 17 

i 29 34. 62 
I 09 39. 07 

I 02 29. 90 
1 35 20. 93 

1 27 53. 89 
. 38 03. 37 

54 40. 74 
i 52 13.35 

I 49 .39. 1:; 
1 23 00. 36 

: 13 0.'.. 97 
: 04 1.5. 60 

1 58 40. 04 
I 47 4.). 00 

I 58 52 21 
' 43 49 14 

I 36 21. .'3 
I 43 40. 44 

I 27 54.71 
i 15 03. 33 

I 17 32.93 
i 43 06. 19 

I 18 1.3. 83 
. 46 00. 53 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



- 9 57. 19 

- 5 09. 01 

- 1 22.81 



- 7 16.96 

- 2 13.68 



+ 3 38. 53 
+ 2 19. 81 

- 7 33. 08 
+11 33.26 
-I- 8 40. 68 
+ 49. 2i 
+ 2 36. 37 

- 8 19.93 
+10 26. 54 
+11 07. 58 

- 2 56. 53 
+ 34. 97 

- 5 47. 23 

- 8 38. 54 
+ 50. 84 
+ 7 40. 43 

- 4 59. 20 
+ 8 33. 88 
+ 12. 27 

- 2 04.78 



Level. 



+0.78 
+0.£0 
+1.09 

+1.29 
+1.12 

-0.40 

-0.51 

-0.31 

-0.74 

+0. 18 

-fO.83 

+2. 25 

-0.63 

-0.33 

-0.11 

+0.43 

+0.87 

+0.91 

+0. 49 

H-3. 09 

+9.78 

+0.83 

+0.83 

+0.71 

+0. 67 



Refrac. 



-0. 18 
-0.09 
-0.02 



-0. 13 
-0.04 



+0.06 
+0.03 
-0. 13 
+0.25 
+0.15 
+0.C2 
+0.04 
-0. 15 
+0. 18 
+0.C1 
-0,05 
^-0. 12 
-0. 10 
-0.16 
+9. 13 
+0. 19 
-0.09 
+ 0. 13 
0, OD 

-0. r4 



Eed.to 
merid. 



Latitude. 



49 00 02.90 
02.20 
02. 99 



03.74 
03. 25 



03.83 
03.55 
02 81 
03.17 

02. 72 

03. 04 
02. 39 

02. 23 
03.24 

03. 09 
02.00 
03.00 
03.40 
02.57 
1 2. 90 
O-'.O; 

02. 54 

03. 40 
02.57 

4J 00 C3. 03 



KeniarkH. 



July II. 



150 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Ohservatiuns for Latitude. — Station 2\o. 14 — Contiuued. 



B. A. c. 
No. 



6634 
6681 

6723 
6748 

6780 
6817 

6830 
6865 

6937 
6970 

7024 
7073 

7100 
7100 

7215 
7377 

7320 
7.Tr. 2395 

7377 
7398 

7416 
7453 

7480 
7489 

7505 
7560 
7505 
7005 

7627 
768G 

7755 
7765 

7787 
7800 

7820 

7882 

7907 
7945 

7962 
8024 

8036 
8059 



Readings. 



Microra. 



23. 459 
17.605 

17. 264 
23. 121 

20. 338 
20. 731 

1.5. 8S2 
25. 584 

15. 453 

24. 917 

17. 740 
24. 186 

10. 863 

29. 410 

14.507 

25. 777 

23. 428 

18. 255 

S9. 855 
10. 020 

23. 528 
15. 570 

in. 053 
31.707 

2. 950 
18. 208 

32. 253 
7. 249 

22. 549 

17. 283 

17. 283 
24. 279 

18. 600 

33. 053 

13. 289 
27. 934 

8.500 

30. 755 

29. 185 
12. 454 

19. 2D3 

20.871 



Level. 



N. 



24.0 
24.8 

23.5 
25. 9 

24.7 
24.8 

24.0 
37.0 

24.2 
24.7 

23.7 
26.0 

24.0 
34.8 

24.6 
23. 9 

27.0 
22. 5 

23.4 
27.1 

25.4 
24.8 

24.2 
26.0 

2.5.9 
36.0 
25.4 
25.0 

24.7 
26.5 

20.7 
35.0 

27.1 
23.8 

26.0 
37.0 

26.0 
37.0 

20.1 
33.7 

27.0 
28.0 



22.3 
23.4 

24.0 
22.0 

23.8 
24.0 

25 
23.0 

34.7 
24.0 

25.9 

22. 2 

24.1 

23.8 

23.8 
21.9 

31.4 
20.2 

26.5 
21.8 

23.8 
24.5 

24.7 
23.3 

23.6 
33.7 

24. 3 

25. 

25.0 
23.7 

23.9 
25.4 

23. 2 
20.7 

34.7 
24.0 

23.0 
24.4 

31.0 
19.0 

25 
24.7 



MoriJ. 
Uiat. 



Decimation. 



40 07 43. 62 
57 46 21. 82 

43 25 27. 18 
34 40 40. 71 

57 42 53. 89 
40 16 45.01 

47 30 22. 76 
50 33 48. 80 

36 28 09. 04 
01 41 45. 04 

01 51 21.93 
30 02 03. 51 

42 45 44. 72 
53 33 34.91 

57 07 35. 39 

40 40 64. 65 

38 09 33. 69 
59 45 10. 94 

59 28 01.33 
33 51 58. 37 

62 03 1. i:o 

36 07 22. 45 

45 f.9 0.3. 69 
52 03 40. 60 

37 58 08. 36 
37 42 24. 00 

60 32 15. 79 
60 06 22. 46 

25 19 ,S8. 39 

73 31 39.93 

58 47 28. 47 

39 05 21. 51 

.53 01 24.92 
45 54 04. 33 

43 50 11.07 
49 25 03.31 

74 42 49.09 
33 51 11. 78 

41 17 07.99 
56 25 36. 07 

49 21 57. 09 

48 30 29. 50 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



+ 2 59. 98 

- 3 01. 94 
+ 12. 21 

- 5 03. 34 

- 4 53. 98 
-f .■; 20. 23 

- 9 36. 12 
+ 5 48. 22 
+ 2 40. 09 

- 9 57. 50 

- 5 09. 33 

- 1 23.44 



- 7 10.33 

- 2 13.54 



+ 2 43. 01 
+ 3 37. 32 
f 2 IS. 14 
- 7 34. 93 
4-11 31.31 
+ 8 39. 71 
+ 49. 03 



Level. 



+0.91 
+0.70 
+0. 38 
+0.76 
+0.04 
+0.13 
+0.20 
-0.04 
+0. 43 
+0.27 
+0.42 
+0.49 

+0.76 
-1-0.51 

+0.56 

+0.54 

+0. 33 

+0.96 

+0.80 

+0.71 

+1.05 



Eefrac. 



+0,05 
-0.03 
0.00 
-0. OS 
-0.09 
+0.06 
-0. 17 
+0.10 
+0. 05 
-0.18 
-0.09 
-0.02 



-0. 13 
-0.04 



+0.05 
+ 0.06 
+0.03 
-0. 13 
+0. 25 
+0.15 
+0.03 



Red. to 
mcrid. 



Latitude. 



49 CO 03. 16 
03.71 
03. 04 
03. 23 
03.99 
03. 14 
03.71 
03.30 
03. 43 
03.43 
02. 53 
0.3. 13 



04. 27 
03. 34 



03. 33 
03.91 
03. 01 
03. fO 
03. 09 
02. 00 
49 00 03. 38 



Remarks. 



Mean latitude (66 determinationr,), 49=> 00' 02".95. 

e = 0".454 
T = 0".303 
e„ = O.'MISO 
T„ = 0".037 



18 74. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Ohscrvations for Latitude. 

[Astrnnomical Station No. 15— East Fork of Milk Eiver, 553 Diilos west of PembiBa.— Obaerrer, J. F. Gregory, Captain 
United States Engineers. — Zenitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. iiO.— Cbronometer, Kegus Sidereal No. 1513.] 



i.. A. C. 
No. 



5G-14 
5658 



5603 
5323 



6047 
6073 



6114 
6157 



630G 
6345 



6368 
6380 



6318 
6365 



6421 
6476 



6553 
6566 



6624 
6081 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6630 
68G5 



6<I37 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 
7277 



7320 
7-Tr.2395 



7377 
7398 



7410 

7453 



Keadings. 



Microm 



17. 561 
23. 299 

27. 306 

14. 650 

28. 060 
11.808 

13.317 
26. 496 

12. 792 
27. 581 

15. 600 
25. 259 

12. 820 

29. 323 

20. 600 
20. 961 

18. 426 

22. 490 

23. 680 
17. 931 

17. 460 
23.367 

20. 418 
30. 761 

15. 350 
25.179 

15. 560 
25.120 

17.475 
83. 850 

11.072 

29. C91 

15. 195 
26. 342 

22. 8T0 
17. 750 

30. 489 
11.281 

2.5. 446 
15. 460 



17.3 
21.7 



19.0 
20.0 



20.5 
19.9 



20.9 
19.0 



21.1 
18.4 



22.0 
18.0 



20.0 
19.5 



20.0 
20.5 



20.7 
20.9 



20.7 
21.6 



20.7 
23.0 



22. 1 
19! 5 



20.1 
22.5 



20.7 
23.4 



21.0 
23.0 



23.1 
21.0 



21.9 
SI. 4 



21.9 
22.3 



22.4 
21.9 



18.5 
25.2 



20.0 
15.8 



18.0 

18.7 



19.1 

19.8 



19.0 

20.9 



18.7 
21.5 



18.0 
22.0 



20.0 
21.0 



20.6 
20.5 



20.7 
20.8 



21.0 
20.7 



21.9 
20.7 



20.4 
23.4 



22.7 

so! 4 



23.0 
21.3 



23.0 
22.1 



21.0 
23.5 



23. 4 
23! 4 



23.6 
23.1 



2.3.5 
24.5 



28.0 
21.6 



Merid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



42 27 53. 61 
55 38 04. 14 



31 54 41.40 
65 53 14. 84 



72 12 36.99 
20 04 16. 38 



76 58 41. 10 
20 47 44. 32 



79 m fa. 33 
17 45 49. 84 



39 26 23. 56 
58 43 41. CO 



59 27 55. 89 
38 15 03. 39 



49 17 34. 10 
48 42 07. 38 



32 18 14. 86 
65 46 01. 88 



40 07 43. 77 
57 46 8,i. 13 



43 25 28. 40 
54 40 43. 03 



57 43 57. 23 
40 K; 46.21 



47 30 24. 04 
50 33 50. 10 



36 28 10. 22 
61 41 40.41 



61 51 23.30 
36 03 04. 69 



43 45 4B. 00 
55 33 36. 28 



57 07 36. 77 
40 40 55. 93 



38 09 34. 84 
59 45 12. 34 



59 28 02.72 
38 51 69. 63 



63 03 02. 09 
36 07 23. 69 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



-2 58. 24 
+6 33. 13 
-8 24. 84 
+6 49. .38 
+7 39. 39 
-5 00. 04 
+8 32. 63 
+0 11.03 
-2 00. 24 
+2 58. 89 
-3 03. 49 
+0 10. 63 
-5 05. 33 
-4 56.34 
+3 18. 03 
-9 38. 30 
-f 5 40. 26 
+2 :9. 04 
-9 58. 53 
-5 10.20 



Level. 



+0.71 
+0.51 
+0.33 

0. CO 
-0.10 

0.00 
-0. 33 
-0. 13 
+0. 02 
+0.13 
+0.02 
-0.49 
-0.11 
-0.27 
-0.47 
-0.09 
-0.56 
-0.56 
-0.83 
-1.38 



Eefrac, 

-0. 05 
H-0. 12 
-0. 16 
+0.14 
+0.18 
-0.09 
+0.15 

0.00 
-0.04 
+0.05 
-0.05 

0.00 
-0.08 
-0.09 
+0.06 
-0.17 
+0.10 
+0.04 
-0.18 
-0. 09 



Eed. f o 
merid. 



Latitude. 



49 00 01.30 

01. .58 

02. 01 
02.23 
00.99 
01.99 
02. 09 
01.04 
02.08 
02.52 
01.69 
01.88 
01.56 
01.61 
01.61 
02.53 
02.14 
03.11 
01.01 

49 00 01.23 



Kemarks. 



July 15. 



152 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COALMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station 2\o. 15 — Coutiiiued. 



B. A. c. 
Ko. 



Headings. 



7480 
7489 



rc44 

5638 



r0!'3 
5S23 



58.i3 
5911 



(.047 
('il,73 



GII4 
6157 



0306 
0243 



6808 



6318 
6305 



0451 

6476 



6553 
65tG 



6624 
6681 



0728 
6748 



6780 
6t-17 



6830 
6803 



6937 

69-: 



7024 
7073 



7100 
71(i0 



7215 
7'J77 



7321 
7-rr. 2^.93 



7377 

73C8 



5853 
5911 



0047 
0073 



0114 
0157 



(200 
0243 



19.286 
21.9';C 



18.380 
24. 085 



27. S53 
14.583 



20. 009 

14. toa 



2H. 178 
11.953 



14.119 

S7. 276 



13.029 
27. 818 



15.641 
25. 313 



12. r.61 
29. 040 



20 501 
20. 830 



18.910 

22.981 



23. 030 
17.t82 



17. 573 
23. 405 



20. 931 

21. 284 



10.108 
25. 051 



17.790 
24. 167 



11.817 

30. 437 



15. 0h8 
20. 227 



23. 521 

18. 406 



30. 705 
11.434 



20. 530 
13.334 



28.021 
12. 404 



13. 887 
27. COl 



13. 131 
27.911 



L<vcl. 



24.2 
19.9 



17.1 

17.8 



18.8 
18.7 



19.0 
17.0 



19.8 
18.0 



17,0 
21.5 



19.9 
19.9 



20.9 
19. 2 



19.7 
19. 1 



19.3 
90.0 



19.2 
20.0 



19.5 
19.7 



18.2 
19. 3 



20.0 
17.3 



19.5 

18.7 



19.0 
21.3 



19.9 

20.4 



91.0 
19. 5 



20.6 
19.7 



21.7 
19. 9 



21.0 
20.4 



13.8 
13.0 



l.'i. 4 
9.4 



13.0 
15.7 



14.8 
13.0 



Merid. 
dist. 



22. 5 
27.1 



19.1 
18. 9 



17.7 
19.6 



19. S 
21.2 



lO. 4 
il.O 



21.4 

17.7 



20.0 
19.9 



19.2 

20.4 



£0.0 
21.0 



20.6 
19.8 



21.1 
20.1 



21.0 
20.4 



91.4 
20.3 



19.0 
22.3 



20.0 
21.0 



21.0 
19.0 



21.0 
20.0 



19.4 
22,0 



91.0 
22.4 



20.0 
22. e 



22.0 
22. 6 



1.5.6 
10.0 



15 
20.4 



10.5 
13. 1 



14.0 
10.0 



Declinntii 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



45 59 05. 03 
59 03 47. 80 



42 27 53. 79 
55 38 04. 33 



31 .54 41. .56 
65 52 14. 45 



49 49 40.21 
48 29 01.07 



79 19 37.24 
26 04 16. 55 



70 58 41.34 

20 47 44. 48 



79 58 53. 58 
17 45 49. 99 



39 20 22.78 
38 43 41.80 



59 27 50.15 
38 13 03. 01 



49 17 34.30 
48 42 07.63 



39 18 15.09 
65 40 09. 00 



40 07 44. 03 
57 46 93. 42 



43 25 28. 68 
54 40 42. 33 



57 42 57. 53 
40 10 46. 48 



47 30 24. 33 
50 33 5o. 40 



30 28 10.48 
01 41 40. 73 



01 51 23.02 
30 09 04. 90 



42 45 46.27 
53 33 30. 59 



57 07 37. ('8 
40 40 50.91 



38 09 3.5. 12 
69 45 12. 05 



59 28 0.3. 04 
38 61 53. SO 



49 49 40.43 

48 22 01.88 



79 19 37. 48 
20 04 10.73 



70 58 41.00 
20 47 44. 61 



79 58 53. 81 
17 45 50, 10 



-1 23, .50 

-2 .57.21 
+0 33. 57 
-5 48. 12 
-8 24.00 
+0 48.91 
+7 39. 39 
-5 00.44 
+8 32. 07 
-J-0 11,03 
-2 00, 40 
+2 58.53 
-3 03.02 
+0 10.96 
-5 04.79 
-4 .56.43 
-f3 18.011 
-9 3". 39 
-f3 40.01 
• -I 2 38. 89 
-9 ,->8. 01 
-5 48.00 
-8 23.75 
+0 49.29 
+7 ;;9. 11 



Level. 



-1.23 
-0. C9 
-fO. 04 
-1.05 
-0. 60 
0,00 
-0.18 
-0, l'4 
-0,49 
-0, 25 
-0,31 
-0,49 
-0,94 
-1,03 
-0, 69 
+0,07 
-0,29 
-0,07 
-0.09 
-0.36 
-0.71 
-1.20 
-2. 30 
-0.20 
-0,49 



Ktfl.-ic, 



-0,02 
-0,05 
+0. 12 
-0. 10 
-0. 10 
+0.14 
+0 18 
-0. (,9 
-i-0. 15 

0.00 
-0.04 
+0.05 
-0.05 

0.00 
-0.08 
-0. 09 
+0. 00 
-0.17 
+0.10 
+0,04 
-0. 18 
-0,10 
-0, 10 
+0, 14 
-i 18 



Ked. to 
merid. 



L:ititude. 



49 fO 01.03 
01.11 
01,73 
01.07 
01.93 
01, 96 

01, 18 
01,75 
01.01 
01.78 
01.73 
01.83 
01,49 
01.:i4 
01,. «7 
02,15 

02. 15 
09. fO 
02. (:(i 
C2. 45 
01,97 
01,80 
CO, 83 
02.28 

4 ) CO 00. 80 



Item.'irkp. 



Julv 10. 



Jtily 17 



EEPOUT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude — Station No. 15— Coutiiiiiod. 



153 



B. A. C. 
No. 



0:118 

6it9 
0ni8 

mas 

6491 
6-17G 

6553 
6580 

66:4 
00 ■jl 

6738 
6748 

6780 
0817 

0830 
0865 

0937 
6970 

7024 
7073 

7100 
7106 

7-215 
7:>77 

7390 
Gr. 7-Yr.2395 

7377 
7398 

7410 

7453 

7480 
7489 

7o05 
7566 
7595 
7605 



Headings. 



Level. 



Microm 



N. 



15 500 
25. 178 

19. 322 

28. 813 

21.019 
21,366 

19.007 
23. 058 

24.144 

18. 434 

17. 580 
2.!. 5,'3 

21. 134 

91. 448 

10.014 
25. 803 

16. ino 
25. 620 

17. 744 

24. 113 

10.242 

£8. 883 

15. 482 
20. 018 

23. 331 
18.221 

30. 722 
11.433 

25. 953 
15. 909 

19. 475 
22. 197 

3. 339 
18. 589 
32. 099 

7.707 



14.5 
14.4 

13.0 
14.8 

10.0 
14.0 

14.7 

15.8 

I.';. 4 

19.0 

18.0 
17.0 

16.0 
18.0 

16.7 
17.6 

15 7 
18.8 

17.7 
16.9 

16.5 
18.7 

18.7 
16.9 

19.5 
17.8 

19. C 
17.8 

18.4 
19.6 

18.5 
20.0 

19.0 
19.0 
20.5 
20.6 



14.5 
14.7 



16.0 
15.0 



14.7 
17.7 



17.6 

16.8 



17.1 
14.6 



15 8 
16.8 



18.0 
10.0 



17.6 
17.0 



19.5 
10.9 



IS. 1 
19.3 



19.9 
18.0 



Uerid. 
dist. 



17.6 
21.1 




18.7 
20.6 




21.0 




20.4 
19.8 




20.9 
19.7 




20.7 
21.4 
20. 2 
20.4 





Declination. 



39 20 2.3. 03 
58 43 42.14 

.59 97 .50. 4J 
38 15 03. 87 

49 17 34.65 
48 42 03. 99 

33 18 15. 32 
65 46 02.42 

40 07 44. 31 
57 40 23. 73 

43 25 28. 96 

54 40 42.64 

57 42 57. 84 
40 16 46. 77 

47 36 24. 04 
50 33 50. 70 

36 28 10. 76 
61 41 47.05 

01 51 21. 95 
30 02 05. 24 

42 45 46. CO 

55 33 36.93 

57 07 37.41 
40 40 56. 51 

38 09 35. 42 

59 45 12. 97 

.59 28 03. 36 
38 52 00. 20 

02 03 02.66 

36 07 24. 24 

45 59 05. 63 
52 03 48. 49 

37 58 10. 18 
37 42 95 81 

60 32 17. 79 
60 06 24. 46 



Corrections. 



-5 00. 03 
+8 3-2. £0 
+0 10.78 
-2 05. 84 
+9 57. 37 
-3 04.01 
+0 09. 75 
-5 05. 94 
-4 5.5. 72 
+3 17.84 
-9 39. 05 
+5 45. 92 
+2 38. 73 
-9 59. 17 



Level. 



-0.71 
-0.54 
-0.87 
+0.60 
+0. 54 
0.00 
-0.07 
-0.42 
-0. 02 
-0.60 
-0.69 
-0.45 
-0. .58 



Kefran, 



-5 10.13 -0.49 



-7 18.30 
-2 15. OS 



-0.47 
-0.33 



-0.09 

+0. 15 
0.00 

-0.04 
-f0.05 

-0.05 

0.00 

-0.C8 

-0.09 

+0.06 

-0.17 

+0.10 

+0.04 

-0.18 

-0.09 

-0.02 

-0.13 
-0.04 



Red. to 
meiid. 



Mean Latitude (62 determina'ious), 49° 00' 01". 86. 

£ = 0". 437 

I = 0". 2.«8 
fo = 0". 054 
To = 0". 0J6 



Latitude. 



49 OD 01.79 
01. K5 

01. ,52 

02. 12 
02.01 
01.68 
02. 05 
01.58 
02. 67 
01.87 
01.94 
02.29 
02 51 
01.85 



J^emarks. 



02. 74 . Eejccted. 

I 
02. 02 I 



02. 90 I 
49 00 01. 8D : 



1874. 

UNITED STATES KOKTHEKN BOUNDAEY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

[AdtroDomical Station No. 16— ililk Eiver Lakes, 588 milea west of Pembina.— Obserrer, J. F. Gregory. Captain United 
States Engineers.— Zenitli Teleseopc, Wiirdemann Ho. £0.— Chronometer, Xegus Sidereal Ko. 1513.J 



B. A. C. 

No. 



5(J58 



5693 
5;23 



5853 
5911 



6647 
6073 



61H 

6157 



6206 
C345 



6268 
C2S9 



6318 
C365 



6421 
6476 



6553 
6536 



6624 
6681 



6723 
6748 



67=0 
6817 



6830 
6865 



6937 
6370 



7024 
7073 



7100 
71C0 



Headings. 



ilicrom 



7320 
(;.7.Tr.23UJ 



7S77 
7398 



17. 641 

23. 601 



26. 843 
14, 362 



26. 146 
14. 728 



28.287 
1 1. 825 



13.611 
26. 547 



12. 914 
27. 457 



15. 380 
25. 303 



12. 386 

2-. 659 



20. ,')35 
20. 625 



18. 463 

22. 7R7 



23. 670 

18; 159 



17. 173 
23. 350 



20. 922 
20. 993 



15. 323 
25. 409 



l.-i. 918 
25. 716 



17. 957 

24. 003 



11.334 
30. 231 



15.520 
26. 403 



22. 769 
17.917 



39. 303 
10. 747 



Level. 



N. 



16.0 
17.5 



17.1 
18.1 



18.0 
li).2 



19.0 
17.1 



17.5 
21.0 



18.0 
20.4 



19.7 
19.2 



19.8 
19.7 



18.5 
19.7 



17.8 
20.4 



18. 5 

20.7 



20.7 
17.7 



20.5 
19.0 



18.0 
23.5 



21.6 

18.7 



20.6 
20. o 



21.0 
1.". 



20.0 
19.5 



21.7 

18.8 



18.4 
17.0 



17.0 
18. 6 



19.0 
21.0 



21.1 
22.0 



22.0 
18.1 



21.6 
19.) 



19.7 
20.7 



20.6 
22.6 



20.8 
20.4 



21.0 
20. 1 



21.8 
20.0 



21.3 
19.5 



19. 5 
22.8 



20.0 
21.6 



20. 
21.0 



21.0 
21.0 



20. r 

■s>.; 



21. n 

22. 3 



20.0 
22.7 



Merid. 
Dist. 



Declin.ation. 



42 27 55. 03 
55 38 05.62 



31 54 42.71 
65 52 15. 92 



49 49 41. 67 
48 £2 03. 17 



72 12 3,5. 90 
26 04 17. 86 



70 58 43. 06 
20 47 40. 70 



49 53 55. 35 
17 45 51. 19 



39 26 24. 42 
53 43 43. 71 



59 27 5?. 02 
38 15 05. 30 



49 17 36. 22 
48 42 09. 50 



32 18 16.71 
05 46 04. 10 



40 07 45. 85 
57 40 25. 57 



43 25 30. 57 
54 40 44. 3'; 



57 42 59. 61 
40 16 48. 36 



47 36 20. 31 
50 33 54, 10 



30 28 12. 31 

61 41 48. 87 



01 51 25.77 
36 02 00. 81 



42 45 48.24 
55 33 38. 69 



57 07 39.20 
40 40 58. 12 



3S 09 3i:. 99 
59 45 M.77 



5.1 28 05. 15 
38 52 01.79 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



Level. 



- 3 0.5. 14 
+ 6 26. 45 

- 5 54. 68 

- 8 31. 36 
+ 6 41. 83 
+ 7 31.75 

- 5 OS. 24 
+ 8 25. 49 
-I- C2. 80 

- 2 14. 32 
+ 2 51.19 

- 3 11.88 
+ 02. 21 

- 5 13. SO 

- 5 04, 36 
+ 3 09. 67 

- 9 47.00 
+ 5 38. 06 
+ 2 30. 72 
-10. 07. 47 



-0. 42 
-0.09 
-1.29 
-1.56 
-0.36 
-0.51 
-0.33 
-1,34 
-0.38 
-0.65 
-0.80 
-0.36 
-0.87 
-0.47 
+0.16 
—0,60 
-0.13 
-1.16 
-0.85 
-0. 49 



licfrac. 



Eed. to 
merid. 



-0,05 
+0.12 
-0.10 
-0.16 
+0,14 
+0.18 
-0.09 
+0.15 

0.00 
-0.04 
+0. 05 
-0,1' 

0. 00 
-0.08 
-0. 09 
+0,06 
-0,17 
+0.10 
+0.04 
— n ' 



Latitude. 



48 59 54.71 
55, 79 
56,35 
55.30 
55.99 
54.69 
.55. 40 
55.96 
65. 28 

55. 42 
56.15 
53.18 
55.32 

56. 35 
56,30 
55.42 
56.16 
55. ,50 
55. 79 

43 59 55. "3 



Remarks. 



July 22. 



154 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — 8lation No. 10 — Ooutiuued. 



155 



B.A.C. 
• No. 



7416 
7453 

7480 
7489 

7505 
7560 
7595 
7605 

5545 
5624 

5644 
5658 

5C93 
5S20 

5853 
5911 

6047 
6073 

0114 
6157 

62(16 
6245 

6268 
62W 

0318 
6365 

6421 
0476 

6553 
6586 

6624 
6681 

7024 
7073 

7100 
7ICC 

7215 
7277 

7320 
r-Tr. 23115 

7377 
7398 

7416 
7453 

7480 
7489 

7566 
7595 

7627 
7686 



Readings. 



Microm. 



25. 581 
15.292 

19.248 
22. 216 

2.807 
18.0.i5 

32. 420 
7. 429 

10.214 
31. 374 

17. 939 
23. 919 

26. 715 
14. 317 

26. 145 

14. 649 

28. 396 
11.821 

13. 790 

26. 678 

12. 805 
27. 306 

15. 567 
25. 553 

12.231 
28.400 

20. 349 
20. 411 

18. 486 
23. 833 

23. 370 
17. 922 

17. 673 
23. 743 

11.037 

29. 951 

14.941 
25. 792 

22. 820 
17. 990 

30. 177 
10. 612 

25.236 

14. 903 

19.214 

22. 207 

18.241 

33. 630 

23. 615 
17. 705 



Level. 



N. 



20.0 
20.8 

19.5 
21.0 

19.7 
19.1 
21.0 
20.7 

14.8 
10.0 

13.4 
12.7 

10.0 
19.0 

14.0 
10.0 

20.6 
10.0 

19.8 
16.0 

20.0 
ir. 7 

18.0 
19.5 

19.0 
18.0 

20.3 
13.0 

1.5.5 
17.0 

1.5.4 
15.0 

14.8 
16.0 

15.0 
16.5 

15.4 
14.0 

17.0 
14.8 

17.0 
14.8 

17.7 
16.3 

15.3 
19.0 

17.0 
18.0 

17.0 
19.0 



22.0 
21.0 

21.9 
20.0 

21.1 
21. 9 

20 5 
20.8 

11.5 
16.8 

14.3 
15.6 

17.7 
10.8 

15.7 
14.0 

13.2 
IB. 

14.8 
17.5 

14.8 
19.0 

17.0 
16.0 

16.5 
17.3 

15.0 
22.0 

18.7 
17.1 

17.7 
18.0 

17.2 
15.8 

17.0 
10.0 

17.3 

18.7 

15.7 
lK.3 

10.4 
19.5 

17.1 
19.0 

19.1 
17. 1 

19. n 
18.6 

19.2 
17.3 



Meiid. 
dist. 



Declin.ition. 



62 03 04. 42 

36 07 25. 79 

45 59 07. 29 
52 03 49. 21 

37 .58 11.74 

37 42 27. 36 

60 33 19 53 
CO 00 26. 20 

69 02 32. 17 

28 35 22. 94 

42 27 55. 24 
55 3d 05. 88 

31 54 42.91 
65 52 16. 18 

49 49 41. 93 

48 22 03. 44 

72 12 39. 20 
26 04 18. 09 

76 58 43. 36 
20 47 45. 93 

79 58 ,55. 68 
17 45 51. 42 

39 26 24.72 

58 43 44. 04 

59 27 58. 36 

38 15 0.5. 60 

49 17 36. 56 

48 42 09. 84 

32 18 17. 02 
65 46 04. 53 

40 07 46. 18 
57 46 25. 83 

61 51 26. 17 

36 02 07. 15 

42 45 48. 61 
55 33 39. 09 

57 07 39. 60 
40 40 58. 50 

38 09 37. 34 
59 45 15. 17 

59 28 05. 55 
38 52 02. 15 

62 03 04. 80 
30 07 20. 14 

45 59 07. 66 
52 03 50. 59 

37 43 27. 71 
CO 32 19.93 

25 20 01. 64 
72 34 43. 99 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



5 19.61 
1 32. 19 



— 7 26.33 

- 2 23. 57 



+10 57. 29 

- 3 05. 76 
+ 6 25. 13 

- 5 57. 10 

- 8 34. 87 
+ 6 40. 34 
+ 7 30. 44 

- 5 10. 20 
+ 8 23. 26 
4- 01. 93 

- 3 15.03 
+ 2 49. 23 
+ 3 08. 55 

- 9 47. 53 
+ 5 37. 06 
+ 2 30. 03 
-10 07.75 

- 5 19.11 

- 1 33.97 

- 7 20. 97 
4- 2 32. :>2 



Level. 



-0.49 
-0.45 



-0. ,51 
-0.33 



-0.65 
-0.85 
+0.11 
+ 0.07 
+1.20 
+0.91 
+0. 42 
+1.00 
+0.71 
-0. 83 
-0.74 
-1.18 
-0.49 
-0. 33 
-1.47 
-0.49 
-0.91 
-0.47 
-0.42 
-a 5i 
-0. 11 



Refrac. 



-O.09 
-0.03 



-0.13 
-0.04 



+0.21 
-0.05 
+0 12 
-0.10 
-^0. 16 
+0.14 
+0. 18 
+0.09 
+0.15 
0.00 
-0.04 
+0.05 
+0.06 
-0 17 
+0.10 
+0.04 
-0.18 
-0.09 
-0. 02 
-0. 13 
+0.0i 



Red. to 
meiid. 



Latitude. 



o / // 
48 59 ,54.91 



56. 53 
5.'). 03 



54. 40 
53.90 

54. 90 

55. 55 

54. 83 

56. 03 
54,59 
55.09 

55. 10 
51. 30 
54.96 
54. 10 

54. 78 

55. 82 
54.74 
55. 83 
55.01 
55. 80 
55. 72 



Remarks. 



July 23. 



156 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. IG — Continued. 



B. A. C. 
No. 


Eeadings. 


DeclinatioD. 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Itemarlifl. 


Microm 


Level. 


Moriil. 
didt. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Refrac. 


Eed. to 
mtrid. 


N. 


S, 

16.7 
21.7 


77ri5 
7765 


17.306 
23. 959 


19.8 
14.0 


m. s. 


o / // 
58 47 32. 47 
39 05 25. 19 


/ n 

4- 3 20. 66 


-1.03 


+0. 06 


" 


' // 

48 59 54. 53 


7787 
7800 


18. 470 
23. 579 


17.0 
16.2 


19.0 
18.3 




52 01 28.83 
45 54 08. 02 


+ 2 07.61 


-0.91 


+0. (13 




55.13 




7820 

7682 


13.023 
27. 966 


13.9 
10.3 


20.8 
17.8 





48 50 14. 89 

49 25 C6. 07 


- 7 44.17 


-1.87 


-0.13 




.54. 31 




7U07 
7945 


9.149 
31.100 


17.5 
13.8 


16.0 
19.3 




74 42 53. 47 
22 54 14. 87 


+11 21.86 


-0.87 


+0.24 




55. 40 




5693 
5820 


27. 131 

14. 728 


15.5 
14.9 


13.8 
16.9 




31 51 43.29 
65 52 16. 61 


+ 6 25. 27 


-0,07 


+0. 12 




55. 24 


.July 25. 


5911 


26. 443 
14.967 


15.7 
14.0 


16.0 
18.0 




49 49 43. 36 
48 S3 03. 69 


- 5 06, 48 


-0,96 


-0.10 




55. 59 




6047 
C073 


28. 395 
11, 828 


17.1 
19.0 


16.0 
14.0 




72 12 39. 73 
26 01 18.51 


- 8 31,63 


+1.36 


-0. 16 




,55. 70 




6114 
6157 


13. 663 

26.501 


17.4 
15.5 


16.0 
17.7 




76 58 43.91 
20 47 46. 33 


+ 6 4:), 65 


-0,18 


+0.11 




55. 73 




6506 
624:. 


12. 900 

27. 4;i7 


19.3 
12.2 


14.0 
21.1 




79 58 .56.21 
17 45 51.83 


+ 7 31., 56 


-0.80 


+0. is 




54. 97 




6368 
6289 


14.980 
24.917 


16.1 
16.8 


17.4 
17.0 




39 26 25.20 
58 43 44. 65 


- 5 08. 67 


-0.33 


—0. 09 




55.86 




6318 
6365 


12. 336 

28. 563 


19.7 
12.0 


14.3 
22.0 




.59 27 58. 98 
38 15 06. 16 


+ 8 24.06 


-1.03 


+0. 15 




55.76 




6421 
6476 


20. 532 
20. 594 


1.5.0 
18.3 


19.7 
16.4 





49 17 37. 19 

43 42 10. 48 


+ 01.93 


-0.63 


0. (10 




55. 14 




6553 
6586 


18. 359 
22. 723 


17.5 
17.3 


17.7 
18.3 




32 IP 17. 59 
65 4G 05. 23 


- 2 1.5. .56 


-0.27 


-0.04 




55.54 




6624 
6G81 


23. 470 
18. 000 


16. 3 

17. 2 


19.0 
18.5 




40 07 46. 70 
57 46 26. 55 


4- 2 49, 91 


-0.89 


+0. 05 




55. 70 




6728 
6748 


17. 026 
23. 283 


19,0 
19.2 


17.7 
17.8 




43 25 31. 58 
54 40 45. 46 


- 3 11,36 


+0.60 


-0. 05 




54.71 




6780 
6817 


20. 760 
20. 758 


19. 5 
19.0 


16.8 
17.5 




.57 43 00.71 
40 16 49. 37 


- 00. 06 


+0.94 


0.00 




5.5. 92 




6830 
6805 


15.468 
25. 627 


18.0 
19.2 


18.1 
17.1 




47 ,30 27. 3< 
50 33 53. 52 


- 5 1,5, .57 


+0.45 


-0.08 




5.5. 25 




6937 
6970 


15. 526 
25. 408 


19.0 
19. 7 


17.4 
17.2 




36 28 13. 32 
61 41 50.03 


- 5 06. 96 


+0.91 


-0.09 




.5.5. 53 




7024 
7073 


17. 833 
23. 877 


18.7 
17.7 


18.6 
19.0 




61 51 26.94 
36 03 07. 83 


+ 3 08. 06 


-0. 27 


+0. 05 




5.1 32 




7100 
7166 


10. 971 
29. 909 


17. 5 
19.5 


19.0 
17.2 




4 ! 45 49. 33 
55 33 3!l. 77 


- 9 48,27 


+0.13 


-0. 17 




56.29 




7215 
7277 


1.5.317 
26. 134 


19,0 
17.0 


17.6 
19.0 




57 07 40. 3M 
40 40 59. 20 


+ 5 36. 01 


-0. 13 


+0. 10 




55. 77 




7330 
7.Yr. S395 


22. 687 
17. 894 


17. 5 

19.0 


18.7 
17.2 




38 09 38. 01 
,59 45 1.5.96 


+ 2 2^. 88 


+0.13 


+0. 01 




56. 05 




7377 
7398 


30. 153 
10. 538 


16.0 
20.2 


20.6 
10.0 




59 28 06. 34 
38 53 02. 86 


-10 09.27 


-0.09 


-0. 18 




55. 06 




7116 
7453 


2--. 600 
15. 251 


19.6 
17.6 


17.0 
18.7 




63 03 05. 59 
36 07 26. 83 


- 5 21.47 


+0.33 


-0. 1(1 




54.97 




7480 
7489 


18. 680 
21.701 


18.0 
18.0 


18.0 

18.7 




45 59 08. 4 1 
53 03 51. 30 


- 1 .33.93 


-0.16 


-0.03 




48 59 55. 77 





REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. IG — Continued. 



157 



B. A. C. 
No. 


Headings. 


Declination. 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Koniarks. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Me rid, 
dist. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Eefrae, 


r.ed. til 
meliil. 


N. 


S. 


7505 
7Se6 
7595 
7605 


2. 510 
17. 752 
32. 178 

7.183 


17,0 
17.0 
19.8 
19.7 


19.3 
19.5 
17.1 
17.2 


-"- 


m. s. 


/ '/ 

37 58 12. 80 
37 42 28.41 
CO 32 20. 71 
CO 06 27. 33 


- 7 28.11 

- 2 23. 10 


+0.04 
+0. 04 


II 

-(I. 13 
-0.04 




O / It 

48 59 56. 36 

.54, 93 




7027 
7686 


25. 351 
17. 458 


13.8 
23.0 


22,6 
14.1 


■• 




25 20 02. 26 
72 34 44. 77 


+ 2 32. 08 


+0.02 


+0. ()5 




5.'-. K 




7755 
7765 


17. 265 
23. B93 


18.4 

18.5 


19.0 
18.8 






58 47 33. 24 

39 C5 2,5. 89 


+ 3 25. 89 


-0,20 


+0. OC 




55. 31 




7787 
780O 


18.506 
22. 576 


17.5 
20.0 


20.0 
17.3 






52 01 29. 59 
45 51 08. 75 


+ 2 00. 43 


+0.04 


+0.03 





48 59 53. 67 






Mean h 


titude (75 determinations), 46° 59' 5S". 39. 
















e - 

T = 
£„ = 


= 0". 580 
= 0". 387 
= 0". 007 
= 0". 043 













1874. 
UNITED STATES NORTHERX BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

Astronomical Station No. 17 — "Enst Batte, 634 miles weat of Pembira. — Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain 
Engiuoers. — Zenitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 20. — Cbrouometor, Negns SiderearNo, 1513.J 



TJnited States • 



B 


A. C. 

No. 


Head 


ings. 


Declination. 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Remarks. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Merid. 
dist. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Eefrac. 


Red. to 
merid. 


N. 


S. 




5fi44 
5658 


16. 716 
24.241 


21.5 
14.7 


19.5 
26.1 


m. s. 


/ // 
42 27 56. 12 
55 38 00. 62 


- 3 53. 75 


-2.10 


-0.07 


" 


/ /' 
48 59 05. 55 


July 29. 




5693 
5Si3 


25. 893 
15.032 


19.8 
18.1 


21 2 

24! 8 




31 51 43.74 
05 52 17.39 


+ 5 37. 37 


-1,81 


+0.10 




06.17 






5?53 
5911 


2!!. 703 
13. 693 


21.0 
17.0 


22.0 
26,0 




49 49 43. 05 
48 22 04, 62 


- 6 44. 13 


-2.23 


-0,11 




07.37 






(i047 
t;073 


28. 813 
10. 087 


20.5 
22.0 


23.0 
21.5 




72 12 40. 5M 
26 04 19. 11 


- 9 23. 05 


-0, 45 


-0,20 




00.16 






C114 

6157 


14.470 
25. 782 


20.7 
22,5 


23.5 
21.9 




76 58 41. RO 
20 47 40. 93 


+ 5 51,20 


-0.49 


+0,13 




06.70 






6206 
6J45 


13. 482 
26. 393 


20.7 
23.1 


21.0 
21. R 




79 58 67. 18 
17 45 52.39 


+ 41.00 


-0. 45 


+0,15 




05.54 






6Q68 
0i89 


14.373 
25. 940 


23 
21.9 


22.0 
23.1 




39 26 2'!. 13 
5S 43 4,\ 65 


- 5 59, 31 


-0.01 


-0. 10 




OC. 44 






6318 
63115 


12. 897 
27. 500 


22.0 
22.2 


23.1 
23. 6 




59 27 .59. 99 
33 15 07.07 


-f 7 31.01 


-0. 50 


+0. 13 




00.71 






6421 
6-176 


20. 980 
19. 441 


21.5 
2!. 5 


25.1 
24.0 




49 17 38.27 
48 42 11.53 


- 48, 09 


-0.91 


-0, 02 




05.88 






6553 
6586 


16. 182 
22. 153 


23.1 
23. 6 


24.4 
24.1 




32 18 If. 51 
05 4J 00. 42 


- 3 0.5. 48 


—0.40 


-0. 05 




06. 53 






6624 
6681 


21.503 
17. 678 


23,0 
24,1 


216 
23.3 




40 07 47.81 
57 40 27. 70 


+ 1 53 82 


-0.1. 


+0.03 




06,47 






6728 
6748 


16. 661 
24. 476 


23,9 
22. 3 


23,6 
25,0 




43 25 32. 71 
54 4J 45. 09 


- 4 02. 76 


—0. 54 


-0.07 




06, 33 






67,-0 
6817 


21. 353 
19.771 


23.5 

22.5 


21.4 
24. 3 




57 43 CI. 98 
40 16 ;o.50 


— 49, 14 


-0.38 


-0. 02 




06,70 






6M30 
6865 


14.047 

25. 790 


24.3 
22. 


00 5 
21b 




47 30 2,=!. 60 
60 3! .54.70 


- 6 (4. 77 


-0.27 


-0. 10 




06. 54 






C937 
6970 


14. 525 
2.5. 980 


£2.3 
•;3.6 


24.7 
23.7 




36 23 14. 43 
61 41 51.37 


- 5 .'5. 83 


-0. 5I-, 


-0. 10 




00,41 






-inn 

7 1 66 


D.771 
30.341 


26.0 
22.0 


21.9 

2.'). 5 




42 45 50, 56 
.55 3,! 41,22 


-10 33.57 


+0. 27 


-0. 19 




07, 00 






7215 

7277 


15.673 
21.850 


23.0 
2:;. 5 


25.0 




57 07 41,75 
40 41 10,46 


4- 4 45. 1.7 


+0.54 


+0.0f! 




06, 79 




G.7 


7350 
■Yr.23',15 


21.409 
18. 273 


24. 5 

25.7 


24, 5 
23.5 




38 09 39.26 
59 45 17. 38 


+ 1 37. 41 


+0. 49 


+0. 03 




06. 25 






7377 
7398 


30. 771 
9.510 


21.0 
20.5 


25. 2 
2X0 




.59 2>' 07.75 
38 52 04. 10 


-11 (0.43 


+0.51 


-0. 19 




05. 81 






7416 
7453 


26. CO.? 
14. 043 


26.0 
23.5 


23.0 
26.6 




Oi 01 07.00 
36 07 28. 05 


- 6 11. 67 


+0.18 


-0.11 




48 59 05. 95 





15S 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 17 — Coutiuued. 



159 



PweadijiKS. 



B. A. C. 
No. 



ilicrom. 



7480 
7489 

7505 
7566 
7595 
7605 

7627 
7686 

7755 
77C5 

7787 
7800 

7820 
7882 

7907 
7045 

5644 

5C58 

5693 
5823 

5R53 
5911 

6114 

6157 

6206 
6245 

5693 
5823 

5853 
5911 

6047 
6073 

6114 
6157 

6208 
6245 

62C8 
6289 

C318 
6365 

6421 
6476 

6553 
6586 

6624 
6681 

6728 
6748 

6780 
U817 



17. 948 
22. 617 

2.010 

17. 237 
33. 280 

8.314 

21.554 

18. 286 

17. 820 
22.830 

19. 096 
21. 553 

12. 048 
28. 062 

9.738 
30. 023 

10. .WS 
24. 143 

26. 244 
15. 442 

20. 757 

13. 072 

14. 525 

25. 827 

13. 451 

26. 398 

26. 272 
Ts! 468 

26. 650 
13.561 

28. 697 
10. 576 

14. 377 

25. 650 

13. 476 

26. 363 

14. 065 
25.653 

13. 224 

27. 794 

20. 780 
19. 185 

17. 238 
23. 200 

22. 3C0 

18. 578 

10.378 
24.253 

21.009 
19. 376 



Level. 



X. 



26.0 
24.5 

20.9 
27.0 
24.8 
24. 2 

24.9 

26.7 



23.7 



24.8 
20.0 



20.9 
25.7 



27.7 
24.0 



13.7 
17.3 



14,0 
11.8 



16.1 
13.0 



13.3 

16.6 



15.1 
13.0 



13.0 
17.5 



16.9 
12.2 



14.8 
15.6 



l.-).2 
17.3 



16. 1 
16.4 



19.0 
14.3 



10.4 
16.5 



16.3 
10.5 



19.2 

14.8 



18.3 
16.0 



16.4 
18.0 



16.0 

18.8 



24.0 
26.0 

23.7 
24.0 
26.6 
27.0 

26.5 
25.1 

26.0 
28.0 

27.0 
2.5.0 

24.9 
27.0 

2.1.3 

29.6 

14.8 
11.0 

14.4 

16.0 

14.9 
19.0 

14.0 
10.0 

17.1 
19.8 

17.5 
15.0 

15.7 
20.4 

19.0 
18.0 

18.2 
16.1 

17.1 
17.4 

14.8 
19.3 

17.3 
17.0 

17.3 
17.0 

14.8 
19.4 

15.3 
17.8 

17.4 
15.8 

18.0 
15 2 



Morid. 
(list. 



13 
16 



05 



DecUnatioD. 


o ' // 


45 59 09. 75 
52 03 52. 74 


37 53 14.05 
37 42 29. C6 
60 32 22. 16 
CO 00 28.81 


25 20 0.5. 35 
72 34.40.21 


58 47 34. 66 
39 05 27. 16 


.52 01 30. 96 
43 54 10. 08 


48 50 17. 00 

49 25 08. 17 


24 42 55. 62 
22 54 16. 53 


42 27 56. 24 
53 38 06. 94 


31 54 43. 85 
65 52 17. 44 


49 49 43. 20 
48 22 04. 79 


76 58 44. 99 
20 47 47. 05 


79 58 57. .39 
17 45 52.51 


31 54 44.24 
05 52 17.97 


49 49 43. 74 
48 22 05. 34 


72 12 41.39 
20 04 19. 76 


76 5<! 45. 66 
21) 47 47. 52 


79 53 rS. 09 
n 45 52.90 


3D 20 26. 98 
53 43 46. 64 


59 28 on. 99 
33 15 07. 93 


49 17 39. 23 
48 42 12. 55 


32 18 19.39 
65 40 07. 53 


40 07 48. 85 
57 46 2i 93 


43 25 33. 79 
54 40 47.87 


57 43 03. 18 
40 10 51.50 



Corrections. 



ilicrom. 



Level. 



- 8 18.34 

- 3 15.82 



+ 1 41.51 
+ 2 35. 63 
+ 1 16. 32 

- 8 36. OS 
+10 30. 11 

- 3 57. 32 
+ 5 35. 54 

- 46. 40 
+ 5 51. 07 
+ 6 42! 17 
+ 5 35. 60 

- 6 46. 53 

- 9 22. 89 
+ 5 50. 17 
+ 6 40. 31 

- 5 59. 06 
4- 7 32. 59 

- 40. 55 

- 3 07. 00 
+ 1 57. 48 

- 4 04. 78 

- 50. 73 



+0.11 

+0.27 
+0.09 



0,00 
-0.98 
-0.40 
+0.16 
-0.71 
+1.10 
-0.30 
-1.07 
-0. 02 
-1.96 
-0.43 
-1.56 
-1.47 
-0.40 
-0.51 
-0.18 
-0.31 
-0.33 
-0.04 
-0.27 
-0. 27 
-0.36 



Kefrac 



-0. 15 
-O.OG 



+0.03 
+0.04 
+0. 02 
-0.14 
+0.22 
-0.07 
+0.10 
-0.11 
+0.13 
+0. 15 
+0.10 
-0.11 
-0.20 
+0. 13 
+0.15 
-0. 10 
+0.13 
-0.02 
-0.05 
+0.03 
-0.07 
-O.O'; 



Eeil. to 
merit!. 



Latitude. 



+0.05 



+0.01 



48 59 06. 28 



07.09 
05. 04 



06.31 
03. 65 
06.46 
06.52 
05.69 
05.37 
03. 92 
06.30 
. 07. 20 
05.31 
00.35 
06.29 
06.02 
06.49 
05.47 
06.57 
06.88 
03.99 
06.33 
06.13 
03.71 
43 TiO 00. 26 



EemarlvS. 



July 30. 



Angnst 2. 



160 rrNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMJVIISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station 2^0. 17 — Coutiuiied. 



B. A. C. 
No. 



6830 
6863 



6937 

69:o 



7034 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7820 
7c8-2 



7307 
7945 



7962 
8024 



8036 
8059 



8083 
8123 



8200 
8273 



8314 

8324 



Headings. 



Microm. 



120 
175 



108 
219 



239 
259 



G. 12Tr. 73 
345 



14. 184 
23. 983 

14. 630 

26. 150 

IMIO 

22. 504 

10.218 
30. 937 

11.801 

28. 482 

9.892 
30. 117 

27. 649 
12. 901 

19.943 
19. 458 

16. 752 

23. 007 

26. 845 
13 361 

25.410 
14. 923 

23. 643 
15. 900 

9.647 
31.210 

23. 062 

17. 553 

28. 538 
12. 419 

17. 294 
23.613 



Level. 



N. S. 



18.3 
16.1 



18.0 
17.0 



15.6 
19.0 



18.1 
17.7 



18.4 
16.0 



13.0 
19.0 



14.8 
18.5 



14.0 
18.6 



13.0 
13.0 



16.0 
15.4 



15.9 
17.0 



17.6 
15.0 



17.3 
15.4 



18.0 
14.8 



15.9 
18.0 



18.7 
14.3 



15.6 
17.9 



16.0 
17.2 



1.9.5 
15.0 



15.8 
13.6 



12.9 
14.6 



17. 1 
11.6 



15.8 
11.6 



15.6 
11.5 



17.2 
17.3 



14.8 
13.7 



1.5.7 
14.6 



15.0 
17.3 



15.2 
17.2 



11.8 
18.1 



17.1 
15.3 



15.5 
19.8 



ilcricl. 
dist. 



Corrt'Ctious. 



Declination. 



47 36 29. 74 
50 33 55.94 



36 28 1.5. 47 
61 41 52. 65 



61 51 29. 59 
30 03 10. 03 



42 45 51. 71 
55 33 42. 50 



48 50 18.22 

49 25 09. 38 



74 43 56. 92 
22 54 17. 43 



41 17 14.66 
56 25 43. 04 



49 22 03. 91 
48 36 36. 26 



56 23 21. 57 
41 23 21. 43 



30 37 52. 95 
07 OS 21.28 



73 42 2.9. 90 
24 26 34. 47 



60 49 55. 98 
37 16 17.15 



32 53 14. 45 



Microra. 



65 


27 17 


84 


47 35 40 
50 16 48 


7"* 

70 


60 
37 


25 54 

48 5;i 


65 
03 


07 06 21.80 
30 43 20. 07 



- 6 00. 51 

- 5 57. 85 
+ 3 16. 49 
-10 43. .59 

- 8 38 16 
+10 28. 25 
+ 7 36. 25 

- 15. 07 
+ 3 16 16 
-i- 6 58. 85 

- 5 2,5. 76 

- 4 00. 52 
-11 09.81 
+ 2 51. 13 

- 8 SO. 70 
+ 3 10.29 



Level. 

+0.20 
+0.40 
+0. 25 
+0. 98 
+1.54 
+0.74 
+1. 32 
+1. 36 
-1.00 



+0.20 


+0.53 


+0.07 


+0.07 


-0.02 


+0.33 


-0.51 



Eefrac. 



-0.10 
-0. 10 
+0.03 
-0.19 
-0.14 
+0.22 
+0.13 
0.00 
+0.06 
+0.13 
-0.11 
-0.07 
-0.£0 
+0. 05 
-0.15 
+0.07 



Red. to 
merid. 



f 0. 0.! 



Li'titnde. 



48 59 00. 43 
06.51 
06. 58 
04.33 
07.01 
06. 38 
00.55 
06.38 

05. 83 

06. 29 
00.40 
00,04 
06. 21 
05 00 

'06. ,33 
48 59 00. 79 



Remaik.s. 



Rejected. 



Mean latitadc (60 determinations), 43° .59' 00".30. 

e 0".489 
T 0".326 
£„ II". 003 
Tj 0". 042 



1874. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 
Observations for Latitude. 

[Astronomical Station No. 18 — Eed Kirer, G72 milea west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, C.iptain United States 
Engineers.— Zenith Teleacopc, WUrdomann No. 20. — Chronoraotor, Negus Sidereal No. l:.13.J 



B. A. C. 
No. 



SS.W 
5911 



60-17 
6073 



6114 

6157 



6-206 
6843 



6263 
6389 



6:!18 
6365 



6421 
6476 



6.553 
6586 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



67P0 
6817 



6830 
6865 



6937 
6970 



70-24 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 
7277 



Keadings. 



7320 
7-Tr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



Microm 



7-116 
7453 



74fO 
7489 



N B- 



21.911 
15.438 



27, 318 
1-J. 808 



12, 438 
27. 360 



11.533 

28. 063 



15. 950 
23.913 



10. 969 
29. 170 



19.145 
21. 189 



19. 163 
21. 556 



21,153 
16, 743 



17. 872 
23. 118 



19. 530 
21.522 



15. 862 
24. 043 



16. OCO 
23. 947 



16. 673 
24. 689 



11,638 
23. 630 



13. 303 
26. 074 



23. 193 
16. 455 



29,011 
11.368 



24. 770 
10, 410 



19. 638 

20, 694 



Level. 



N. S. 



18.7 
17.2 



17.8 
20.0 



20.6 
18.7 



19.8 
20.0 



2-2.0 

18.5 



19.7 
20.0 



21.8 
19.6 



21.1 
21.3 



21.9 
•20.8 



22.1 
20.1 



21.0 
21.7 



21.7 
22.0 



22.0 
22.0 



20.6 
22.4 



21.6 
21.9 



19.0 
23.9 



21.6 
22.5 



20.8 
2-2.1 



21.1 
22.0 



21.7 
21.4 



16.7 
19.5 



20.0 
18.5 



18.0 
20.5 



19.7 
19.7 



17.7 
21.2 



20.0 
80.6 



19.1 
22.0 



20.8 
21.1 



20.6 
21.4 



19 9 
21.9 



21.1 
20.7 



20.7 
20.6 



20.6 
20.7 



21.8 
19.9 



30.3 
20,0 



22,9 
18,9 



21,1 

20.6 



2-2. 4 
2l!o 



22.0 

21.8 



21.8 
22.0 



Merid. 
dist. 



Decliu.it'ou. 



Correeljou 



ilicrum. Level. Kei'rac. 






Of I' 

49 49 44.89 
48 22 06. 53 

72 12 4-2. 80 
26 04 20.00 

76 53 47.14 
20 47 48. 6-2 

79 58 59. 66 
17 45 54.03 

39 26 28. 47 

58 43 48,31 

59 23 02. 69 
33 15 09. 50 

41 17 4'l.95 
43 42 14.31 

32 18 20. 94 
63 46 09. 55 

40 07 50. 62 
57 46 30. 93 

43 25 35. 64 
54 40 49. 89 

57 43 05. 26 
40 16 53. 42 

47 36 31.73 

50 33 57. 99 

36 28 17.32 
61 41 51. 86 

61 51 31.83 
36 02 11.92 

42 45 53. 75 
53 33 44. 73 

57 07 45. 29 
40 41 03.63 

38 09 42. 37 
59 45 21.01 

59 23 11. 40 
38 53 07. 27 

62 01 10. 74 
36 07 31. 14 

43 59 13. 15 
59 03 56.28 



- 4 54. 26 

- 7 30. 72 
+ 7 43. 52 
+ 8 33. 47 

- 4 07. 33 
+ 9 25. 38 
+ 1 03. 49 

- 1 14.27 
+ 3 50. 18 

- 2 11.89 
-f 1 01. 83 

- 4 14. 13 

- 4 04. 99 
+ 4 00. 00 

- 8 47. S2 
+ C 3C.G4 
+ 3 29. 30 

- D 03. 04 

- 4 19. 09 

- 3-2. .SO 



-0.07 
-0.16 
+0.18 
+0. 09 
+0.36 
-0.20 
+0. 07 
+0.11 
+0.10 
+0.09 
+0.20 
+0.54 
+0.C0 
+0.C9 
+0.71 
+0.25 
+0.53 
-0.11 
-0.16 
-0.10 



-0.C8 
-0.15 
+0.17 
+0.19 
-0.07 
+0. 17 
+0. 02 
-0.02 
+0.07 
-0.03 
+0.02 
-0.07 
-0.C7 
+0. 07 
-0. 13 
+0. 11 
+0.05 
-0. 16 
-0.08 
-0.01 



Ked. to 
merid. 



Latitude 



49 01 01.31 
00.83 
01.73 
00.60 
01.33 
01.44 
01.21 
01.06 
01.18 
00. 93 
01.44 
01.50 
01.63 
01.23 
01.93 
01.46 
01.63 
01.02 
01.01 

49 01 01.74 



Keuuiiks 



August 8. 



-11 



161 



162 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



OhservaiioriH for LatUnde.^Station IS/'o. IS — Contiuued. 



B. A. c. 
No. 



756(! 
7395 



V637 



7735 
7765 



7787 
7800 



7820 

7882 



7907 
7945 



7962 
802-) 



8036 
8039 



8083 
8128 



8206 
8373 



8314 
8324 



120 
175 



198 
219 



239 
259 



12Tr. 73 
345 



401 
438 



5H53 
5911 



6047 
6073 



6114 

6137 



6206 
6245 



6268 
0289 



6318 
0365 



6431 

0470 



65S3 
0580 



KeadiniTS. 



Microm 



13. 923 

26. 407 



23. 044 
16. 702 



16.218 
24. 808 



17. 692 
23. 735 



1.3. 935 
26. 970 



8.016 
31.914 



29. 197 
10. 835 



18. 235 
21. 460 



15.110 
25.016 



28. 870 
11. 737 



23. 527 
16. 080 



22. 204 
iail9 



11. 361 

29. 265 



23. 023 
15. 853 



26. 204 
13. 747 



15. 189 
25. 159 



30. 017 
10. 386 



23. 358 
15. 910 



27. 094 
12. 002 



12. 530 
27. 472 



11.017 

28. 170 



16. 510 
24. 442 



11.540 
29. 784 



19. 158 
21.255 



19. 203 
21. 589 



Level. 



N. 



20.9 
23.0 



21.7 
21.0 



17.7 
24.5 



20.9 
21.0 



22. 
20.0 



21.1 

20.8 



22.0 
21.0 



21.9 
20.7 



21.0 
22.0 



21. 2 
2i5 



21.0 
«i> 4 



22.0 
23. 4 



23.3 
21.6 



23. 4 

ilia 



21.0 

33.7 



20.9 
23.7 



23.0 
22.0 



14.8 
14.0 



17.0 
13.9 



14.9 
15.8 



14.0 
16.2 



18.5 
13.3 



17.4 
13.0 



14.0 
19.0 



18.8 
19.0 



22.5 
31.3 



21.1 

31.9 



25.0 
18.4 



21. 9 
21.2 



20.6 
23.1 



21.9 
22. 3 



21.0 
23.0 



23.0 
31.0 



33. 
30.8 



22.0 
20.9 



22.0 
21.9 



21.0 
23.0 



23.1 
2.3. 



23.0 
21.0 



24.0 
31.0 



22.5 
22.0 



15.0 
16.0 



13.9 
17.5 



16.9 
10.1 



17.9 
10.3 



14.8 
20. (I 



23.0 
17.3 



18.0 
18.2 



Morid. 
dist. 



Declination. 



43 32. 81 
33 25. 83 



I 20 06. 03 
I 34 49. 93 



47 38. 28 
05 39. 35 



01 34.46 
54 13.45 



r,0 20. 41 
35 11.56 



43 59. 22 
54 19. 08 



17 16.68 
25 45. 23 



22 06. 02 
36 38. 35 



2-? 23. 73 
33 33. 42 



37 54. 70 
00 23. 35 



42 30. 90 
20 36. 41 



49 57. 89 
10 18. 87 



53 16.03 
27 19.00 



35 43.41 
10 50. 45 



25 5(i. 33 
49 00.01 



on 23. .58 
45 21.49 



04 .53.01 
36 51. 67 



26 



49 41.01 
23 00. 68 



12 42.90 
01 21.03 



58 47. 31 
47 48. 74 



53 59. 85 
45 54. 17 



26 28. 03 
43 48. 53 



28 02. 90 
15 09.70 



17 41.18 
43 14. 54 



18 31.14 

46 09. 83 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



- 27. 79 
+ 3 33. 78 
+ 4 20. 83 
+ 3 07. 71 

- 6 44. 29 
+13 23. 34 
+ 9 30. 38 
+ 1 40. 18 
+ 5 07. 71 
+ 8 53. 20 

- 3 32. 69 

- 2 00 89 

- 9 16. 15 
+ 4 44. 85 

- 6 36.95 
+ 5 09. 70 
+ 10 09.80 

- 4 53. 43 

- 7 30. 10 
+ 7 41. 14 
+ 8 31. 19 

- 4 (10.39 
+ 9 26.71 
+ 1 o:.. 14 

- 1 I'.15 



Level. 



-0.18 
-0.07 
-0.27 



-0.51 
0.00 
-0.33 
0.00 
+0. 20 
+0. 11 
+0.11 
+0. 20 
-0.27 
+0. 03 
—0.09 
-0. 25 
-0. 49 
-0.11 
-0.51 
-0. 89 
-0. 07 
-1.91 
-1.40 
+0. 36 



Eefr.ac, 



-0.11 
+0.07 
+0.08 
+0.05 
-0.11 
+0. 20 
+11. 17 
+0. 03 
+0. 09 
+0. 17 
-0.07 
-0.01 
-0.17 
+0. 03 
-0.11 
+0. 10 
+0.19 
-0. lis 
-0. 15 
+0.17 
+0.19 
-0.07 
+0 17 
+0. Oi 
-0. 03 



Red. to 
luoiid. 



Latitude. 



49 01 01.24 
01.76 
CO. 93 
m 41 
01.31 
01.21 
01.50 
03. 05 
01.37 
01. .3!) 
01.03 
01. .57 
01.70 
01. 09 
01. 43 
03. 24 
03. 09 
01.79 
01.57 
01. 83 
00. 50 
111.45 
01.27 
01.03 

1) 01 01.07 



Remarlia. 



Angu-st 9. 



E. A. C. 
No. 



6624 
6681 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 
727T 



7962 
8024 



eone 

t059 



8083 
8123 



8206 
8273 



83H 
8324 



120 
175 



198 
219 



239 
259 



Gr. 12-Tr. 73 
345 



401 
433 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Observations for Latitude—Station Mo. 18— Continued. 



163 



Headings. 



Microm. 



Level. 



24. 242 
16. 824 

16.741 

24. 745 

11.575 
28.541 

14.015 
26. 798 

29. 251 
10. 904 

18. 453 
21.0-6 

15.0.50 
24, 964 

20. 178 
12. 057 

23.650 
16.8J1 

22. 548 
18. 432 

11. 770 

29. 705 

25. 954 
16. 125 

26. 963 
13. 768 

15. 462 
25.417 

30. 509 
10.886 



N. 



18.7 
19.0 



17.8 
19.3 



20.7 
16.1 



17.1 

20.0 



20.6 
17.9 



30.3 

19.4 



17.9 
20.7 



18.8 
21.0 



21.0 
18.0 



22.0 
19.4 



20.7 
21.0 



21.5 
20.0 



18.5 
23.1 



20.1 
29.2 



21.6 
19.5 



19.0 
19.1 



19.9 

16.0 



16.6 
21.4 



20.1 
17.8 



18.5 
21.9 



ID. 7 
20.4 



22.0 
19.1 



21.7 

19.0 



19.0 
22.0 



18.6 
21.0 



19.8 
19.7 



Merid, 
dist. 



Corrections. 



Declin.ation. 



19.0 
20.6 



22.0 
17.4 



20.5 
20.5 



19.5 
21.7 



08 



12 



40 07 50. 85 
57 46 31. 21 

61 51 32. 17 
36 02 12. 21 

I 42 45 54. 06 

55 33 45. 07 

57 07 45. 04 

40 41 03.94 

41 17 17.05 

56 25 45. 61 

49 22 06. 39 

48 36 38. 72 

56 28 24.11 
41 23 23.76 

50 37 5,5. 01 
67 06 23.72 

73 42 31. 28 
24 26 30. 73 

60 49 58. 24 
37 16 19. 18 

32 53 16. 35 
65 27 19. 94 

47 35 42. 73 

50 16 5U. 77 

60 25 56. 05 
37 49 00. 90 

67 06 23. 92 
30 45 21. 77 

28 04 53. 28 
69 36 51. 95 



Microm. 



+ 3 50. 43 
+ 4 08. 63 
- 8 47. 01 
+ 6 37. 08 
+ 9 29. 91 
+ 1 39.81 
+ 5 07. 96 
+ 8 51. 83 

- 3 32. 13 

- 2 07. 86 

- 9 17.11 
+ 4 4.3. 57 

- 6 28. 13 
+ 5 09. 23 



Level. 



-0.09 

-0.18 

-0.27 

-0.18 

-0.42 

-0.00 

-0. .56 

-O.£0 

-0.45 

+0.40 

+0.49 

+0.42 

+0.49 

-0.16 



liefr.^c 



+10 09. 55 -0. 02 



+0.07 

+0.07 

-0.15 

+0.11 

+0.17 

+0.02 

+0. 0(1 

+0.17 

-0.07 

-0.03 

-0.17 

+0.08 

-0.11 

+0.10 

+0.19 



Red. to 
werid. 



Latitude. 



+0.01 



+0.02 



49 01 01.44 
00.72 
02.13 
01.80 
00.99 
02.29 
01. 42 
01.18 
01.35 
01.22 
01.35 
00. 82 
01.02 
03. 01 
49 01 02.33 



Mean Lititude (00 deteruiinationa), 49° 01' 0I."42 

t = 0".413 

r = 0".275 

fo = 0".0d3 

7-0 = 0".035 



Kemarks. 



1874. 
UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

Astronomical Station No. 19— North Fork of Milk River, 710 miles west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain 
Uuiteil States Engineers — Zenith Telescope, Wiirdemann No. SO.— Chronometer, Negus Sidereal No. 1513.] 



Eeadings. 



15. A. C. 
No. 



6047 
6073 

6114 
6157 

7320 
Gr.7-Yr.2395 

7377 
7398 

7416 
7453 

7400 
7489 

7566 
7595 

7627 
7686 

7755 
7765 

7820 

7882 

7907 
7945 

7962 
e024 

8036 
8059 

8083 
8128 

8206 

8273 

8314 
83S4 

46 

67 

120 
175 

198 
219 

239 
259 

l(i4 



Levtl 



Microm. 



S7. 507 
11.014 



13. 263 
26. 102 



23. 286 
17. 546 



29. 720 
10. 045 



25. 470 

15. o;o 



18. 189 
21. 317 



13. 187 
27. 686 



22. 264 
17. 447 



17.064 
23.601 



12. 651 
27. 720 



8. 693 
30. 527 



28. 237 
11.938 



19. SOS 
21.083 



15. 475 
23. 341 



27. 474 
12. 364 



24. 599 
15. 760 



23. 132 
16.985 



10. 431 
30. 373 



23. 895 
16.773 



27. 147 
12. 669 



N. 



15.5 
18.0 



16.9 
18.5 



19.0 
17.5 



18.5 
18.6 



18.0 
20.7 



19.9 

18.8 



19.5 
20.6 



19.5 
21.9 



21.0 
20.6 



21.5 
21.4 



20.9 
21.8 



22.3 
21.1 



21.9 
20.7 



21.5 
22.0 



23.4 
20.7 



22. 8 
20.8 



25.2 
21.9 



2,5.5 
21.8 



24.4 
22. 3 



2.1.5 
23.8 



19.0 
17.0 



18. 6 
17,0 



18.0 
20.5 



19.8 
20.0 



20.7 
18.4 



19.1 
20.6 



20.7 
19.7 



20.8 
19. 



20.9 
21.0 



20.8 
21.5 



22.0 
21.6 



Meritl. 
ilist. 



Declination. 



21.1 




23.9 




22. 2 




23.7 




23.0 




23.9 




22. 3 




25.6 




23. 6 




25.7 




21.9 




25.4 




22.0 




25.8 




23.0 




25.0 




24.0 




23.8 





73 12 43 54 
26 04 21. 45 



76 58 47. 95 
20 47 49. 17 



38 09 43. 70 
59 45 23. 69 



59 28 13.09 
33 52 03. 70 



03 03 12. 44 
36 07 32. 54 



45 59 14. 69 
52 03 57. 94 



37 42 34. 27 
60 b2 27. 58 



25 20 07.25 
72 34 51. 75 



58 47 40. 04 
39. 05 31. 86 



48 50 22. 07 

49 25 13. 24 



74 43 01. 04 

22 54 20.29 



41 17 18.34 
50 25 40.97 



49 22 07. 09 
48 36 40.01 



56 28 25. 40 
41 23 24. 97 



30 37 56. 07 
67 06 25. 06 



73 43 32. 61 
24 26 37. 69 



00 49 59. 50 
37 16 20.27 



32 .53 17. 39 
65 27 21. 14 



47 35 43. 87 
50 16 51. 90 



CO 25 57. 79 
37 49 01. 95 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



- 8 32. 32 
+ 40. 68 
+ 2 27. 24 
-10 11.16 

- 5 23. 00 

- 1 37.17 

- 7 30. 38 
+ 2 29. 63 
+ 3 23. 06 

- 7 48. 09 
+ 11 18.23 
+ 8 26. 30 
+ 36. 50 
+ 4 04. 34 
+ 7 49. 30 

- 4 34. .57 

- 3 10.94 
-10 19.46 
+ 3 41.23 

- 7 29. 73 



Level. 



-0.56 
-0.04 
-0.45 
-0.60 
-0.09 
-0. 22 
-0.07 
+ 0.36 
-0.07 
+ 0. 13 
-0.20 
-0. 13 
-0.74 
-0.54 
-0.85 
-1.27 
-0.-04 
—0.11 
-0. 29 
-0.11 



Kefrac. 



-0.17 
+ 0.14 
+ 0.04 
-0.18 
-0.10 
-0.02 
-0.13 
+ 0.05 
4-0.06 
-0. 13 
+ 0.23 
+0. 15 
+ 0.01 
+ 0.07 
+ 0.15 
-0.09 
-0. 05 
-0.20 
i 0.06 
-0.13 



lied, to 
mend. 



L.atitude. 



48 59 59. 45 
59.34 
60.05 
58.95 
59.24 
58.91 
00. 34 
59. 54 
59. 00 
59.56 
58.93 
58.97 
59. 02 
59.08 
59.23 
59. 22 
58.85 
59. 50 
58.88 

48 59 59. 90 



Eemarks. 



August 13. 



EEPOET OF THE CQIEF ASTliONOMER. 

Obscrralions for Latitude. — Station No. I'J — Coutiiiued. 



165 



B. A. C. 
No. 



Gr. IS-Tr. 73 
345 



401 
438 



5693 
5823 



5853 
5911 



6047 
6073 



6114 

6157 



6306 
6345 



63f8 
0389 



6318 
6365 



6421 
6476 



6553 
6586 



6624 
6681 



6748 



6780 
6817 



6830 

6865 



6937 
6970 



70:4 
7073 



6853 
5911 



0047 
0073 



6114 
6157 



0206 
6345 



6268 
6289 



6318 
6365 



6421 
6470 



6553 
6586 



Eoadinga. 



Mierom, 



15. 943 

23. 893 



28. 9r3 
11.313 



26. 935 
14.465 



26. S62 
14.792 



27. 858 
11.341 



13. 754 
26. 657 



12. 392 
26. 920 



14.710 
24,691 



12. 193 

i.8. 353 



20. 210 
20.211 



18. «67 
22. 6f-0 



23. 277 
17. 890 



16. 675 
22. 931 



20. 421 
20. 397 



14. 9.'i8 
25. 159 



15. 321 

25. 244 



17. 430 
33.411 



2.5.919 
14. 453 



28. 123 
11. 582 



13.232 
20.123 



12.811 
27. 323 



14.895 
24. 872 



11.996 
28. 181 



20. 100 
20.119 



18. 580 
22. 963 



Level. 



22.6 
22.3 



24.0 
23.3 



12.8 
8.0 



14.6 
10.5 



14.8 
13.0 



13.0 

15.0 



12.8 
14.7 



15.0 
14.1 



13.0 

15.7 



14.0 
14.8 



16.0 
13.7 



14.0 
14.9 



13.9 
15.9 



16.0 
13.0 



14.9 
13.0 



14.6 
16.0 



16.0 
13.9 



14.9 
14.5 



14.6 
19.0 



15.7 
16.8 



1,5.9 
17.1 



17.2 

15.6 



15.1 

18.9 



16.5 
18.0 



19.0 
Ifi. 1 



25.1 

25.4 



23.8 
24.3 



9.0 

16.4 



10,4 
15.9 



12.9 

14.8 



14.7 
13.0 



1.5.6 
13.9 



13.0 
14.0 



15.2 
13,0 



14,7 
14.0 



13.0 
16.0 



1.7.9 
1.5. 5 



16.8 
14.9 



14.9 

17.8 



15,9 
17.7 



15.9 
14.6 



14.8 
16.9 



10.9 
17.7 



17.7 
13.0 



16.8 
16.1 



17.1 
16.4 



16.6 
18.3 



19.0 
16.4 



19. 
17.8 



17.4 
20,4 



Merid, 
dist. 



Declination. 



67 06 25. 17 

30 45 22. 73 



28 04 54. 21 
69 36 52. 98 



31 54 4, I. 54 
05 52 19. 72 



49 49 4,=.. 54 
48 23 07. 20 



72 12 43. 69 
26 04 21. 57 



76 58 48.11 
20 47 49.26 



79 59 00. 73 
17 45 54. 69 



39 26 29. 46 
58 43 49. 48 



.59 28 03. 90 
38 15 10. .56 



49 17 42, 19 
48 42 15. 59 



32 18 22.04 
65 40 11.07 



40 07 51. 88 
57 46 33. 47 



43 25 37. 08 
54 40 51. 49 



57 43 06.91 
40 10 54. 86 



47 36 33. 30 
50 33 59, 6 i 



36 28 18. 76 
61 41 66.08 



61 51 33.65 
36 02 13.41 



49 49 45. 67 
48 22 07. 40 



72 12 43. 85 
26 04 21. 68 



76 53 48. 28 
20 47 49. 38 



79 59 00. 91 
17 45 54. SO 



39 20 29. 01 
58 43 49. 68 



r.9 28 04. 10 
33 15 10. 74 



49 17 42. 40 
48 42 15. 80 



32 18 2i2:l 
05 46 11,33 



Corrections, 



Mici'om, 



+ 4 06, 95 
+ 9 06, 40 
-f 6 27. 30 

- 5 56, 29 

- 8 33, 07 
+ 6 40,81 
+ 7 31.28 

- 5 10, 13 
+ 8 21. 98 
+ 00. 03 

- 2 17. 08 
+ 2 47. 34 

- 3 14,33 

- 00. 75 

- 5 16, 87 

- 5 08.21 
+ 3 0.5. 79 

- 5 50. 17 

- 8 33,81 
+ 6 40. 43 
+ 7 30. 79 

- 5 09. 92 
+ 8 23, 75 
+ 00. 59 



Level, 

-1.25 
-0.18 
-1,03 
-0,27 
+0,03 
+0.07 
-0. 45 
+0.47 
+ 0.11 
+0.03 
+ 0.16 
—0,50 
-0. 42 
-0, 8,1 
-1.27 
+ 0.P2 
-0.4;) 
-1.16 
+0, 65 
-0. 09 
-0 11 
-0.47 
+ 0.31 
-0.51 
-O.CO 



liefrac. 



Red. to 
merid. 



+0.08 
+ 0,17 
+ 0, 12 
-0,10 
-0.17 
■i 0.14 
+ 0. 17 
-0. 09 
+ 0.15 

0.60 
-0.04 
+ 0.05 
-0.05 

a 00 
-0 08 
-0.09 
+ 0.05 
-0.10 
-0,17 
+0. 14 
+ 0,17 
-P. 09 
+0.15 

OOO 
-0,04 



+0.01 



Latitudfj 



Komarks. 



48 59 59. 73 
59,08 
59. 09 
69, 74 
.59,41 
59, 70 
58,71 
59. 72 
59. 47 
58.94 
59, .59 
59.00 
59. 48 
59.31 
58.24 
59.41 
58.97 
59.10 
59,43 
69.31 
58.70 
69. 17 
00.01 
59. 18 

48 ,59 69, 3,i 



Aujxu,st 14. 



August 15. 



166 UNITED STATES NORTHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for Latitude. — Station No. 19 — Contiuued. 



B. A. c. 
No. 



6624 
6681 



6728 
0748 



6780 
6817 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



7100 
7166 



7215 
7277 



7330 
Gr. 7-Tr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



7416 
7453 



7480 
7489 



7566 
7595 



7627 
7686 



7755 
7765 



7787 
7800 



7820 

7882 



ReadiDgs. 



Microm 



23. 296 
17.899 



16. 821 
23.141 



20. 603 
20. 532 



15. 058 
25. 296 



15. 486 
25.416 



17. 273 

23.238 



10.540 
29. 568 



15. 100 
25. 839 



22. 361 
17. 655 



30. 404 
10.703 



25.696 
15. 286 



19. 024 
22. 166 



12. 955 

27. 510 



22.497 
17. 692 



17. 332 

23. 857 



18. 587 
22. 559 



13.226 
28.325 



Level. 



17.3 
17.8 



17.2 
21.2 



19.0 
19.0 



18.7 
22.0 



19.1 
21.1 



19.0 
21.2 



21.9 

18.4 



19.2 
20.5 



21.5 
19.7 



17.9 
23.1 



21.2 
20.0 



21.3 
19.9 



20.4 
20.0 



19.9 
19.5 



19.6 
19.8 



17.6 
21.7 



21.7 
17.7 



19.5 
19.4 



20.1 
16.4 



18.8 
19.1 



20.0 
17.3 



20.7 
18.8 



21.4 
19.3 



18.8 
22.4 



21.6 
20.7 



20.0 
21.8 



23.8 
lb. 5 



20.4 
22.0 



20 5 

21.8 



20.6 

ao. 9 



20.6 
20.4 



20.0 
19.9 



21.9 

17.7 



17.6 
22.0 



Merid. 
dial. 



Decliu.alion. 



40 07 52. 14 
67 46 32.74 



43 25 37.33 
54 40 51. 76 



57 43 07.19 
40 16 55. 11 



47 36 33. .'■>6 
50 33 59. t9 



36 28 19. 01 
01 41 56. 99 



61 51 33. 99 
36 02 13. 69 



42 45 55. 67 
55 33 46. 90 



57 07 47.53 
40 41 05. 60 



38 09 44. 29 
59 45 ai. 34 



59 28 13. 74 
33 52 09. 24 



62 03 13. 10 
36 07 33. U6 



45 59 15.29 
52 03 58. 56 



37 43 34. 83 
60 33 28. 25 



25 20 07. 69 
72 34 52. 44 



58 47 40. 70 
39 05 32. 42 



52 01 36.80 
45 54 15. 66 



48 50 33. 68 

49 25 13. 85 



Correctiuna. 



Microm. 



+ 2 47. 65 

- 3 16.32 

- 02. 21 

- 5 18. 02 

- 5 08. 46 
+ 3 05. 29 

- 9 51.07 
+ 5 33. 59 
-i 2 26. !8 
-10 11.97 

- 5 23. 37 

- 1 37.60 

- 7 32. 13 
+ 2 29. 26 
+ 3 22. 69 
+ 2 0.3. 48 

- 7 49. 02 



Level. 



-0.85 
+0. 42 
+ 0.02 
+ 0.76 
+0.16 
-0.11 
-0. 20 
-0.58 
-0.13 
-0.29 
-0. 37 
-0.35 
-0.25 
-0.36 
-0.11 
-0.07 
-0.04 



Red. to 
inerid. 



+0.05 
-0.05 
0.00 
-0.08 
-0.09 
+0.05 
-0.18 
+ 0.10 
+ 0.04 
-0.18 
-0. 10 
-0. 03 
-0.13 
-I 0. J 
+ 0.06 
+ 0.03 
-0.13 



L.-ititude. 



o ' It 

48 59 59. 39 

58.60 
58.90 
59.38 
59.61 
59.07 
69.84 
59. 67 
59.90 
59.05 
69.34 
50.05 
59.03 
59.01 
59.20 
59. 67 
48 59 59. 08 



RemtiTks. 



Mean latitude (62 determiniitious), 48° 59' 59".31. 
e ~ ± 0" 405 
r = ± 0".-J70 
. = ± 0".0,',1 
To = ± 0".034 



1874. 
UNITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOUNDARY. 

Observations for Latitude. 

[Astrouomical Statiou No. 20— Chief Mountain Lake, 759 miles -west of Pembina.— Observer, J. F. Gregory, Capt.iiii United 
States Engineers.— Zenitli Telescope, Wiirdemann No. 20.— Cbronometcr, Negus Sidereal No. 1518. 



B. A. C. 

No. 



6206 
6245 



6268 
6289 



631K 
0365 



64;l 
C47C 



6553 
6586 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6830 
6665 



6937 
6970 



7100 
7166 



6318 
6363 



6421 
C476 



6553 
6566 



6624 
6681 



6728 
6748 



6780 
6817 



6830 
6865 



6937 
6970 



7024 
7073 



Eeadin^a. 



Microm 



12. 304 
26. 924 



14.930 
24. 796 



11.820 
2s. 126 



19. 966 

20. 007 



17. 940 
22. 260 



22. 959 
17. 491 



16. 777 
22. 997 



20. 160 

20. 175 



14. 701 

24.8G1 



14. 923 

24. 804 



10.803 
29. 773 



11.713 

27. 979 



20. 178 
20.201 



18. 278 
22. 618 



2.3. 153 
17. 724 



17. 027 
23.230 



20. 540 
20. 543 



14. 949 
25. 124 



15. 293 
25.178 



17. 742 

23.738 



Level. 



20.5 
20.0 



19.8 
22. 1 



23.1 
19.0 



21.5 
21.9 



21.8 
22.0 



20.8 
23.0 



21.5 

26.2 



24.1 
22.1 



24.0 
23.0 



23.0 
26.1 



24.0 
24.0 



19.9 
13.1 



16.9 

18.7 



17.9 

17.8 



15.7 
21.0 



15.9 
21.0 



18.0 
18.0 



17.2 
19.9 



10.9 
21.0 



19.5 
19.0 



20.5 
21.1 



22. 4 
20! 1 



20.2 
24.0 



21.8 
21.5 



22. 2 
23.0 



24.0 
22. 4 



24.1 
19.9 



21.8 
24.0 



22.1 
24.0 



24.6 
21.3 



23.9 
25.0 



14.5 
21.8 



18.4 
16.8 



17.8 
18.5 



20.fi 
10.0 



20.9 
10.0 



19.0 
19.0 



19.9 
17.2 



20.6 
10.3 



18.0 
18.0 



Merid. 
dist. 



12 



Declination 



70 59 02. 47 
17 45 55. 86 



39 26 31. 12 
53 43 51. 38 



59 28 03. 84 
38 15 13. 36 



49 17 44.25 
48 42 17. 69 



32 18 23. no 
05 46 13.53 



40 07 64. 02 
57 46 35. 01 



43 25 39. 43 
54 40 54. 09 



57 43 09. 53 
40 16 57. 23 



47 36 35. 85 
50 34 03. 31 



36 28 21. 13 
01 41 59.62 



42 45 58. 17 
55 53 49. 60 



59 28 06. 12 
38 15 13. 59 



49 17 44. 53 

48 42 18. 00 



32 IS 24. 16 
65 46 13. 93 



40 07 54. 34 
57 46 35.43 



43 23 39. 81 
54 40 54. 53 



57 43 10. 03 
40.16 57.61 



47 36 30. 28 
50 34 03. 75 



36 28 21. 53 
61 42 00. 14 



61 51 37.23 
36 02 16. 31 



Corrections. 



Microm. 



+ 7 34. 14 

- 5 06. 28 
4- 8 26. 51 
+ 01. 27 

- 2 14. 19 
+ 2 50. 78 

- 3 13.21 
+ 00. 47 

- 5 15. 00 

- 5 00. 93 

- 9 49. 27 
+ 8 25. 27 
+ 02. 5S 

- 2 14.81 
+ 2 48. 04 

- 3 12. 87 
+ 00. 09 

- 5 IG. 07 

- 5 07. 05 
+ 3 06. 25 



Level. 



-0.11 
-0.13 
-0.09 
+0.02 
-0.31 
-0.58 
+0.83 
+0.09 
+0.20 
+0.71 
-0.20 
-0.74 
+0.09 
-0.13 
+0.02 

0.00 
-0.45 

0.00 
+0.22 
+0. 43 



Keffac. 



+0.17 
-0.09 
+0.15 

0.00 
-0.04 
+0.03 
-0.05 

0.00 
-0.03 
-0.09 
— 0. 18 
+0.15 

0.00 
-0.04 
+0. 05 
-0.03 

0.00 
-0.08 
-0. 09 
+0. 03 



Red. to 
merid. 



Laitude. 



+0.01 



+0.02 



49 CO 03. 36 
04.75 
05.07 
02.27 
04. 17 
04.77 
04.33 
03.90 
03.60 
04.06 
04.25 
04. 03 
03.94 
04.06 
03.59 
04.24 
03.46 
03.37 
03.91 

49 (10 03. 49 



Remarks. 



Angnst 23. 



Rejected. 



August 25. 



1(37 



168 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Obsen-aUons for LatiUide.— Station Xo. 20— Continuetl. 



B. A. C. 
No. 



Keadinos. 



7100 
<1GC 



7215 

7277 



7320 
Gr. 7-Tr. 2395 



7377 
7398 



7416 
7403 



7480 
74gi| 



7.566 
7595 



7627 
76t6 



77.55 
7765 



77?7 
7800 



7820 

7883 



7007 
7945 



7962 
8024 



8036 
8059 



8083 

8728 



8900 
8273 



8314 
8324 



120 
175 



1!)H 
219 



239 
259 



Or. 12Tr.73 
345 



401 

438 



471 
487 



MJcrom. 



10.618 
2D. 621 

14. 974 
25. 726 

22. 365 
17. 644 

30. 478 
10. 797 

25. 629 
15. 230 

1.?. 723 
21.831 

12. 939 

27. 473 

22. 344 

17. 530 

17. 106 

23. 670 

18.562 
22. 519 

13. 171 
28. 240 

9.096 
30. 964 

28.478 
12.160 

19. 589 

20. 782 

16. 072 
23. 950 

28. 612 
13. 507 

24.841 

10.017 

2.3. 237 
17 159 

10. 071 
30. 557 

23. 877 
16. 699 

27. 602 
13. 154 

16. 974 
21.273 

29. 607 
I1.9C5 

13.895 
19.097 
91. .561 

28. 2.54 



Level. 



N. 



18.6 
21.0 



18.4 
90.9 



19.0 
21.0 



19.0 
20.5 



90.0 
20.0 



19.0 
22.0 



20.1 
91.0 



20.0 
91.0 



19.0 
91.6 



20.5 
90.7 



19.8 
21.0 



19.8 
20.7 



19.4 
21. 2 



21.0 
19.0 



19.6 
20.9 



19.0 
21.1 



20.0 
20.5 



20. 2 
90. 4 



19.8 
21.0 



19.0 
21. 1 



19.9 
20.1 

20.8 
20.1 

19.9 
90.0 
90. 9 
21.0 



19.0 
17.0 

19.8 
18.1 

19.8 
18.0 

90.0 
1H.6 

19.5 
19.8 

90.9 
IS. 

19.8 
19. 9 

19.8 
19.4 

21.7 

18. 5 

20.1 
19.8 

20.7 

19. 7 

21.0 
19.9 

20.9 
19.5 

19.8 

21.4 

21.0 
19.0 

21.3 

20.1 

21.4 
90.7 

21.0 
20.9 

21.4 

21.0 

92. 6 
20.2 

20.0 
23. 5 

21.9 
21.5 

91.1 
99. 

22.0 
91.9 
21.8 
21.9 



Merid. 
dist. 



18 



Declination. 



Corrections. 



ilicrom. 



Level. 



Kefrac. 



Red. to 
merid. 



t " 


42 45 58. 61 
53 33 60. 15 


57 67 50. 84 
40 41 OS. 55 


Sa 09 47. 18 
59 45 26. 81 


59 28 17. 27 
38 52 12.22 


62 03 16. 73 
36 07 35. 92 


45 .59 18. 58 
52 04 02. CO 


37 42 37. 83 
60 39 31. 93 


25 20 10. 21 
72 34 56. 30 


58 47 44. 42 
39 05 3.5. 56 


.52 01 40. 36 
45 54 19. 06 


48 50 26.18 

49 95 17. 37 


74 43 0.5. 64 
22 54 23. 20 


41 17 22. 08 
56 23 51. 28 


49 22 11. 80 
43 36 44. 09 


56 28 29. 75 
41 23 28. -6 


30 37 59. 35 
67 00 99. 33 


73 42 30. 93 
24 90 40. 53 


60 50 03. 54 
37 16 23. 06 


32 53 20. 57 
05 27 25. 03 


47 35 47. 42 
50 16 ,5.5.49 


60 96 01.55 
37 49 05. 13 


07 00 99. 09 
30 45 25. 59 


28 04 56.92 
69 30 56. 35 


43 04 4?. 34 
47 59 26. 49 
50 03 10.51 
50 10 12.38 



- 9 50. 28 
-f 5 33. 99 
+ 2 26. 65 
-10 11.35 

- 5 9;t. 02 

- J 30.54 

- 7 31. 47 
+ 2 29. 54 
+ 3 23. 90 
+ 2 02. 92 

- 7 48. 09 
+11 19.29 
+ 8 26. 89 
+ 37. 06 
+ 4 04.71 
+ 7 49. 21 

- 4 34. 10 

- 3 08. 80 
-10 17.72 
+ 3 42. 97 

- 7 28. 80 
+ 4 08. 47 
+ 9 08.01 

- 1 10.51 

- 7 26.03 



+0.80 

+0.16 

+0.49 

+0.90 

+0.16 

+0.47 

+0.47 

+0.40 

+0.09 

+0.29 

+0.09 

-0.09 

+0.04 

-0.27 

-0. 09 

-0.16 

-0.30 

-0. 49 

-0.36 

-0.60 

-0. 93 

-0.70 

-0.49 

-0. 09 
-0.67 



-0.18 

+0.10 
+0.04 
-0.18 
-0.10 
-0. 02 
-0.13 
+0.05 
+0.06 
+0.03 
-0.13 
+0.23 
+0.15 
+0.01 
+0.07 
+0.15 
-0.09 
-0.05 
-0. 90 

+0. no ^ +0. 04 

-0. 13 

+0.0S 

+0.17 

-0. 02 
-0.13 



Latitude. 



49 CO 04. 72 
03.94 
04.18 
03.41 
03.30 
04.20 
03.75 

03. 24 
01.04 

02. 95 
03.65 
03.83 
03.70 
04.74 
04.01 
03.57 
04.18 

04. 33 
04. 52 
03.93 

03. 44 

05.13 

04.33 

04.32 
49 00 03.53 



Remarks. 



August 25. 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEU. 

Observations for Latitude.— Station No. 20— Coutiiuied. 



1(39 



I 

1 

B. A. C. 

No. 


Ecadings. 


Declination. 


Corrections. 


Latitude. 


Remarks. 


Microm. 


Level. 


Merid. 
dist. 


Miciom. 


Levol. 


Refrac. 


Red. to 
merid. 


N. 


S. 


fill 
650 

744 
752 

825 

S9G 


25. 608 
15. 730 

29. 361 
18. 3C0 

8.840 
31. 493 


SCO 
14.1 

20.0 
22.0 

19.2 
23.1 


15.8 

S8.0 

23.0 
20. 5 

23.4 
19.7 


m. s. 


' '/ 

03 40 50. 37 
34 23 34. 48 

06 50 03. 04 
31 11 14.07 

19 28 37. 66 
78 54 58. 00 


/ // 

- 5 06. 84 

- 2 04. 28 
-11 43.0- 


-0.62 
-0. 32 

-0 18 


-0. 00 
-0.04 
-0. 26 


O / II 

49 00 04. 87 

03.91 

49 00 03. 72 


Angnst 23. 



Mean latitude (10 dcterminaliout), 4,° CO" 04". 00 



t = 0".503 
T = 0".335 
to = 0".073 
To = 0".049 



1872, 



UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDAEY. 
September 12. 

Station, Camp No. 1, xeak Pembina, Dak. 

Observations to determine the value of one turn of tlic micrometer of Zenith Telescope 
WUrdemann Xo. 7, by the eastern elongation of Folaris, Chronometer Xef/iis 1514, 



sidereal. 



[Ob.sprver, W. J. Tn-iuing, Captaiu Uniteil States Engiiieurs.] 



log cot S = 8.37967(ie 

log tang <() = O.()6082-.i0 

log cos (, = H.-i40-19a6 

t„ = S8=> 2j' ll".8 

fa in time = 5' 53" 40>.8 

Cliio. A. E. = 1' IS" 37>.5 

Cliro. time of clong. = 19'' 18'° 56'.7 



A. E. of Polaris, 1' IS"" 41'.5 
6 of Polaris, 88<= .17' S0".7 

Assumed ij', 48° 59' 5li".5 



siu (z — :^) — cos 5 sin (T — T„) 



log coscc i = 0-0001248 
log sin ij = 9.K777735 
log CCS z„ = 9 877,S!18:! 

Za = 40° 58' 55".S 



■^'^yH'i'~,T,^^ notation and method adopted in this computation are derived from the .article on the Zenith Telescope paeo 300 
Vol. II, Chauvenet's Spherical .and Practical Astronomy. f ,i b """. 




170 



1872. 
UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

September 21. 

Station, Camp No. 1, neab Pembina, Dak. 

Obnervations to determine the value of one division of the level of Zenith Telescope Wilrdc- 
mann No. 7, in terms of the micrometer. Marie, crosshairs of Zenith Telescope No. 11. 

[Observer, W. J. Twining, Captain TJuited States Engineers.] 



No. 


a a 
;= o 

|-| 

a ^ 

7i 


Means. 


a o 

IS 

it 

j5« 


Meaua. 


Level, first 
position. 


Level, second 
position. 


O 

p 


o 

a- 
§i 

- 3 


■32 

0.2 

1.2 


V 


V V 


N. 


S. 


N. 


S. 


1 


23. 583 
.583 
.587 


23. 584 


21. 071 
.057 
.066 


24.005 


10.0 
10.3 
10.2 


64.8 
64.7 
64.9 


54.5 
54.4 
54.0 


20.2 
20. 3 
20.4 


44.3 


48.1 


1.0838 


.0375 


. 003306 


3 


2-1. v:>5 
.075 
.077 


34. 0C9 


24. 592 
.578 
.571 


24. 580 


16.4 
15.9 
16.3 


58.2 
58.8 
58.3 


60.2 
60.0 
60.0 


14.3 
14.5 
14.3 


44.0 


51.1 


1. 1591 


.0158 


.000350 


a 


24..'i7l 
.575 

.587 


24. 578 


24. 983 
.993 

.987 


24. 987 


18.1 
18.3 

18.3 


56.0 

5.5.8 
53.9 


54.0 
54.0 
53.8 


20.2 
2(1. 2 
20.3 


35.6 


40.9 


1. 1489 


.0056 


. 000031 


4 


31. 987 
.096 
.090 


24. 993 


25. 414 
.413 
.413 


25. 413 


17.9 
18.3 
18.« 


56.3 
56.0 
55.8 


.54.7 
5.5.3 
54.7 


19.3 
18.4 
19.2 


37.0 


42.0 


1. 1351 


.00 3 


. 000067 


5 


34. S95 
. 993 

.es9 


24. 992 


25. 393 
.406 
.395 


25. 398 


18.8 
18.3 
18.3 


55.0 
55.3 

65.2 


54.0 
53.9 
54.0 


19.2 
19.7 
19.5 


35.5 


40.6 


1. 1437 


.0004 


. COOUOO 


6 


33.393 
.405 
.400 


25.399 


25. 857 

.eiio 

.807 


25. 803 


16.0 
16.1 
10.0 


.57.1 

67.2 
57.3 


54.5 
54.4 
54.5 


18.3 
18.6 
18.2 


38.0 


46.4 


1.2003 


. 05(i9 


. 003237 


7 


25. 848 
.8(13 
.8(53 


25.858 


20. 275 
.269 
.278 


26. 274 


16.3 
16. 3 
16.1 


56.3 
56.2 
56.8 


53 3 
53.2 
53.3 


19.0 
19. 1 

18.8 


37.3 


41.6 


1.1153 


.0280 


. 000784 


8 


17. 034 
.039 
.038 


17. 037 


17. 400 

.400 
.398 


17.399 


20.5 
20.6 
20.6 


51.2 

50.9 
50.5 


53.8 
52.4 
53.3 


18.3 
18.6 
18.0 


32. 1 


36.2 


1. 1377 


. 01.56 


. 000343 


il 


17. 403 
. 393 
.398 


17. 398 


17. 765 

.77:; 

.766 


17.768 


18.3 
18.7 
18.3 


52.2 
53.0 
53.1 


49.3 
49.3 
49. 3 


21.0 
21.1 
21.0 


30.9 


37.0 


1. 1974 


.0541 


. 003937 


10 


17.701 
.7tJ9 


17. 707 


18. ICO 
. l:!0 
.134 


18. 131 


19.2 
19.2 
19.1 


50.9 
50.8 
50.7 


49.7 
51.2 
51.4 


20.2 
18.6 
18.6 


31.0 


35.4 


1. 130 1 


.0330 


. 0C0339 


•11 


16.323 
. 233 

.243 


18. 233 


18. 532 
. .541 
. .538 


18. 534 


21.0 
21.0 
21.0 


49.0 
49.0 
49.1 


50. 2 
50.0 
49.9 


19.7 
19.8 
20. 1 


29.0 


30.2 


1.0414- 














M( 


an of 1'' 


level = 11. 1433 ± .0076 

£ = O-l 0356 
T = OJ 0.'40 
e„ = OJ.IIIW 
T„ = 0''.0076 




















I'iZ.T.Ml 


cro. -^ 0' 


.78675 


I'iZ. 


r. Level 


ii 6".89U 


5 









* Kejei'ted. 



171 



18 7 3. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 
June 15. 

Station, Camp No. 2, 20 otles west of Pemrixa. 

Observations to determine the value of one (livision of the level of Zenith Telescope Wilrdc- 
maun No. 20, in terms of the mieromcter. Murk, cross-hairs of Transit Telescone 
Xo. 4. 

[Observer, Lewis Boss.] 



No. 



□ a 
'S.2 



1 


21.031) 
. OJf| 
. 10 


2 


21. ->n 

. .'i fO 
.510 


3 


27. on,-> 
.o:io 

. 102 


4 


2C. 701 
.7J8 
.7-10 


5 


14. 820 
. 820 
.820 


G 


SO. 308 
..3.=;0 
.304 


7 


10.8.->(1 

. 8r>2 


8 


21.430 

. 4:i8 
.440 





21. !I40 
. 002 

. O^'.'i 


10 


22. .TIO 
..■"..'il 


11 


14. .'):i(i 
. .'.23 

. 3:in 


12 


13. 000 
. 004 

. 8!W 


13 


13.411 
.412 
.42J 



Mcau8. 



21. 030 



21. 538 



27. 09: 



21.002 



22. .'•>48 



21 


.542 
. 530 
.540 


22. 131 
.134 
.128 


27. 042 

. (!.")>■ 
.050 


2- 


.38:) 
. 3.-8 
. 383 


£0. 383 
. 302 
.384 


20. 886 

.883 
. 80i 


21 


412 
43-: 
457 


21 


080 
003 




<)7(i 


22 


559 

5-.H 




518 


2! 


058 
053 
001 


13 


014 
005 
012 


13 


410 
410 
413 


12 


833 

824 
820 



Moans, 



20. 380 



20. 880 



21.443 



21.080 



13. 010 



Lovcl, first 
Ifositiou. 



N. 



13.0 
13. G 
14.0 

08.0 
(8.2 
0.8. 4 

07.3 

07.8 
07.0 

0.5.2 
0.5. 
05. 1 

07.4 
07.0 
00. 3 

07.3 
00. 
05. 5 

0,5.7 
05. (1 
05. 1 

10.0 
00.5 
09.0 

00. 2 
05. 5 
05. 3 

tt7. 
07.0 
07.7 

40.3 
40. 3 
40. 2 

43. 4 
4.1. 2 
43, 1 

4,8 1 
48.2 
48.0 



50. 1 
40.8 
49.2 

50.4 
49.5 
40. C 

51.8 

51. 9 
51.9 

48.0 

48. .5 
40. 2 

4,*. 1 
40. 4 

49. 

40.3 
.'0. 1 
50.2 

45.0 
4.5. 4 
40,0 

48,0 
4!l, 
40, 

40, 4 
46.7 
40.7 

05, 
0,5, 1 
05, 2 

10,5 
10,7 
111. 8 

05. 5 
05, (i 
0,5, 7 



Level, Second 
position. 



48.5 
40.3 
49.4 

51.2 
.52, 
.52, 1 

4,5. 
44.8 
44.2 

49. 2 
49, I 
49.2 

44.4 
44,0 
43,4 

4,5, 
44,0 
43,8 

4^.0 
48,3 
4-,0 

4^,3 
4\3 

48, 1 

44,2 
44,2 
44,0 

42. 

42,7 
42, 8 

00,2 
00 3 
0,5.8 

10,4 
10,4 

00.8 

08, 
07 5 
07,4 



10,2 
00.0 
08.0 

00.5 
0.5.8 
05.4 

12.1 
12.4 
12,7 

07. 1 
07, 1 
07, 

10.9 

1 1. 3 

12, 

10,2 
10,8 
11,3 

07.0 
1 0, 
00. 

00.4 
00, 5 



10,1 
10,2 
10,0 

11,4 
1 1, 5 
11.5 

48.0 
48 2 
4,'-, 5 

43, 3 
43. 3 
44,0 

45 
40, 2 
40. 3 



3.-;. 6 



43.' 



SO c 



5G. 1 



52.8 



1.512 



1.382 



1.383 



.045 



.011 



. 000301 



. 0C68S9 



. 005184 



. 003304 



. (00484 



,0001 OB 



17v! 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



173 



Value of level — Continued. 




Mean value of 1"' of level in tennd of micro. 1.4397. 



e = .042 
T = .0-28 
£o = .010 
To = .007 

l^ot micro. = ''.62035 

1'' of level = ".fc93t) ± .0043 



1873. 
UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUND AEY, 

June 13. 



Statiox, Astboxosiical Cajsip No. 2. 

Observations to determine the value of one turn of the inicromMcr of Zenith Telescope 
Wurdemann No. 20, at the eastern elonfjafion of Polaris, Chronometer Negus 1513, 
sidereal. 

[Observer, AY. J. Twining (.'apttiiu United Slates Engineers. J 

A. R. of Pol.iris, 1'1I"45>.C3 
6 of Polaris, »8° 37' 42". 1 
it>, '18° 50' .57". 



log cot .5 = 8. 379198 
lo!;tanu 0= 0.060824 
loK CO.S la = H. 440322 
((J )u time = 5''5.'"4l'.2 
A. K. = 1'' ll"" 45-.ti 
Sid. time of elong. = 19'' IV" 04".4 
Cbro. fast = 00' 3'» 35>.4 
Cbro tinieof eloDi = lu' aii" 39'.8 



sin (2— Tyl = cos d &'m T ~ T^ 



log sin ^ = 9. 99987.5 
log sin = 9. 877774 
log cos ?„ = 9. 877899 

?n = 40° 58 5.5".0 







Level. 


T. 


1-Ta 


Z-Z, 


S-2 


? 

^ 


c 
c 

i i 

.2 § 


IT 


Z-Z 


\ 


V 


1 

I 






vv 


Sj 














.S c 


i*. 














.o 


a 


N. 


s. 








-= = 


o 


t-.5 


- 




c 






a 


1 












g = 


ti 


'i. 


CC 




.= 






?i 


s 












o 


5 


« 


£ 




> 














A. 7>l. s. 


h. m. /?. 


1, 










ti 


II 






1 


25. 


28.8 


32.8 


18 59 02. 


-00 22 37. 8 


+486. 74 


19 


+0.10 


- .0014 


9.0014 


560. 42 


62. 259 


.184 


33856 


2 


24.5 


28.5 


33.0 


19 00 32. 5 


21 07.3 


454. 39 


20 


0.50 


. 0072 


9. 0072 


558. 76 


62 035 


40 


1600 


3 


24. 


28.7 


32.8 


1 57.5 


19 42. 3 


423. 50 


,81 


0.05 


.0007 


9. 0007 


559. 59 


62. 172 


97 


9409 


4 


23.5 


28.5 


33.0 


3 £5.0 


18 14.8 


392. 68 


22 


0.80 


.0115 


9.0115 


558. 96 


62. 027 


48 


2304 


5 


23. 


28.1 


33.2 


4 49.5 


10 50.3 


36J. 43 


23 


0. 90 


.0130 


9.0130 


559. 39 


62. 065 


10 


100 


6 


22.5 


28.7 


32.9 


6 21.0 


15 1,8. 8 


329. 06 


24 


0.25 


.0036 


9. 0036 


559. Oil 


62. 096 


21 


441 


7 


22. 


29.0 


33.0 


7 47. 5 


13 52. 3 


298. 66 


25 


0.66 


.0086 


9. f 086 


558. 39 


61. 981 


91 


8281 


8 


21.5 


28.7 


33.2 


9 09.5 


12 30. 3 


269. 27 


26 


+0. 25 


.0050 


9. 0050 


559. 47 


62. 138 


63 


3909 


9 


21. 


29.0 


32.9 


10 37.5 


11 02.3 


237. 71 


27 


-0.35 


- .0.504 


8. 9950 


5-9. 63 


62.216 


.141 


19881 


10 


20.5 


29. 


33.0 


11 59. 


09 40. 8 


20i 48 


28 


0.(0 


+ . OOilO 


9. OOOO 


501. 03 


62. 337 


.2(!2 


68044 


U 


20. 


28.7 


33.2 


13 33. 


08 06. 8 


174. 75 


29 


+0. 6U 


. 0086 


9. 0080 


558. 44 


01.989 


86 


7396 


12 


19.5 


29.0 


32.9 


14 57. 5 


06 42. 3 


144. 43 


30 


0. 35 


. 0050 


9. 0050 


559. 62 


62.145 


70 


4900 


1) 


19. 


29.0 


33.0 


10 25. 


05 14.8 


113.02 


31 


0.60 


.0086 


9. 00,"6 


559. 15 


61 068 


07 


49 


H 


18.5 


28.6 


33.3 


17 51. 5 


03 48. 3 


81.97 


32 


0.35 


. 00.50 


9. 0050 


5,57. 95 


61.960 


.115 


13325 


15 


18. 


28.8 


33.1 


19 17.0 


02 22. 7 


51.24 


33 


0.95 


. 0137 


9.0137 


559. 03 


62 019 


56 


31.36 


Hi 


17.5 


23.8 


33.0 


20 45. 5 


-00 00 54. 3 


+ 19. .50 


34 


0.75 


.0108 


9.0108 


558. 70 


62 3 


72 


5184 


17 


17. 


28.4 


33.4 


22 10. 5 


+00 00 30. 7 


- 11.02 


35 


0.75 


.0108 


9. 0108 


557. 23 


61.839 


.236 


55690 


1-1 


1(1. 5 


29.1 


32.8 


23 38. 5 


01 58. 7 


42 02 


36 


-t-0.85 


+ .0122 


9. 0122 


558. 81 


62.006 


69 


4761 


19 

20 


IC. 
1.5. 5 


29.1 
28.9 


32.9 
34 4 


25 0.5. 

26 30. 5 


03 25. 2 

04 50. 7 


73. 03 
101.37 
































21 


1,5. 


29. 


33.0 


27 57. 5 


06 17. 7 


135. 60 






M 


>.aa 02".075 ± .011 








22 


14.5 


29.4 


32.3 


29 23. 


07 43. 2 


166. 28 
















23 


14. 


29. 3 


32.6 


30 4a 5 


09 OS 7 


156. 96 








Mea 


1, 62". 07 






24 


13.5 


29. 5 


33.2 


32 19. 


10 39. 2 


229. 43 








Dorr, for refrac., 


4. 0".03 






25 


13. 


29. 5 


32.3 


33 43.5 


12 03. 7 


259. 73 






V.iluo of 


aeturn of micron 


., 62".04 


1 




2li 


12.5 


29. 


3.). 


35 03. 5 


13 2-'. 7 


290. 20 
















27 


12. 


28.0 


33. 2 


36 37. 


14 57.2 


.321.92 








£ = 0".118 








2S 


11.5 


29.0 


33.0 


38 02. 5 


lii 22.7 


352. 55 








T = 0".079 








29 


11. 


29. 4 


32.7 


39 29. 5 


17 49.7 


383. 69 








f„ = 0".028 








30 


10. 5 


29. 


33.2 


40 57. 5 


19 17.7 


41.5. 19 








T, = 0".010 








31 


10. 


29. 5 


32 3 


42 24. 


20 44. 2 


446. 13 
















32 


9.5 


29.0 


3.i.0 


43 47. 5 


22 07. 7 


47.5. 98 
















33 


9. 


29.8 


32.2 


45 10.5 


23 30. 7 


507. 78 
















34 


8.5 


29.6 


32.3 


40 44. 5 


25 04. 7 


539. 20 
















35 


8. 


29.0 


:i2.0 


48 05.9 


26 26. 1 


568. 21 
















30 


7.5 


30.0 


32.0 


49 39. 


+00 27 59. 2 


-601.43 

















174 



1873. 
UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

June 14. 

Station, Astroxojiical Camp TSo. 2. 



Observaiions to determine the vahie of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telescope 

i eastern elongation of Folaris, Chronometer Xeptis 1513, 



Wiirdemanti iV'o. 20, c(t the 
sidereal. 

[Observer, "W. J. Twining, Captain TJnitcd States Engineers.] 



log cot I = e. 373203 

loE tang * = 0. 0110824 

log cos („ = 8. ■I40033 

'o = 

<o m time = 

A. R. = 

Sid. time of elong. = 

Chro. fast = 

Chro. time of elong. = 



Aesnraeil lafitndo, 48^^50' 57".0 

A. K. of Polaris, 1' 11" 4>,'.6 

i of Polaris, eS° 37' 4:i".0 



88= 2.V l-".8 sin (Z - Zo) = cos d sin (T - To) 
- Si'.W" 41" .2 
Ih 11" 4G'.6 
Ull< 18" 0,'i'.4 
CO'' 3" 3,"i".0 
Itl'Sl" 40". 4 



log sin (? = 0. 000125 
log sin = n. 977744 
log cos r„ = f>. H77,S119 

Za =^ 40° 58' nD".0 





bo 

a 


Level. 








.a 




E 












(h* 


'5 






T 


r-n 


2-^0 




1 




a: 

e 


z-z- 


> 

P 

^ 


V 


?)ii 






a 


o 


N. 


S. 








.3 2 


Ct-, 




o 




o 






o 












a« 


Sa" 


'2 


sa 




=: 






^ 


s 












o 
O 


5 




5 




rt 

P- 














h. m. s. 


m. s. 


„ 










It 


If 






1 


29. 


24.7 


24.5 


18 48 44.0 


-32 56.4 


-707. 20 


21 


- .8 


-.0115 


9. 9885 


620. 17 


62. 088 


.012 


144 


2 


28.5 


24.3 


29.7 


50 10. 5 


31 29.9 


070. 65 


22 


.4 


.0058 


9. 9942 


• 621. 04 


02. 140 


40 


lOU 


3 


28. 


24.3 


24.7 


51 45.5 


29 54. 9 


642. 65 


23 


.35 


.0030 


9. 99.50 


61H.81 


61,912 


.188 


33344 


4 


27.5 


24.4 


24.6 


53 11.5 


28 28. 9 


012.02 


24 


.4 


.0038 


9. 9942 


017.63 


01. 798 


.303 


912C4 


5 


27. 


24.4 


24.0 


54 33. 5 


27 06. 9 


5f2. 79 


25 


.4 


.0058 


9. 9942 


020. ,52 


62. Of 8 


12 


144 


6 


20.5 


24.3 


24.6 


55 59. 


23 41. 4 


552.30 


26 


.4 


. Oi)58 


9. 9942 


621. 62 


02. 198 


9,S 


9601 


7 


26. 


24.3 


24.5 


57 22. 5 


24 17.9 


522. 49 


27 


1.05 


.0151 


9. 9K49 


022. 10 


62.310 


.210 


44100 


8 


25.5 


24.3 


24.5 


of 54. 5 


22 4.5.9 


489. 63 


3d 


1.0 


.0144 


9. 9856 


020. .53 


62. 143 


43 


1H49 


9 


25. 


24.0 


2.">. 


19 00 21. 5 


21 ia9 


458. 54 


29 


.6 


. UOl-6 


9.9914 


621. .56 


63.210 


.110 


12100 


10 


24.5 


24.0 


24.9 


01 50. 5 


19 49.9 


436. 71 


30 


.6 


. 0j86 


9.9914 


620. 05 


63. 058 


42 


1764 


11 


24. 


24.0 


24.8 


03 1.5. 


18 25. 4 


3n6. 48 


31 


.7 


.0101 


9. 9899 


620. 13 


03. 070 


24 


.570 


12 


23.5 


24.0 


25.0 


04 46. 5 


16 5.3. 9 


363. 72 


32 


.63 


.0094 


9.99B6 


01 7. .33 


01.790 


.310 


90IOO 


13 


23. 


23. 7 


2.i.2 


06 09. 5 


15 30. 9 


33.5. 42 


33 


.35 


. 00,50 


9. 9950 


021.11 


62. 142 


43 


1704 


14 


22.5 


24.0 


24.9 


07 34. 5 


14 05. 9 


303. 54 


34 


.03 


.0094 


9. 9900 


6.2. 74 


62 333 


. 233 


54289 


15 


22.0 


24.0 


25.0 


09 04. 


12 36. 4 


271.45 


35 


.45 


.0005 


9. 9933 


C21.27 


62. 167 


07 


4489 


16 


21.5 


23.8 


2S.0 


10 26. 


11 14.4 


242. 05 


36 


.30 


.0043 


9. 9937 


621. 77 


63. 204 


.104 


10816 


17 


21.0 


23.7 


25.0 


11 6.5.5 


9 44.9 


£09. 95 


37 


.30 


.0043 


9. 99.57 


619.56 


61. 983 


.117 


13089 


18 


20. 5 


23.5 


25.0 


13 21.0 


8 19.4 


179. 27 


38 


.15 


. 0022 


9. 9978 


021.07 


63.121 


21 


441 


19 


20. 


23.5 


25.0 


14 47. 5 


52. 9 


148. 23 


39 


.10 


.0014 


9. 9980 


620. 78 


62. 087 


13 


169 


20 


19.5 


23. 5 


24.9 


16 14.0 


5 20. 4 


117.10 


40 


-.10 


-.0014 


9. 9966 


621, 36 


C2. 145 


43 


21135 


21 


19. 


23.4 


24.8 


17 33. 


4 02.4 


87.03 


















22 


18.5 


23.6 


24.8 


19 05. 5 


2 34.9 


55.61 






























23 
24 


18. 
17.5 


2.3. 5 
23.5 


24.6 
24.5 


20 34. 

21 56.0 


- 1 06. 4 
+ 1.5. 6 


- 23.84 
+ .5.00 






Mean 62" 


100 ± . 021 






25 
26 
27 
28 


17. 
16.5 
16. 
15.5 


23.5 
2.3.4 
22.8 
22.9 


24.5 
24.5 
25.1 
25.1 


23 25. 5 

24 63. 5 

26 18.0 

27 43. 


1 43. 1 

3 13.1 

4 37.6 
6 04.6 


37.73 
09.32 
99.67 

130. eo 






Corr. <'or 
Vahio of one 


lean, 62". 0997 
refr., — ". 0314 
urn, 62". 068 






29 


15. 


22.8 


25.0 


29 14. 5 


7 34.1 


163.03 








0.112 
0.094 
0. 032 
0.021 






30 
31 
32 


14.5 

14. 

13.5 


22.9 
22.9 
22.8 


25. 
25.1 
25.1 


30 39. 

32 03. 5 

33 27. 


8 58.6 
10 23. 1 
n 46.6 


193. 34 
223. 65 
2-a 00 






r = 






33 


13. 


22. 9 


25. 1 


34 66. 5 


13 16.1 


283. (i9 






To = 






34 
35 


12.5 
12. 


22 8 
23.0 


2.5.0 
24. 9 


36 30. 

37 55. 5 


14 49. 6 
16 15. 1 


319. 20 
319. i-2 


Mt 


an l\v T 


peight of the tw 


) scTies— first ta 


ken Ji 


mc 13, 


36 


11.5 


23.0 


24.8 


39 19.0 


17 3S. 6 


37!)! 72 


SCCl 


ud, Jul! 


s 14. Adoiited val 


le of onetnm 02' 


. 0.35 ± 


.014. 


37 


11. . 


23.0 


24. 9 


40 42. 5 


19 02. 1 


409.61 














.'« 


III. 5 


23. 


24.8 


42 12. 5 


20 32. 1 


441. ?0 














39 


10. 


2!.0 


24.7 


43 38. 5 


21 58. 1 


472. .55 














40 


9.5 


23.0 


24.6 


19 45 07. 


+23 20. 


+504.17 















175 



1873. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

June 13. 

Station, Camp No. 3. 

Observation for value of one division of level of Zenith Tvkucope No. 11, WiiriJemann, in 

terms of the micrometer. 









[Observer, Lieut. J. F. 


Gregory.; 








si 

o 


Eeadings. 


Differences. 


Id. 


V 


■vv 


Slicronieter. 


Level. 
























c'*^ 








ilierom. 


Levil. 
















6 


Snccessive. 


Mean a. 


N. 


S. 














t. d. 




















il!i. 4 




















9!). 5 




















ns. 3 


99. 03 


CO. 3 


10. 1 














1 81.5 




















1-3. ri 


















1 


1 80.0 

1 81.3 
82.9 
78.2 

03.7 


1 81.7 
1 80.8 


18.0 
02. 


58.3 
14.0 


82.7 


48. 23 


1.714 


+ . 040 


.OOiO 




00. 9 

2 03. 1 
52.5 
00.4 

3 29. 2 
28.2 


2 52.2 
2 52.0 


18.0 
GC.9 


08.4 
10.0 


71.4 


43.95 


1. 625 


- .C44 


.0019 


3 


27.5 


3 S8. 3 


19.0 


07.7 


70.3 


47.80 


1. .^.IC 


- .073 


. 00.03 




3 27. 




















28. 2 




















.11. 2 


3 28.8 


CO. 1 


12.0 














3 98.7 




















99. 4 


















4 


4 02.5 

3 99.1 

4 01.9 
. 3 99. 3 

4 83.1 

80.8 


4 00.2 
4 00.1 


19.0 
OS. 


08.3 
09. C 


71.4 


40. SO 


1. .045 


- .124 


. 0104 





81.2 

4 83.2 
80.5 
81.6 

5 50.2 
58. C 


4 81.7 
4 81.4 


19.0 
C3.0 


58.5 
Vx 1 


81. C 


48. 95 


1. 1:07 


- .0112 


.0000 


c 


5C. 1 

5 58. a 
58.6 
50. 

C 3!l. 3 
38.3 


5 57.0 
5 57. 4 


17.7 
C4.0 


CO.O 
13.9 


75.0 


44.30 


1.707 


+ . 038 


. 0014 


7 


37.7 

C 38.0 

33. 8 

38. 7 

7 07.7 

o;i. 


C 38.4 
6 30. 8 


19. 
64.0 


58. C 
14.1 


81.0 


44.85 


1. 800 


+ .137 


. 0188 


8 


08.1 


7 08.3 


20.3 


57.7 


71.5 


43.05 


I. 638 


- .031 


.0010 



17G 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



177 



Observations for value of one division of level, c£c. — Continued. 





Eeadings. 


Differences. 


Id 


V 


tJB 


Micrometer. 


Level. 






<«—* 


















O'^ 








Microm. 


Level. 
















1 


Successive. 


Means. 


N. 


S. 














( d. 




















7 07.5 




















07.5 




















06.8 


7 07.3 


64.0 


14.0 














7 8."). 3 




















88.0 


















9 


88.3 

7 86.3 
87.9 
86.9 

8 52. 3 
52.4 


7 87.2 
7 87.0 


17.7 
63.0 


00.3 
1.5. 


79.9 


46.3 


1. 726 


+ .057 


.0032 


10 


.51.9 

8 53.7 
54.0 
51.8 

9 26.8 
29.0 


8 52.2 
8 53.2 


24.5 
65.8 


54. 8 
12.7 


65.2 


39. 15 


1.665 


-0.004 


.0000 


u 


27.1 


9 27. 6 


21.0 


57.3 


74.4 


44.70 


1.664 


- .005 


.0000 




9 98. 3 




















2H. 9 




















2d. 


9 28.4 


64.1 


14.2 














10 07. 




















09.0 


















12 


07.5 

10 03. 2 
06.1 
10.3 

10 81.3 
80.4 


10 07. 8 
10 03.2 


19.7 
63.0 


58. 5 
15. 4 


79.4 


41.35 


1.790 


+ .121 


.0146 


13 


83.0 

10 82. 7 
80. 
80.7 

11 63.2 

59. 8 


10 81.6 
10 81.1 


19.9 
60.2 


58.5 
12.1 


73.4 


4,3. 10 


1.703 


+ . 0.34 


.0012 


14 


60.0 

11 60.0 
60.9 
68.9 

12 37. 3 
35.3 


11 00.7 
11 63.3 


19.7 
65.0 


.58.0 
13.4 


79.6 


46. 50 


1. 712 


+ .043 


.0018 


15 


36.2 

12 37. 4 
36.8 
36.8 

13 16.8 
16.8 


12 36.2 
12 37. 


19.7 
66.0 


58.7 
12.0 


72.9 


45. 30 


1.609 


- .060 


.0036 


16 


20.8 

13 17. 6 
17.4 
17.3 

13 98. 8 

14 01.5 


13 18. 1 
13 17. 4 


19.5 
63.0 


5S. 5 
15.0 


81.1 


46. 50 


1.744 


+ .075 


.0050 


17 


13 99. 9 

14 03. 4 
01.2 
0i5 

14 70. 2 
74.9 


14 00. 1 
14 02. 4 


17.0 

60.0 


60.9 
18.0 


82.7 


45. 95 


1.800 


4- .131 


.0172 


18 


76.7 


14 75.9 


19.2 


58.7 


73. 5 


40.75 


1.804 


- .135 


.0182 



N B- 



-12 



178 TTNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COJIMISSION. 

Observations for value of one division of level, &c. — Continaed. 



i 

n 


Eeaslings. 


DiffercDces. 


1 ■!. 


il 


t>v 


Micrometer. 


Level. 






*t; w 








Microm. 


Level. 
















D 


Snccessivo. 


Means. 


X. 


S. 














t d. 




















14 74.5 


















76.0 


















74.9 


14 75. 1 


63. 3 


lao 














15 48. 2 




















47.9 


















19 


46.0 

13 47. 

47- - 

!■; 1-. 7 
17. C 


13 47. 4 
15 47. 4 


32.3 
63.0 


.55. 7 
15.2 


72 3 


45.85 


1.577 


- .092 


.0083 




















20 


19.9 

IG 01. 
00.7 
02.3 
69.5 

16 B3.3 


16 1.^.7 
16 02.0 


20.5 
53.0 


57.6 
19.7 


71.3 


43.03 


1.680 


+ .011 


.0001 


oi 


69 4 

6:j. 

fi7.5 

17 .17. 3 

37.9 


16 19. 1 
16 69. 


19.6 
63.0 


5a5 
13.1 


07.1 


33.90 


1.728 


+ .059 


.00!3 


22 


36.0 

17 36. 7 
36.5 
37.0 

1^ M - 


17 37. I 
17 36. 7 


32.7 
66.3 


53.3 
11.7 


07.3 


43.25 


1. .593 


- .o:< 






18 11. 3 
14.0 
ILO 

13 87. 9 
86.2 


13 11.3 
18 121 


21.3 
64.0 


56.5 
14.0 


74.6 


44.90 


1.1-61 


- .003 


.0001 


24 


91.0 

18 9L5 
90.0 
91.1 

19 57. 2 
56.2 


18 83.4 
18 90. 9 


19.5 
63.0 


58.5 
13.4 


76.3 


41.50 


:.". 10 


-f .046 


.0021 


35 


55.0 

19 57. 1 
54.3 
55.8 

20 33.9 
33. 2 


19 36.1 
19 .53. 7 


22.3 
63.0 


53.8 
13.5 


6.1. 2 


40. 1.'. 




- .037 


.0032 


2G 


.•iO.O 

31.6 

21 04.4 

03.7 


20 32 4 
•20 34. 4 


19.8 
62.8 


53.5 
13.7 


76.7 


45. Ill 




!- . 032 


.0010 


27 


03.0 

21 04. 8 
02.9 
04.2 

21 Si 2 
80.3 


21 03.7 
21 04.0 


20.0 
68.5 


33.2 
10.0 


69.3 


43.65 


1.025 


- .044 


.0319 


23 


82.5 


21 SI. 7 


20.0 


5a5 


77.7 


4S.50 


1.603 


- .007 





EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 
Observations for value of one division of level, <tc. — Contiuucd. 



179 



E. 

Q 
= g 


Readings. 


Diflfereuces. 


Id. 


V 


vv 


Micrometer. 


Level. 






e*-**" 


















O*^ 








Microm. 


Level. 
















d 

iz; 


Successive. 


Mcins. 


N. 


S. 














t. d. 




















21 80. C 




















85.0 




















82.0 


21 8S.5 


C3.0 


15.8 














22 6i 4 




















60.9 


















29 


63.2 

22 60. 
62.6 
60.8 

23 33.5 
34.3 


22 62.2 
22 61. 1 


20.0 
68. 1 


58.5 
10.7 


79.7 


42.85 


1.860 


+ .191 


.0365 


30 


33.6 

23 33. 4 
34.3 
34.5 

24 10.7 
12.5 


23 33. 8 
23 33. 7 


64.0 


56.2 
14.9 


72.7 


45.70 


1.591 


- .078 


.0061 


31 


10.0 

24 11.8 
10.0 
07.5 

24 87. 8 
86.8 


21 11.1 
24 09.8 


20.2 
6.5.9 


58.5 
13.3 


77.4 


43.70 


1.770 


+ .101 


.0102 


32 


87.8 

24 87. 8 
88.9 
90.0 

25 58.2 
68.8 


24 87.5 
24 88.9 


20.2 
62.0 


53.0 
17.0 


77.7 


45.50 


1.708 


+ .039 


.0015 


33 


60.0 

25 69.6 
60.2 
60.5 

26 21. 2 
20.8 


25 59. 
25 60. 1 


20.5 
03.0 


57.8 
17.3 


70.1 


41.15 


1.703 


+ .034 


.0012 


34 


19.7 

26 21.0 
2.10 
18.0 

26 88. 7 
89.9 


20 20. 6 
26 20. 7 


24.2 
60.3 


55.0 
13.2 


00.5 


37.75 


1.603 


- .066 


.0049 


35 


89.2 

26 87. 9 
87.9 
88.5 

27 48.2 
47 4 


20 89. 3 
26 88. 1 


23.2 
62.0 


56.0 
17.7 


68.6 


42. 95 


1.597 


- .072 


.0052 


36 


46.7 

27 47. 2 
46.0 
47.0 

28 13. 2 
13.5 


27 47. 4 

27 46. 7 


24.3 

65.5 


55.1 
14.2 


59.3 


37. 55 


1. 671 


- .098 


.0096 


37 


14.9 

23 12. 1 
12.7 
14.5 

28 74. 9 
75 4 


28 13.9 
28 13.1 


24.1 

63.0 


5.'). 7 
16.9 


67.2 


41. 45 


1.621 


- .048 


.0023 


38 


74.5 


28 74.9 


24.3 


55.5 


61.8 


38.65 


1.599 


- .070 


.0049 



180 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Observations for value of one division of Level, &c. — Continued. 



irva- 


Keatlinga. 




DilTercnce.s. 








Si 


Micrometer. 


Level. 


Microm. 


Level. 


1 d 


r 


vv 








i 


Soccessive. 


ile.ins. 


N. 


s. 












39 


«. d, 

28 75.3 
75.9 
73.5 

29 40. 2 
39.7 
39.7 


28 74. 9 

29 39. U 


65.0 
24.0 


15.0 
55. 7 


G.->. 


40.85 


1.501 


- .078 


.0001 


40 


29 41. 2 

41.4 
42.0 

30 16. 8 
16.0 
16.5 


29 41.5 

30 16. 4 


68.0 
21.5 


12. 
58.3 


74.9 


46.40 


1.G14 


- .055 


.0030 


41 


.30 17.2 
18.6 
17.9 

30 i-n. 7 
80.5 
81.8 


30 17. 9 
30 81.0 


64. 
24.2 


16.0 
55.3 


03. 1 


30.80 


1. .'^.85 


- .084 


.0071 


.2400 



d = 1.GG88 ± .003. 



1873. 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOONDARY. 
June 14. 

Station, Camp No. 3. 

Determination of value of one turn of the Mia-ometer, Zenith Telescope Wiirdemann No. 11, 
hy observation of Polaris at eastern elongation. 

[ObaeiTer, Captain J. r. Gregory, United States Engineers.] 
ip = 49° 00' 02". Time of elong. by cbron. 1431, lO' 25" 28>.0. 



.0 « 


|.b 


Level. 








son 


.H « 6 
_ E i" <^ 








«j.2 


|i 












— '5*i 


^ g a 








^ 






T 


T-T„ 


Z-Za 


.a a 
H f" 




Z-Z' 


A- 


V 


N. 


s. 










h. m. s. 


TTt'. f!. 


It 






,, 






1 


a 


39.0 


42.0 


18 62 58. 5 


- 32 29. 3 


+ 697. 6 


1 -witb 12 


15.477 


404.0 


73. 763 


.616 


a 


8.5 


38.5 


42.2 


54 33. 5 


30 54. .5 


668.0 


2 13 


.477 


411.2 


75. 079 


. 680 


3 


9. 


38.3 


42.3 


66 12.2 


29 15.8 


628 8 


3 14 


.434 


408.1 


74.416 


.017 


4 


9.5 


37.3 


42.5 


67 58. 2 


27 29. 8 


.590. 9 


4 13 


.4.S7 


407.1 


74. 194 


. 205 


5 


10. 


38.5 


42.4 


18 59 29.2 


25 58. 8 


558.5 


•15 16 


.475 


413.3 


75. 489 


1. mio] 
111 


6 


10.5 


37.0 


44.4 


19 01 22. :< 


24 05. 7 


518.1 


6 17 


.498 


409.7 


74. 510 


7 


11. 


37.5 


44.0 


03 08. 5 


22 19.5 


480.2 


7 18 


.508 


408.0 


74. 074 


.325 


8 


11.5 


37.7 


44.5 


04 57.0 


20 31. 


448.4 


8 19 


.409 


400.8 


73. 966 


.433 


9 


12. 


38.4 


44.0 


06 39. 3 


18 48. 7 


404 e 


9 20 


. 4.'2 


407.1 


74. 201 


. 1..8 


10 


12.5 


37.5 


44.0 


08 20. 5 


17 07.5 


368.5 


10 21 


.492 


408.4 


74. 363 


.0:10 


11 


13. 


37.8 


44.2 


10 05. 


15 23. 


331.1 


11 22 


. 497 


407.8 


74. 186 


.213 


12 


13.5 


37.7 


43.5 


11 50.0 


13 38. 


29.3. 6 


23 34 


.482 


406.9 


74. 225 


. 174 


13 


14. 


37.3 


44.0 


13 32. 5 


11 5.5.5 


256. 8 


24 35 


.490 


409. 8 


74.294 


. 1C5 


14 


14.5 


37.8 


43.7 


15 13.2 


10 14.8 


220. 7 


25 36 


.490 


409.0 


74. 499 


. 100 


15 


15. 


37.1 


44.0 


16 56. 


08 32. 


183.8 


26 37 


.488 


409. 3 


74. 5f 1 


.182 


IG 


l.\5 


37.1 


04.0 


18 43. 4 


06 44.0 


14.5. 2 


27 38 


. 492 


407.8 


74. 253 


. 140 


17 


16. 


37.0 


44. C 


20 26. 2 


05 01. 8 


108.4 


28 39 


.492 


408.7 


74.417 


.018 


18 


16.5 


37.8 


4:1.4 


23 06. 7 


03 21. 3 


72.2 


S9 40 


.498 


410.8 


74.718 


.319 


19 


17. 


37.1 


44.0 


23 51. 5 


- 01 30. 5 


+ 34.6 


30 41 


.492 


407.2 


74.144 


. C55 


20 


17.5 


36.7 


44.5 


25 34. 5 


+ 00 06. 5 


- 02. 3 


31 42 


.488 


407.4 


74. 235 


. 164 


21 


18. 


36.8 


44.2 


27 19. 


01 51.0 


39.9 


32 43 


.488 


411.1 


74. 909 


.510 


22 


18.5 


37.3 


44.0 


29 01.7 


03 33. 7 


76.7 


33 44 


5.480 


407.1 


74. S07 


. 192 


23 
24 


19. 
19.5 


36.7 
36.0 


44.5 
44.6 


30 40. 5 
32 28. 


05 18. 5 
07 00. 


114.3 












150. 8 












25 


20. 


36.fi 


4.5.0 


34 11.3 


08 43. 3 


187.8 






J2= 7 


1". 347 
.0:i0 
1". 31 ± . 




26 


20.5 


36. C 


44.7 


3.5 51. 5 


10 23. 5 


223.8 




Corr. for 
ae of one t 




27 
28 


21. 
21.5 


36.4 
36.0 


44.9 
43.0 


37 36. 
39 23. 


12 08. 

13 55. 


261.3 
299. 6 


V.il 


irn = 7 


03 


29 


22. 


35.8 


45.1 


41 02.5 


15 34. 5 


335. 3 












30 


22.5 


35.8 


45.2 


42 51. 


17 23.0 


374.1 


♦ Rpjfcteil 
t This is t 










31 
32 
33 


23. 

23.5 

24. 


36.0 
36.1 
36.0 


4.-,. 


44 30. 5 


19 02. 5 


469. 4 


le intervn: 


3. 5 revoh 


itions corr 


ccteil for 


45.0 
4.5.1 


46 09.3 

47 58. 5 


20 41.3 
S2 30. 5 


445.0 
484.1 


tbe differenc 


e in the le 


-els at the 


two obseri 


nations. 


34 


24.5 


35.7 


45.6 


49 42. 3 


24 14.3 


521.2 












35 


25. 


36.0 


4.5.2 


51 27.2 


23 59.2 


558.6 












30 


25.5 


36.0 


45.0 


53 15.0 


27 47. 


596.8 












37 


26. 


36.0 


45.5 


54 56.0 


29 28. 


633. 1 












38 


26.5 


36.0 


45.5 


50 37.2 


31 09. 2 


669.1 












39 


27. 


35.6 


45.6 


19 58 27.2 


32 59. 2 


708.3 












40 


27.5 


36.0 


45.5 


20 00 14.2 


34 46. 2 


746.1 












41 


28. 


3.5.6 


46.0 


01 53.2 


36 25. 2 


781.3 












42 


28.5 


35.6 


46.0 


(13 33. 3 


28 0.5. 3 


816.8 












43 


29. 


35.7 


46.0 


03 24.3 


39 50. 3 


836.1 












44 


29.5 


35.4 


46.2 


20 07 04. 


+ 41 36. 9 


- 891.2 













181 



1873. 

UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY. 
July 19. 

Station, Turtle Mouktadj Depot (east side), Dak. 

Observations to determine the value of one division of the level of Zenith Telescope WUrde- 
mann i\'o. 11 in terms of the micrometer. Mark, cross-hairs of Transit Telescope No-. i. 

[Observer, W. J. Twining, Captain United States Engineers.] 



No. 


H 


Means. 


.9-2 

if 

3. 


Means. 


Love 
posi 


. first 
tion. 


Level, second 
position. 




a 

J3. p. 
H 


•S.5 
a 


fa 

II 


V 

82 


0724 


N. 


s: 


N. 


S. 


1 


21. 4!lj 

.4r8 
.4^3 


21. 489 


20. 775 

.785 
. 772 


20. 777 


57.4 
57.5 
57.0 


1.5.0 
1,5.0 
15.2 


15.0 
15.8 
15.5 


57.8 
57.9 
^>f^. 2 


42. 4 


71.2 


1.079 


' 


I'.i. mo 

.0^0 
.Oiil 
.509 


19.913 


20. 002 
.031 
.010 
.016 


20. 010 


10.9 
10.8 
17.0 
10.9 


57.2 
57.1 
57.1 
57.0 


57.7 
57.0 
.57.8 
57.7 


1.5. 3 
15.9 
1,5. 9 
15.8 


41.0 


70.3 


1.715 


46 


2110 


:i 


20. 508 

.5d7 


20. 593 


21. 382 
.381 
.305 


21.370 


15. 7 

1.5.6 
15.5 


.'^8. 2 
58. 

58. 8 


58.5 

.58.5 


15.4 
1,5.5 
15. « 


43.0 


78.3 


1. 821 


60 


3600 


4 

• 


21. 3.57 
.303 


21.358 


29. 098 
.096 
.096 


22. 097 


15.9 
10.1 
16.2 


58.8 
.58. 8 
58.7 


.57.5 
57.6 
57.7 


17.3 
17.3 
17. 5 


41.4 


73.0 


1.785 


24 


576 


5 


22. 008 
.OKU 
.103 


22. 097 


22. 825 
.808 
.t07 


23. 813 


19.3 
19.3 
19.2 


50. 4 

5(;. 8 

50.9 


59.0 
00.0 
1:0.0 


16. 
10.7 
10.7 


40.4 


71.0 


1. 772 


11 


121 


li 


22.811 

.ml 

.805 


22. 808 


23. 490 
.500 
..503 


23. 602 


19.8 
19.9 
19.9 


57. 3 
57.4 


58.6 
58. 5 
£8.0 


1.=. 2 
18.2 
1.-. 2 


38.9 


09.4 


1.784 


23 


029 


~ 


23. 407 
.401 
.407 


23. 485 


24. 265 
.203 
.206 


24. 205 


16.0 
10.0 
15.8 


01.3 

01.4 

01.8 


58.7 
58.7 
58. 8 


18.5 
18.0 
18.6 


42.9 


78.0 


1.818 


57 


3219 


8 


24. 2.')2 

" !27C 

.2.')0 


24.259 


24. 939 
.947 
.941 


24. 942 


20.9 
21.0 
21.3 


50.9 
50.9 
£6.9 


fO.9 
10.9 
01.0 


16.8 
16.8 
16.8 


39.9 


68.3 


1.712 


49 


2401 


1) 
10 


21.920 
. 942 
.938 

25. 703 
.714 
.713 




25. 090 
.713 
.600 

20. 450 
.403 
.458 


25. 700 
26.457 


18.5 
18.5 
18.3 

18.0 
17.9 
17.9 


.■^9. 5 
59.0 

r9. 

59. n 

(0.1 
00.0 


61.0 
61.1 
00.8 

60.8 
60.9 
61.0 


10.8 
16.7 
10.9 

10.6 
16.5 
16.5 


42.7 
41.3 


76.7 
74.7 


1. 790 

1.725 


35 
36 


1235 
1296 


25. 710 



I (iiv. of level = 1.701 div. microm. 

£ = .049 
r = .033 
f„ = .016 
T„ = .010 



\m 



1873- 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 
July 18. 

Station, Tuiitle Mouxtain Depot (east side). Dak. 

Observations to determine the value of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telescope Wilrde- 
mann No. 11, hj the eastern elongation of Polaris; Chronometer 1513 Negus. 

[Observer, W. J. Twining, Capt.-iiu "DDited States Engineers.) 



log cot (5 = 8.3790943 
log tang = 0.061C7-)3 
log cos ?„ = 8.4407C93 

lo = 8H° 25' 08".2 

t(t in time = j"" 5 »■" 40\.5 

A. E. r; II' 12» n\5 

Sid. time of elong. = 19'' IS'" HT'.O 

Clironoiuetercorr. = 0'' IJ"' 25^8 

Cllro. time elong. = W' 31'"02«.8 



A. E. of Polaris, 1'' 12'" 1>. R 
S of PoLiris, 88" 37' 4:i".3 

Assumed (S, 49° 03' 17".0 



sin (Z-Xj) = 008(5 sin (T-T„) 



log sin 6 = 9.9998750 
log sin = 9.8781401 
log cosr„ = 9.8782(i45 
Za = 40° 05' 34" 





a 


Level. 








5 




a 
g 


1 










rt 










'^i 


o 


0^ ' 

a 1 












i 


£ 






T 


T-T„ 


2-Zo 


■=4 


■2 


M 


■5 z-Z' 


z 


V 


V !> 




E 

£ 


N. 


S. 








Q a 


(f. 


.« *" 


o 










V 














sa 




5c 








^ 


s 












a 





f3 


Q 


> 














h. m. if. 


■ m. 8. 


„ 








// 


,, 






1 


28. 


30.5 


35.8 


19 01 5.5.5 


-29 07. 3 


-635. 55 


22 


-1..50 


. 0364 


10. 4736 


780. 85 


74. 554 


.210 


44100 


2 


27.5 


30.3 


36.3 


03 41.5 


27 31. 3 


587. 78 


23 


1. 05 


.0185 


. 4815 


779. 14 


. 3.i5 


9 


81 
3rt44 


3 


27. 


30.0 


30.5 


05 20. 


25 36. 8 


ojO. 52 


24 


1.05 


.0185 


. 4815 


779. 89 


.406 


62 


4 


20.5 


30.0 


36.5 


07 o;). 5 


23 53. 3 


513.68 


25 


1.05 


. 0185 


. 4815 


780. 06 


. 4 -.'3 


79 


6241 


5 


26. 


30.0 


36.5 


08 .52. 


22 10. 8 


470. 98 


20 


1. 05 


.0185 


.4815 


780.01 


.418 


74 


5.1 7fj 


6 


25. 5 


29.8 


30.7 


10 34. 5 


20 23. 3 


440. 34 


27 


1.45 


. 0335 


. 4745 1 780. 99 


.5GI 


.217 


47(t87 


7 


25. 


29.8 


36.9 


12 20. 


18 4i8 


402. 01 


28 


1. 25 


.0230 


. 4781) 1 780. 49 


.4)-8 


.144 


20730 


8 


24.5 


29.8 


36.9 


14 04 


16 58. 8 


36.5. 39 


29 


1.10 


.0211 


. 4789 1 779. 77 


.413 


G!) 


4711 1 


9 


24. 


29.9 


37.0 


15 50. 5 


15 12.3 


337. 25 


30 


1.25 


.03-.0 


.47t0 , 778.10 


. *2t,0 


84 


7056 


10 


23.5 


21.9 


37.1 


17 34. 


13 28. 8 


210. 17 


31 


1.25 


. 0230 


. 4780 1 778. 54 


. :i(\'2 


42 


1764 


11 


23. 


30.0 


37.1 


19 15. 5 


11 47.3 


2r.3. 79 


32 


1. 30 


. 0329 


.4771 ' 779. 12 


. 3(i4 


2U 


400 


12 


2i5 


29.8 


37.3 


SO 59, 


10 03. 8 


216. C8 


33 


1. 15 


. 6202 


. 4798 779. 29 


.413 


60 


4761 


13 


22. 


29. 7 


37. 4 


23 42. 5 


8 20. 3 


178. 12 


34 


l.OO 


.0170 


.4824 j 778.34 


. 2rr2 


92 


84G4 


14 


21.5 


29.7 


37.0 


24 27. 5 


r, 3.5. 3 


141.88 


35 


.00 


.0108 


. 4842 1 779. 14 


. 3 1 G 


28 


784 


15 


21. 


29.8 


37.6 


26 09. 


4 53. 8 


105. 40 


30 


1.05 


. (185 


. 4815 ' 778. 30 


. srif) 


89 


7921 


16 


20.5 


29.7 


37.6 


27 53. 


3 09.8 


68.13 


37 


.(0 


. 0106 


. 4894 i 778. 82 


.248 


96 


9216 


17 


20. 


29. H 


.37.7 


2!) 37. 5 


- 1 2.5.3 


- .30.63 


38 


. 55 


.0097 


.4903 ; 778.95 


. 254 


90 


8 100 


18 


19.5 


29.8 


37. G 


31 20.0 


+ 17. 2 


+ 0.17 


39 


. 55 


.f017 


. 4903 , 779. 39 


. 2!)() 


48 


2304 


19 


19. 


21.6 


37. H 


33 OJ. 


2 00. 2 


43.15 


49 


.91 


.01.58 


. 4842 1 779. 07 


.309 


35 


1225 
2,-,!l:>| 


20 


18.5 


2.1. 


38.0 


34 4^.5 


3 45.7 


81.03 


41 


.85 


.0150 


.48.50 ' 777. HI 


. 16 J 


l(il 


21 

22 
23 
24 


18. 
17.5 
17. 
16.5 


29.6 
2.1.0 
21. 7 
29.6 


38.0 
37.9 

37.8 
38.2 


S6 39 5 
33 1,5. 5 
39 56. 
41 42.0 


5 27. 7 

7 12.7 

8 53. 2 
10 3 1. 2 


117.62 
15.5. 30 
191.36 
231. 37 


4J 


-0.75 


- .0132 


10. 4868 777. 77 


.l(iO 


178 


31684 




I 


tlean valu 


1 of one turn, 74".3'1 


4 ± .010 






25 


10. 


21.0 


38.2 


43 25. 5 


12 23.7 


260. 48 
















2(5 


1.5. 5 


29.6 


38. 2 


45 07. 3 


14 04. 7 


301.03 








Mf.ati 


71". 3-14 






27 


15. 


21.0 


38.8 


46 r.2. 5 


15 41. 7 


311. 65 








CoiT. foi' reirau. 


".031 i 






2j 


14.5 


2\ 1 


38.7 


48 36. 5 


17 3.i. 7 


377. 88 






\':ilnc oi o 


no turn of mitrom. 


74".308 






29 


14. 


29. I 


3^.6 


50 18.5 


19 15. 7 


414.38 
















3(1 


13. 5 


29. 1 


38.7 


02 03. 5 


20 57. 7 


450. 85 








c — 0".110 








31 


13. 


29. 1 


38.8 


53 4.5. 5 


23 43. 7 


488. 37 








r = 0".071 








32 


12.5 


SI. 1 


38.8 


65 29. 


24 26. 2 


53.5. 33 








£{, — 0".034 








3.) 


1.'. 


29.1 


38.9 


57 13.5 


26 10. 7 


502.61 








Tf, = 0".016 








34 


11.5 


21.2 


38.9 


19 58 .59. 


27 56. 2 


6 (1. 22 
















35 


I). 


29. 2 


33.9 


20 00 43. 


29 40.2 


17. 20 
















30 


11'. 5 


21l! T 


39.0 


02 23. 


31 20.2 


673. 84 
















37 


10. 


29. 5 


38.6 


04 01.5 


33 06. 7 


710.69 
















?,H 


9.5 


29.5 


38. 5 


05 55. 5 


34 .52. 7 


748. 33 
















39 


9. 


29.6 


38.5 


07 40. 5 


36 37.7 


785. ^6 
















40 


8.5 


29.1 


39.1 


09 24. 


38 21.2 


832 23 
















41 


8. 


29. 1 


39. a 


11 07.5 


40 04. 7 


858. 8'i 
















42 


7.5 


21.2 


39.1 


20 12 51. 


+ 41 4.'-'. 2 


895. 39 

















If.i 



1874. 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

June 18.5. 

FoitT EuFOKD, Dakota. 

Observations to determine the value of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telescope 
Wiirdemann No. 20 ; Chronometer Negus No. 1513, eastern elongation of Polaris. 

[Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain TJnited States Engineers.) 
CbroDometer-time of elongation, 19'' 18™ 12". 



No. 


Chronom. 


Correction 
to motion 


Correction 


Corrected 


No 


Chronom. 


Correction 
to motion 
in vertical 


Correctiftn 


Corrected 


15 rev. in- 






time. 


in vertical. 


lor levfl. 


time. 


lime. 


lor level. 


time. 


terval. 


V 


1 


h. m. s- 
18 38 40. 


+ 


11.8 


s. 
+ 0-0 


h. m. s. 

18 38 52. 4 


31 


h. in. s. 
19 2i 21. 9 


0. 


s. 
- 0.7 


h. m. s. 
19 22 21. 2 


260.8. 8 


s. 
3, 7 


2 


40 07. 9 




10.5 


+ 0.7 


40 19. 1 


33 


23 50. 5 


0. 


0.8 


23 49. 7 


10.6 


5.5 


3 


41 38.0 




9.3 


+ 0.7 


41 48.0 


33 


25 10.3 


0. 


1.1 


25 15.2 


07. 2 


2, 1 


4 


43 08.2 




8.3 


- 0.4 


43 14.1 


34 


20 44.9 


- 0.1 


1.1 


26 4 J. 7 


Ooid 


4^5 


5 


44 32.8 




7.3 


+ 0.7 


44 40.8 


35 


28 10.6 


0.2 


1. 1 


28 09.3 


08. 5 


3 4 


6 


46 00. 8 




0.3 


+ 0.4 


46 07. 5 


.•i6 


29 37. 


0.2 


1.2 


20 35. 6 


08. 1 


3. 


7 


47 27. 6 




5.5 


+ 0.0 


47 33. 7 


37 


31 03. 9 


0.4 


1.2 


31 02.3 


0,8. 


3.5 


8 


48 54. 3 




4.7 


+ 0.9 


48 .59.9 


38 


32 33. 4 


0.5 


1.2 


32 31.7 


IL 8 


G. 7 


9 


50 24. 




4. 1 


0.0 


50 as. 1 


39 


33 59. 


0.8 


1.2 


33 57.0 


08. 9 


3. 8 


10 


51 51.3 




3.4 


0.0 


51 54. 7 


40 


35 27. 


1.0 


1.4 


35 24.6 


09. 9 


4,8 


11 


53 20. 6 




2.9 


0.0 


53 23. 5 


41 


36 52. 6 


1.3 


1.4 


30 49. 9 


06. 4 


1.3 


12 


54 48.0 




2.4 


+ 0.4 


54 50. 8 


42 


38 20. 7 


1.5 


1.4 


38 17. 8 


07.0 


1, 


LI 


56 13. 7 




2.0 


+ 0.1 


56 15. 8 


43 


39 46. 


1.9 


1.4 


39 42. 7 


06.9 


I, 8 


14 


57 ^3. 4 




1.6 


+ 0.1 


57 45. 1 


44 


41 13.8 


2.3 


1.4 


41 10. 1 


05, 


0. 1 


IS 


18 59 10. 




1.3 


+ 0.1 


18 .59 11.4 


45 


42 40. 


2.8 


1.4 


42 35. 8 


01. 4 


0.7 


IB 


19 00 38.4 




1.0 


+ 0.2 


19 00 39. 6 


46 


44 09. 4 


3.3 


1.4 


44 04. 7 


0.5. 1 


0.0 


17 


02 01. 4 




0.8 


+ 0.2 


03 05. 4 


47 


45 35. 4 


3.9 


1.4 


45 30. 1 


04.7 


0, 4 


18 


01 33.5 




0.6 


- 0.2 


03 33. 9 


48 


47 07. 9 


4.5 


1.4 


46 56.0 


((2. 1 


3, 


19 


05 (10. 




0.4 


- 0.5 


04 59. 9 


49 


48 29. 


5.3 


2. 1 


48 21.0 


01.7 


3. 4 


20 


06 27. 7 




0.3 


- 0.5 


OS 27. 5 


50 


49 57. 5 


0.1 


1.9 


49 49, 5 


02. 


3. 1 


21 


07 52. 3 




0.2 


0.0 


07 52. 5 


51 


51 25. 


7.0 


1.9 


51 10. 1 


2603. 6 


1.5 


22 


09 23. 3 


+ 


0.1 


- 0.4 


09 23. 


52 


52 52. 8 


8.0 


1.9 


52 42. 9 


2599. 9 


5.2 


23 
24 
25 


10 40.0 




0. 


- 0.4 


10 48.6 


,53 


54 19.7 


0.0 


2.1 


.54 08.6 


2000. 


5.1 


12 16. 8 




0. 


- 0.4 


12 16.4 


54 


55 49. 1 


10.1 


2.1 


55 36. 9 


00.5 


4.6 


13 41.9 




0. 


- 0.4 


13 41.5 


55 


57 14.7 


11.3 


1.8 


57 01.6 


00.1 


.5.0 


26 


15 08. 6 




0. 


- 1.2 


15 07. 4 


.56 


19 58 45. 


12.7 


1.6 


53 .30. 7 


03.3 


1. 8 


27 


IC 35. 




0. 


- 0.2 


10 34. 8 


57 


20 00 13. 


14.1 


1.6 


19 59 57.9 


03. 1 


2, 


28 


16 03. 5 




0. 


- 0.1 


18 03. 4 


58 


01 41.5 


1.5. 


1.0 


20 01 24.3 


00.0 


4,2 


29 


19 29. 




0. 


- 0.1 


19 28. 9 


.59 


03 08. 


17.3 


1.5 


03 40.8 


00.9 


4.2 


30 


19 20 56. 




0. 


- 0.2 


19 20 55. 8 


60 


20 04 38.3 


- 19.0 


- 1.5 


20 04 17. 8 


2002.0 


3. 1 




LEVEL OESERVAT10X3. 


























1st conta 
601 li com 


ctat T3,5.0 
act at r 5 5 


^V.alueufc 


ne divisi™ of level, 0".89 


3. 














No 


N. 


S. 


No. 


N. 


S. 










Mean, 2(^05».05 ± 


.438 




d. 


d. 




d- 


d. 


1 


18. G 


19.1 


27 


19. 7 


19. 5 










lo.'; 3.41.58161 




2 


18.5 


19. 1 


28 


19.6 


19. 5 










log 15 co.s S 8.3';720;4 




4 


19.0 


18.7 


30 


19.8 


19.6 








log\ 


al. one turn, 1.79:i0235 




5 


18.6 


10.2 


31 


30. 


10.4 








v 


il. one turn, oa".090.) 




6 


18.8 


10. I 


33 


20.2 


19.3 






C 


orrocti< n fo 


rref acHi>ii, — 0".03I5 




7 


18.7 19.2 


34 


20. 3 


19.4 






t 


'orrected y.i. 


UL- one lu n, 02".059 i 


.010. 


8 


18.6 


19. 3 


36 


20.5 


19.5 














9 


19.0 


10.(1 


40 


20.6 


19.5 














12 


18.8 


19.1 


47 


20.7 


10. 5 














13 


19.0 


10. 1 


49 


21.0 


19.3 














16 


19.0 


10. 2 


50 


21.0 


10.5 














18 


10.3 


10.1 


53 


21.1 


19.4 




Mean value ml 


opted, givin 


» the deter 


uiination of June 18, d 


uublo weight. 


10 


19.5 


10. 1 


55 


21.0 


19. 6 




C9".126. 










21 


10. 2 


lil. 2 


56 


21. 


10.7 














22 


10.6 


10.3 


50 


21.0 


19.8 














2'.i 


20.5 


19.5 





















184 



18 7 4. 
UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

June 1-4.5. 

Fort Bufoed, Dakota. 

Observations to determine the value of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telescope 
Wiirdcmann No. 20, elongation of B. A. G. No. 240 [eastern), Chronometer Negus 1513, 
sidereal. 

[Observer, J. F. Gregory, Captain United Statoa Engineers.] 

Chronometer-time of elougatioD, IS*" 50™ 20'. 

B. A. C. 240, apparent place, June 14.5, 1874, A. R., O' 48'" 50>.2 ; S 83° 20' 36". 



So. 


Chronom. 
time. 


Correction 
to motion 
in vertical. 


Correction 
for level. 


Corrected 
time. 


No. 


Clironom. 
time. 


Correction 
to uioiion 
in vertical. 


Correction 
for level. 


Corrected 
time. 


ISrev. in- 
terval. 


V 
s. 




h. m. a. 


s. 


K. 


h. m. 8. 




h. m. s. 


s. 


^ 


h. tn. s. 


e. 


1 


18 36 05. 


+ 1.6 


- 1.3 


18 36 05. 3 


31 


19 U 58.0 


- .7 


+ .7 


19 11 58.0 


2152. 7 


2.0 


o 


37 15.5 


1.3 


1.3 


37 15.5 


32 


13 10. 5 


.9 


0.7 


13 10.3 


54.8 


4.1 


3 


38 27. 


1.1 


1.3 


38 26. 8 


33 


14 23. 


1.1 


1. 1 


14 23.0 


50. 2 


5.5 


4 


30 38. 


.9 


1.3 


39 37. 6 


34 


15 33. 5 


1.3 


1.2 


13 33. 4 


55.8 


5.1 


5 


40 51. 5 


.7 


1.3 


40 60. 9 


35 


16 46. 


1.6 


.8 


16 45.2 


64.3 


3.6 


a 


41 59.0 


.5 


1.3 


41 58.2 


36 


17 .3.3. 5 


1.9 


1.0 


17 54.6 


50.4 


,3.7 


7 


43 16. 


.4 


1.3 


43 15. 1 


37 


19 08. 


2.2 


.0 


19 06. 8 


51.7 


1.0 


8 


44 28. 


.3 


1.3 


44 27. 


33 


20 21. 


2.6 


.0 


20 19.4 


.32. 4 


1.7 


9 


43 38. 


.2 


1.1 


45 37. 1 


39 


21 32.0 


3.1 


.0 


21 29.9 


52.8 


2.1 


10 


40 49.0 


.1 


1.0 


40 48. 1 


40 


22 45. 


3.5 


.0 


22 42. 5 


54.4 


3.7 


11 


48 01. 5 


+ -1 


0.8 


48 00. 8 


41 


23 58. 


4.0 


.0 


93 53. 


52.2 


1.5 


la 


49 14.5 


.0 


0.8 


49 13.7 


42 


25 118. 


4.5 


.0 


23 05. 5 


50.8 


.1 


13 


50 29. 


.0 


1.0 


50 28. 


43 


26 20. 


6. 1 


.0 


20 13.9 


47. 9 


2.8 


14 


51 41.0 


.0 


0.9 


51 40. 1 


44 


27 34. 5 


5.8 


.0 


27 2 '. 7 


49.0 


1. 1 


15 


il 48. 


.0 


0.7 


52 47. 3 


45 


28 46. 5 


6r4 


.0 


28 41. 1 


.33. 8 


3. 1 


10 


54 07.5 


.0 


1.2 


54 01.3 


40 


29 58. 


7.2 


.0 


29 51.8 


51.5 


.8 


17 


55 15.5 


.0 


.8 


5.3 14.7 


47 


31 11.0 


8.1 


.0 


31 03.9 


49.2 


1.5 


18 


50 23. 


.0 


.U 


66 24. 2 


43 


33 22. 


8.9 


.0 


32 14. 1 


49. 9 


.8 


10 


57 36. 5 


.0 


.0 


57 33. 7 


49 


33 36. 5 


9.8 


1.0 


33 27. 7 


5J.0 


1.3 


20 


18 58 48. 


.0 


.8 


18 .38 47.2 


.50 


34 48. 


10.8 


9.0 


34 39. 2 


52. 


1.3 


21 


19 00 '. 


.0 


.4 


19 00 01. 


51 


3(i 01.0 


11.9 


1.3 


36 .30. C 


49.0 


1.7 


Si 


01 13.0 


.0 


- .4 


(11 13.4 


52 


37 12. 5 


13.0 


2.5 


37 02. 


48. (i 


2.1 


23 


OJ 28. 


.0 


+ 3 


02 28. 3 


53 


38 23. 5 


14.2 


2. 5 


38 13. 8 


4.3. 5 


.3.2 


24 


03 39. 


.0 


.4 


03 39. 4 


54 


39 39. 


15.4 


2.3 


39 23. 9 


40.5 


4.2 


33 


04 48. 3 


— .1 


.7 


04 49. 1 


,35 


40 50. 5 


IB. 8 


2.5 


4-1 30.9 


47. 1 


3.0 


20 


03 59. 


.2 


.7 


05 59. 5 


56 


42 05. 


18.9 


2. 3 


41 49.3 


4'J. 3 


0.9 


27 


07 15. 


_ o 


.3 


07 13. 1 


.37 


43 16.5 


19. li 


2.3 


42 59. 4 


44.3 


6.4 


23 


08 23.5 


is 


.7 


08 2:!. 9 


53 


44 32. 


21.4 


2.5 


44 13.1 


49. 2 


1.5 


20 


00 3li. 


.4 


.7 


09 36. 3 


59 


43 44.0 


23. 


2.5 


43 23. 5 


47.2 


3.3 


30 


19 10 49.0 


- .5 


+ .7 


19 10 4 '. 2 


CO 


19 46 53. 5 


- 24.7 


+ 2.9 


19 40 33.7 


2144.6 


6.2 


LEVEL 0B3EKVATI0NS. 














Ist confu 
6. t:j cohUi 


■t nt T 34.3 
ct a! T 4.5 , 


Value of ouii divlBion of 


level, 0".fc9 


i. 




















Xo. 


N. 


s. 


No. 


N. 


S. 


No. 


N. 


s. 






Me.xn, 2150'.- 

log, 3.332583! 

lo,' 15 cost!, 8.4612331 


± .412 
1 
> 




1 
9 


d. 
23.0 
24.0 


d. 
23.7 
21.8 


23 

24 


d. 
21.3 

24.1 


d. 
21.5 
21. 3 


52 
5.1 


d. 
23.3 
23.3 


d. 
23.7 
23. - 


10 
11 
11 
14 
15 


24.9 
24.8 
21.9 
24.8 
94.7 


23. 9 
21.0 
23. 9 
23. 9 
24.0 


23 
27 
28 
33 
34 


24.0 
21.1 

24.0 
23.9 
2!. 8 


24.7 
24.4 
24.7 
25.0 
23.0 


55 
59 
(10 


23.3 
2). 3 
2). 2 


2''. 7 
23.9 
26.0 




log 

Cor 
Value of one 


value one turn, 1.79J8il 
value one turn, 62".2D4. 
rectlun lor ref., — 0".0[1.^ 
turn eorrecleil, Oi'MTC 


> 
± .012 






10 


25.0 


23.8 


33 


21.0 


24.8 














17 


21.8 


24.0 


36 


24.0 


23.0 














21 


24.5 


24.1 


50 


23. 6 


2.). 3 














22 


24.1 


24.5 


51 


23.8 


23.3 















18 7-4. 

UNITED STATES XOETHEEN BOaNDARY, 

June 15.5. 

FoKT BuFORD, Dakota. 

Observations to determine the valiie of one turn of the micrometer of Zenith Telcscupc 
Wurdemann No. 20, Chronometer Negtis 1513, eastern elongation of Polaris. 

(Observer, J. F. Gregory, Capt.'uii United States Engineers.] 
Chronometer-time of elongation, lO*" IS™ 10'. 



Xo. 


Chronom. 

time. 


Correction 
to motion 
in vertical. 


CoiToction 
for level. 


Corrected 
time. 


\o. 


Chronom. 
time. 


Correction 
to motion 
in TerticaL 


Correction 
for level. 


Corrected 
time. 


19 rev. in- 
terval. 


V 




h. m. s. 




£. 


J 


h. m. s. 


h. m. s. 


s. 


s. 


h. 7n. s. 


s. 


ft. 


1 


IS 3 J 1-2.0 




-f 17.3 


- i!2 


18 33 2.*. I 


25 


19 OS 19. 8 


1 ^.T 


-f .0 


19 OS ^20. 6 


209-2 5 


3.3 


O 


31 30.6 




1.5.7 


1. 1 


34 SI. 2 


26 


09 47.0 


!i 


. 3 


09 47. 6 1 


93.4 


4.2 


3 


30 07. 7 




14. 1 


1.2 


30 20. 


27 


11 13.4 


0. 


.5 


11 13.9 1 


93.3 


4.1 


4 


37 33.6 




1^2 7 


1.9 


37 40. 4 


28 


12 43. 


0. 


.7 


12 43.7 


97.3 


ai 


5 


39 00.0 




11.3 


2. '2 


39 18.1 


29 


14 oa9 


0. 


.8 


14 09.0 


90.9 


1.7 


6 


40 37. 4 




10.0 


2^4 


40 4.=.. 


30 


13 33. 


0. 


1. I 


13 34. 1 


89.1 


.1 


7 


42 04. 7 




9.0 


2.4 


42 11.3 


31 


16 59.9 


0. 


1.1 


16 59. 3 


88.0 


1.2 


8 


43 30. e 




,^.0 


9.1 


43 36. 5 


32 


18 27. 5 


0. 


1.0 


18 28. 5 


92.0 


•2.8 


9 


41 57.5 




6.9 


ai 


45 Oi. 3 


33 


19 54. 


0. 


1.0 


19 5.3.0 


9-2.7 


3.5 


10 


46 27. 




6.0 


l.S 


46 31.9 


34 


21 21.4 


0. 


1.1 


21 22. 5 


91.3 


9.1 


11 


47 54.7 




5 2 


1.7 


47 5S. 2 


33 


99 47. C 


0. 


1.2 


29 4a 8 


90.6 


1.4 


1-2 


49 2.3. 6 




4.5 


1.7 


49 90. 4 


36 


24 IJ. 6 


0. 


1.0 


24 16. 6 


90.2 


I.O 


13 


50 51.2 




3.S 


1.7 


50 53.3 


37 


25 41. 3 


0. 


1.0 


25 4-> 3 


89.0 


2 


14 


52 IC. 8 




3.3 


1.7 


52 18. 4 


38 


27 07. 8 


_ . 1 


1.1 


27 08. 8 


90.4 


12 


15 


53 47. 5 




2.7 


1.7 


53 48.5 


39 


98 3.1. 


.'2 


.9 


28 33. 7 


87.2 


2.0 


ir> 


55 15.6 




2.3 


1.7 


53 16.2 


40 


30 03. 7 


.3 


1.5 


30 04. 9 


88.7 


.5 


17 


56 30. 5 




1.9 


1.4 


56 40. 


41 


31 '29. 


.4 


1.7 


31 30.9 


90.9 


1.7 


i; 


,~- T^ - 




1.5 


1.4 


58 13. 9 


42 


32 5a 9 


.6 


1.8 


39 59. 4 


85.5 


3.7 








1.2 


- .4 


18 59 36. 8 


43 


34 9-2. 4 


.8 


1.8 


34 23. 4 


86.6 


2.0 




1 1 , : , . . , 




.9 


_1_ .'J 


19 01 O.'i. 4 


44 


33 48. 1 


1.0 


1.8 


33 4a 9 


83.5 


5.7 


•Jl 


(I.; 3-'. II 




, 7 


4- •* 


02 33. 1 


43 


37 16. 4 


1.3 


1.8 


37 16. 9 


ai.s 


5.4 


■i-3 


03 5A 5 




.5 


- .3 


1 58. 7 


40 


38 45. 8 


1.7 


1.8 


35 45. 9 


87.2 


2.0 


23 


05 27. 6 




.4 


4- .4 


05 28. 4 


47 


40 11.3 


2.0 


•2.1 1 40 11.4 


ai.o 


6.9 


24 


19 C6 51. 5 




+ .2 


-r -0 


19 06 S.i. 3 


48 


19 41 39. 9 


- 2.1 


+ -2.1 19 41 3,'^.9 

1 


2osao 


5.6 


LEVEL OBS 


^EVATIOX'5. 
















4s\h coS'tact a'tfllsl ^"I- "f ™« d'^^^"" "^ '«-*' '^"'^^ 














Xo. 


X. 


s. 


Xo. 


N. 


S. 






Mr .in, 20S9'.2 




1 

2 
3 


20.0 
19.9 

20.0 


19.0 
19.0 
19.0 


30 
32 

34 


19.4 
19.7 
19.7 


20.3 
20.3 
2D. 6 






logc 


; li! lincbiw 

3 S, a 3772074 




n c-r-ora? 


4 

5 


20.2 
21.3 


1?.7 
13.5 


.35 

3; 


19.6 
19. S 


■20.6 
91.6 






log 12. r07i'l'l2 




6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


20.4 
20.4 
S).4 
20.4 
20.4 


Id 5 
l->. 5 
1.7 
li7 
I'.O 


33 

39 
41 
41 
47 


19. 7 

19.^ 
19.7 
19. 11 
19.5 


20.6 

20. 5 
^.0.9 
21.0 

21. 2 






log v.ilae of one tnrn, 1. 7P40973 
value one turn, r.2'.2I4 
Coirectioa forref. - i:'.032 
Trae valae one turn, 0^2".912 ± '.015 




n 


20. 1 


J 9. a 
















10 


2;). 1 


19. S 










so 


19.8 


•20.0 










21 


19.7 


90.0 










2-J 


•20.0 


19.8 










93 


19.7 


20.0 










24 


19.5 


•20.0 










■26 


I'l.O 


•20.0 










1 


.^ 


19.5 


20 


1 


























1 



l::C 



18 7 3. 
UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Determination of Chronometer corrections of Chronomcttr Negus Sidereal 1514, &</ Transit 

Observations. 



At Station No. 1, Initial Point near Peiibina, Dak. 

Dale. Oijects. 

Sept. 12. 4. (JCygui, aCephei, {Aqnarii, cPegnsi, TODraconis, aAqnarii, OAqnarii, n-Aqnarii, 9Drac 

Sept. 18. 5. (t Aquilse, y Aquila;, <t Cepliei, Gr. 3241, 12- Yr. 1879, a Cephei, a Aqnaril, 32 Urs. Msg., 9 Drac, 

i Cephei, tt Pcg.isi 

Sept. 26. 5. ta Piscium, 4 Diac, a Cassiop., « Piscium '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

Sept.28.4. aCygDi, /» Aqn.arii, a' Urs. ILij., 1 Drac. , { Aqnarii, e Pegasi, aAqnarii, 226 Cephei.! 

At Station Xo. 2, East (Lake of Woods). 

Oct. 24.4. Aqnaril, a Pegasi, o Cephei, A Drac, Gr.4163, v Pegasi, 21 Cassiop., e Piscinm 

SEXTAIfT TIME. 



C&rr'^ction 
to 1514. 

-3'.73 

— 1'.55 
— 0'.42 
— 0'.86 



+8" 24'.54 



Station. 



Fort Pembina . 
Fort Pembina . 
Fort Pembina . 
Fort Pembina . 

Fort Pembina . 
Fort Pembina. 
N.W. Angle... 



Station No. 2 East . 
Station No. 3 East . 
Station No. 2 East . 



N."W. Angle., 
N.W. Angle. 



Date. 



Ang.21 
Aug. 22 
Ang. 23 
Ang.26 

Aug. 29 
Sept 1 
Oct. 10 

Oct. 14 
Oct. 16 
Oct. 92 

Not. 2, 
Nov. 4, 



a.m. 
a. m. 



Objects. 



Sun. 
Snn. 
Sun. 



a Opbinclu., 
a Pegasi . . . 



Snn. 
Sun. 



a Andromed®. . 
a LyriD 

Sun 

Snn 



a Tanri . . 

a Pegasi . 



Sun. 
Sun. 



Chronometer 
used. 



B. 188 m. 8.. 
B.188m.s.. 
B. 188 m. s.. 
N. 1314 Eid . 

R188m.s.. 
B. 188 m. 8.. 
N. 1514 Sid . 

N. 1319 m. s 
N. 1514 sid . 
N. 1514sid . 

N. 1319 m. 8 
N.1319 m.8 



Observed 
correction. 



h. tn, 8. 
-1 20 11.6 

11.9 

10.4 

C8.6 

10.5 
-1 20 09.4 
+ 8 37. 7 

-6 16 46. 4 
+ 8 22. 6 
+ 8 26. 2 

-6 15 06.2 
-6 14 57. 



Latitude, 



48 50 45 



48 50 45 

49 22 26 

48 59 45 
48 59 45 

48 59 45 

49 22 20 
49 22 20 



Longi- 
tude. 



h. m. s, 

6 28 55 



6 28 55 
6 20 [37] 

C 21 07 
6 21 07 
6 21 07 

6 20 [37] 
6 20 [37] 



Correction 
to 1514. 



A. fit. 5. 

-1 20 18.8 
17.5 
16.5 
13.9 



-1 


20 08. 4 


-1 


19 58. 9 


+ 


8 37.7 


4- 


8 16.3 


+ 


8 22.1 


+ 


8 26.2 


+ 


9 08.8 


+ 


9 It 6 



187 



1873, 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Determination of chronometer corrections and resulting corrections of Sidereal Chronom- 
eter Negus 1481, used with Zenith Telescope for determination of Latitude. 

SEXTANT. 



Station. 


Date. 


Objects. 


Cbronometer 
used. 


Olserved 
correction. 


Latitude. 


Longi- 
tnde. 


Correction 
to 14SI. 




June 10 
June 12 
Jane 13 
June 14 
June 15 
June 10, p. m 
Jane 17, p. m. 
June 25 

June 26. 2 

June 26 
June 29 
Jane 30 
July 1, a. UI. 
July 2, a. m. 
July 3, a. m. 
July 6 
July 7, a. in. 
July 8, a. m. 
July 9 
July 10, a. m. 
July 11, p. m. 
July 12 
July 13. a. m. 
July 14, a. m. 
July 15, a. m. 
July 22 

July 23 
July 30 
Aug. I 
Aug. 2 
Aug. 6 




N. 131Dm.3 .. 
X. 1319 m. 3.. 
X. 1319 m. a . . 
X. ISlOra.s.. 
X. 1319 m. 3.. 
X. 1319 m. s . . 
X. 1319 m. 8. - 
X.riOm. 8 .. 

N. 13IDU1.S .. 

X. 1319 m. s . . 
X. 1319 m. s . . 
X. 1319 m. s . . 
X. 1319 m. 8 .- 
X. 1319 m. 8.. 
X. 1319 m. 8 . . 
X.13inm.3.. 
X. 1319 m. 3 . . 
X- 1319 m. 3.. 
X. 1319 m. 3 . . 
X. 1319 m. 3 ., 
X. 1310 m. 3 .. 
X. 1319 m. s.. 
X. 1319 m. 8 .. 
X. 1319 m. 3.. 
X\ 1319 m. s . . 
X.1319ni.s.. 

N. 1319 m. s . - 
X. 1319 m. 8.. 
X^. 1319 m. 3 . . 
X. 13I9ni..'!.. 
X i:;vi III.S .. 


in. s. 
+ 1 50. 4 

+ 34. 5 

+ 35.0 

+ 3C. 8 

+ 40. 8 

+ 44.9 

+ 40. 5 

- 2 37. 3 

- 2 33. 3 

- 2 35. 7 

- 2 29. 8 

- 2 31.5 

- 2 31.3 

- 2 30. 3 

- 2 35. 4 

- 2 22. 2 

- 2 !:<. 9 

- 2 19. 1 

- 2 17. 3 

- 2 IC. 

- 2 13. 9 

- 2 14. 8 

- 2 14.9 

- 2 12.9 

- 2 12. 6 

- 4 55. 3 

-U 28.4 
-M 0.->.5 
-12 01.8 
-11 .58.5 
-11 r.,1.3 


O / // 

49 00 04 
40 03 05 


Km. s. 
6 30 41 

fi 32 02 


in. s. 

- ti 00. 

- 7 21. 1 

- 7 22. 4 

- 7 21.8 

- 7 21. 8 

- 7 26. C 

- 7 25. C 






Station Xo.3 


.Sun 


Station Xo. 3 


Sun 


Station Xo.3 


Snn , 

Sun 






Station Xo. 3 








Sun 

a Lyra> 

o Bootis 

a Lyra? 

a Luotis 

Sou 


49 CO 05 
49 00 00 


32 03 
6 35 39 




St.ationXo. 5 




Station X^o. 5 






-11 14.1 
-11 10.7 
-11 20.0 
-11 19.4 
-11 19.5 
-11 20.4 
-II 23.1 
-11 23.7 
-11 23.5 
-11 24.1 
-11 25.2 
-11 2.5.9 
-11 27.5 
-11 28.2 
-11 30.0 
-11 31.4 

-22 03. 5 
-22 05.5 
-22 0,5. 3 
-2: 11.8 


Station Xo. 5 


Sun 






Station Xo.5 


Sou 

Sun....: 

Sun 


St.ationXo.5 

Station Xo.5 

Station Xo. 5 . . . . 






Sun 






Station Xo.5 


Sun 










Snn 






Station Xo. 5 








Station Xo. 5 


Sun 






Station Xo. 5 




Station Xo.5 

Station Xo.5 


Sun 






Sun 






Stittiun Xo. 5 

Turtle Monntain Dc-pot , 


Sun 

a Aqnil.Ti 

altiJOtis 

a Aquil.Tj 


40 00 00 
49 03 14 

49 05 00 
49 01 50 


C 35 39 
6 30 22 

C 44 [32] 
6 45 52 




Station Xo. 7 


Sun 

Sun 

Sun 


Station Xo. 7 






Slation X'o. 7 











ISS 



REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



189 



Sextant Time — Continued. 



station. 



Date. 



Station No. 7 

Station No. 9 

Station No. 9 

Station No. 9 

Station No. 9 

Station No. 9 

Temporary Camp 

Near camp 

Station No. :0 .... 
St.ntion No. 10 ... 
Station No. 10 .... 

Station No. 10 

Camp near No. 10. 

Near No. 10 

Stony Creek 

Station No. 11 .... 
StationNo.il .... 

Station No. 11 

Station No. 11 

Station No. 11 

StationNo.il .... 

Station No. 12 ... . 

Station No. 12 

Station No. 12 

Station No. 12 .... 
Temporary Camp. 



Ang. 
Ang. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Ang. 
Ang. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 

Sept. 

Sept. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
Oct. 



7 
18 
19 
20 
30 
31, a. m. 

l,p. m. 

3, p. m. 

4 

3, a. m. 

6 

7, a. m. 

3 

9 

12, p.m. 
14, p. m. 
14 
15 
16 
16 
17 

20 
21 

22 

28.5 

6 



Objeots. 



Son 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

aEootis 

Sun 

Sun 

Snn 

Son 

Sun 

Snn 

Sun 

a Bootis 

Snn 

Snn 

a Bootis 

aBootis 

a Andromedas 

aBootis 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

a Lyrae 

a Andromedse 



Clironometer 
need. 



N. 1319 m. 8 . 
N. 1319 m. s . 
N. 1319 m. 8 . 
N. 1319 m. 8 . 
N. 1319 m. s . 
N. 1319 m. 3 . 
N. 1319 m. a . 
N. 1319 m. s . 
N. 1319 m. 3 . 
N.lSlOm.s. 
N. 1319 m. 3 . 
N. 1319 m. s. 
N. 1319 m. 8 . 
N. 1319 m. 6 . 
N. 1319 m. s . 
N. 1319 m. 8 . 
N. 1481 Sid.. 
N. 1319 m. s . 
N. 1319 m. s . 
N.1481 aid.. 
N. 1481 aid . . 

N. 1481 sid . . 
N. 1319 01.3 . 
N. 1319 m. 8 . 
N. 1319 m. s . 
N.1481 Sid.. 



Observed 
correction. 



m. s. 
-11 54.0 

-18 21.2 

-18 17.3 

-17 52.3 

-17 50. 1 

-17 49.0 

-19 10. 1 

-20 24. 

-21 10. 8 

-21 [13. 0] 

-21 06. 

-21 04. 4 

-20 09. 2 

-20 06. 8 

-24 12. 1 

-35 02. 5 

-37 40. 8 

-23 06. 9 

-21 59.2 

-37 39. 8 

-37 42 5 

-41 37.7 
-23 39. 
-23 31.0 
-27 58. G 
-23 05. 3 



Latitude. 


Longi- 
tude. 


/ // 

49 01 50 


A. TO. s. 

6 4o 52 


48 58 18 


6 53 44 


48 58 18 


6 52 44 


49 01 30 


6 54 [27] 


48 58 00 


55 [30) 


40 00 40 


G 56 22 


49 00 40 


6 50 22 


48 58 30 


6 55 [30] 


48 58 30 


C 55 [30] 


49 01 00 


6 58 [32] 


49 CO 55 


7 00 49 


49 00 55 
49 00 10 






49 00 lU 


7 00 49 


49 00 00 


7 04 50 


48 59 30 




48 59 30 


7 04 50 


49 02 40 


6 51 [50] 



Correction 
to 1481. 


•in. 8. 
-22 13. 6 


-29 17.6 


-29 19. 7 


-29 31.6 


-29 32. 1 


-29 33. 9 


-31 05.0 


-32 20. 8 


-33 11.5 


-33[1G.3] 


-33 12.3 


-33 12.7 


-32 21. 


-32 22. 5 


-37 40. 8 


-37 40.7 


-37 44. 5 


-37 39. 8 


-37 42. 5 


-41 37.7 


-41 40. 1 


-41 37.6 


-41 25.6 


-28 05. 3 



1873. 

UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDAEY. 

Determination of chronomeler correctionH and resulting corrections of Sidereal Chronom- 
eter Negus 1513, tised tcith Zenith Telescope for determination of Latitude. 

SEXTANT. 



Station. 


Date. 


Objects. 


Chronometer 
used. 


Observed 
correction. 


Latitude. 


Lcngi- 
tndo. 


1 
Correction 
to 1513. 




Juue 
Juno 


o 
3 


San 


N. 1319 m. s 
N. 1514 Sid . . 


h. m. 8. 
+ 3 25. 9 

+ 30. 5 


/ '/ 

48.56 45 


h. m. s. 
C 28 55 


m. s. 

— 1 48. 8 




a Aquilaj 

a Bootis 


















N. 1319 ni. s 


4- 3 84. 9 
+ 3 33. 8 
+ 28. 5 


48 56 45 


6 28 55 


— 1 48.0 






8 


Sun 


N. 1319 m. 8 


48 56 51 


6 28 55 


— 1 50. 4 




Juno 


;i 


/? Leonis 

a Aquila? 


N.1514 Sid.. 


48 50 51 


6 28 55 


— 1 51.2 






June 


10.4 


f3 Lfonis 

a Lyrce 


N. 1.514 Sid . - 


— 1 17.2 


49 05 04 


30 41 


- 3 30. 7 






Juno 
Juno 


10.5 
13 


Sun 

a Aquilaj 

a lioutis 


B. 188 m. B . 
B. 188 m. s.- 


—1 17 30.7 
— 1 17 .■'0 9 


49 CO 04 
49 00 04 


30 41 
30 41 


. - 3 36. 5 
— 3 35. 7 






Camp Xo. 2 

Camp No. -2 




10 


Sun 


B. 18Bra.6-. 


—1 17 31. 4 


49 CO 04 


30 41 


— 3 37. 


Juue 


19 


a AquillD 

/? Lfcouia 


B. 168 lu. s . 


—1 17 31.7 


49 00 04 


30 4 1 


_ 3 37. i 


Tenii)c>rarj Camp 

Camp No. 4 








1 19 47.3 


48 68 45 


6 32 58 


- 5 54. 3 


Juno 


23 


a Aquilfle 

a Bootis 


N. 1513 sid .. 


— C 00. 4 


48 59 53 


6 33 04 


— 00. 4 




June 
June 
Jul.y 
July 


20. 5 


Sun 


B. 188 m.s-.- 
B. 188 m. 8 . 


—1 19 53. 5 
1 19 55. 5 


48 59 52 
48 59 52 


33 01 
33 04 


— 03. 

— 6 05. 5 


Camp No. 4 

Camp No. 5 

Turtle MouDtain Depot 




Q 


f5un 


B 188 ni. s 


1 on 09 o 


48 59 58 


C 35 39 


— 8 39. 4 


13.5 


Sun 


E. 188iu. s . 


-1 26 14.7 


40 03 15 


C 39 2i 


—12 24. 4 


Turtle Mouutuiu Depot 


Jul.v 


18 


Sun 


B. 188 m. s . . 


—1 SO t;i. 1 


49 03 15 


39 22 


—12 25. 8 


a Aquilaa 

a Bootis 


Turtle Mountain Depot 


Jul.v 


23 


Sun 


B. 188 m. s. . . 


— 1 20 20.3 


49 0) 15 


39 22 


-12 27. 8 




Temporary Camp 


July 


25 


a Aquilie 

a Bootis 


N. 1513 Sid . - 


- 14 38.0 


49 08 14 


41 :'4 


—14 38. 


Statiou No. G 


July 


20.5 




B. 188 m. s .- 


-1 29 08.9 


48 59 45 


C 42 04 


—15 09. 2 


a Amiromedaj . . 


Station No, () 


July 


29 


o AqnillD 

a Bootia 


B. 18Sm. s... 


—1 29 10.9 


48 .':9 42 


6 42 01 


-15 OD. 8 


Station No. G 


A«s 


1- 


o AqniliD 

a Bootis 


B. 188m. 3... 


-1 29 12. C 


48 59 42 


C 4J 04 


—15 09. 4 


Station No G 


Aug 


5 


ISFi-sn^i 

a Buotia 


B. 188 m. s . 


—1 29 14.3 


48 59 42 


42 04 


—15 11.4 






Awf 


e 


Pi.S:isi 

a Booti.S 


B. 18«m. s..- 


—1 29 1.5.7 


48 59 42 


6 42 04 


—15 12.4 






Aug 


10. 45 


San 

o BootiH 

a AntlronictlaJ . . 


B. 188ni.s . 


-1 30 50. C 


49 01 02 


49 45 


-22 50. 1 





I'.lll 



REPORT OF TOE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

Sextant Time — Coiitiuued. 



I'Jl 



Station, 


Date. 


Objects. 


Cbronometer 
used. 


Observed 
correction. 


Latitude. 


Longi- 
tude. 


Correction 
to 1513. 




Aug. 20. 4 

Aug. 20.4 

Ang. 28.3 
Sept. 


Sun 


B.lSSm.s... 
N. 1513sid.. 

B. 188 m. 8. . . 

N. 1513 Sid.. 
N. 1513 Sid . . 


}u m. «. 
-1 30 57. 9 

-1 30 5). 3 

— 23 010 

— 24 55. 4 


/ " 

49 01 02 

4'J 01 03 

49 01 36 
49 01 30 


h. m. ft. 
6 49 43 

49 45 

6 51 .58 

G 51 r>8 


m. s. 

—22 50. 1 

—32 47. 4 

—25 CO. 
—24 55. 4 




a Bootis 

a Andromeda3 . . 

a Bootis 

a AEdromcdaj .. 
iff Pegasi 

a Bootis 

a Andromedoa . . 


Wood Enil Depot Camp 

"Wood End Depot Camp 


a AndroniediB .. 



1874. 

UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY. 

Determination of Chronometer corrections, and correction of Chronometer Negus 1513, 
ichenever used in Latitude worl; iOth parallel. 

SEXTANT. 



station. 



Fort Bufora . 
Fort Buford . 
Fort Bnford . 
Fort Buford . 



Fort Bnford 

Big llnddy 

Frenchman's Point 

Quaking Ash 

Little Porcupine Creek. 

Buggy Creek 

Kooky Creek 

Praii-ie 

Fort Tnrnay 



Station Xo. 13 . 

St.ition No. 13 . 

Station No. 14 . 
Station No. 14 . 
Station No. 14 . 



Date. 



Station No. 15 . 

Station No. K . 

Station No. 16 . 
Station ITo. 16 . 



Temporary Station, near No.l' 

Station No. 17 

Station No. 17 

Sweet Grass Depot 

Station No. 13 



June 15 
June 16 
Jane 18 
Juno IS 

June 20 
June 22 
June 25 
June 26 
June 23 

Juno 30 
July 2 
July 3 
July 4 

Jnly 5 

July 8 

July 10 
July 11 
July 13 

Jaly 15 

July 20 

July 22 
Jnly 25 

July 27 
July 29 
Ang. a 
Aug. 4 
Aug. 8 



Objects. 



bun. 
Sun. 
Sun. 



a Aqniho. 
a Boutis . . 



Sun. 
Sun 
Sun. 
Sun. 



a Aquihe 
aBootis.. 



Sun. 
Sun. 
Sun. 



a Cygni . . 
a Bootis . 

a Cygni . . 
a Bootis. . 



a Cygni 

a Bootis 



Sun. 
San. 



nt'ygni . 
a Bot)lis . 

aCjgni. 
a Bootis. 

a Cygni , 
a Bootis. 



I 



Sun 

a Cygni . 
a Bootis. 

a Bootis 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 

Sun 



Chronometer 
nsed. 



1319 m. s.. 
1319 ni. s.. 
1319 m. s. . 
1431 tid .. 

1319 m. s.. 
1319 m. s.. 
1319 m. S-. 
131Dm. 8.. 
1.513 sid . . 



Observed 
correction. 



1.319 m. 8. 
1319 m. s. 
1319 m. s. 
1513 6id.. 

, 1513 sid.. 

. 1513 sid.. 

. 1319 m. s. 
. 1319 m. s. 
. 1513 sid.. 

. 1319 m. s. 

.1513 sid . . 



1319 m. s. 
1319 m. 8. 

1513 6id.. 
1319 m. 8 
1319 m. 8. 
1.513 aid.. 
1319 m. 8. 



m. s. 
+20 03.2 

+20 06. 5 

+20 08. 

-38 43. 8 

+20 09. 6 
+17 50. 8 
.+16 39.8 
+15 36.2 

- 8 03. 1 

+10 00.9 
+ 8 29. 8 
+ 8 10. 
-12 53. 4 

-13 42.7 

-13 42. 

+ 3 52. 7 
+ 3 52. 7 
-16 58.4 

- 40. 4 
-21 46.4 

- 3 43. 4 

- 3 41. 2 

-27 3S. 3 

- 7 39. 9 

- 7 34. 1 

-30 26. 9 
-10 43.7 



Latitude. 



48 09 10 
48 08 33 
48 07 58 
43 04 55 

43 10 18 
48 29 37 
43 42 50 
48 44 05 

48 58 03 

43 5S 03 

40 00 03 
40 DO 03 

49 00 03 

49 00 03 

49 00 03 

43 59 55 
48 59 53 

48 56 24 

48 59 06 
43 fO 07 

49 01 13 

41> 01 tlU 



Longi- 
tude. 



h. m. s. 
6 55 52 



6 58 18 

6 59 35 

7 00 40 
7 01 02 

7 06 23 
7 07 58 
7 08 20 
7 08 47 

7 09 35 

7 09 35 

7 12 52 
7 12 53 
7 12 52 

7 17 00 j 

7 17 36 

7 20 41 

7 20 41 



1513 correc- 
tion. 



7 24 44 

7 26 10 
7 2j 03 



-C8 03. 1 



-12 .53.4 
-13 41 7 

-13 42.0 

-16 59.3 
-16 53. 7 
-16 53.4 

-21 44. 3 

-21 46. 4 

-24 49. 9 
-24 .50. 2 

-27 33. 3 
-23 55. 3 
-29 00. 5 
-30 2a 9 
-33 54. 3 



19.> 



station. 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOMER. 
Sextant Time — Continued. 



193 



station No. 19 

Station nfiar No. 20 

Station near No. 20 

StationNo.20 

Station No. 20 

Sweet Grass Depot, No. 2 

Fort Benton 



Date. 



Ang. 13 
Aug. 18 

Aug. 19 

Aug. 23 
Aug. 25 
Sept. 1 

Sept. 10 



Objects. 



Son 

a Bootis 

a AudroniedEB .. 

a Bootis 

a Amlroniedie - . . 

Sun 

Sun 

a Bootis 

a Androuiedai.. . 

a Andromedro.. . 

a Cor. Bor 

aOpluucIii 



Chronometer 
used. 



N. 131!) m. 8 
N. 1513 Sid. 

N. 1513 sid. 

N. 1513 sid. 
N. 1513 Bid. 
N. 1513 sid. 

N. 1513 sid- 



Observed 
correction. 


Latitude. 


Longi- 
tude. 


TO. s. 
-14 33. C 


/ // 
49 00 00 


h. m. s. 
7 31 55 


-40 04. 5 


49 03 02 


7 35 33 


-40 05. 8 


49 03 02 


7 35 33 


-40 OC. 7 


49 00 00 


7 35 33 


-40 00.2 


49 00 04 


7 35 33 


-30 49. 4 


49 01 08 


7 2G 09 


-27 24. 2 


47 48 50 


7 23 39 



1515correc. 
tion. 


m. s, 
-36 19.0 


-40 04.5 


-40 05. 8 


-40 00. 7 


-40 09. 2 


-30 49. 4 


-27 24. 2 



N U- 



-13 



1872. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 
Declinations adopted in reducing observations for Latitude. 



B. A. C. 
No. 


Declinations. 


Proper 
motion. 


B. A. C. 

No. 


Declinations. 


Proper 
motion. 


6353 




32 


18 


05. 05 


+ 0.018 


8344 


o 
60 


30 


// 
35.40 


- 0.046 


6SS6 


05 


43 


51.78 


+ 0.007 


S306 


60 


36 


03.66 


- 0.033 


6624 


40 


07 


37.06 




40 


00 


49 


ia20 


- 0.045 


6681 


s^ 


46 


11.73 


+ 0.007 


67 


37 


13 


34.15 


- 0.007 


6728 


43 


25 


14.20 


- 0.044 


120 


32 


52 


29.42 


- 0.051 


0749 


54 


40 


27. .53 


+ 0.134 


175 


63 


26 


42.31 


+ 0.050 
- 0.000 


6780 


57 


42 


43.81 


- 0. n07 


198 


47 


33 


CO. 36 


6817 


40 


16 


31.70 




219 


50 


16 


09.92 


- 0.03 


6037 


36 




.-.1. CO 


'"+'6.'63i" 


6970 


01 


41 


28.95 


+ 0.049 


2.39 


60 


23 


17.69 


+ 0. 146 












259 


37 


48 


16.18 


+ 0.0!8 


702 J 


61 


51 


0.3. 11 


4- 0.015 


12-Tr. 73 


67 


05 


45.39 


- 0.015 


7073 


36 


01 


42.79 


-- 0.018 


345 


30 


44 


36.35 


- 0.000 


71C0 


42 


43 


22.04 


+ 0. 0.33 


401 


23 


04 


06. 32 


- 0. 112 


7106 


55 


33 


16.22 


- 0.071 












7215 


57 


07 


15.06 


- 0.243 


4.38. 


69 


36 


10.50 


- 0.064 












474 


43 


04 


04.39 


- 0.0.53 


T277 


40 


40 


31.33 


- 0.022 


4S7 


47 


58 


43.65 


- 0. 100 


7343 


47 


08 


0.3.22 


+ 0.009 


522 


50 


02 


34.31 


- 0.022 


744S 


51 


06 


2(i. 96 




500 


50 


09 


31.05 


- 0.040 


7480 


43 


53 


37.16 


'"^^'o.'iofi" 


7469 


32 


03 


20.60 


- 0.026 


611 


63 


46 


13.75 


+ 0.02 












656 


34 


22 


50.86 


- 0.026 


7505 


37 


57 


39.50 


+ 0.096 


744 


66 


49 


29.67 


- 0.007 


7603 


CO 


05 


56.87 


- 0.030 


7.52 


31 


13 


31.05 


- 0.036 


7036 


53 


36 


31.35 


- 0.020 


825 


19 


27 


52.53 


- 0.049 


7079 


42 


11 


49.83 


- 0.003 












7735 


58 


46 


59.94 


- 0.043 


896 


78 


54 


31.62 


- 0.013 












979 


77 


15 


37.25 


- 0.0(56 


7765 


39 


04 


48.49 


H- 0. on 


999 


20 


34 


06. 72 


- 0.063 


7787 


52 


00 


55. 40 


- 0.033 


1101 


31 


15 


02.09 


- 0.030 


7800 


43 


53 


32. 54 


- 0.042 


1127 


60 


17 


4a 73 


- 0.107 


7820 


43 


49 


40.43 


- 0.033 












7882 


49 


24 


30.23 


- 0.042 


1203 


02 


41 


37.13 


- 0.023 












1223 


35 


25 


1.5. 26 


— 0.(119 


7962 


41 


16 


34.03 


- 0.01 


1254 


50 


CO 


0.3. 91 


- 0.063 


8024 


56 


25 


04.79 


- 0.01 


1237 


48 


04 


53.39 


- 0.026 


8036 


49 


21 


2.3.34 


+ 0. 1295 












8059 


43 


33 


51. 99 


- - 0. 1170 












8083 


56 


27 


42.37 


+ 0. 2685 












8128 


41 


22 


38.86 


+ 0. 003 












8206 


30 


37 


03. 1 1 


- 0.021 












8273 


67 


03 


41. 43 


- 0.006 












8314 


73 


41 


,53. 20 


- O.OU 












6324 


24 


23 


43. 42 














i 



191 



1873. 

PNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Declinations adopted in reducing observations for Latitude. 



B. A. C. 
Ko. 


DecliuatioD. 


Proper 
motion. 


B. A. C. 
Ko. 


Declination. 


Proper 
motion. 


4804 




50 


24 


49.84 




.131 


7605 


o 
CO 


06 


13.22 




.015 


4827 


47 


20 


37.33 





.027 


7C27 


25 


19 


42.37 


_ 


,0075 


4897 


38 


20 


07.99 


+ 


.123 


7686 


72 


34 


33. 19 


_ 


, 1075 


4918 


59 


48 


39.80 


+ 


.168 


77.-.5 


58 


47 


18. 30 


_ 


,031 


4937 


50 


08 


55.05 




.232 


7765 


39 


05 


07.44 


_ 


,026 


4974 


48 


08 


59. 49 


+ 


.053 


7787 


52 


01 


13. 30 


_ 


,010 


60J6 


38 


44 


29.73 




.019 


7800 


45 


53 


51.29 


_ 


, 010 


5097 


59 


24 


4143 


+ 


.032 


7830 


48 


49 


58. 64 


„ 


, 0235 


5271 


42 


48 


27.63 


■1- 


.586 


7883 


49 


24 


49. 59 


+ 


,004 


5313 


55 


00 


33.40 


+ 


.103 


7962 


41 


16 


53. 26 




,001 


5415 


58 


16 


10.11 


+ 


.675 


8024 


56 


25 


23,50 




,030 


5460 


40 


00 


48.42 




.033 


80.!6 


49 


21 


43. 35 


+ 


,149 


5502 


55 


29 


39.82 


_ 


.013 


8059 


48 


36 


15. 55 


+ 


,1185 


5523 


42 


09 


45.66 


+ 


.040 


8083 


50 


28 


02. 16 


+ 


,209 


5545 


69 


02 


33.80 


+ 


.020 


8128 


41 


22 


59.17 


+ 


,011 


5624 


28 


35 


28.73 


+ 


.031 


8200 


30 


37 


28. 13 




,016 


5644 


42 


27 


58.60 




.029 


8273 


67 


Oil 


04. 43 


_ 


,006 


5658 


55 


38 


07. 53 


_ 


.031 


8314 


73 


42 


13. 23 


_ 


, 0035 


5603 


31 


54 


46.89 


_ 


.056 


8324 


2( 


26 


07.77 


_ 


,043 


5833 


65 


53 


16.19 


+ 


.031 


8344 


60 


30 


55.40 


- 


.036 


5853 


49 


43 


42.35 


+ 


.053 


8366 


60 


36 


24.40 


_ 


,003 


5911 


43 


22 


03. 80 





.028 


46 


60 


49 


33.23 


_ 


, 020 


6047 


72 


12 


37. 29 


_ 


.279 


67 


37 


15 


53. 54 


_ 


.055 


6073 


26 


04 


18.19 


_ 


.010 


120 


32 


62 


49.48 


+ 


.024 


6114 


76 


58 


40. 41) 


+ 


.235 


175 


65 


27 


01. .57 




.038 


6157 


20 


47 


46.51 




.020 


198 


47 


35 


30.14 




,000 


6268 


39 


26 


21. 66 


+ 


. 00.-. 


219 


60 


16 


29. 04 


_ 


,040 


6289 


58 


43 


39. 93 


+ 


.0.=i5 


239 


60 


25 


37.25 


+ 


,116 


6318 


59 


27 


53. 95 


+ 


.033 


2,59 


37 


48 


3.5. f 4 


+ 


, 0105 


6365 


38 


10 


01.35 


+ 


.038 


12- Yr. 73 


67 


06 


04.70 




,015 


6421 


49 


17 


30.01 


+ 


.001 


345 


30 


44 


54.93 


_ 


,016 


6476 


48 


42 


04.99 




.143 


401 


28 


04 


26.00 


_ 


,089 


6553 


32 


18 


10.48 


+ 


.018 


438 


69 


36 


36. 23 


_ 


,047 


C586 


65 


45 


57.76 


+ 


.007 


474 


48 


04 


23.47 


_ 


,021 


6624 


40 


07 


38.74 


+ 


.003 


487 


47 


59 


01.80 


_ 


,125 


6681 


57 


46 


18.78 




.0174 


523 


50 


02 


52. 55 


_ 


,028 


6728 


43 


25 


2S.03 





.044 


560 


60 


09 


49. 02 


_ 


, 051 


6748 


54 


40 


35.81 


+ 


.134 


Oil 


63 


46 


31.05 


+ 


.0035 


6780 


57 


42 


51.54 


_ 


.050 


050 


34 


23 


07.59 




.048 


6817 


40 


16 


39.13 


- 


.037 


744 


60 


49 


46. 32 


- 


.0035 


0937 


36 


23 


01.47 


+ 


.031 


752 


31 


13 


47.28 


_ 


,038 


6970 


61 


41 


39.74 


+ 


.049 


825 


19 


28 


0^. 03 


_ 


,0.54 


7024 


61 


51 


16.11 


+ 


.019 


896 


78 


54 


40.44 


_ 


,015 


7073 


36 


01 


54.70 




.019 


979 


77 


15 


51.10 


_ 


. 006 


7100 


43 


43 


36. 33 


+ 


.073 


999 


20 


34 


19.85 


_ 


.on 


7106 


55 


3J 


27.80 




. 01)73 


1039 


25 


12 


12. 39 


_ 


.103 


7215 


57 


07 


28.45 


— 


.243 


1007 


73 


54 


40. 70 


_ 


,039 


7277 


40 


40 


44.75 


_ 


.026 


1101 


31 


15 


13. 75 


_ 


,040 


7320 


3i 


03 


22.77 


_ 


.013 


1127 


66 


48 


00.56 


_ 


,094 


7.Yr. 2395 


59 


43 


OJ.20 


~ 


.036 


1C03 


62 


41 


48.87 


+ 


.012 


7377 


59 


87 


53.22 


_ 


.017 


1228 


35 


23 


25.93 




,011 


7398 


33 


51 


47.05 


_ 


.033 


1234 


50 


00 


14.3; 


_ 


.040 


7116 


62 


02 


53. 53 


+ 


.031 


1387 


43 


03 


03.41 


_ 


.038 


7453 


30 


07 


10. .^3 




.UI9 














7480 


43 


58 


53.89 


+ 


.106 














7489 


42 


03 


36.93 




.001 














7005 


37 


57 


55.78 


+ 


.085 















195 



1874. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Declinations adopted in reducing observations for Latitude. 



B. A. C. 

No. 


Declination. 


Proper 
motion. 


B. A. C. 
No. 


Declination. 


Proper 
motion. 


5115 


/ " 

61 06 111. 30 


- .028 


7595 


o 
60 


32 


23.18 


// 
- .020 


5ns 


37 02 4.1.83 


+ .007 


7605 


60 


06 


29. 32 


- .015 


5271 


43 48 17.32 


+ ..386 


7627 


25 


19 


59. 13 


- .0075 


5313 


55 06 23.08 


-1- . 103 


7666 


72 


34 


49.28 


- . 1075 


5415 


58 10 00.65 


+ . (KHS 


7755 


58- 


47 


33.94 


- .031 


5400 


40 00 39.81 


- .0143 


7765 


39 


05 


25. 14 


- .036 


5soa 


53 29 31.40 


- .013 


7737 


53 


01 


31.23 


- .010 


5523 


42 09 37. .'i8 


+ .010 


7800 


45 


54 


09.30 


- .010 


5545 


69 02 36.08 


+ .0253 


78C0 


48 


50 


16.77 


- .0225 


5624 


28 33 21.90 


+ .031 


7882 


49 


25 


08.14 1 


+ .004 


5644 


42 27 51.91 


- .0289 


7907 


74 


42 


59.80 . 


+ .003 


5B58 


55 33 01.00 


- .0304 


7945 


23 


54 


11.01 


- .024 


5693 


31 54 41. .33 


- .0123 


7902 


41 


17 


11.96 


- .0048 


5823 


65 52 11.44 


+ .0138 


8024 


56 


25 


43. 43 


- .0035 


5S53 


49 49 38.29 


+ .056 


t=036 


49 


22 


02.34 


+ . 149 


5911 


43 22 00. 19 


- .010 


8059 


48 


36 


35.08 


+ .1185 


6017 


72 12 33.82 


- .2091 


8083 


56 


28 


21.95 


+ .2685 


6073 


26 04 17.03 


+ .0090 


8128 


41 


22 


18.83 


+ .011 


6114 


76 53 40.21 


+ .235 


8206 


30 


37 


47.97 


- .016 


6157 


SO 47 40. 10 


- .020 


8273 


67 


06 


24.40 


- . 0063 


6206 


79 33 53.27 


+ .087 


a314 


73 


42 


33.26 


- .0025 


6215 


17 43 31.80 


- .034 


8324 


24 


26 


27.77 


- .043 


6268 


39 26 23. 13 


+ .002 


8344 


60 


31 


15.47 


- .036 


6289 


53 43 41.76 


+ . 032 


8366 


60 


36 


44.45 


- .003 


6318 


59 87 .30.21 


+ .0132 


46 


60 


49 


58. 24 


- .020 


6363 


33 15 04. 23 


-1- .0082 


67 


37 


16 


13.51 


- .053 


6421 


49 17 35.00 


+ .00095 


120 


32 


53 


09.44 


+ .021 


6476 


43 42 08. .34 


- . 1349 


175 


65 


27 


21. 36 


- .038 


6553 


32 18 16.08 


+ .0222 


198 


47 


35 


39. 92 


- .003 


6:86 


65 46 03.89 


+ .017 


219 


50 


16 


48.72 


- .040 


6624 


40 07 45.20 


+ .09262 


239 


60 


23 


57.05 


+ .146 
+ . 0165 


66S1 


57 46 23.37 


- .0178 


259 


37 


48 


55.44 


6728 


43 25 30. St 


+ .00.33 


7-Tr. 73 


67 


06 


23.98 


- .015 


6743 


54 40 44.3^ 


+ . 1400 


345 


30 


45 


14.21 


- .016 


6780 


37 43 00.03 


— . O.iO 


401 


28 


04 


44.92 


- .089 


6817 


40 16 43.03 


- .0.37 


433 


69 


36 


55.02 


- .047 


6830 


47 36 26.33 


- .012 


474 


48 


04 


42.02 


- .021 


6863 


59 33 52.73 


+ .011 


437 


47 


.39 


20.25 


- .125 


1 6937 


36 23 11.93 


+ .0313 


522 


50 


03 


10.87 


- .006 


1 6970 


61 41 59.2;) 


+ .0.7 


560 


50 


10 


06.99 


- .051 


7021 


61 31 27.43 


+ .019 


611 


63 


46 


48.69 


+ .0035 


7073 


30 03 06.51 


- .019 


656 


34 


23 


24.82 


- .043 


71U0 


43 43 43.5) 


+ .073 


744 


66 


49 


02.81 


- .0035 


716tj 


,33 33 40.31 


- . 0073 


752 


31 


14 


C3. 67 


- .038 


7215 


57 07 41.23 


- .215 


825 


19 


23 


23.60 


- .034 


7277 


40 49 53.43 


- .026 


816 


78 


55 


01.24 


- .015 


7320 


33 0) 37.01 


-i- . 0023 


979 


77 


16 


01.87 


- .006 


7-Yr. 2395 


59 43 17.44 


- .036 


999 


20 


34 


33.47 


- .081 


7377 


59 23 07.91 


- .017 


102) 


25 


12 


25.64 


- .103 


7398 


33 52 01.90 


- .023 


U67 


72 


54 


59.46 


- .039 


7416 


63 03 07.66 


+ .031 


1101 


31 


15 


26.07 


- .040 


7433 


30 07 23. 33 


- .025 


1127 


66 


48 


12. 39 


— .094 


7480 


43 59 03.49 


+ . 102 


1203 


62 


41 


59.93 


+ .012 


74S9 


52 03 .32.37 


- .0103 


1228 


33 


25 


36.64 


- .011 


7.")03 


37 58 11.76 


+ .085 


1234 


30 


00 


21. 52 


— .040 


7506 


37 42 27.40 


+ .003 


1237 


48 


05 


12.00 


- .038 



196 



1874. 

UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY. 

Preliminary computations relating to Observations made at Fort Bvford, Dak., to determine 
the value of one revolution of micrometer of Zenith Telescope Wiirdemann No. 20. 

Bedaction of B. A. C. 240 from mean place 1850 to apparent place June 14.5, 1874. 

FORMULA. 

tan * (3' + z) = tan J (>!i' — 'p) cos J (e,' + £,) 

h (2' - 2) 



*(t,' 



■t,) 



tang i (i^' — i//) siu J (£,' + £,) 
sin J = sin J (i//' — \p) siu J (£,' + c,) 
p = ein e (tan S + tan J 9 cos A) 
j? sin A 



W --!) = 



1 — j; cos A 



tan i (■!' - i) = tan J eos i (A' + .4) 

cos J (A' — J-) 



e, = 239 37' 54".23e4 >(< 

£,' = 23° 27' 54".2603 v(/' 



: 41' 58".72 
; 62' 07".5l 



log tan i (^' - 4i) = 7.466900 
log cos I («,' + ci) = 9.962512 

log tan Hz- + z) = 7.429412 
i (j! + z) = 9' 14".42 



log sin i W - i/i) = 7.466898 
log sin \ (£,' + £,) = 9.600090 

log sin i fl = 7.066988 
J (9 = 4' 00".5 



log tan J fl = 7.066988 
log cos \(A' -^ A) = 9.990808 
log sec J (A' — A)= 0.000014 

tan i (* - d) = 7.057810 

4 (i' - i)= 3' 55".63 

h' -i = +7' 51".3 

/z' = 0".5 

i' -f,= \1' 50".8 

J = 880 12/ 5g//.2 
i' = 88° 20' 49".0 

FormultB for apparent A. E. and ■? : 



log I (£,' - £,) 8.037426 n 

log tan * W — ■/<) ( 7.466900 

log sin \ (£,' + £,) 5 = 7.066990 9.600090 



log 4 (z' - z) = 0.970436 ?^ 
t (z* - Z) = -9".34 



Z' = 9' 05".08 
z = 9' 23".76 



: a +Z+ I 



tan 6 = 
log ton * e = 7.066988 
log cos A = 9.991508 

7.058496 



log 32.109 = 1.506627 
log sin Q = 7.367720 

logp = 8.874347 

log siu A = 9.291894 

a. c. log (1 - p cos A) = 0.033120 

log tan (A' — A) = 8.199361 
(4' - A) = 0° 54' 24" 



Nat. Xo. 
32.108 



.001 



-.A' + z 





o= OOk 44»32\41 




:= 11° 08' 06" 




z = + 9' 24" 




0=+ 07" 




A= 11° 17' 37" 


A' 


-A= 00° 54' 24" 


< 


• j£, _ j.^o 12/ 01'/ 


■" 


z'=+ 09' 05".l 


i 


[-8 = - 09".8 




o = 12° 20' 56".3 




_ 001' 49»23>.75 




T /i' = + 2'.78 




a' = 001" 49" 2C'.53 



Mean 1874.0 : 



12° 21' 38".0 



a' — (5 = / + T (1 + s sin (G + o) 



tan 6 



h sin (H + o) ^^ (in time) 



i' — 6= T ii' + g cos {0 + a) + h cos (iT + a) sin 5 + i cos ij (in arc) 



June 14.5 : J 88° 20' 36" 



A. E. = 12° 14' 48" 
= OO' 48" 59'.2 



Zen. dist. and chron. time of elongation computed by formulae as follows; 

tg = cot 6 ton 1^ (?2 = cosec S sin <^ Tg = (time elong.) = A. K. — (chron. corr'n) — te 

Microm. Talues computed by formnlje as follows ; 

z" = seconds of arc in direction of vertical from elongation, t = diff. of elong. and time of obserration. 

_ cos d sin t fi^j. ^jjiuij ^^y j,g written z" = 15 cos. 5 [( - i ( 15 sin 1") = ('] , in which ( is in seconds of time, 
sin 1" 

J (15 sin 1") 2^3= "corr'n to motion in vertical". Corr'n for level, ± [4 (» — s) — J («o — «o)] |g ^^g ^ 

197 



SUMMARY OF ASTRONOJIICAL 



STATIONS OBSERVED 
PARTIES. 



BY THE BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL 











S 


> 


So 


2^ 

0) s 


No. 


Position. 


Observer. 


Latitude. 


g 


= o 


-2 o = 


^s 










<4H 

o 

d 
;2; 


c -^ 


Eh 




1 A 


Northwest atiftle 

Lake of the Wor ds 




o / // 

49 22 19. 137 


33 


(Ki 




II 

.131 


1 


Galwev 


48 59 47. 451 


43 


93 




.088 


3 

4 


Pine River 


Featlitrstoubangh 


49 00 28. 39 

48 59 54. 399 

49 00 00.95 


42 
35 
31 


CO 
78 
77 




.109 
.101 

. 093 




Red River 


Featbersloulia»j;h 


5 
6 


Points; Miebel 


Gal wev 


48 59 57. 274 

49 00 03.272 


20 
41 


74 
93 




.14 

.104 


Penibiiia Mountains.- -. 


FeatlierstonliaugU 


9 
10 


Sleei)y Hollow 

Turtle Mountain cost .. 


Gal w e y 


49 00 14. 183 

48 59 57.25 


38 
40 


92 

80 




.089 
.103 


Fe-!tberstoubaiigh 


12 


Sonris River 1st 


Galwev 


49 00 17. 701 


39 


92 




.07 


14 


Sonris River 2d 


do 


48 59 58. 963 


49 


97 




.11 


10 
IH 
20 
22 




Featberstoubaugh 

Galwev 


49 00 23. 41 
49 00 54. 462 
49 00 04. 658 
43 59 59. 615 


47 
38 
34 
35 


99 
91 

70 

78 




.107 
.07 
.093 
.097 


Coteau . . 




Featbtrstoubaugh 

Galwc v 


Piireuiiiiie Rivtr 


24 


Little Roekv Creek 


Featberstoubaugh 


43 59 49. .521 


37 


C9 




.081 


20 

2S 

:'o 

32 


Cottouwood Could 


Galwev . -. ...... 


49 01 00. 123 
48 43 44. 237 

48 59 55. 985 
48 59 48. 274 


33 
35 
30 

40 


87 
00 
80 
05 




.070 
.0.58 
.004 
.067 


Featberstoubaugh 

Galwey . . ... 


West Fork ... 


Milk River 


Featherstonbaugh 


34 
30 

38 


West liutte.. 


Galwev 


49 00 12. 068 

48 59 58.667 

49 CO 04.019 


40 
34 
41 


85 
08 
83 


. . . 


.052 
.067 
.051 


Jlilk River ...... 


Featberstoubaugh 

Galwev 


Cliief Mouutaiu 


3'J 


Belly River . . . 


Featberstoubaugh 


49 04 03. 43 


23 


70 




.092 





Abstract of Appendix C to report of Capt. W. J. Twining, Chief Astronomer. 

ALTITUDES OF ASXnOXOillCAL CAMPS, &c. 







Loryitude 


Above 


Above 




Cauips, &,c. 


Latitude. 


west of 


Statiou 


Location of camp. 






Greeuwicb. 


No. 1. 








■::. 1 1 1 


' " 


Fid. 


Feet. 




Station No. 1 


4'J 00 00 


97 13 51.5 




788.0 


Boundary-line, wist bank of Rtd 
River. 












Station No. 2 east 


49 00 00 


95 17 


24(). 3 


1034. 2 


On boniidary-Iiue, at Lake of Ibo 
Woods. 


Station No. 3 east 


49 CO 00 




168.0 


95(i. (! 


Ou boundary-line, 10 miles east of 
Red Ri\( r. 




Station No. 4 east 


49 CO 00 


90 47 


200. 


994.0 


Ou br undnry-liue, 20.5 miles east 
of Red l.'ivei-. 


Station northwest angle 


49 22 20 


95 09 


252. 5 


1040. 5 


Transit post near landing. North- 
west Au^Ie, Lake of the Woods. 


Lake of t be Woods 


49 00 00 




243. 4 


1031.4 


Water snrlaoe — uieau of St at ion No. 












2 and Northwest Anglo. 



198 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



199 



Abstract of Appendix C, cCc— Coutiuued. 

ALTITUDES OF ASTRONOMICAL CAMPS, &c. 



Cauip.s. 


Latitude of camps. 


O 

a 
o 


s 

■=1 


a 

u 

< 


Above sea means. 


Location of camp. 


Red Kiver 


. II 

49 00 00. 00 


O ' ' 

97 13 51. 5 






748.0 
790.0 

843. 7 
1030. 1 

1531.0 

ISi^a. 2 
2093. 

164.5.0 
198.'>. 4 
1817. 3 
1745. 3 
1980. 7 
214.5. 5 
2532. () 
2861. 8 


lied River at Pembina. 

Barometer at Fort Pem- 
bina. 

Near Pembina River. 

East slope of Pembina 
Mountains. 

West slope of Pembina 
Mountains. 

Long River. 

West slope of Turtle 
Mountain. 

On Soutb Antler Creek. 

Pool OL praiiie. 

On Mouse River. 
Do. 
Do. 

In Cotiau of the Missouri. 

Camp at Bully Spring. 

Near Poplar River. 







Station No. 2.... 
Station No. 3 .... 

Station No. 4 

Station No. 5 

Station No. C .... 

Station No. 7 

Station No. 8 

Wood End, No. 1 . 


49 00 00. 00 
49 00 00. 00 

48 59 51. 55 

49 00 00. 00 

48 59 53. 76 

49 01 48.70 
49 01 01.63 


97 40 25. 4 

98 00 33. 4 

98 16 00. 8 

98 54 52. 9 

100 31 15. 7 

101 28 05. 4 

102 26 28. 2 





































Station No. 9 

Station No. 10... 
Station No. 11 ... 
Station No. 12 ... 


48 58 10. 29 

49 00 44. 73 
49 01 09. 11 
48 59 28. 90 


103 11 14.7 

104 05 37. 9 

105 12 26.0 

106 i2 39.5 






377.5 
717.6 


iisi.o 



Camj)?, &c 



Fort Benton - . . 
Station No. 13 , 
Station No. 14 , 
Station No. 15 , 
Station No. 16 . 
Station No. 17 . 



Britisb depot 

United States camp 
British mound 



Do 

Station No. 18 
Station No. 19 
Station No. 20 



47 48 50. 00 

48 58 09. 10 

49 00 02. 95 
49 00 01. 86 
48 59 55. 39 
46 59 06. 30 



49 01 08. 40 
49 00 00.00 

49 00 00. 00 
49 01 01.42 

48 59 59. 31 

49 00 04. 00 






110 39 48. 

107 23 .53. 8 

108 13 15.5 

109 24 14.5 

110 10 26.7 

111 11 10.2 



112 00 .51.7 
112 58 .58. 5 



a 

O 

a 

a 




a 


ci 

l; 

X 


Above 


o 
> 

o 

< 




2674. 


192.0 


2866. 


267. 8 


2941. 8 


100. 


2770. 


148.7 


2822. 7 


1049. 


3723. 2 


1063. 4 


3737. 4 


1086. 3 


37()0. 3 


1654. 3 


4328. 3 


1620. 


4294. 


827. 2 


3.501.2 


1641.3 


4315. 3 


1539. 4 


4213. 4 



Location of cami>. 



On Missouri River. 

Rigbt bank of Frenchman's Creek. 

Pool on prairie. 

East Fork of Milk River. 

Milk River lakes. 

Near East Butte, Sweetgrass 

Hills. 
Near Sweetgrass Hills. 

Do. 
Brilish AVest Butte astronomical 

slat ion. 
7,124 feet west of above. 
Red River (branch of Milk River). 
North Fork of Milk River. 
West shore of Chief Mountain 

L-ike. 



CONNECTION OF ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS. 

DETAILS OF UNITED STATES TANGENT LINES. 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 1. 

Winter 1873-'74. 

From Joint Astronomical Station at liul liivcr to Britinh Astronomicai Station, Lieuten- 
ant Galicty, at West Roseau. 

[Observer, Lieut. F. Y. Gieeiie. — TraDsit "VN" urdemann t^-ia. No. 71. ] 
AZEilUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Pcsition of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimuths. 


November li 


( Initial point 61. 3 feet 
) north of 49=. 


5,280 feet west of in- 
strument. 


03 QO 00 QO 


i TTrsa;Minoris...'W.E.. 

51 Cephei ...nearE.E.. 

Polaris . ..nearU. C. 

Polaris ...nearU.C- 

Mean 


o / /* 

270 01 09. 
0C.4 
02.0 
08.3 


33 


270 01 06. 3 



The tangent prolonged to the west psissed through a point 1.7 feet south of tho mark. 
The mounds on this tangent "were built before azimuth observations livere taken at the eastt-ru extremity. 
These ohservationa gave the error of the tangent in azimuth 1' 32", the lino running south of east. This 
error was corrected in placing the iron pillars. 

STATION ERROR. 

Computed offsetdueto 108.011 feet 320.2 

Initial point was nurth of 41)'^ f>l.3 

To keep in cutting, otisot was made to south 35. 

2G.3 

2!»3, 9 
The measured offset 1G6. 1 

Station error, "West Roseau Astronomical Station, south. 127,8 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



Distances. 



M. 


Ch.Lks] 


1 


00 


00 


2 


on 


no 


3 


on 


en 


■1 


nil 


nn 


5 


00 


00 


1) 


no 


(1(1 


7 


on 


CO 


H 


no 


nn 


il 


nn 


no 


1(1 


00 


no 


11 


on 


no 


12 


no 


00 


13 


nn 


nn 


14 


on 


no 


15 


nn 


(in 


1(1 


no 


(in 


17 


on 


nn 


IS 


nn 


no 


HI 


nn 


110 


■Ji 


nn 


(Id 


20 


30 


53 



Feet. 
5,280 
10,5t)0 
15 840 
21,120 
26,400 
31,G.-0 
3(5,900 
42,240 
47,.'-i20 
52,800 
.W,080 
03,3(10 
08,040 
73,!I20 
7;l,2U0 
84,480 
89,7(10 
K. (W) 
lcn,320 
1(15,0(10 

UHon 



^ 




„ 




















« 




.■^ 






o 








t- 


•+- a 












s 


o 


.S. 


tl 


£ 


^ 


^ 


rt 












rjl 


W 


o 


4- 


_ 


_ 


+ 


(1.8 


o.a 


01.3 




3. 1 


12.4 


01.3 




0.9 


18.7 


61. 3 




12.2 


24.9 


01.3 




19.1 


31.2 


01. 3 




27.6 


37.4 


01. 3 




37. 5 


43. (1 


(11.3 




49.0 


49.9 


61.3 




62. n 


5.5. 2 


61.3 




7(1. 5 


02. 4 


01.3 




92. 6 


08.0 


01.3 


25.0 


110.2 


74.8 


01.3 


2.5.0 


129. 3 


81.1 


01.3 


2.5.0 


150.0 


87.3 


01.3 


2,5. n 


172.2 


93. 5 


01.3 


2,5. 


19.5.9 


99.7 


01.3 


3.5. 


2-.II. 5 


lOfi. 


01.3 


35. 


248. n 


1 12. 3 


01.3 


3.5. 


270. 3 


1 IH. 5 


01.3 


3.5. n 


3nil. 1 


124. 7 


01.3 


35. 


32(1 2 


127. 8 


61.3 


3.5. 



Final offset. 



00. 7 south. 


Iron pillar. 


■west 385 feet. 


70. 6 south. 


llo. 




73. 1 south. 


Do. 




74. south. 


Do. 




73. 4 south. 


Do. 




71. 1 south. 


Do. 




07.4 south. 


Do. 




02. 2 south. 


Do. 




54.5 south. 


Do. 




47.2 south. 


Do. 




12.3 south. 


Do. 




0. 9 south. 


Uo. 




11. 9 north. 


Do. 




20. 4 north. 


Do. 




42. 4 uorlh. 


Do. 




69. 9 uorth. 


Do. 




88. 2 north. 


Do. 




109. 4 north. 


Do. 




131. 5 north. 


Do. 




155. 1 north. 


Do. 




10(1. 1 north. 


Do. 





200 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 2. 

Winter 1873-'7i. 

From West Boseav Astronomical Station to Fine Ridge Astronomical Station. 

This tangent was ran in three p.irta. First part, from West Ecscan Astronomical Station to Point D'Orme ; second part, 
from"Point D'Orme to Forty-mile Station ; third part, from Forty-mile Station to Piue Kidge Astronomical Station. 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdemann 8-in. No. 71.] 

PART FIRST.-AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Nov. 21 
Nov. 21 
Nov. 21 
Nov. 21 
Nov. 25 
Nov. 27 


1 

•-3.9 feet north of 49°.... 


About 1 mile north 


f 1» 
10 

1 10 

1 19 
10 
10 


Cephei -W.-E.. 

Polaris U.C.. 

51 Cephei E.E.. 

d UrsaiMiuoris . ..W. E.. 

Polaris before TJ. C. . 

Polaris near L. C. 


o / // 
4 62 10. 3 
51 59. 8 
51 38.5 
51 12.8 
50 47. 7 
53 3-2.5 


60 


4 51 43. 









The above azimuth is that of the Target from the initial point of P.art First, Tangent No. 2. 



The mean of 50 angles between the Target and Tangent No. 3 85 08 54.5 

Mean azimuth of ra.ark 4 51 43.6 

Azimuth of the tangent 90 00 38.1 



Initial point. 



Target. 



P.-irt First. 



PART SECOND.-AZIMUTnS. 



Date. Position of instrument. 



Deo. 


5 


Dec. 


2 


Dec. 


5 


Deo. 


5 


Deo. 


5 


Dec. 


5 


Deo. 






Initial point of Part 2, 
on post est-ablished 
by A. L. Russell. 



Position of mark. 



Eastof instrument 4,591 
feet, and in center of 
cutting. 



No. of 

readings. 



10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 



star. 



Polaris 

Polaris 

1 Draconis 

Polaris 

Polaris 

y Cephei , 

Polaris 

A Ursae Minoris 



... L.C. 
... U.C. 
...W.E. 

....u.c. 
....u.c. 

...W.E- 
....U.O. 
...W.E. 



Mean 



This mean is the azimuth of the Part Second of Tangent 2. 
Meau of 67 angles between Tangent No. 2 and Target 

Azimuth of T.irget 

Meiin of 85 .angles between Part First and Target 

P.irt First started south 



True azimuth .at 69,709 feet . 
Error in nmning the line ... 



Azimuth. 



Target. 

Part Second. 



P.irt Fir.it. 



90 00 19. 8 
01 39. 3 

00 29. 8 

00 48.9 

01 11.2 

00 69.7 

01 12.7 
01 23. 7 



go 01 00 6 

89 57 29. 7 


00 03 30. 9 
89 48 44.2 

38.1 


270 14 08.6 
270 13 50. 6 



201 



202 



UNITED STATES NORTnEKN BOUXDAKY ('OMMISSION. 



United States Tangent 2fo. 2 — Coiitiuueil. 

TART TUIRD.— AZIMUTHS. 



Dec. 


9 


Di c. 


il 


Dec. 


il 


Deo. 


1".! 


Di'c. 


1'.^ 


Dec. 


rj 


Dec. 


r.2 


Dec. 


I'i 


Dec. 


I'j 


D<!e. 


Ix! 


Dec. 


I'i 


Doc. 


U 



Pusiliim of iu^tniiiioiit. 



rositiou of miirk. 



No. of 
readiu^s. 



Terminus of Part 3, )i-i„.,*^, c ..■ . , i i 
I- .10". (irA->7 east „f'(Coji^toy"f'^uttnii,Mu..le^^ 



PemUiuii. 



10 
10 
10 
10 

."i 
10 
10 
10 
10 

G 
10 
10 



Star. 



f Uri4n) Minoris IT. C . 

Pt)]jiri.s Ileal' U. G. 

7^ Urs;o Minoiis Tf. C. 

1 Draconia K. K . 

6 Ursiu Miuoris.-.W. E. 

51 (-'ephei E. li. 

)? Cepbei W.E. 

jtf Ursa) Minoris L. C . 

I'lilaris uoar II. C . 

A l)rncuiiis L.C 

y^ Ursa) Miuoris L.C. 

Polaris U.C. 



Mean. 



Tbo above moan is tbo azimntb of Part Tbird. 

Mean ol" til augles between Tanseiit, Part Tliird, aiul Target . 



Mean of 57 lui^les between Part Second and Target . 



Azimuth of Part Second. 

True a/.iniutb at dislaiico of 33,827 feot. 



Aziuuitb too proat at Forty-mllo Station . 
Azimuth too great at Point D'Ormo 



Error in running lino . 



Azimutli. 



Target 



Part Second. 



Part Third. 



rortymilc Station. 
PIXE RIDGE— AZIMUTHS. 



B9 •IS 6i. 8 

•)■.! U-J. SI 

4J 51. 5 

4J 51. 5 

43 03. (i 

43 14.,'> 

43 00. G 

4S 44. 3 

43 0.-). .5 

43 SS. 4 

43 47. 9 

43 3.-). 3 



e'J 43 3il. 
80 34 50. C 


0!< 3S. 4 
90 00 54. 7 


270 07 
270 00 


43.7 
24. 


01 
1 


19.7 
00. G 



Date. 
Dec. 20 


Positiou of instniuK'nt. 


Position of mark. 


readings. ' ^tar. 




Azimuth. 


5 lifi feci aoiUh of Initial 
\ Poiut. 


On tnnfiont, west of in- 
^stninti'nt. 


5 ' A Draconia 

5 <l (lanielopardalis 
5 a I'lsaj Majoris .. 

5 1 Polaris 

5 \ Polaris 

5 T Draeonis 

I 5 8 Ursa; Minoris . . 


.L.C 

..K. E. 

..!,.(;. 

..V.V... 

..r.c. 

WE 
.W.E. 


O / " 

270 CO 17. 3 
3.1.8 
44.5 

4i.i; 

S70 00 JA 4 

209 59 .53.0 

1,0 7t'. 5 




270 CO 37. 

2lin 43 20. 
20'.l 43 21.2 


riif riicni* i-i llir :i'/iniiitli ( 
\/imMtIi of 'rau'ruii at Ki 
\7. iiuilh lino to dislanci-', S 

\zimutli of Tangent Torn 
\ziinutli error ill running 


f Iho Tanjenl at the Ten 


iiiual Point. 




T,9i:. feet 












4.8 
2';0 00 37.0 

32, 2 















.NOTK. — This tanjrt-nt was traced diiriui; the winter of 18"iJ-'7;J hv (bo lLn<;Ii^ll eoniniisskni and wan in llirce parts. Tbo 
first was fnun West Kosi-au to Point D'Ornie. run by Captain Feailierstonliiui;:h. U K. At Poiut D'Onm- was a meridian 
conneetin*: this part with Pirt Second from Poiut D'Ornie to near tbo rorty-miU- Statiou, wbicli was run by Mr. A. L. Ivussell, 
surveyor. X. A. U. C. 

At K«>r)y-niile Station was a nuridi;in connecting Parts Second and Tbird, tbe latter being run from Pine Kidge 
Astrrnoniiral Station westward by Captain I'^ealbersionbau^b. li. K. 

Lieut' uanl tin one made use of the Kngli^b enttiujrs tbrnu;:h the tinibi r ()bstrvation« for aximutb bt ing ditlicult to 
obtain, owmu to cloudy wealher and extrenie eobi, one azimuth ^^a* d'termimd at each point, whib- the other was detei - 
mired by n-pi tilion ot argh's. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER 



203 



United States Tangent Ho. 2 — Coutinued. 



STATION EBEOE. 

^ „ ■ -Ferf. 

Part First length, 60,709.2 

Compat(;d oni^et 133.4 

Initial Point north of 40^ 3,9 

Termiii.ll Point sooth of 49' 129.5 

Measured oflket between Partaland3 316.8 

Part Second length, 33,627.6 

Initial Point north of 49° 187.3 

Computed ofiset 31.3 

Feet. 

Terminal Point north of 49= 156.0 

Part Third length, e7.914.6 

Initial Point, Pine Bidge north of 49° 59.6 

Computed ofiJset 212.2 

Terminal Point south of 43® I.'j2.6 

Measured of&et between Parts 2 and 3 311.6 

Terminal Point of Part Second, north of 49= 219.0 

Station error of West Eoscaii, north 03.0 

Note. — This is the station error given by the tangent without 
taking its azimuth into consideration, and is u.-^ed correctly 
in computing the intermediate offsets to the parallel, since 
the olfsets are measured from the tangent itself as run. It 
is, Iiowever, not the true station error. 

Part First deviates to the pouth of the tnie tangent 49".3, 
which in alength of 69,709.2 ft. gives 10.0 south. 

Part Second deviates to the south 1' 12".3, which in a 
length of 33,&27.6 ft gives 15.3 south. 

Part Third deviates to the south 23".7, which in a length of 
87.914.6 ft. gives 10.1 south. 

The tangent, if continuous, would then have been still farther to the north of 
Pine Bidgo 42.0 

And the true etation error is West Eoseau, north 103.0 

TANGENT LIN-E (PAET FIRST) AXD MOUNDS. 



2 i 


5 . 


























*"f 





a 


.= 


= 













Z 


!"" ^ 


Final offiset 


Eemarkc. 






























-530 


« a 


a 




2 






f^ 


s-" 


c 




X 


s 






M. Ch. Lk!. 


Feet. 


+ 










SO 3G 53 
21 00 00 


00 
2,809 










Iron pillar, w-st 385 feet. 


0.2 


0.9 


3.9 


4.6 Ronih.. 


22 CO 00 


f, 149 


1.8 


2.6 


3.9 


4.7 south.. 


Uo. 


23 00 CO 


13, 429 


5.0 


4.4 


3.9 


3.3 south.. 


Do. 


24 00 00 


18,709 


9.(. 




■'. ft 


0. 4 .s<juth . . 


Do. 


25 00 00 


2:1, 9P9 


15.^ 




. 'J 


4.0 north.. 


Do. 


26 00 CO 


29,269 


23.1; 




-.9 


10. 1 north . . 


Do. 


27 00 00 


34,549 


■32.7 


ILIi 


3.9 


17. 5 north . . 


Do. 


28 to 00 


39, b-iS 


43.5 


13.1 


.3.9 


^6. 5 north.. 


Do. 


29 00 00 


43, 109 


55.8 


14 8 


3.9 


37.1 ntnh.. 


Do. 


30 00 CO 


50,3e9 


69.7 


10.6 


3.9 


49.2 north.. 


Do. 


31 (fO 00 


35, 669 


a).2 


18.3 


3.9 


63.0 north.. 


Do. 


32 CO CO 


60,949 


102.0 


20.0 


.■!. f' 


7-. 1 north.. 


Do. 


33 00 CO 


66,229 


120.3 


21. - 




l.finorth.. 


Do. 


33 52 73 


69,709.2 


133.4 


~''- 




.Snonh.. 





204 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



United States Tangent iV'o. 2 — Continued. 

TANGENT LINE (PAET SECOND) AND MODTs'DS. 



aj 


a . 


^ 












If 


1° 


s 


u 


H 










h3 


1 

s 

p. 


§ 




Final offset. 


Remarks 




R 


<r. a 

a" 


B 
o 




2 








M. Ch.Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 












34 OU 00 


1,800 


n.i 


0.6 


210.3 


210. 8 south.. 


Earth mound, 10' 


X6'. 


35 00 00 


7,0W 


1.0 


2.3 


210.3 


211. 6 south.. 


Do. 




36 00 00 


12, 360 


3.5 


4.1 


210.3 


210. 9 south.. 


Do. 




37 CO 00 


17, 040 


7.6 


5.8 


210.3 


208. 5 south.. 


Do. 




38 00 00 


22, 920 


13.2 


7.6 


210.3 


204. 7 south.. 


Do. 




39 CO 00 


2?, 200 


20.3 


9.3 


210.3 


199. 3 south.. 


Do. 




40 00 00 


33, 480 


29.0 


11.0 


210.3 


192.3 south.. 


Do. 




40 05 S7 


33, 827. 


31.3 


11.1 


210.3 


190.1 south.. 







TANGENT LINE (PART THIRD) AND MOUNTJS. 

Feet. 

Distance between Parts 2 and 3 at meridian of Forty -mile Station 371.6 

Computed offset from Part Second to 49° 190. . 

Offset from Part Third to 49° 181.5 



ii 


E . 


^ 




rt 








*=£ 


— .2 


s 


fe 










8(3 




1 


•o 


"•S 


Final offset. 


Remarlis. 




§•3^ 


« — 


t 


o 


^K 








.IK .3 


2 a 


B 
o 
O 




•i. 








M. Ch.Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 


+ 


_ 








40 05 27 


87,915 


212. 2 


28.9 


59.6 


181. 5 north . 






41 00 00 


82, 982 


1 89. 1 


27.2 


59.6 


156. 7 north-. 


Earth mound, 10' X 0'. 




42 00 00 


77, 702 


165.7 


2.5.4 


59.6 


l;il.5north.. 


Do. 




43 00 00 


73, 422 


143.9 


23.6 


59.6 


107.9 north.. 


Do. 




44 00 00 


67, 112 


123. 7 


21.9 


59.6 


86.0 north.. 


Do. 




45 00 CO 


61, e62 


104.2 


20.1 


59.6 


64. 7 north.. 


Do. 




46 00 00 


56,562 


87.8 


18.4 


59.6 


46.6 north.. 


Mound of t^imarack poles di iven 


into swaiup. 


47 00 CO 


51, 302 


73.3 


16.7 


59. 6 


29.4 north.. 


Do. 




48 00 00 


46, 022 


58.1 


14.9 


59.6 


13.4 north.. 


Do. 




49 00 CO 


40, 742 


45.6 


13.2 


59.6 


0.8 south.. 


Do. 




50 00 00 


35, 462 


34.5 


11.4 


59.6 


13.7 south.. 


Do. 




51 CO 00 


30,182 


25.0 


9.7 


.')9.6 


24. 9 south . . 


Do. 




52 00 00 


24, 902 


17.0 


8.0 


59.6 


31.6 south.. 


Do. 




53 00 00 


19, 632 


10.6 


6.2 


59.6 


43.8 south. - 


Do. 




54 00 00 


14, 342 


5.6 


4..'-. 


59. 6 


49. 5 south. . 


Do. 




53 00 00 


9, 062 


2.3 


2.7 


59.6 


51. 6 south.. 


Earth mound, 10' X 6'. 




56 00 00 


3,76^ 


0.4 


1.0 


59.6 


58.2 south.. 


Do. 




56 57 31 

























UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 3. 

Winter 1873-'V4. 
From Pine Ridge to Lahe of the Woods. 

This tangent wis traced and cut tbrongh the woods dnrins the winter of 1872-'13, by the British Commission and is in two 
parts. Part Second, from Pine Eidjre eastword for a dislanee of 14 miloa 3,38a feet. At the latter point a'merirtiaji con- 
nected l\art3 Second and First, which started at the Lalie of the "Woods Astronomic.il Station and was run westward 17 
miles 1.373 feet. The parallel being markeil by mile-posts by the English parties from the Lake of the Woods Station 
this tangent was not traced by the parties of Lieutenant Greene who observed for azimuth at Pine Eidso Lake of the 
Woods, and the branch of East Koseau Kiver where the two parts join. 

AZIMUTHS.— AT PUfE EIDGE-rMlTIAL POINT PART 2. 



Date. 



Dec. 20 



Position of instrument. 



; 3.5 feet sonth of Initial 
Point, Tangent No. 3. 



Position of mark. 



On tangent west of in- 
strument. 



Ko.of 
rea.dings- 



Star. 



A Draconis L. C. 

;) CamelopardaUe .E. K. 
a Ursa3 Majori8...L.O. 

Polaris U. C . 

Polaris U.C. 

T Draconis W. E. 

6 Ursffi Minoris..W'. E. 

Mean 



This mean is the azimuth of the mark placed west of the instmment, at Pine Eidge. A 
point was determined east of the Initial Point on the prolongation of this lino with 
an azimuth of 

Thedislance between this point and the Thirty-one jlile stake from the Laiio of Uio Woods 
Station was 4.9 feet, which, at the distance'of 4,755 feet, gives an azimuth of 1' oa".5 

Which gives the azimuth of the English Tangent 



270 00 17. 3 

33.8 

44.5 

41.6 

270 00 48. 4 

260 59 53. 

00 78. 5 



270 00 37. 



90 00 37. 
1 03.5 



Diflerence between the Eag'ish and United States determination of Azimuth Tangent north of east, a5".5. 



AZIMUTHS.— AT EAST ROSEAU-PARTS FIRST AND SECOND. 
[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdemann 8-in. No. 71. J 



Date. 


Position of iustrumenl. 


Position of maik. 


No. of 
re.adiiigs. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Dec. 


26 


1 




r S 


Polaris L. €.. 


270 14 30. 5 1 ^ 


Dec. 


27 


1 







(5 Ursaj Minoris.W. E.. 


13 57. a 


Dec. 








5 


a Uisai Majoris.L.C 


14 10.2 a 


Dec. 


29 






5 


6 Ursai M inoris AT. E . . 


13 .'>i 6 ■ =■ 


Dec. 


29 


Terminal point of Sec- 


On t.angent, about 1 mile 


5 


Polaris ,L. C. 


14 43.8 g 
14 13.7 ^ 


Dec. 




ond part. 


west of iu.sirument. 


1 s 


Polaris W.E.. 


Dec. 


26 






5 


Polaris L.C.. 


15 34. 1 H 
15 25. 1 I - 


Dec. 


29 






5 


Polaris W. E.. 


Dec. 




I 




5 


A Draconis L. C. 


16 05. 1 (■ g 
16 28. 7 J < 


Dec. 




1 




5 


51 Cephoi E. E.- 

Meau 


50 


270 15 04. 




True azimuth at a distanc 


3 of 77,302 feet 




270 14 35, 




south of east 


Difference in azimuth— United States determin.ition — Tangent 


28.4 
25.5 


Tangent started, north of 


east 













These differences being small and in opposite directions, the English Tangent is considered straight and its azimuth correct. 

205 



206 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



United States Tangent No. 3.— Tangent Line. — Continued. 

AZIMUTHS.— AT LAKE OF THE WOODS STATION. 
[Observer, Liout. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdemann 8-in. No. ST.] 



Date. 



Dec. 31 



Position of instrument. 



; On .astionomical post 
marking 49o. 



Position of m.irk. 



Two miles west of in- 
strament. 



No. of 
readings. 



10 
10 



20 



Star. 



51 Cephei E.E. 

d UrstB MlDoris.W. E. 



Mean . 



Difference in azimuth between the TTnit-'d States and English determinations— tangent 

south of west, Initi;il Point Part First 

Initial Point Part .Sec.nnd, azimuth observod 

Me;ui of 20 angles between Part Second and meridian 



Azimuth of meridian _. 

Supplement of mean of 20 angles between meridian and Part First . 

Azimuth of Part First, Terminal Point 

True azimuth at distance 91,133 feet 



Difference in TTnited States and English determinations— Tangent north of west. 



Azimuth. 



26!) 59 26. 5 
03.2 



4,5.2 

270 ]-• 04.0 

90 17 22.9 



179 57 41. 1 
90 14 12. 7 



89 43 S8. 4 
89 42 4B. 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 1. 

1873. 

Prom Joint Astronomical Station JTo. 1 to Joint Astronomical Station No. 2. 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wiirdemnim S-in. No. 71.] 
AZnnjTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimutb. 


Nov. 6 


5 Initial Point 61. 3 feet 
I north of 49". 


5,280 feet irest of in. 
Btrament. 


n 

33 


i TJrsaj Minoris AV. E.. 

51 Cephei ...nearE.E.. 

Polaris . . . near U. C . . 

Polaris .. nearU. C. 


O ' /' 

270 01 09. 
06.4 
OS.O 
08.3 


270 01 06. 3 





Tangent was rnn on this azimuth. 



Date. 


Position of InstrameDt. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Jnne 17 


Station 33, SO™ 




{ t 


32 Camelopirdalis.W.E . . 
Polaris E. E.. 

Mean 


/ " 

260 41 42. 3 
64.1 






12 


53. 2 ± 3". 7 
34.0 


Azimntb determined from a scries of repetitions fron 


a Tangent 


No. 2 




Mean 




369 41 43.6 
1 06.3 




Cangent started north 












35,000 feet 


269 40 37. 3 
269 40 04. 8 










ilrror of tangent, north 


33.5 









STATION EREOE. 

Chained distance from Station 34 of Tangent tojoint monnd 49°... 
Tangent started north of 49° 



Computed offset for distance of 106,277 feet. 



Feet. 
2.'i9. 4 
CI. 3 

320.7 
310.1 



Owing to the uncertainty of the azimuth of this tangent it was agreed to accept Lieutenant Galwey's 
azimnth as correct. His tangent started 29" south ot this, which solving the spherical triangle, 
gives the distance between the tangents at Station 34, 22. 3 feet. The actu.-J distance is 21. 4 feet. 

The mean line is south of this tangent at Station 34 

Giving the station error of Astronomical Station at Michell, north 



21.8 
32.4 



207 



208 



UNITED STATES NORTflBIiN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



United States Tangent No. 1 — Contiiunnl.. 

TANGEXT LINE. 













1 




C 





















£ 






3: 




Distances. 


1 

S 


a 


CI 

a 


Final offsol 
to mouuti. 


Remarks. 













p. 











C5 










a 



a 



C3 






3q 










u 





w 








M. 


Ch. 


Us. 


Feet. 


+ 




+ 






1 

2 


















Initial Point. 


"'0' 


"m 


6c" 


""4,'3C6' 












1 


00 


00 


5, 280 


0.8 


01.3 


0.5 


60. south. 


Iron piUar, vrest 385 feet. 


3 


1 


17 


32 


6,423 












4 


1 


54 


10 


8,1-51 












5 


1 


'■) 


«1 


10.534 














2 


00 


00 


10, 660 


3.1 


61. 3 


1.0 


57. 2 south. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


G 


2 


37 


71 


13, 049 














3 


(.0 


00 


1."), 840 


c.n 


61.3 


1.6 


52. 8 south. 


Iron pilUr, west 38.". feet. 


7 


3 


34 


09 


18, 090 












8 


3 


70 


18 


21,066 














4 


00 


00 


21, l-'ll 


12. 2 


01. 3 


2.1 


47. south. 


Iron pillar, wret 385 ftet. 


9 


4 


39 


00 


23, (;!14 












10 


4 


79 


32 


26, 355 














5 


00 


00 


26, 400 


19.1 


61.3 


2.6 


39.6 south. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


11 


5 


38 


88 


28, 966 












1-2 


1; 


00 


00 


31,660 


27.5 


61.3 


3.1 


30. 7 sonth. 




14 


C 


79 
CO 


65 
00 


36, 937 

36, 960 










Iron pill.ir, west 38.5 foot. 


"'37.' 5 


iiV.i 


"3.1 


'"26.1 soalh. 


15 


7 


79 


63 


42, 210 














8 


00 


CO 


42, 240 


49.0 


01.3 


4.2 


8. 1 south. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 




9 


00 


00 


47, 520 


62.0 


61.3 


4.7 


5. 4 north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


16 


9 


01 


25 


47, 6113 












17 


10 


00 


CO 


52, f CO 


-C. 5 


61.3 


5.2 


20. 4 north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


ie 


10 


40 


00 


5.% 410 












11) 


11 


00 


CO 


58, 080 


92.6 


61.3 


5.8 


37.1 north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


ao 


11 


40 


00 


60, 720 












21 


12 


00 


00 


63, 300 


110.2 


61.3 


6.3 


5,i.2 north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


22 


12 


40 


00 


66, (00 












2.1 


13 


00 


00 


08, 640 


129. 3 


61.3 


6.8 


74. B north. 


Iron piUar, west 365 feet. 


24 


13 


40 


OIJ 


71, 280 












25 


14 


00 


CO 


73, 920 


150.0 


61.3 


7.3 


90.0 north. 


Iron pillir, west 385 feet. 


2li 


14 


40 


00 


76, 560 












27 


15 


00 


CD 


79,2C0 


jr-o 


61.3 


7.9 


118. 8 north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


28 


15 


40 


00 


81, 840 












29 


16 


00 


CO 


84, 41-0 


195.9 


61.3 


8.4 


143. north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


30 


17 


00 


CO 


89, 760 


220. 5 


(il.3 


8.9 


I615. 1 north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet- 


31 


18 


00 


CO 


95, 040 


248.0 


61.3 


9.4 


196. 1 north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


32 


19 


00 


CO 


ICO, 320 


276. 3 


61.3 


10.0 


225. north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


33 


20 


00 


00 


1115, 600 


306. 1 


61.3 


10.5 


2.')5. 3 north. 


Iron pillar, west 385 feet. 


34 


20 


10 


26 


106,277 


310.1 


61.3 


10.6 


259.4 north. 


Meridian of Joint Astronoiuioal Station. 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 2. 

1873. 

From Joint Astronomical Station at Michel to Joint Astronomical Station at Pembina 

Mountain East. 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. GreoDc— Transit Wurdeniann Sin. No. 71] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of marls. 


Star. 


Azimuths. 


June 14 


46. 5 feet north of 49°.... 


3,154.7 feet west. J 




270 01 55, 7 
55.1 


British determination.. 


270 01 55. 4 





The tangent was run through a point 20.88 inches south of the mark and prolonged to meridian 
of Astronomical Station, Pembina Mountain East. 

The difference between the British and United .States tangents at this point was inappreciable. 
The azimuth was checlied at the terminal point by Lieutenant Galwey, K. E. 

STATION EEEOE. 

Lieutenant Galwey, K. E., gives the Station Error, Station Pembina Mountain East-south 
55.05 feet. 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL, 
^or list of oflfeets and position of mounds and iron pillars, see Lieutenant Galwey's repoit. 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 3. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomical Station JVb. 4 (Captain Twining), Fast to Pembina River 

crossing. 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdimann 8-in. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of marli. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 




Azimuth. 




July 4 


Initial Point 49° 


4447.8 W 


f 8 
8 

S 8 
8 
8 


32 Camelopardalis. . 

jff Cephei 

Polaris 

y Cephei 

UrsEe Minoris . . . 

Mean 


.W.E. 
.. E E. 
...E.E. 
...E.E.. 
..W.E.. 


' 270 03 40. 6 
4 20. 7 
4 03. 1 
4 00. 
4 15. 5 






40 


270 04 04. ± 2" 


" 



Mark was moved 5.3 feet sonth, and tangent run through that point. 
TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



m 

a 


Di8t.ances. 


f 

1 

B 

o 
o 


a 
a 

■s 

u 


a 

.2 

s 

CD 


Final offset 
to mound. 


Kemarlia. 




1 

3 


M. Ch.Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 








Initial Point, iron pillar 520 feet east. 

Iron pillar. 

Earth mound, 12' X 5'. 

Pembina River. 


00 66 66 
1 40 00 
3 03 43 
3 17 54 


4,400 
7, 920 
10, 000 
16, 998 










1.8 
7.0 






1. 8 north. 
7. north. 



















N B- 



-14 



i09 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 4. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 4 {Assistant Lewis Boss), west side of Pem- 
bina Mountain, to Long River, United States Astronomical Station No. 5 [Lieutenant 
Gregory). 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wiirdemauu 8-ln. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



D.ate. 


rosition of instranient. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimnth. 


July 4 


luitiil point 49° 


4, 447. 8 "W 


f 1 

i 8 

8 

I 8 


35 Camelopardalia. . ..W. E.. 

/SCephei E.E.. 

PoLaris E. E.. 

V Cepbei E. E . . 

/5 UrsjB Minoris W.E.. 


o / // 
2T0 03 40. 6 
4 20.7 
4 0.1. 1 
4 00.0 
4 15.5 






40 


270 04 04.0 ±2". 7 







Mark was moved south T). 3 ftot, an 


d tangent 


~un thron;;h tbat point. 






DatP. 


Position of iuatrument. 


Po.sitiou of m;uk. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimnth. 


July U 


Station No. 27 


Station No. -26 


1 i 


/y Opbei 

Pc.Uiris 

y Ct-phei 

Mean . . . 


E. E.. 
-E. E.. 
.E.E.. 


1 II 

89 31 17. 2 
24.6 
20.4 


21 


89 31 20. 6 ± 2". 4 
89 30 39. 5 


Azimuth duo to distance, 
Error in running the line. 


155,410. feet 














41.1 









There hcini; no reason to sufpeet an error at any station, this total error of 41". 1 is distributed at the rate of 1". 62 at 
each staiioii. The accumulated error, in feet, arising from each individnal error in pointinj;, is calculated separately for 15, 
21,23,211. 27,28, 2!>, and 29J miles. At Ibe other st:itions it is interpoUited from these and placed in the column headed "Error 
of lino," and is subtractive. 



STATION ERROR. 



Feet. 



Chained distance from Station No. 27 to Astronomical Moand 49° 565.2 

Computed otl'set for dist.Tiiee, 155,100 feet 660.0 



Error of Line, dtio to azimuth deviation 

United States Astronomical Station No. 5, south 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUND.S. 



04.8 
12.0 









































i§ 




^-" 






CO 




Distances. 


o 
® 


o 


© 


Final offset 
to mound. 


Remarks. 








p. 


L. 


o 




























o 


n 


f? 






to 






O 


w 


m 








21. 


Ch. Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 



























Initial Point. 


1 
2 



2 


67 -M 
Ort 40 


4,447 
11, !14 










Earth mound. 


3.4 


0.3 


5. 9 


2. 8 south.. 


3 


» 


00 OU 


I'l, 810 


(1.9 


0.4 


8.5 


2. soutli . . 


Do. 


4 


4 


21 34 


22, 528 


13. 9 


0. f) 


11.4 


2.0 north.. 


Do. 


5 


5 


07 98.5 


2C, 921). 5 


19.8 


0. G 


14.3 


4. 9 north.. 


Do. 


6 


6 


50 47 


3J, (;09 


33. 


0.8 


18.0 


14. 2nortli . 


Do. 



210 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



211 



United States Tangent ¥0. 4 — Coutinued. 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 













1 




1 


S 






w 

§ 






Distances. 


1 





a 


Final nffaet 
to mound. 


Eem.irks. 












B. 


(» 









rt 










a 




•^ 






K 














1 








M. 


Ch. 


Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 










7 


7 


61 


49 


41,018 


40.2 


1.0 


21.8 


23. 4 north.. 


Earth mound. 


8 


8 


46 


99 


45,341 


50.4 


1.2 


24.1 


31. 1 north. - 


Do. 


9 





11 


18 


48, 256 


63.9 


1.4 


25.7 


36. 8 north . . 


Do. 


10 


10 


05 


58.2 


53,168.2 


77.fi 


1.6 


28.4 


47. 6 north.. 


Do. 


11 


10 


60 


67 


56, 804 


88.6 


1.8 


30.0 


56. Snorlh.. 


Do. 




n 


CD 


00 


58, 080 


93.6 


1.9 


31.0 


59. 7 north.. 


Do. 


13 


12 


41 


59 


66, 105 


119.9 


2.2 


35.2 


82. 5 north.. 


Do. 


13 


13 
14 


69 
00 


35 

00 


73,217 
73, 9:J0 










Earth mound. 


' 150.0 


as' 


39.'5' 


108. 6 north.. 


14 


15 


07 


41 


79, 689 


174.3 


2.9 


42.6 


138. 8 north.. 


Do. 




16 


00 


00 


84, 480 


19.5. 9 


3.0 


4,5. 1 


147. 8 north-. 


Do. 


15 


17 


04 


68 


90, 069 


223. 7 


.3.4 


48.1 


171. 2 north-. 


Do. 


IC 


17 


77 


6R 


94,887 


246.7 


3.6 


50.6 


193. 5north.. 


Stone monnd, 12' X 5'. 


17 


18 


74 


79 


99, 976 


274.5 


4.2 


53.3 


217.0 north.. 


Earth mound, 8' X 3'. 


Ifi 
19 


19 
20 


51 
03 


72.5 
91 


103. 713. 5 

101;, 1U8 










Earth mound, IS' X 7'. 


"369.' 6' 


"5.0' 


'56.' 7" 


247.' 9 north-! 


20 
21 


21 
22 


31 
03 


63.8 
53 


112, 067. 8 
116,393 










Earth monnd, 16' X 6'. 


"sn.f 


"5.1' 


'cb'.s 


205. i north!! 


22 


22 

23 


43 

00 


87.3 
00 


119,055.3 
181,440 










Earth monnd, 8' X 3'. 


'463." 4 


"6.3' 


'(■<y.9 


33-i'2north!! 


23 


24 


01 


67 


127, 038 


443.0 


7.1 


67.9 


368.0 north.. 


Do. 




25 


00 


00 


133, 000 


478.3 


7.6 


70.5 


400. 2 north . . 


Earth mound, 16' X 6'. 


24 
25 


25 
25 
26 


46 
79 
CO 


23.5 

67 

00 


135, 051. 5 
137, 2.58 
137, 280 










Earth mound, 16' + 6'. 
Eartli mound, 8' X 3'. 










"5174 ■ 


"a 2 


73.3" 


435. 9 north . . 




27 


00 


00 


142, .560 


557.9 


9.2 


76.1 


473. Ouortli.. 


26 


27 


20 


44 


143,909 


5I». 5 


9.4 


76.8 


483.3noTth.. 


Earth monnd, 16' X 6'. 




28 


00 


00 


147, 840 


600.0 


10.4 


78.9 


510. 7north.. 


Earth mound, 8' X 3'. 




29 


00 


00 


1.53, 120 


643. 7 


11.5 


81.7 


5.50. 5north-. 


Do. 


27 


29 


30 


CO 


155, 100 


660.0 


12.0 


82.8 


565. 2 north . . 


Lieutenant Gregory's Meridian. 



On the parallel established by tlip .ihore mounds iron piUara were placed, in 1875, bv Cant J F 
Gregory, United States Engineers, as follows: r , , j'^v"-"-^- 



Distance from Initial Point of Tangent No. 4. 
M. Ch. 



1 


72. 12 


3 


72.12 


5 


72. 12 


7 


72.12 


9 


72. 12 


11 


72:12 


13 


72 12 


15 


72.12 


17 


72.12 


19 


72. 12 


21 


•j.-j i^ 


23 


72.12 


25 


72.12 


27 


72.12 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 5. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 5 {Lieutenant Gregory) to Astronomical 
Station at Sleepy Hollow [Lieutenant Galicey). 

[Observer, Lieut. F. T. Greene. — Transit, Wiirdemann 8-in. No. 87.) 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. ^^°^f^^ 


Star. 


Azimath. 


jSl^is } Initial Point, 490 


3,463 feet west 


f I 
1 I 


Cephei E.. 

Cephei E.. 

y Cephei E.. 

Uisa; Minoris W.. 

Polaris E. 

"\fpan , , , , , . 


O / /' 

270 00 17. 5 

11.6 

18.2 

270 00 35. 4 

209 59 43. ij 




40 


270 00 13. 3 ± 2".6 











The mark w.is moved south 0.3 feet and the tangent run through it. 






Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 

readings. 


star. 




Azimuth. 


July 21 
Jniy 22 


\ Station 12 




1 ' 
1 I 


B Frs!E "Minoris 

y' Ursas Minoris 

Polaris 


...E.. 
...E.. 


O ' // 
89 41 33. 1 
42 25. 6 

41 45.6 

42 20. 4 






Mean 




■).-> 


69 42 02. 4 ± 2".7 
89 43 03. 9 


Azimuth due to distance 95,1 


12 foot 












En 




01. 5 











STATION EEROE. ^^^^ 

Chained distance from Station 13 to Astronomical Mound on 49°. . . 93. 75 
Computed otfset for distance of 90,760 feet 257. 

Sleepy Hollow Astronomical Mound, 49o, south 163.25 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 



Distances. 



2f. 


Ch. 


ifc. 


U 


110 


00 





.52 


55 


1 


30 


76 


3 


36 


86 


4 


76 


15 


5 


54 


50 


7 


.58 


50 


10 


63 


57 


11 


41 


81 


13 


52 


23 


15 


61 


06 


17 


40 


42 


18 


01 


09 


18 


26 


09 



Feet 

3,468 
7,310 
18, 274 
26, 146 
29, 997 
40, 821 
56, 996 
00, 839 
72, 080 
83, 230 
92, 428 
9,'., 112 
96, 762 



^ 




o 








'a 


i* 












u 
























« 


U 


cc 


+ 


_ 


9.0 


0.0 


0.3 


4.8 


8.8 


31.0 


24.7 


50.0 


45.7 


06. 8 


89.2 


90.3 


100. 9 


lOi. 8 


142.4 


119.2 


190. 2 


138.7 


248.5 


157.1 


257.0 


103.3 



Final oflfset 
to mound. 



0.0 

4. 5 south . . 

22.2 south.. 

25.9 south.. 

21.1 south.. 
7. 1 south .. 
1.9 south .. 

23. 2 north . . 
51.5 north . . 

91.4 north .- 
93. 7 north . . 



Eemarks. 



Initial Point, mound of Asttououiical Station No. 5. 
Stone mound, 6' X 4'. 

Stone mound, 13' X "'. 

Stone mound, 13' X 7'. 

Do. 

Do. 
Stone mound, 10' X 6'. 
Earth mound, 10' X 7'. 

Do. 

Earth mound, 10' x 5', 

Terminal Point, Sleepy Hollow meridian. 



On the parallel established by the above mounds, iron pillars were placed, in 1675, by Capt. J. F. Gregory, United 
States Engineers, as follows: 

Distance /rom InituU Point of United Statcii Tangent -Vo. 5. 

Jf. Ch. 

2 42. 14 

4 42. 1 4 

5 42. 1.-. 

21-2 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 6. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 6, at Turtle Mountain West (Captain Twin- 
ing), eastward into Turtle Mountain. 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wiirdemann 8-in. Ko. 87.] 
AZIMUTH. 



Date. 


Position of instrnment. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimnth. 


Aug. 1 


f2.2 feet north of 49°, 
and :,678 feet east of 
{ meridian of United 
J States Astronomical 
(. Station No. 6. 


8,123 feet west of merid- 
1, ian of United States 
Astronomical Station 
No. 6. 


r 8 

i 1 
1 8 
I 8 


Polaris E.. 

32 Camelopardalis 'W.. 

Ursa Minoris W. . 

y"^ Ursre Minoris "W".. 

y Cephei E.. 


O t II 

2D9 50 59.6 
58.4 
49.2 
47.3 
23.3 


40 


269 50 47. 6 ± 3".2 





The tangent was rnn through 8. point 20.2 feet north of the mark. 

The Station Error .as given by the English is, United States Astronomical Station No. 6 North, 100.76 feet. 

The t-angent line was cut through the woods. The following are the stations: 



TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 











*: 


















& 


tl. 


£ 














o 










CO 




Distances. 




'i 


n 


Final offset 
to mound. 


Romarks. 












o 








1 








i 


.2 


o 






m 








o 


CO 


o 








M. 


Ch. Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 
















25 42 


1,678 












1 





75 45 


4,980 












2 


2 


39 63 


13, 176 












3 


2 


68 50 


15,081 


6.3 


8.4 


O 1 


A. 3 soutb . . 


Earth mound. 


4 


3 


23 07 


17, 363 












5 


3 


64 88 


20,122 















4 


24 45 


22, 731 












7 


4 


57 23 


24, 897 


16.9 


13.9 


O .1 


0.8 north .. 


Eartli mound. 


8 


5 


27 72 


28,230 












9 


ti 


22 65 


43, 735 


52.3 


24.3 


2.:> 


25.8 north .. 


Earth mound. 


10 


S 


31 57 


44, 324 












11 


B 


58 76 


46, 118 












13 


9 


20 30 


48, 860 












14 


10 


32 78 


51, 963 













313 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 7. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomieol Station No. C, at Turtle Mountain West {Captain Twin- 
ing), to British Astronomical Station ai first crossing Mouse River (Lieutenant Galaey). 

[Observer, Lieut F. V. Greeue.— Trausit Wiirdemann 8-iD. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Aug. 1 


fS.a fiet nurtli of 49°, 
anil 1,076 feet east ot 
meridian of United 
Slates Astrnnoinical 

(, Station No. 6. 


8,123 feet west of the 
meridian ol Uniteii 
1 States Astronomical 
j Station No. «. 


f 8 

8 

s 8 

H 

8 


Poinds E.. 

32 Camelopardalia W.. 

^ Ursaj Minons W.. 

y^ Urs;o Minoris W.. 

J Cepbei E.. 


/ II 

269 50 5!l. 6 
58.4 
49. a 
47.3 
23.3 


40 


Mean 


2b9 50 47. 6 ± 3".2 



The tangeut was run through a point 26.2 feet north of mark. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of maik. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Aug. 5 
Az 


Station 9 of Tangent . . . 


Station 8 of Tangent- . . . 
04 + 1,678 - 98,282 feet .. 


) 8 
1 8 
I 8 


Polaris 

32 Camelopardalia .. 

y^ Ursa) Minoris 

y Cephei 

Mean 


... E.. 
...W.. 
...W.. 
... E.. 


O ' // 

c9 41 23. 8 

33.3 

36.8 

17.9 


32 


89 41 27. 9 ± 2".8 
89 41 28.2 












En 




CO. 3 













STATION EEKOU. 
The chained distance from Station 10 of Tangent tt) British Astronomical Para 
Tangent started north 



Computed otf^iet f. r distance, ]0r),095 feet- 



398.2 
303. 2 



This 95.0 feet is used, without (nor, in determining the oflsets to intermediate mounds ; hut it is not the true Station 
Error, because the tangent did not make an angle ot 90° with Captain Iwming's n)eridi:iu, lint with a meridian 1,078 
feet east of the Astronomical Station. Taking the initial point of the tangent on the meridian of United States 
Astronomical Station No. fJ, the computed otfdet ij 3).i 

The measured ofl'set is 396 feet + 2.2 feet 3<l^ 



Station EiTor of ISritish Astronomical Station, first crossing Mouse River, nortU . 

TANGENT LIXE AND MOUNDS. 



a 
« 


Distances 





3 

a 



1 


i 

a 

a 




Final offset 
to niouud. 


llemarks. 





111 


M. CI,. LU 

"4 70 01 
(1 2-, 01 
H 01 39 
11 j.-i 20 
11 43 80 
17 14 :!0 

iH •-3 ■;ii 
19 72 ;'i 


Feet. 
I,fi7fl 
0, 000 

' 26. 139 
33. 3-. 2 
•10. 292 
W, 087 
70,81.') 
1:0, 704 
Pli, COl 
lll."i, 095 


+ 
'18.7 

58.8 
95. 8 
102.0 
227. 
230, 4 
303. 2 


+ 







Initial Poiut of line. 

Iiiiti.il I'oint of chaining, iru'ridian of United States As- 
ticpuomical Station No 0. 

Stone mound, IG' X 7'. 

Do. 
Do. 
Ilo. 
Do. 
Do. 
Teiiinnal Point, .Aslrononiit ,d Station 


23.0 

41.8 
53. 4 
fill. 4 
82. 2 
87.4 
95.0 


'2.' 2 


40. 1 north . 

OS, 4 
147.0 
229. 2 
307. 
34 1.0 
390. 



214 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 8. 

1873. 

From United tStutes Astronomical Station No. 7, at South Antler Creelc {Lieutenant Greg- 
orij), to British Astronomical Station at second crossing Mouse River (Lieutenant 
Galwey). 

[Observer, Liout. F. V. Greoue.— Transit 'Wurdemauu S-in. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimutb. 


Aug. 26 


490 Mound 


(2,040.7 feet east of 49" 
j Mound. 


21 


Polaris B.. 

/3 Ur.-ia; Minoris W.. 

y2 Ursio Minoris W.- 


/ // 
6!) 47 07. 3 
35.9 
37.1 




M) 47 26. 8 ± 2". 1 





TUe mark was moved south 7.r> feet and tangent run tbrougli tliat point. 



Djvte. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimiitb. 


Aug. 29 


Station 9 


Station 8 


f 8 

i 8 

8 

I 8 

40 


Polaris 

/? Ursas Minoris . . 

ys Ursai Minoris 

I Uraaj Minoris 

Y Cepbei 


E.. 


' II 
89 41 30. 8 
32.2 
38.8 
22.6 
28.4 






89 41 30.C±1".2 
89 39 41. 4 




07,698 feet 


















Error of line to north 


1 49.2 













STATION ERROR. 

A strong southerly gale w-is blowing at Stations 0, 1, and 2, turning the telescope to the north. The error of 10ft".2 is 
distributed at these three stations, or 36".5 at each, and the result of each separate erorr is calculated and subtracted from 
the station error of 221 feet given by the line as run. The sum of these errors is 58 feet. 

Feet. 

Chained distance from Station 11 to Astronomical Mound 49° 148. 

Computed otlset duo to distance 119,576.8 feet 369.0 

221.0 

sao 

British Astronomical station south 163.0 

215 



216 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



United States Tangent No. 8 — Continued. 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



CD 

a 
o 

3i 


Distances. 


-2 

i 


o 

o 

a 
o 

"el 


^ a 

o 

1-1 

w 


Final offset 
to mound. 


Remarks. 




1 

3 
4 
5 

a 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 


M. Ch.Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 


- 


+ 




Initial Point, meridian of United States Astronom- 
ical Station No. 7. 

Stone mound, 10' X 0'. 

Do. 
Earth mound, 10' X 0'. 
Stone monnd, 10' X 0'. 
Earth mound, 12' X C. 
Stone mound, 10' X 6'. 

Do. 

Terminal Point, meridian of British Astronomical 
Station. 

1 


10 17 
2 11 73 
4 04 75 
7 40 0,1 
9 05 41 
13 ,57 24 
IG (15 49 
18 72 77 

20 31 70 

21 03 08 

22 51 77 


071 

11,334 

25, 303 

30,001 

51, 837 

72,418 

84, 842 

99, 843 

107, 608 

111,083 

119,577 










3.5 

10.2 

43.0 

73.0 

143.9 

197.6 


21.3 

47.8 
74.9 
97.9 
130. 8 
160.3 




17. 8 south.. 
31. 6 south.. 
31. 9 south.. 
24. 3 south.. 
7. 1 north . 
37. 3 north.. 


318.4 


203.7 




114.7north.. 


369.0 


221.0 





148.0 north.. 



Error at— 


Feet. 


Station 2,... 


1. 6 south. 


Station 3.... 


1. 2 north. 


Station 4.... 


3. 5 north. 


Station 5 


r>. 9 north. 


St.ation 6 


9. 7 north. 


St.ation 7 


12. north. 


Station 9... 


10.2nortll. 



NoTE.-ln revising the.so notes in 1875 an error was discovered in the computed offset at Station 11, whicli should bo 
302.7 instead of 309.0 leet. This raaljes the mounds erroneously built as in the column to the right. Owing to the uncer- 
tainty in the azimuth, the station error of 163.3 feet south is not disturbed. 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 9. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomical Station JVo. 8 {Captain Twining), to British Astronom- 
ical Station at Short Creek {Captain Feather stonhangh). 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit ■Wiirdemann Sin. No. 87.) 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrnmont. 


Position of mark. 


No. o£ 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Sept. 1 




5 711 feet west 


\ l 


Potais E.. 

/? Ur.sa5 Minoris W.. 

y' Ursa) Minoria W.. 


o ' " 

269 49 17. 9 
20.8 
4.5.9 






24 


26D 49 28. 3 ± 3". 1 





T.angent was ran through a point 17.5 foot north of the Mark. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readiii;:^8. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Sept. 5 




Station 10 


1 I 


Polaris 

Ursaj Minoria 

y' TJrsaj Miuoiia 


E.. 


* " 

269 43 11. 
43 16. 8 
43 53. 1 
43 40. 7 

269 43 15. 1 ± 3". 7 

269 43 11. 1 

4.0 


A^zimath dae to distance, £ 




Mean 


32 



















STATION ERKOR. 



Feet. 



Chained distance from Station 10 to British Astronomical Monnd 49° 430. 3 

Computed ofiset for a length of 94,410 foet S44.C 

Station error, British Astronomical Station north 175. 6 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



1 


Distances. 


*5 

o 

I 
§ 


I 

a 


"a , 

o 
H 


Fin.ll offset 
to mound. 


Eem.irka. 




1 

3 

4 
5 
6 
7 

a 
a 

10 


ilf. Ch.Vcs. 


Feet. 


+ 


+ 






Initial Point, meridian Astronomical Station No. 8. 

Stone mound, 8' X 6'. 
Earth mound, 14' X 6'. 
Stone mound, 8' X 6'. 

Earth mound, 10' X C. 
Stone mound, 10' X 6'. 
Earth mound, 15' X 7'. 
Meridian British Astronomical Station. 


1 06 53 

2 06 59 
4 34 48 
21 40 
9 13 20 
9 05 09 

11 54 14 
14 54 45 

16 69 68 

17 70 46 


5,711 
10, 995 
23,396 
33, 093 
a, 393 
51,816 
61,653 
77,514 
89, 079 
94,410 


















15.0 
31.1 
64.3 


43.6 
61.6 
90.0 




53. 6 north.. 
93. 7 north.. 
154. 3 north.. 


104.3 
104.9 

218.0 
244.6 


114.8 
143.1 
165.7 
175.6 




219.1 north.. 
308.0 north.. 
383. 7 north.. 

420. 2 north . . 



217 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 10. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 9 {Lieutenant Gregory) to British Astronom- 
ical Station, at Grand Coteau {Lieutenant Galwey). 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiiidemanu 8-in. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readiuga. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Sept. 9 


4'jo parallel 


3025. 3 feet west 


1 « 


Polaris E .. 

B tlrsai Minoris W.. 

1-2 Ursa) ilinoris W.. 

y Cephei E.. 

Mean 


1 II 

270 00 19. 5 
12.1 

30.8 
07.8 

270 00 15. 8 ± 1". 9 






32 





Tangent was ran throngh a point 0.3 feet sonth of mark. 



Date. 



Sept. l.T 



PoGition of instrument. 



Station 9. 



Position of mark. 



Station 8. 



No. of 
readiugs. 



Star. 



Polaris 

B Ursio Minoris . 
j-2 Ursa) Minoris. . 
y Cephoi 



.,E.. 
W.. 
.W.. 

..E.. 



Mean. 



Tangent started with an azimuth of . 



Azimuth due to distiince, 93.928 feet . 



Eiror of line to sonth 

(This error was taken as the sum of the errors of observation at both stations.) 



Azimuth. 



89 42 43. 3 

41 3S.9 

41 ;,(!. 3 

42 01. H 




STATION EEEOE. 

Feel. 

The effect of the azimuth error in feet at the terminal point is 2.7 

The ch.iined distance from station 10 of taogeut to iJiiti-sh astronomical mound 185.0 

182. 3 
Computed offset for a length of 94,799 feet 246.7 

Station error of British Astronomical Station, south 64. 4 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



1 

to 


Distances. 


1 

o 

© 
C 

5 
o 



z 

to 


Final offset 
to mound. 


KemarkH. 



1 

3 

4 
.■) 
(i 
7 
8 
9 
10 


Jlf. Ch. Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 


- 




Initial ]ioint, meridian of Astronomical Station. 

Earth mound, 2U'xii'. 
Do. 

Earth mound, 16'xfi'. 

Do. 
Stone mound, ll'xV. 

Terminal point, meridian ol P.rilisli .\sticnoniicaI Station. 


45 83 
2 46 55 
.■■> 04 13 

8 40 SI 

9 511 K2 

12 37 04 

13 08 82 
15 25 71 
17 C3 15 
17 77 35 


3,025 
13, f32 

2i;, r,-2 

41,894 
DO. 874 
(15, 844 
Cn, 222 
80, 897 
'.13, 928 
94, 805. 2 


"71.0" 


"8.9' 
17.3 

"33.' i' 


3. 8 south .. 
2. 3 north - . . 

37. 9 north.. 


17;). G 


4.5. 
52.6 


86. 4no-th.. 
127. north.. 


2-1 n. 7 


61.7 1 185. U north.. 



■>l>i 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 11. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 10 at Mid Cotcau {Lieutenant Gregory) to 
British Astronomical Station [Captain Featlierstonliatigh). 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wiir<letn;um 8-in. No. 87 ] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of lunrk. 


No. of 
rcadinjjs. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Sept. 18 . 


C 10 fecit north of 49° * 
I mound. i 


14,164 feet west 


1 « 
1 I 


Polaris E . . 

P Ursaj Minoris W.. 

-,2 UisajMinoria W.. 

Y Cephei E.. 

Mean 


O 1 II 

269 57 40. 7 
17.2 
23.8 
22.8 


32 


209 .'i7 2fi, 1 ± 1". 7 





Tangent was ran thrnngh a point 10.7 feet north of the mark. 

Owing to stormy and cloudy nigbta it was impossible to obtain azimuth ohseiTations at the terminal point, either while 
there, on the way west, or returning east. The initial point of the succei ding Briti.=h tangent was not dofinitelj marked, so 
that it was impossible to compare tbe azimuth with the British moiidian or tangent. 

ST.VTION EKROIt. 

Ftet. 

Chained distance from Station 12 of tangent to British astronomical mound 49° 134, 5 

Line started north 10.0 

144.5 
Computed offset for a length of 137,356 feet 518.2 

Station error of British Astronomical Station, south 373. 7 

TAKGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



IS 

1 
1 


Distances. 


n3 
t 

a 

o 
O 


1 

a 

•I 


3 

•31 

r 

u 


Final offset 
to mound. 


Kemarks. 




1 

2 
3 
4 

5 
6 
7 

8 
9 
10 
U 
12 


it. Ch. Lks. 


Feet. 


+ 


- 


- 




Juilial point, meridiem Astionomical Station No. 10. 
Earth mound, 14'X6'. 
Stone mound, 10'x6'. 

Do. 
Earth mound. 14'X0'. 

Do. 

Do. 
Stone mound, I0'x6'. 

Do. 

Terminal point, meridian Briliwh Astrouomical Sta- 
tion. 


2 54 60 
5 04 84 
7 20 41 
9 79 73 
12 67 50 
14 23 SO 
16 54 87 
20 52 51 

22 04 14 

23 40 15 

25 15 58 

26 01 16 


14, 164 
26,718 
38, 307 
52, 783 
67, 815 
7.'), 490 
88, 101 
109,066 
116, 433 
124, 090 
133, 028 
137, 356 


19.6 
40.3 
76.5 
126.2 


38.6 
72.6 
104.2 
143.6 
184.4 


10 
10 
10 
10 
10 


43. 1 south. 

63.0 south.. 
73. 9 south . 

77. 1 south.. 

68. 2 south. 


213. 1 
326.6 


239. 6 

296.7 


10 
10 


36. 5 south.. 
19. 9 north.. 


422.7 


337.5 


10 


75. 2 north.. 


518.2 


373.7 


10 


134. 5 north.. 



219 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 12. 

1873. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 11, at Bully Spring {Lieutenant Gregory) to 
British Astronomical Station at Porcupine Greek (Lieutenant Galwey). 

[Obsurver, F. T. Grecuo. — Transit Wiirdemann 8in. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrnment. 


Position of m-irk. 


No. of 

readings. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Sept. 30 . 


( l,C:t7 vrest nnd 9.2 feet 
I north, of 49° mound. 


56.15 feet east of instni- 
ment. 


i i 


Polaris 

UrsBD Minoris . . . 
{ Ursai Minoris . . . 




o / // 
89 53 00.2 
58 0].3 
57 54. 2 


24 


89 57 58. 6 ± 2". 4 
89 59 41.5 


Azinmth of true tangent i 


it distance 1,637 feet 












1 42.9 



Tangent was ran through a point 2-8 feet sonth of marl;. 

Tho sky was cloudy and it was impossible to obtain azimuth observations at terminal point. 

STATION EEEOR. 

Fe'.t. 

Cnatned distance from Station 10 of tangent to British astronomical mound 549. 7 

Tangent started north 9. 2 

558. 9 
Computed offset for a length of 1 17,229 feet 377. 2 

Station error of British Astronomical Station, north 181.7 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



n 

.£ 

2 
to 


Distances. 


s 

1 


o 
a 

to 




Fin.il offset 
to mound. 


Kemarks. 




1 

2 
3 

"i 

5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


M. Ch. its. 


Feet. 


+ 


O. 


- 




Initial point, meridian of United States Astronomical 

Station No. 11. 
Stone mound, 9'x6'. 
Earth mound, lO'XG'. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Terminal point, meridian Biitish Astronomical Sta- 
tion. 


24 80 
3 27 00 
6 40 33 
9 40 00 
12 14 23 

12 50 51 

13 27 91 

16 29 85 

17 22 83 
20 68 91 
22 16 20 


1.637 
17, 022 
34,341 
50, 160 
64, 299 
66, 694 
70, 482 
86, 4.'i0 
91,207 
110, 148 
117,2^9 


0.0 

8.5 

32.4 

69. 1 


2.5 

27.3 
53.2 
77.8 


9.2 
9.2 
9.2 
9.2 


6. 7 south.. 
26. 6 north.. 
76. 4 north.. 
137. 7 north.. 










136.4 
205.2 


109.3 
133.9 


9.2 
9.2 


236. 5 north.. 
329. 9 north.. 


333. 
377.2 


170.8 
181.7 


9.2 

9.2 


494. 6 north.. 
549. 7 north.. 



220 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 13. 

1874. 

From United States Astronomical Station Xo. 12 {Captain Gregory) to British Astronom- 
ical Station, Little Boclcy Creelc {Captain Feather stonhaugh). 

[Obaervor, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit "Wiirdemaun 8in. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



D.ite. 


Position of instrnment. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


1 
Azimuth. 


Jnne 30 


(20 feet soutli of United 
{ St.atea Astronomical 
( Mound, 40°. 


? 10,4:10 feet west of in- 
i strument. 


1 10 
I 10 


Tolaria E .. 

^ ('epliei E . . 

Y Copliei E . . 

y* UrsaJ Minoris "W.. 

Mean 


O / " 

■aw .51 31. 1 

50 3(i. 4 
.'.l 07.0 
.51 U. K 


40 


im 51 07. 3 ± 4". i! 



T.ansent was run through a point 26 feet 10.3 inches north of mark. 



D.ito. 



July 4 



Position of instrument. 



Position of mark. 



Station 11 of tangent. 



Station 10 of tangent. 



No. of 
readings. 



10 
10 
10 
111 



Star. 



(Vxdioi E . 

Polaris E .. 

ITr.^^a? Miuiiris W. . 

Ur.s.i^ Minoris .W-. 

Me.^n 



True azimuth .it distance 135,852 feet. 



Error of line to tlio south •• 

(Tliis error is taken to bo the sum of the errors of the azininth ob.scrvations at the extrem- 
ities; i. «., tlio whole line rau south l&'M, which givea Station 11 an error of 11.9 feet.) 



Azimuth. 



89 33 50. 7 
47.0 
47.8 
45.4 



89 33 47. 7 ± 1". H 
89 34 23. 9 
30.2 



STATION ERROR. 

The chained offset to mound from station 11 of tangent 

The computed offset for a distance of 135,852 feet 

The initial point was south 20. 

11.9 

Station error, British Astronomical St.ation north 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



Feci. 
772..^ 
506.7 

£65.8 

31.9 

233 9 













■s 




■^ 


















o 


g 


■g 


C3 






a) 

Q 
O 




11 


stances. 


a 
o 


■-*! 

It 


o5 


Final offset 
to mouud. 


Remarks. 


rt 










a 


i 


s 


p 






tn 










o 


ID 


H 










M. 


Oh. 


I,U. 


Feet. 


+ 


+ 


+ 


+ 






1 

o 




















Stone mound. 15'x6'. 
Earth mouud, 12'X7'. 


1 


77 


58 


10, 400 


2.9 


17.9 


20.0 


0.9 


41. 7 north.. 


3 


4 


2.-J 


93 


22, 6il9 


14 1 


39.0 


20.0 


2.0 


75. 1 north.. 


Do. 




« 


04 


85 


32, 000 


28.1 


55.0 


20.0 


2.9 


106. north.. 


Do. 


4 


8 


14 


50 


43, 197 


51.2 


74.3 


20.0 


3.8 


!49.3north.. 


Do. 


fi 


13 


12 


63 


69, 474 


132. 6 


112.6 


20.0 


6.2 


271. 4 north.. 


Do. 


7 


14 


21 


.55 


75, 342 


155. 7 


129. 5 


20.0 


6.8 


312 north.. 


Stone mound 10'x6'. 


8 


17 


28 


67 


91,6.52 


230.3 


157.6 


20.0 


8.1 


416.0north.. 


Do. 


9 


21 


47 


35 


114,005 


3.56. 8 


196.1 


20.0 


10.1 


583. north.. 


E.arth mound, IS'xT. 


in 


'.>4 


03 


95 


126, 981 


442. 7 


218.4 


20.0 


11.2 


092. 3 north.. 


Stone mound, lO'xG'. 


11 

1 


25 


58 


30 


135, 8.52 


506.7 


233. 9 


20.0 


11.9 


772. 5 north.. 


Meridian of British Astronomical Station. 



221 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 14. 

1874. 

From United States Astronomical StaHon No. 13 ( Captain Gregory) to British Astronom- 
ical Station [Lieutenant Galicey). 

[Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit WUrdemonn 8-in. No. 87.] 
AZIMITTHS. 



Date. 



July 8 



Position of instrument. 



318 feet e.ist iinrl 11.4 
feet north of United 
State.s Astronomical 
Mound 4a°. 



Position of mai'k. 



11,8-25 feet west of in* 
strument. 



No of 
readiniis. 



10 
10 
10 
10 
10 



star. 



Polaris E . 

Cephei E . 

> C^pliei E . 

/^ Ursie Minoris W. 

■y2 Ursje Minoris W . 



Mean. 



Aline perpendicular to the meridian through the mound -would hove an azimuth at the initial 
■ tof 



point ( 



The marli -was then south of the tangent . 



Azimuth. 



2G3 10 31.0 
24 ■} 
53.2 
46.2 
41. •,> 




208 10 39- ± 1 
270 00 03. !) 


..... 


1 49 24. 9 





The tangent was ruu through a point 376.5 feet north of the mark. 



Date. 



July 10 



Position of instrument. 



Station 7. 



Position of mark. 



Station fi . 



Ko. of 
readinjis. 



to 

10 
10 
10 



Star. 



Polaris E . 

y Cephei E . 

Ursse Minoris W . , 

y^ Ursae Minoris W . 

Mean 



True azimuth at a distance 87,873 foet . 






, ^ 




iO 


42 07 
70 
57 
S7 



6 
6 



80 


4t 03.3 ± 1".2 


89 


4:i 21 


7 



Tangent north 38".6. This error is taten to be the Pum of the errors of the azimuth observations at both extremities, i.e , 
the whole lino ran north 10". 3, which gives at Station 7, an error of 6.3 feet north. 

STATIOX EEPvOR. 

The chained offset to the mound from Station 7 3-]9. 

The computed oflset to the mound from Station 7 Sl'^. 

137.0 

The initi.U point Tvas north 11.4 

The error of azimuth was north 8.3 19.7 

Station en-or of British Astronomical Station north 156. 7 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 









i§ 


c 


"d 


"n 

a 






£ 


Distances. 


5 




■- J, 

©*o 


n 


Final offs»t 


Keraarks. 


© 








c 


i- P. 


^3 






« 






c 


rt 


e 


g 






cfi 






O 


!C 


n 


H 








il. Ch. LU 


Feet. 


+ 


+ 


_ 








(> 


•i 2,-< CG 


12, 452 


4.3 


22.3 




1.1 


14. 1 north 


Stone mound. 10' X 6'. 


3 


6 37 20 


34, 135 


3>.0 


60.0 




3.2 


78.3 north 


Do. 




9 49 68 


50, 799 


70.9 


90.6 




4.8 


14.1.3 north 


Do. 


4 


12 3-> 30 


«.% 6911 


118. 5 


117.1 




6.2 


218. north . 


D... 


o 


14 35 H2 


76, 284 


159.7 


136.0 




7. I 


277. 2u((ith . 


Do. 


7 


Ifi 51 41 


87, 873 


212.0 


156.7 




8.3 


349.0 north . 


Do. 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 15, 
1874. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 14 (Captain Gregory) to British Astronom- 
ical Station {Cajitain Feathcrstonliaugh). 

[Obserrer, Lieat. F. V. Greene. — Transit Wurdemann 8-iu. Xo. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 

readings. 


Star. 


Azimnth. 


July 12 


< 20 feet north of monnd 
} 49°. 


11.352.5 feet west of iu- 
strnment. 


oooo 


Polaris 

y Cepliei 

ti TJrsffi Minoris . . - 
) ' tfrsfe Minoris . . . 

Meaji 


... E.. 
... E.. 


o / // 

271 57 51. 6 

54.1 

35.4 

44.4 


40 


271 57 46. 4 ± 2".0 



Tangent line was ran throngli a point 389 feet south of mark. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readiugs. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


July 17 


Station 10 


Station 11 


oooo 


Polaris E .. 

J-' Cepbei E . . 

tS Ursas Hiuoris W.. 

V^Ursa) Minoiia W.. 

Mean 


t n 
2G9 35 30. 2 
2S.fi 
7.1. 2 






m 


269 35 49. 1 ± 3".5 
269 35 18. 




ice 130,975 feet 










Error of line to north 


31.1 







This error was mado in sighting from Station 8 to Stiition W, a distance of 7* miles, and gives Station 10, north of true tan- 
gent 6.2 feet, Station 11, north of true tangent 6.4 feet. 

STATION EEEOE. 

Feet. 

The chained oifset to mound at Station 11 394.3 

The computed offset to mound at Station 11 564.5 

170. 2 

The initial point was north 20. 

The error of azimuth 6.4 26. 4 

Station error of British Astronomical Station, south 143. 8 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



Distances. 



M. Oh. Lks. 


3 


43 


56 


H 


38 


58 


10 


62 


97 


13 


02 


52 


17 


49 


48 


20 


46 


62 


24 


64 


47 


37 


12 


71 



Feet. 

18, 649 

44, 780 

56, 956 

68, 8116 

93, 026 

108, 677 

130, 975 

14 1, 399 



+ 

9.6 
55.0 
89.1 
129. 1 
237.5 
324. 3 
471.1 
564.5 



18.6 
41.8 
57.0 
68.9 
93.0 
103.7 
131.0 
143.8 






20.0 
20.0 
20.0 
20.0 
20.0 
20.0 
20.0 
20.0 



6.2 
6.4 



Final offset 
to mound. 



29. south 
9. 8 south 

12. 1 north 

40. 2 north 
124. 5 north 
195. 6 north 
313. 9 north 
394. 3 north 



Remarks. 



Stonemound, lO'xO'. 
Do. 
Do 
Do 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



223 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 16. 

1874. 

This Tangent teas in hco parts, both starting at United States Astronomical Station No. 15, 
at the' East Fori: of Milk liiver ; one part, east 8.5 miles, connecting icith Captain 
Feather stonhaugWs 'Tangent, the other, icest 13.3 miles, to Lieutenant Galwey's station on 
the West Fork. 

(Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiirdemaim 8-in. No. 87.) 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 



July 21 



Position of instrument. 



; 877 feet west nnfl 121.2 
feet north of the 
[ mound. 



Position of mark. 



1 14,124 feet east of the 
I instrument. 



No. of 
readings. 



r 10 

I 10 

1 10 

I 10 



40 



Star, 



Pol.iris E .. 

y Cephei E . . 

/y Ursa) Minoris W . 

j2 Ursai Minoris W . . 



Mean. 



The azimuth at this point of a perpendicular to the meridian of Capt.iin Gregory's Astronom- 
ical Mound 



Azimutii. 



83 19 48. 3 
52. 4 
•18.4 
57.4 



86 ID 51. G ± 0".6 



89 69 60. 1 



The tangent line was ran through a point 411 feet south of mark. 

No azimuth olwerv.itions were taken at tho eastern extremity, , , , , , „-, . . i , i- 

No azimuth observations were taken at the western extremity, the sky being cloudy. The tangent was chocked in azi- 
muth on Lieutonaut Galwcy's meridian and found correct withiu 10", 

STATION ERROE EAST, 

Feet. 

Initial point, north 'E'? 

Computed offset for distance 44,793 feet 6j. I 

TTnited States determination of 49°, south - C8. I 

Distance from extremity to British determination of 49°, south 507. 

Station error United Sti.tes Station, north 538. 9 

STATION ERROR WEST. 

Computed offset due to distance 70,052 feet i:.'4, 7 

Initial point, north I'-''- - 

United States determination of 49", north of tangent 11-5 

Actual ofl'^et to mound, south 15j. 2 

Station error British Station, south ICIJ-' 

2\'4 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



225 



United States Tangent No. IC— Coutiuned. 

TANGENT LINE (EAST) AND MOUNDS. 



1 


Distances. 


f 

i 




.2 
« 


.2 


Final ofifaet 
to mound. 


Rcmarta. 


4 


M. Ch. Ll-8. 
6 37 69 
2 40 71 


Feet 
34, 161 
13,247 


32.0 

4.1 


106.4 
41.2 


123.2 
123.2 


197. 6 south . 
100. 3 south . 


Stone .and earth mound, 10'x6'. 
Stone mound, 10'X6'. 









TANGENT LINE (WEST) AND MOUNDS. 






c 


u 


£ 






a 
to 


Distances. 


1 

S 
o 
O 


1 


■2» 


Final offset 
to mound. 


Remarks. 




M.Ch.Zks. 


Feet. 


+ 










2 
4 

G 

8 


1 66 38 
4 21 7H 
7 17 83 
9 08 95 
13 2) 40 


9,601 
23, 557 
38, 137 
48,111 
70, 052 


2.6 

14.0 

39.9 

63.6 

134.7 


23.0 
53.0 
90.8 
114.5 
106.7 


123.2 
lia.2 
1S3. 2 
123.2 
123.2 


143. 6 south - 
162. 2 south . 
174.1 south . 

174.1 south . 

155. 2 south . 


Stone mound, lO'xO'. 

Do. 

Do. 
Earth mound, 12'x7'. 
Meridi.an British Astronomical St.ation. 



N B- 



-15 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 17. 

1874. 

From. United States Astronomical Station JVb. 16 (Captain Gregory) to British Astronomical 

Station ( Captain Featherstonhavgh). 

[Observer, Lient. F.V. Greene.— Transit "Wiirdeminn 8-in. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrament. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimatb. 


July 25 


34. 5 feet nortli of 49° .. 


< 12,104 feet west of in- 
I stmment. 


( 10 
] 10 
< 10 


Polaris 

Urste Minoria 

y- Urs» Jliuoria . . . 


E.. 


' " 

268 43 42. 
50 

52.8 


30 


268 43 43. 9 ± 1".0 

1 





Tangent line rnn through a point 268.25 feet north of the mark. 



Station 6 of the tangent was on the meridian of the terminal point of a tangent rnn east by 
Captain reatherstonhaugh. The azimuth was checked here by putting a stake on United 
States tangent, on the meridian of next British tangent stake, measuring the distance 
between the twotangentsKteach point. By these means the azimuth of the United Statoe 
tangent was found to be 89 34 Jb.2 

True azimuth for 133,810 feet 89 34 48. 

Azimuth error ^'^ 

Feet. 

Length of Captain Feathorstonhaugh's tangent is i?.Vim 

Length of Lieutenant Greene's tangent is '^-■•"'" 

Total length of tangent 133,810 

STATION EKKOE. 

At Station 6, the distance from United States tangent to British determination of 49°. . . . 32. 7 

Feet. 

The initial point was north of 49° o?i'c 

The computed offset for 112,360 feet -- 346.6 

Distance from United States tangent to United States determination of 49° 3i.i. 1 

Station error, British A.stmnomical Station, south 2.9.4 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 







1 




s 
















3 . 













5 


g 


:- H 


Final offset 


Eemarks 









^ 






to mound. 






















3 

to 


i3 


i 


iS 
to 


g 










Feet. 


+ 












,1 


16, 082 


7.4 


33.6 


34.5 


60.7sonth.. 


Earth and stone mound 


10' X 6'. 


A 


32, 2.i0 


28. 5 


67. 3 


34.5 


73. 3 south . 


Do. 




4 


45, "49 


57.6 


95.6 


34.5 


72. 5 south. - 


Stone mound. 10' X «'. 




5 


70, 3G4 


135.9 


147.0 


34.5 


45. 6 south... 


No mound built. 




6 


112,360 


347.3 


234.6 


34.5 


78. 2 north.. 


British mound. 





22c 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 18. 

1874. 

From United States Astronomlml Station No. 17 (Captain Gregory) to British Astronomical 

Station (Lieutenant Galicey). 

[Observer, Liont, F. V. Greene.— Transit Wiiraemann 8-in. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 



Aug. 



Position of instruiucnt. 



( ta. 3 feet smith .and 1,479 feet ) 
< e.ist of United States astro- > 
( Domical mound. ) 



Position of mark. 



10,G77 feet west of in- 
strument. 



No. of 
readiDM. 



10 
10 
10 



St.ar. 



Polaris E .. 

/y Ursai Minoris .."W.. 
j-^Ursai Minoris ..W.. 

Me.an 



The azimutli at this point of aporpendicular to the meridian of United States astronomical mound. 



Azimuth. 


O / II 

870 04 03. 7 
02.3 
04.5 


270 04 03. 5 ± 1". 1 
270 00 17. 3 


3 40. 2 



Tanaent run through a point 13. 3 feet south of mark. 
Total length of t-mgent is 89,630 feet. 

STATION EEROK. 

Chained offset from United States t.ingont to British Aatronomical Station 49°, north .... 40 

Computed offset for distance, 89,036 feet 220 6 

Initial point, eonth '.]. 40" 3 

Station error of British Astronomical Station, sonth 266.9 

TANGENT LINE AXD MOUNDS. 







*! 




^ 












1 


u 


a 














£ 


c . 








d 








«« a 


Final offset 
to monnd. 


Eemarks. 




.H 




c. 





t. =< 








rt 


OS 


a 


"rt 


























M 


R 





02 


W 










Feet. 


+ 




+ 








A 


18, 269 


9.2 


54.8 


42.3 


3. 3 south .. 


Stone monnd, 10' X C. 




4 


37,085 


37.8 


112.2 


42.3 


31. 1 south . 


Do. 




b 


58, 305 


93.3 


175.5 


42.3 


39. 9 south .. 


Do. 




7 


82, 500 


1S6.9 


245.0 


42.3 


16.4south... 


Do. 




8 


89,636 


220.6 


206.9 


43.3 


4.0 south... 


British astronomical moand- 


-Meridian. 



2Si7 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 19. 

1874. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 18 {Captain Gregory) to British Astronom 
ical Station (Captain Featlicrstonhauyk). 

[Oliserver, Liout. F. V. Groeno. — Transit Wurdemaun 8-iu. No. 87.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date, 


Position of instruiueut. 


Position of m.irk. 


No. of 
[■eadiugs. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 




A\ig. 9 


C 125.3 feet north and 174.0 feet) 
< ■\ve3t of I'lutcd States as- > 
t tronoraical mound. ) 


18,324 feet -west of in- 
strument. 


f 10 
] 10 
1 10 

no ■ 


ii Ursai Minori8..."W.. 

li Ccphci E .. 

y Cephei E .. 


D / // 

270 34 20. 4 
41.5 
34.0 


270 34 33. ± 1' 

269 59 58. 1 


. 16 


Azimuth at this point of the por[ 


endicular to tho meridian through tl 


le astronomical monnd. . 






34 33. 9 



Taugeiit was rim tbrongh a point 184.3 feet south of mark. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


St.ir. 


Azimuth. 


Ans. 13 


f Terminal point of tangent l 
< oil meridian of British as- > 
( tronoinical mound 49^. ) 


On tangent 


f 10 
) 10 

1 't 


PoIari.s E .. 

y Cepbei E ., 

IS Ursa) Minoris.-W.. 
V^Ursa) Minoris.-'n'.. 

Mean 


89 36 15. a 
01.2 
30.3 
CO. 8 


35 


eO 36 18.5±1". 43 
89 35 27. 9 








50. 6 







STATION EEKOE. 

The British ran east 16,834.6 feet, from a point 13 feet east and 

11 leot Houth of British astronomical mound 49°. Fed. 

Lieutenant Greene's chaining 113, 251. 

British 10,834.6 

British initial point, east 13.0 



Tot.al length of tangent 



130, 098. 6 



The me.asnred offset, nortli. 
Initial point, south 



Computed ntiset due to distance, north 

Station eiror, Britisli Astronomical Station, south 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 



Feet. 
604,9 
125. 3 

479.6 
404.6 







1 




•3 










o 


c 


3 






Tl 

§ 




6 






Final offset 
to mound. 


Remarks. 


rt 


m 


a 


■s 


8 






CC 


P 


o 


M 


a 








Feet. 


+ 


+ 


+ 






o 


W, 4!W 


9.4 


2.1 


125. 3 


136. Snorth.. 


Stone mound, lO'XG . 


A 


41, too 


48.0 


4.8 


12,5. 3 


178. 1 north. 


Do. 


H 


58. 8r>7 


9.5. 1 


6.7 


12,5.3 


2-J7.1 north.. 


Do. 


(; 


74, 708 


1.53.2 


8.5 


125. 3 


2.M7.0 north-. 


Do. 


D 


89, 035 


217. 5 


10.2 


12.5. 3 


3.53. north.. 


Do. 




100, 000 


2 ,-4.5 


11.5 


12.5. 3 


411. 3 north.. 


Do. 


9 


130, 098. fi 


4f4. 6 


1.5.0 


125.3 


604. 9 north . . 


Meridian British Astronomical Station. 



UNITED STATES TANGENT No. 20. 

1874. 

From United States Astronomical Station No. 19 {Captain (Jre(iory)to British Astronom- 
ical Station [Lieutenant Galicey). 

(Observer, Lieut. F. V. Greiue.— Transit 'Wiirclcmarn 8 iu. No. 87.) 
AZIMUXnS. 



Date. 



Aug. 14 



Position of instrument. 



( 3.4 foet south and 124 feet i 
< cast of United SMtts as- ^ 
( tronom'" ' 



tronomical mound. 



Position of mark. 



No. of 
readings. 



17,7i0 feet west of in- 
strument. 



1 II 



Star. 



y Cepbci E 

Polaris E .. 

13 Ursa3 Minoris .."W. 
V'' Ur.sa; Minoris .."W". 



40 i Mean. 

Azimutli at this point of a perpendicular to tie mcridiau tbrongb the astronomical mound 



Azimuth. 



269 58 28. 1 
38.9 
02.3 
12.3 



260 68 20. 4 ± 1". 6 
209 59 5S. .1 





langont was run through a point 8.5 


foet north bl the mark. 




Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Aug. 30 


C 153.1 feet east and 124.1 feet) 
< soutli of British aslronom- > 
( cal mound. ) 


Station 5 of tangent 


<, 10 
1 6 


y Cepbci E.. 

Polaris E.. 

Mean . 


80 38 41. 7 
53.3 


16 


80 38 47. 5 ± 1". 4 
to 38 40. 4 


Azimuth due to distauce, 112,562 


feet 














irror of line 


1.1 




rotal length of tangent 112,714 feet. 







STATION ERnOR. 



Feet. 



Chained distance from United States tangent to British determination 49° 114 1 

Computed offset for distance 112,714 feet 348.7 

2"4 6 
Initial point "3".! 

Station error, British Astronomical St.ation, south 228. 

TANGENT LINE AND MOUNDS. 







c 

ig 

c 


t^ 


'.J 










s 


S 




*- a 


Pinal ofTsei 


Remarks. 




c 









= 


to mound. 








& 


c 












•s 


a 


■p 


























ai 








m 


W 










Feet. 


+ 


_ 


+ 








1 


17, 720 


8.6 


■.a. 8 


3.4 


23.8south... 


Stone mound, 10'x6'. 




A 


36, 650 


36.8 


7.3.9 


3.4 


33. 7 south . . . 


Stone mound, 12'X6'. 




2 


56, 072 


86.3 


113.1 


3.4 


23. 4 south... 


Stone mound, ll'X7'. 


1 




71,212 


130. 3 


143.8 


3.4 


1.2soulh... 


Stone mound, ll'xS'. 






85, 350 


200. 


172.3 


,1.4 


31.1noith... 


Stone mound, 12'X7'. 




5 


105, 986 
112,562 


308.4 


214. 1 


3.4 


97. 7 north .. 


Stone mound, 12'x6'. 
Terminal point of tangent. 




.... 


112, 714 










nuTidinn. 













•229 



CONNECTION OF ASTRONOMICAL STATIONS. 

DETAILS OF BRITISH TANGENT LINES AND MOUNDS, COMPILED FKOM THE KECORD- 
BOOKS OF CAPT. A. FEATHERSTONHAUGH, R. E., AND LIEUT. W. J. GALWEY, R. E. 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 1. 

1872. 

From Lale of the Woods to Pine Ridge Astronomical Station. 

[Tron"liton & Siois Transit Theodolite F. O. No. 1.— In two parts : Part First, L.ite of the 'Woods to East Eosean River, 
"observer Colonel Forrest ; Part Second, Pine Eidge to East Eosean Eiver, obserrer A. Featherstonhaugh, R. E.] 

AZIMUTHS.— PAET FERST. 
[The aziuuitb of Part First was checked by W. J. (Jalwey, E. E.] 



Date. 


Position of instrument. Position of mark. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


1»73. 
Feb. 24 


( At Terminal Point, I" J C 

\ miles l.ali.S feet from > At 17-raile point - < 

< Lakri of Woods. ) ( 


a Ur-^a? Minoria 


1 It 

8!) -11 47. 
43. 




57. 






Mean 


fU 41 49. 
f9 42 50. 








1 01 







The tangent -was rnn through a point (1,372 .* f< et X sin 1' 01" =) 4.0 inches sinlh of the mark, to -within 
three miles of Ibe Lake of the Woods, and found correct. 



AZIMUTHS.— PAP.T SECOND. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. | Star. 


Azimuth. 


1872. 
,r „{. 53.125 cbains west of As- 
.NOV. b / tronomical Station. 


ue.So chains west of in- ( 51 Cephei 


o / // 
2G9 59 00. 93 
53 48.96 


Mean 








■Jf 9 5S .'54. 7.T 



The tangent was prolonged on the correct azimuth to East Eosean Elver. No record of this. 



STATION EEEOE. 

Feet. 

Part Second started north 77. 

Offset due to uistance 1114- 

Part Second south of 49o 8". 

Part Second north of Part First 52S. (jfl 

Cl.i. 66 
Offset from Part First due to distance 227. Cfi 

Station error Pine Eidge Astronomical Station, north 38.-^. 

2:i0 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



281 



British Tangent No. 1 — Coutiuued. 

PART FIEST.— OFFSETS TO PAEALLEL. 



3.S 


^ 


a 








9Z 

<i a 


1 


g 








1 = 5 


II 

S 


a- o 


Final offset 
in feet. 


Ecmarlts. 




.2 « 2 


a 








Q 


o 


tn 








1 


00. 765 


+ 
12.17 


12. 935 north.. 


No post was fixed, there being no firm ground. 


2 


03.06 


24.36 


27.42 no-tb.. 






3 


06.89 


36.53 


43.42 north.. 


E.arth mound. 




4 


12.24 


48.70 


60.94 north.. 






5 


19.13 


60.87 


80.00 north.. 


Earth monnd. 




6 


27.55 


73.04 


100.59 north.. 






7 


37. 50 


85.21 


122.71 north.. 






8 


48.98 


97.38 


146.36 north.. 






9 


CI. 99 


109.54 


171.53 north.. 


Iron pillar. 




10 


76.53 


121. 71 


198.24 north.. 






11 


93.57 


133. 88 


226.45 north.. 






12 


110.20 


146.05 


256.25 north.. 


Earth mound. 




13 


129.34 


158.23 


287. .'•>6 north.. 






14 


150. 00 


170. 39 


320.39 north. - 






15 


172.20 


182.56 


354.76 north.. 


Earth mound. 




16 


195. 92 


194. 73 


390.65 north.. 






17 


820.53 


206. 90 


427.43 north.. 


Iron pillar. 




17.20 


227.66 


210.00 


437.66 north.. 


Post fixed by A. Featherstonhaugh, E. E. 





PAET SECOND.— OFFSETS TO PAEALLEL. 



a.§ 


a 


^ 


a 


rt . 






1" 


C to 


!0 


o 


.t^ o 




















ll^ 


gK 


s,s, 
Is 




■o-S 


Final ofiFaet in 
feet. 


Eemarlss. 


S-2 o 












.«5^ 


*Ck 


§ 


s 


So 






n 


R 


o 


cc 


w 






M. Oh. 


Jlf. OA. 


+ 










10 20. 80 
21 00.00 




142. 4 
90.94 


106.0 
132.58 


77.0 
77.0 


100.6 south... 
118.6 south... 


Earth mound. 
Iron pillar. 


10 72.05 cast... 


24 15. 48 


7 56.57 east... 


45.48 


93. 71 


77.0 


125.3 south... 


Earth mound. 


25 68. 04 


6 04.01 east... 


28. 00 


73.59 


77.0 


122. C south... 


Iron pillar. 


29 00. 00 


2 72.05 east... 


06.44 


35.27 


77.0 


105. 8 south . . . 


Earth mound. 


30 00. 00 


1 72.05 east... 


02.76 


23.11 


77.0 


97. 3 south... 




32 51.54 


79. 49 west . . 























BIJITISH TANGENT No. li. 

1873. 

From Joint Astronomical Station No. 1, at Bed River, to Joint Astronomical Station No. 

2, at Pointe Michel. 

[Observer, Lieut. W. J. Galwoy, K. E.— Transit Tlieodulite "-in. 1'. 0. No. 3.] 
AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of murlv. 


No. of 
readings. 


star. 


Azimutli. 


May 29 


Instrument on azinuitli po.st. 


{ West of iustrnment 3,.'j"'2 5 
i feet. 


f 

j 




/ // 

270 00 36. 9 
23. 1 
19.0 

04.6 
04.3 


Polaris 


a Ursa3 Majoris 




270 00 17. G 





Tangi-.ut was run tlirouKli a point t3,^ili.:> it. >; sin 17". 0) 3,1". in. aoutb of ILe mark. 

TIjo tangent was checkeil at Pointe Micliel by repeating tlie angle between it and the Mnbel meridian. 

IlesuU: Tangent running uortb 14". 8. 

STATION ERIIOE. 

Feet. 

Measured distance from terminal point of tangent to 40° — 2H0. 79 

Tangent started north CI. 25 



Offset due to distance 20 ni. 075 ft. 



342. 04 
310.07 



Station error ?^" ^? 

Station error by Lieutenant Greene's tangent ■'2. 04 

Mean station error, Michel north ■ 32. 3 

Mounds were built by Lieutenant Greene. (See his report, page 208.) 



232 



BEITISH TANGENT No. 3. 

1873. 

From Joint Astronomical Station JVo. 2, at Michel, to Join Astronomical iStation No. 3, 

Femhina Mountain, east, 

[Troaghton & Sima Trausit Thoodolite, 7-in. F. 0. No. 3.— Observer. "W. J. Galwei , K.E.] 

AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 



Juno 15 



Position of instrnment. 



Inatrament on astronomical 
meridian. 



Posilion of mark. 



No. of 
readings. 



3,154.7 feet westofinatrn 
ment. 



Star. 



Aziruutli. 



Polaria 

United States determination. 
Wean 



Tangent was run through point 20.88 inches south of the mark. 

At Joint Aatronomical Station, Perabina Mountain cast, the angle between the tangent and the 

astronomical meridian of Captain Featheratonbaugh gave the azimuth of tangent 

True azimuth due to distance 



Azimuth error to north . 



270 01 55. 1 
55.7 



80 45 2-1. 3 

8y 44 48. 3 



This error was considered cumnlative, and was distributed at each station proportionally to its distance from Michel. 

STATION ERIIOII. 

Feet. 

The adjusted tangent was at Pembina Monntain, south of 49° 76. G 

Error of initial puiuc nonu ^G.5 

123.1 
Offset due to distance • 178. 15 

Station error Pembina Mountain Astronomical Station, south 55. 05 

OFFSET TO PARALLEL. 



a 

o 


a 

1 


.g-2 

pa 


o . 


a 
o 


a 

s 


■3 






as 

o p. 

III 


p,.S 




58 
a 


■".9 


Fiual oflfaet 
in foot. 


3 




ft 


o 


to 


<) 


N 




M. 


Oh. 




+ 




.. 


_ 




21 


00 


4, COS 


0.59 


3.1 


0.05 


46.5 


49.06 siiiilh. 


22 


00 


9, H83 


2.68 


6.7 


0.17 


46.5 


511. 69 south. 


23 


no 


15,163 


6.31 


10.3 


0.35 


46.5 


50.85 suulh. 


24 


00 


20, 443 


11.48 


13.9 


0. 58 


46.5 


49.51 soulh. 


25 


00 


-25, 723 


18. 17 


17.5 


0.87 


46.5 


46.70 south. 


26 


13. 84 


31,916 


29.16 


21.7 


1.31 


46.5 


40. 34 sonth. 


27 


00 


3fi,2s3 


3C. 14 


24.7 


1.63 


46.5 


36. 69 sovith. 


28 


00 


41,563 


47.42 


28.3 


2.09 


46.5 


29. 47 sotlth. 


29 


00 


46,843 


60. 24 


31.9 


2.63 


46.5 


20. 77 south. 


30 


00 


52, 123 


74.58 


35.5 


3.26 


46.5 


10. 68 sonth. 


31 


00 


57, 40'1 


90.46 


39. 1 


3. 90 


46.5 


00. 90 north. 


32 


00 


63, 683 


107.88 


42.7 


4.74 


46.5 


13. 93 north. 


33 


00 


67, 963 


126. 8 


46.3 


5.56 


46.5 


28. 44 north. 


34 


CO 


73, 243 


147.26 


49.9 


6.37 


40.5 


44.49 noith. 


35 


00 


78, 523 


169. 26 


53. 5 


7.24 


46.5 


63.02 north. 



2iote. — The iron monuments were subsoquently erected at points 5!33 links west of the above points. 

23i 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 4. 

1873. 

From Pemhina Mountain east to Pembina River, connecting with Lieutenant Greene's 

Tangent from Pemhina Moxmtain icest. 

[Tronghton & Sims Transit Theodolite F. O. No. 1.— OlJserver, A. Featherstonhangh, E. E.l 

AZIMUTHS. 

The azimuth at initial point was determined by observing an assumed meridian with an astronomical transit and read 
ing a series of angles between this meridian and the tangent as follows : 



Face rit/ht. 


Face Ifft. 


89 5D 37. 5 


89 59 5a. 5 


25. 


50. 


52.5 


40. 


27.5 


40. 


45. 


35. 




45. 




60. 




40. 




27.5 


89 59 a7. 5 


89 59 43. 4 



Mean of above means 8!) 59 -lO. -15 

Observed azirauth of meridian 00 00 09.2 

Azimuth of tangent 270 00 28. 75 

The tangent was run through a point 12.15 inches north of tho mark to Pembina River. A line connecting with this 
tiingent waa rim ea-it, from Pomhiiia Mouutaia wosr, by Lieutenant G^reene. 

The parallel was marked without station error, near the last picket of Lieutenant Greene's line. It was agreed to con- 
sider this the true 49°. 

STATION ERROR. 

Feet. 

Measured offset from Lieutenant Greene's tangent to 49® 00. C8 

Error of initial point south .' IC. 94 

17.62 
Offset duo to distance 8 miles 2,985 feet 5(3.12 

Station error, Pembina Mountain west, south 73.74 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



CJ 


O 


a 


Is 


a 




34^ 


« 


^ 








11 


1^ 


H 


ah 

■■~ a 




Remarks. 


aH 


^.s 


'3'" 


i~ a 






«''^ 


a 

o 


rt 


tt 


a 







O 


•/i 


w 


(^ 




M. CJis. 


+ 




+ 






1 00. 


0.8 


8.0 


16.0 


B. 1 north. 




1 65.51 


2. 5 


15.5 


16.9 


3. 9 north. 




3 00. 


0. H 


2."». 7 


10.9 


2. fl<tuth. 




4 37.20 


l.'j.2 


38. 1 


Hi. 


6.0 smilli. 




5 00. 


10. I 


43.5 


16.0 


7.5 Boutli. 




C 00. 


27. 5 


51. 


ii;. 


7.2 Hiiulll. 




7 10. 40 


40.1 


61.8 


10.9 


4.8 8.>uth. 




8 00. 


48.0 


08.8 


16.9 


3.0 south. 




8 45.81 


50.8 


73.7 


16. 9 


0. south. 





'J31 



BRITISU TANGENT No. 5. 

1873. 

From Sleepy Hollow Astronomical Station to Astronomical Station Turtle Mountain east. 

[Troughton & Sims 7-in. Transit Theodolite F. O. Xo. 3.— Observer, VT. J. Galwey, R B.J 

AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrnment. 


Position of m-irk. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


"Weight. 


July 5 


i Instrnment on meridi.an of 
< Astronomical Station at 
( Sleepy Hollow. 


? 2,300 feet west of instni-( 
i meut. I 




O ' " 

270 06 17.29 
32.29 


1 

2 






270 06 27. 3 





The tangent was run through a point (3,300 X sin 6' 27".3) = 51.78 in. sonth of the mark to a point 12 miles west, when 
azimuth observations were taken with the followiug result : 



Position of instrument. 



Position of mark. 



.July 13 Instrument on tangent Mark on tangent Polaris. 

True .azimuth 

Azimuth error, neglected as inappreciable 



Azimuth. 



■Weight. 



89 48 02. 7 
8!) 47 52. 4 



10.3 



The tangent was run to Astronomical Station at Turtle Wonntain east, where the azimuth was examined by Captain 
Featherstonhangh and an error of 7" found, which was neglected. 



STATION ERROR. 



Feet. 



Measured offset at termiu.il point of tangent to 49° 110.78 

Error of initial point north 52.16 



Station error, Turtle Mouutain east, Astronomical Station south 159. 25 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



S.S 


■s 


d 


■s 


1 


111 




o 




Final offset iu 
feet. 


5.5 •§ 


^ 


C3 


it. 




P 


o 


a> 


iS 






+ 




_ 




80.00 


0.77 


7.76 


52.10 


59. 15 south. 


160. CO 


3.06 


15. 53 


53.16 


64. 02 south. 


240. 00 


6.89 


23.28 


52. IG 


08. 55 south. 


320. 00 


12. 24 


31.04 


53. 16 


70. 96 south. 


410. 48 


20.15 


39.83 


52. 16 


71.84 south. 


453. 17 


24. 50 


43.97 


52.16 


71. .57 south. 


560. 1 


37.50 


54.33 


53 16 


68. 99 south. 


658. U6 


.51. -9 


63.84 


52.16 


64. 21 sontb. 


771. 29 


71.14 


74.83 


62.16 


55. 85 sonth. 


880. 110 


92. 57 


85.38 


52. 16 


44. 97 south. 


933. 61 


104. 23 


90.58 


52.10 


38. 51 south. 


1, 016. 04 


123. 88 


98.03 


52. 16 


26. 91 south. 


1, 094. 77 


143.33 


106.21 


52. 16 


1.5. 04 south. 


1,200.00 


172. SO 


110.42 


52.16 


03. 63 north. 


1, 273. 78 


19103 


123. 57 


52. 16 


18.30 north. 


1,387.911 


230. 36 


134.66 


.52. 16 


43. 54 north. 


1,480.00 


201.94 


143. 59 


5316 


60. 19 north. 


1, 5J0. 05 


283. 02 


149. 34 


52. 16 


88. 12 north. 


1,641.41 


322. 19 


159. 25 


52. 16 


110.78 north. 



Note —The parallel between Sleepy Hollow and Turtle Mount.ain was subscqaently marked by mounds 9 feet in diam- 
eter and 6 leet high, with berme and trench, at the following distances from inili.il point : 340.00 ch.ains, 453.17 chains, 658.06 
chains 933.61 chains, 1,200.00 chains, and 1,480.00 chains. All other mounds were destroyed. 

235 



BRITISH TANGENT No. (5. 

1873. 

From Turtle Mountain East ioicard Turtle Mountain West. 

[Trougbtou & Sims Transit Xlieodolitc I". 0. Xo. 1.— Obsirver, A. Fualhcrstoubaugli, R. li.J 

AZIMUTHS. 

The azimuth at iuitial point was determined by a series of angles between tbe meridian of astronomical transit and the 
tangent as follows : 



Facf right 


Tace UfL 


O 1 II 


' /' 


69 5S .10 


89 59 02. 5 


39 05 


58 52.5 


59 15 


59 05 


5S SO 


59 00 


5S 57. 5 





Means, SO 58 59. 5 89 59 00 



Mean of above means f 9 5S 59. 75 

Azimuth of meridian 35y 59 0;i. t?5 



Azimuth of tangent iiTO CO 04.1 

Tho tancrent was prolonged on this azimuth about 24 miles, wheve it was connected with Lieuteniuit Greene's tangent 
run east froiu Turtle Mountain west. Azimuth observations wei-e here taken by Mr. King, witb following results : 



Date. 


Position of instrument. . Position of mark. 


Star. 


Azimnlh. 




On tangent Ou tiiugent 


f Polaris 

i 6 Urs^ Miuoris 

\ 51 Cepliei 

\ p Cepbei 

ileau 


o / // 
89 36 19. 75 
35 00. 20 

34 50. 75 

35 5.5. 75 






K) 35 34. 65 
t9 36 17 


Tri 


le azimnth 










Err 


4i 35 









The length of Captain Featberstonhaogh's tangent was. 
The length of Lieutenant Greene's tauirent was 



M. Ch. 

23 C5. 03 
10 32. 76 



Distance between stations, Turtle Monntain east and Turtle Mountain west . 

STATION ERROR. 

Measured offset from Lieutenant Greene's line to 49^ 

ileasured offset from British tangent to United States tangent 



49th parallel north of British tangent, by United States determination 

49th parallel north of British t;u>geni, by offset due to distance 

Station error. Turtle Mountain west north of Turtle Monntain east 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



Ftet. 

82. t9 

451.64 

534. 53 
433.77 

10O.7C 



_ 


^ 


„ 


























tt; = 




^ 
















r-^ 


c^ 




Final <»Ilset 
in feet. 


llomark.-^. 






















X ;: 


= 


rt 






^ 


^' 


X 






it. Ch. 


_^ 


-r 






3 OU.O 


6 8 


12.7 


19.5 north. 




5 58.53 


25.1 


';i. 3 


49.4 north. 




9 CO.O 


62. 


38.0 


1(0.0 north. 




11 22.67 


97. 5 


47. (! 


14.'>. 1 noitb. 




15 CO.O 


172. 2 


(53.4 


2J5. 6 north. 




17 75. 19 


24li. 3 


75.8 


322.1 north. 




21 00. 


337. 5 


f 8. 8 


426.3 no lb. 




23 67.41 


433. S 


100. 7 


534.;) toltl). 





*foU'. — A post was pl.aced in the interior of eai-li mound, being sunk 3 ft-et in the grounil and marked 49^. 
In the autumn of lp".4 an iron tablet was buried 3 feet in the gioiuid, 10 feet east of each mound. 

•2M 



BRITISH TA^TGEXT Xo. 7. 

1873. 

From fir at Crossing, Mouse Biter, to South Antler Creel: 

[Trongbton i Sims Astronomical Transit and Tin. Transit Theodolite F. O. 5o. 3. — Observer, W. -J. Galwcv, E. E.] 



AZi: 



At the iL'rial 7- :_t cf tli^^r* Tr jirt'o^ i: ?:r:= ET^ 
The r 



-. SKt 5: 2i3 

: the angle l>et<reen it and Uie zenith telescope 

JUS ra 38 S.7 



Iheazininthof markthnra^h which tangent was mn 269 59 zOji 

The tan;reDt was prolonged a distance of K9.H7 chains, when ^ " — z timber, an o^et wag — ' ■- -'- south to 

avoid it. The original tangent was regained at c^05 fhaiwa ai . - to £f74.07 chains. Here :- - zr^iions 
were taken as fuUf/ws: 



Date. Position of instmrneDt. Position of mark. 



Azinmth- 



Ang. 1 



On t?"5' -" t On tangait . 



f Polaris 
I ...do . 



oi-o ; 



Hean. 



Tme azimnth . . 
Azimuth error . 



63 « li 9 
89 47 2T. 1 



This tangent was corrected for this error in azimnth and prolonged to the meridian of Sonth Antkr Creek Asrr . 
Statiim. 



STATION' EEEOB. 



FfA 



Meaemed ofeet from terminal point of tangent to 49= 2S5j2 

Error of initial point north <i.e3 

srrxM 

O&et due to distance 410.29 



Station error. Sonth Antler Creek J. Station south 36.83 

OFFSEI; 10 PAEAXiEL. 





^ 


^ 


















.X 
















































, i 


" r 


'zr^ 


. - 


Final off-*! in 


z'^ X 


— — 


^^ 


-'Z, 


feeu 
























z: 


= 


n = 


1 


^ 


- 


■X. 


- 






, 








3 


e.e9 


4.73 


77.86 


75.77 so^-b. 


6 


27. » 


'8.56 


77.83 


5,^. -'.- .- i" .. 


9 


61.99 


'13.34 


77.68 


■_ 


12 


110. -20 


*iai2 


77.83 




15 


172.30 


23.90 


77.83 


7. , .__ 


18 


ai7.97 


28. 6B 


77.83 


141.41 torui. 


21 


337.51 


33.46 


—.88 


226. 17 Dorth. 



\<Aa. — ^The parallel was marked at 3-mile interrals by a square stake. 4 by 4 inches and 2 feet long, driven into the 
ground 9 inches, arr^ having SLIX cat deep in it. Aco£:~"' — — ^- of earth was bailt, with the stake in the center of 
base. 5 feet high. 7.3 feel broad at base, with berme 2 fee-. —Sfeetwide. The exterior of the monnd was cai«- 

fally revetted with sods. 

' A correction of — 1 foot is to be applied. Ttc = ~- ints were t:ift ^th t^i= error. 

237 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 8. 

1873. 

From Astronomical Station Second Crossing, Mouse River, to United States Astronomical 

Station Is^o. 8. 

[Troughton & Sims 7.in. Transit Tbeodolite F. O. No. 3.— Observer, W. J. Galwey, K. E.] 

AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 



Position of instrument. 



) Initial point of tangent on merid- 
5 ian of Astronomical Station. 



Position of mark. 



Star. 



1 542.2 ft. west of instrnmcnt- 



' Polaris. 

...do .. 

.. do .. 
....do... 



ilean . 



Azim 


nth.- 


O ' 

270 01 


13.97 
22. 12 
Sii! 77 
31.65 


270 01 


23.4 



Tani-eDt was ruD thronjih a point (1,542.2 ft. X sin 1' 23".4 =) 7.5 iu. south of the mark to lO^.a-iS where azimuth 
observations were taken aa follows: 



Date. 



Aug. 18 



Position of instrument. 



Position of mark. 



On tangent . 



; On tanjicnt, 1,558.8 ft. west of 
I instrument. 



Star. 



' Polaris. 

.. .do .., 



Mean . 



True azimuth . . 
Azimuth error . 



Azimuth. 



269 48 59.9 
57.5 


269 48 58.7 
269 49 06. 1 


7.4 



The mark was nioTed (1,558.8 ft. X sin 7".4 =) in. north and line coutiDued to terminal point, 

STATION EREOfi. 

Feet. 

Measnred offset from terminal point of tangent to 49° 297. 66 

Error of initial point, north 2b. 83 

324. 49 
Computed off=ot dne to distance 21".537 356. 65 

Station error, United States Astronomical Station, south 32. 16 

OFFSETS TO PAEALLEL. 



B 




a 


"a . 




o ^ 


S 


^ 


.ti OJ 
















II 






Final offset, 
iu feet. 


(R c 


s 


a 


,^^ 




fi 


o 


02 


W 




Miles. 


+ 




^ 




3. 


6.89 


4.47 


26.83 


24. 41 south. 


6. 


27. 55 


8.94 


26. B.S 


8. 22 south. 


9. 066 


02. 91 


13.50 


20.83 


22. 58 north. 


12. 


110.20 


17.81 


26. 83 


65. 50 north. 


15. 15C 


176. 23 


22. 58 


26. 83 


126, 82 north. 


18. 


247. 97 


26.81 


26.83 


194. 33 north. 



Note. -The form and nuirUing of the mounds were in every respect similar to tliose on the tangent from first 
crossing Mouse Eivor to Soulb Antler Creek. 

238 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 9. 



1873. 
From Short Creek Astronomical Station to United States Astronomical Station JTo. 9. 

[Trongliton & Sims Transit Theodolite F. 0. No. 1— Observer, A. Feathcrstonhaagb, E. E] 

AZIMUTHS. 

o / '/ 

A mark was placed on the approximate tangent and the angle between it and the zenith-telescope 
meridian, the azimuth of ■which was observed with astronomical transit, was measured, giving the 
mean of several series 89 59 37. 5 

Azimuth of meridian 3.^)9 59 56.4-2 



Azimuth of tangent 270 00 19.92 

The tangent was run through a point (S.-lSa.T ft. X sin 19".92 = ) 2.4 in. sonth of the mark to 079.24 chains, 
where another meridian was estaljlislied as above, and a series of angles read to the tangent east- 
ward, giving a mean angle 89 55 10. 00 

Azimuth of meridian 359 56 16. 75 



Azimuth of tangent 89 51 26.75 

Azimuth due to distance 89 51 41.00 



Azimuth error 14.25 

This error was not corrected, and the tangent continaed to terminal point with the astronomical transit, the theodolite 
being out of order. 

STATION ERROR. 

Feet. 

Measured offset from terminal point to 49° 205. ft 

Error of initial point north 19.8 



Error dao to azimuth deviation of 14" . 



225.6 
4.95 



20.65 



Computed offset due to dist ance, 16 miles 03.G2 chains 196. 68 

Station error of United States Astronomical Station, noith 24.0 



OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



a . 


o 


a 




*« . 






11 


■§.8 

1.3 
a 


1^ 

.1- 

3 


a. a 

£3 


.S<2 

la 


Final offset 
in feet. 


Ileaiark.s. 


a 


o 


m 


o^ 


F^ 






M. Oh. 


+ 


+ 


+ 








2 55. 80 


5.6 


4.0 


1.0 


19.8 


9. 2 south.. 


Mound, 12'X0'. 


5 75. 18 


27.0 


8.9 


2.1 


19.8 


18. 2 north.. 


Do. 


9 15.00 


64.5 


13.8 


3.3 


19.8 


61. 9 north.. 


Do. 


12 58. 78 


124.1 


19.1 


4.6 


19.8 


128.0 north.. 


Do. 


16 03. 62 


196.7 


24.0 


4.9 


10.8 


205. 8 north.. 


Do. 



Note. — Iron tablets were buried near the mountls in 1874. 



239 



BRITISH TANGEKT No. 10. 

1873. 

From Grand Coteau to Mid Coteau. 

ITronghton &. Sims "in. Transit Tlieodolite, F. 0. Xo. 3.— Observer, W. J. Galwey, U. E.) 

AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Position of mark. 


Star. Azimnfl]. 


Sept. 1 


( On meridian of Astro- 
i comical Station. 


2,862.2 feet west of in- 
struraeut. 


fPolaris 

J ..do 

) .. do 


o / " 

269 50 30. 9 

29.3 

30.1 

37.6 


[ ...do 


Mean 


269 50 32. 



Tanpent was run through a point (a,S6a'.2 X sin 9'2S" 
mark and prolonged to the termin.il point at Mid Cotean. 



= ) 7 It. 10.5 in. north of the 



STATION EEEOE. 

Feet 

Measured offset from terminal point to 49^ 612. 51 

Error of initial point, north 46. 13 

6=8. 64 
Computed offset for a distance 23.24475 miles 413.49 

Station error, Mid Coteau astronomical station, north 275. 15 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 





_^ 




^ 






© 






















t' 






""=•« 


° J 


£ 


a-S 




a 






«« a 


Final offset 




c-S 


c-S 


= ^ 


in feet. 






^ S 




"S 5 s 


S 


t^ 


fS 






o 








R 


o 


aj 


w 






+ 


+ 


_ 




904.4 


5.00 


30. 25 


46.13 


10. 88 south 


410.30 


20. 137 


60.72 


46. in 


34. 73 north 


629. 19 


47.341 


93.1 


4G. 11 


94. 31 north 


914.0 


99. 901 


13.->.24 


46.13 


1>:9. 01 north 


1,211.62 


175. 553 


179. 28 


46. 13 


308. 70 north 


1, 454. 85 


2.53.11 


2l.'i.27 


46. 13 


422. 25 north 


1,712.64 


S.'.0. 76 


253. 42 


46.13 


558. 05 north 


1, 859. 48 


413. 49 


275. 15 


46.13 


642. 51 north 



Xot€. — The form and marking of the mounds ■were, in every respect, similar to those on the 
tangent from 1st crosaiog. Mouse Kiver, to South Antler Creek. 

240 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 11. 



1873. 
From British Astronomical Station to Astronomical Station near Bully Spring. 

[Tronghton & Sims Transit Theodolite F. 0. No. 1.— Observer, A. Featherstonliangh, E. E.] 

AZIMUTHS. 

o / // 
The azimnth, at the initial point, of n mark placed approximaf elj- on the tangent, 4,343. 4 feet distant, 
was determined from a series of readings of the anfile between tlic mark and tlie zenith telescope 

meridian, the azimnth of which was dotermitied with Astronomical Transit F. O. No. 1 to be 360 06 44.30 

Mean ot readings of angle gcj 59 35, 05 



Azimuth of mark 90 OG 20. 55 

To get on the true tangent, the mark should be moved north, or the instrument south (4,343.4 ft. X sin 

6'20".5J = )8.01 ft. The tangent had been started from a point B.58 ft. south of observing post, using 

^, , <■ 1 1 ■ 1 » o-i, . . .-, ■ ■ — 18 5G - f.Ol = 0.57 
the same mark for a back sight. The tangent was consequently in error sin . „ „ 

= 27". southing; i. e., the azimnth of the tangent, as started, was . -.. ! 2G9 59 33.00 

The line was prolonged on this azimuth 1,141.17 chains, when the azimnth was checked in the same 

manner as above. 

Azimuth of observed meridian 359 57 03^ 53 

Mean reading of .angle between meridian and tangent '. go 11 44! 16 



Az'muth of tangent 69 4o 39. 37 

Computed azimuth due to distance S9 45 48.00 

Azimu< h error, south 8^3 

Azimuth error, south ,at initial point 27.00 



Mean azimuth error, south to this point, i. e. 1,141.17 chains 17. 81 

This error in azimuth was considered cumulative. 

Beyond Pyramid Creek the ground was very broken, the line crossing a range of hill.s about 5 miles 
distant. To convey signal so far being difficult, a mark, approximately in line, was placed on this 
range. The mean angle between this mark and the meridian observed above was 89 49 31. 25 

Azimuth of meridian 359 57 33, 53 



Azimuth of mark ^9 46 54.78 

Azimuth of mark due to distance, 1,141.17 chains '.'.'.'''.". 89 45 48^00 

Azimuth of mark in error 1 06. 78 



The line was prolonged on this erroneous azimuth 826. 19 chains to the meridi.an of Bullv Springs Astro- 
nomical Station, making a total length of tangent 1,968.06 chains. The azimnth was not ag.ain 
tested. 



STATION EKliOll. 



Feet. 



Measured oifset from terminal point to 49° 693.00 

Error of initial point, south 130.68 



562. 32 

Azimuth error up to 1,141.17 chains — 6. 14 

Azimuth error beyond 1,141.17 chains +17.82 

Computed olTset due to distance, 24 miles 48.06 chains - 462. 66 

Station error. Bully Springs Station, north 111,34 



OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



a 


<ii 


c* 


u ^ 


"c, . 






■§.s 



p2 


in 


u 

it 


a 3 
■■55 




Final offset 
in leel. 


Kemarks. 


















a 


tA 


te 


£0 






«■" 






C ft 









M 


§ 


H 






ilf. Ch. 


+ 


+ 




+ 






2 79.03 


6.8 


13.5 


- 


- 1.4 


130.7 


152. 4 north.. 


Earth mound, 14' X 0'. 


5 43.35 


23.5 


23.1 


_ 


- 2. 5 


130.7 


181. 8 north.. 


Do. 


8 60.00 


58. 6 


39.6 


_ 


- 4.0 


130.7 


2i2. 9north.. 


Uo.- 


10 44.54 


85.3 


47.8 


_ 


- 4.8 


130.7 


208. 6 north.. 


Do. 


14 21.17 


155. 7 


64.6 


^ 


- 6. 1 


130.7 


337. 1 north . . 


Do. 


18 00.46 


248. 1 


81.5 


- 0.3 


130.7 


460.0 not th.. 


Do. 


21 02. 70 


338.0 


93. a 


- 5.5 


130. 7 


539. north.. 


Stone iLound. 12' X 0'. 


24 48.06 


402. 7 


111.3 


- 11.7 


130.7 


693. north . . 


Astronuniic.il mound. Bully Spring. 



iVbfe. — M(mnds made of earth are faced with sod. 



N B- 



-IG 



241 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 12. 

1873. 

From East Poplar River to West Poplar River. 

[Trongbton & Sims T-in. Traneit Theodolite F. O. No. 3.— Obserrer, W. J. Galwey, K. E.j 

AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 



Sept. 16 



rositiou of instrnmcut. 



On meiidian of astronomical station. .. 



Position of mark. 



IMS.5 feet west of instmment . 



Star. 



(Polaris... 
\ ...do.... 
i...do .... 

Mean 



Azimutb. 



' " I 
S-Q 00 38. 8 
34.8 
26.9 


270 00 33. 5 



Tangent was ran tbrongh a point (2,848.5 feet X sin 33.5 inches =) 5.5 inches sontb of the mark to tlie terminal point. 

STATION ERROR. 

Feet. 

Measured offset from terminal point to 49° 281.82 

Error of initial point, south 38.40 

243. 42 
Computed offset due to distance 23.4315 miles 430.20 

Station error. West Poplar River Astronomicil St.ation, south 176. 78 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



a 


« 


= 


1;^ 




la 

o 

I,* 




o 


•sl 
Z.°. 


Final offset 


i-s 


p - 


s- 


u 3 


in feet. 














B 
o 








® a 


rt 


s» 




5" 


O 


t/3 


H 




Miles. 


+ 




+ 




3. 


6.69 


22.03 


38.4 


32. 66 north. 


5. 98475 


27.41 


4.'). U 


38.4 


20. 70 north. 


9. 


CI. 99 


67.90 


38.4 


32. 49 north. 


12. 


110.20 


90. 53 


38.4 


58. 07 north. 


15. 


172. 20 


113.17 


38.4 


97. 43 north. 


17. 825 


234. 16 


134. ^0 


38.4 


146. 76 north. 


21. 


337. 51 


1.->H. 43 


38.4 


217. 48 north. 


23.4315 


430. 20 


176. 78 


38.4 


281. 82 north. 



Note.— The tangent having been run under very favorable circumstances, and time pressing, its azimntb was not checktd 
at the terminal point. 

'M-2 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 13. 

1874. 
From Little Rocky Crcelc to Frenchman's Creek. 

[Troughton & Sims Transit Theodolite F. O. No. 1.— Observer, A. FeatherstonliauL'b, R. E. 1 

AZIMUTHS. 

The azimuth of a mark placed approximately on the tangent west of the initial point was determined o ' " 
from a series ol readings of the ang^o between the mark and the zenith telescope meridian, the azi- 
muth of which was observed with .aatronomical transit F. O. No. 1, and found to be 00 00 IC T 

Mean reading of angle between meridi.an and mark .!!'!!"!!!!.'!!. go 00 05 78 

Azimuth of mark ^70 00 10 ^■'> 

The t.ingent was run on this azimuth from the initial point 18.075 chains, south of 411° for a rtiatanco of C47 58 chains- 
here the line was shifted north 16.7 chains, and the new line continued to the west side of Frenchman's Creek 

The terminal point of British tangent w.is connected with tho United States astronomical mound (■igo) bv a United 
States traverse. ^ / wj d, uuiucu 

Length of British tangent ?nrB*'«' 

Departure of United St.ites tr.-iverso .'.'.'.'.'.'-'.'.''.'.'-'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.''.' 193 65 

jif e*}2g 

Total distance between astronomical stations 28 19. 98 = 2259 98 

STATION EEEOE. 

The station error was determined by Lieuten.tnt Greene to be Frencbm.in's Creek Station, i. e.. United Feet 
States Astronomical Station No. 13 north ... 4g g 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



1^ 




o 


1^ 






o'^ 




u 


Final offset in 


Kemark.s. 


S3 


P c 


s* 


*^ 


feet. 








^ 3 






'. a 


s 




£'o 






h'" 


o 
O 


CO 


w" 






M. Ch. 


+ 


+ 


+ 






00. 00 


0.0 


0.0 


1193. 


1193. north.. 


Earth mound, 6'xl4'. 


2 63.61 


5.9 


4.6 


1193. 


1303.5 north.. 


Rock mound, 6'XIO'. 


5 40.2-2 


23.1 


9.0 


1193. 


122,1.1 north.. 


IJo. 


8 55.81 


57.9 


14.2 


88.8 


160.9 north.. 


Do. 


12 29.00 


110.8 


20.2 


88.8 


225. 8 north.. 


Do. 


14 43. 68 


161. 7 


23.7 


88.8 


274.2 north.. 


Do. 


19 29. 62 


887.1 


31.7 


88.8 


407.6 north.. 


Do. 


22 27.71 


383. 1 


36.6 


88.8 


507.5 north.. 


Earth mound, 6'xl2'. 


25 66. 33 


511.5 


42.3 


88.8 


042. 6 north-. 


Rock mound, 6'XIO'. 



iV'o(«.-The azimuth deviation being small (10''.52) was neglected, but it is practically included in the station error, 
tablets were uniformly 10 feet east of the eastern base of the mound and two feet below the surface of the ground. 

243 



Iron 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 14. 

1874. 
From Cottonwood Creek to United States Astronomical Station N^o. 14. 

[Tronghton & Sims, 7iii. Transit Theodolite, F. O., No. 3.— Observer, W. 3. Galwey, E. E J 

AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of instrnment. 


Position of mark. 


St.ir. 


Azimnth. 


July 1 


< On meridian of astro- 
l Domical utation. 


1,405.2 feet west of in- 
etrnment. 


fPolaris 

J. ..do 

i do 


/ " 
270 00 03. 5 
869 59 58. 4 
270 00 07. 8 
270 00 13. 

270 CO 05. 7 


[ ..do 


Mean 



The tangent was proloDged on this erroneous azimnth to 12.5-niil6 point, -where azimuth obserTations were taken 
1 follows : 



Date. 


Position of instrnment. 


Position of mark. 


star. 


Azimuth. 


July 3 




On tan ""cnt 


Polaria 


269 47 35. 1 
49.3 






269 47 42.2 

269 47 29.5 

li 7 
5.7 


Error, which was ueglecte 














Error in running the line . 




7.0 







STATION ERKOE. 



Measnred offset from terminal point to 49'. 
Error of initial point, south 



Computed offset due to distance, 20 miles 3,993 feet 

Station error, United States Astronomical Station No. 14, south . 
OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



Fed. 

29?. 75 

21.72 

277. 03 
329. 74 



15 


r 




1^ 




a 


•a o 


i^^ 


'Z 2 


Final offset. 


« S 2 


la 

a 

o 




=1 

U O 


in feet. 


P 


O 


!fl 


H 






+ 




+ 




240. 00 


6.89 


7. 62 


21. 72 


20. 99 north. 


480. CO 


27.55 


15.24 


21. 72 


34. 03 north. 


720. 00 


61.09 


22. 85 


21. 72 


CO. 8fi north. 


9C0. 00 


110.20 


30.47 


21. 72 


101. 45 north. 


1,200.00 


172.20 


3S.09 


21. 72 


l.'iS. 83 north. 


1, 440. 00 


247. 97 


45.71 


21.72 


223. 9d north. 



A'off —Circular stone mounds 10 feet in diameter and 6 feet high, having aberme 2 feet wide, trench 1.5 feet wide 
and 1 foot deep, were erected at the distances from initial point of tangent given above. An iron tablet was sunk 
6 incliea in center of each mound, marking the v^at-X. determination of 40° p.^r.^llel. An iron tablet was also sunk 18 
inches in the ground, 15 fec^t east of tbe center of the mound. 
244 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 15. 

1874. 

From Astronomical Station No. 28 to Astronomical Station No. 29, East Fork. 

[Tronghtou & Sims Astronomical Traoait F. 0. No. 1.— Observer, A. Fcitherstonhangh, R. E.J 

AZIMUTHS. 

o / »/ 

Tlie azimuth of a mark placed approximately on the tangent west of the initial point was determined 
from a scries of readings of the angle between the mark and the zenith telescope meridian the 
azimnth of which was observed with astronomical transit F. O. Ko. 1 and found to be ' ISO 01 43 11 

Mean reading of angle between meiidiau and mark ['\ gg ^t) og'gg 

Azimuth of mark 270 01 10 79 

The tangent was mu on this azimuth 1451.58 chains, when azimnth observations were taken on PoKiris 

with a 7-in. theodolite F. 0. No. 2. 
Mean of two observations on Polaris ao jt qi -r- 

True azimnth ""::"::::::::v:::::::::\v.v.:\:::::: II filkll 

Error in azimuth, noith T^TT^ 

Error in azimuth, north, at initial point '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.v.'.,','.'.'.'.'.'.',',,]', i lo'^r 

Error in azimuth in running ^>G~01 

Tho mean azimuth of the whole line was assumed .*..."!!!!"!!!.".*.!![!'." 270 01 18 00 

The British tangent at distance west of initial point - 14 "ilfu 

Met United States tangent running east at distance from East Fork \....\V......... 678! 58 

Giving total length of tangent, 26 miles 50. 16 chains = "il30^ 



STATION EEKOE. 



Pert. 



Lieutenant Greene, in bis report, gives station error of East Fork Station, north . 438. 9 
OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



a . 


® 


g 


u 


C5 




















•t ° 


ia 




^ 








n.2 


13 ® 




5I 


.5* 


Final offset 
in feet. 


Kemarks. 








.§ 








S"" 


a 





cd 

^ 








M. Ch. 


+ 


+ 




+ 






00. 00 


0.0 


0.0 


0.0 


1.10 


1.5. north.. 


Kock mound, 0'X12'. 


3 00. 00 


6.9 


49.4 


e.u 


15.0 


65. 3 north.. 


Rock mound, 6'XIO'. 


5 58. 83- 


25.2 


94.5 


11.5 


1.5. 


12 !. 2 north . - 


Do. 


8 75. 35 


61.2 


147.3 


17.8 


15.0 


SO.-). 7 north.. 


Do. 


11 5:<.fi!) 


lOl'J 


192.4 


2!. 3 


1.5. 


288. 3 north.. 


Iio. 


15 12. 00 


175.6 


249. 7 


30.2 


15.0 


410. 1 norlh.. 


Do. 


17 08. 03 


223.6 


281.9 


34.1 


15.0 


480. 4 north. . 


Do. 



of 2'fee't'i^\h'e '"ouu'd '"'™ '""^'^'^ "' * uniform distance of 10 feet east of the eastern bases of tho mounds, and at a depth 

245 



BRITISH TANGEI^T No. 16. 

1874. 

From West Forlc Milk River to United States Astronomical Station No. 16. 

[Trougbtou & Sims "-iu. Transit Tbeodoiito F. O. No. 3.— Obacrrer, W. J. Galwey, E. E.) 

AZIMUTHS. 



Date. 


Position of inatrumont. 


Position of mark. 


Star. 


Azimath. 


Jaly U 


5 On Dieridiau orastronoDiical sta- 
( tion. 


^2,050.9 feet west of iustrament 




o < // 

269 59 11.88 

19.73 

15.08 

16.13 

269 59 15. 7 


1 ...do 

1 ...do 

I ...do 


Afpfin 





Tho tangent was rnn tbroutrh a point (ii,050.9 feet X sin 44".3 =) 5.5 inches nurth of the mark and proloufed to 
termiual point where azimutb observatious were taken, aa follows: ° 



Dato. 


Position of instrument. 


Poaitiou of mark. 


.Star. 


Azimutb. 


July 20 




On tangent 


I Pol.-iris 

1 ...do 

1 -. do . ... 


/ // 

t9 38 44. liG 
50. 28 
4.). 09 
48.24 


True azimutli 


1... do. ;;:;;::::::: 

Me.an 


89 38 47. :i 
89 38 18. 2 




Azimuth error 








29.1 











No correction was made for this error in azimnth, it being considered cumulative. 

STATION ERROR. 

Measured offset from terminal point to 49° 

Error of iuilial point, eouth 



Computed uilset for distance 21 miles 59.29 chains 

Station error, United States Ai^jtronomical Station No. 16, south . 
OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



223,23 



s . 


® 


a 


"rt 






a 


>. 
















ajP- 


■g| 


u 


— •- 


Final offset 


§1 


£« 




in feet. 




s 


*i 


£o 














a 


o 


UJ 


W 




Chains. 


+ 




+ 




240. 00 


C.t9 


30.80 


G.46 


17. 45 south. 


4f-0. 00 


27. 55 


61.00 


(!.4C 


27. 5!) south. 


720. 00 


(il. 09 


!)2. 40 


(i.46 


23. 95 south. 


iii;o. 00 


110. SO 


12.3. 21 


ti.40 


6. 55 south. 


1200. 00 


172. 20 


154. 01 


0. 40 


24. 65 north. 


1440. 00 


247. 97 


1S4.81 


6.40 


69. 62 north. 



Kutr -CiKuIar stono mounds 10 feet in di.Tiuetor .-iiid feet high, having a bermo 2 feet wide, trench 1 5 feet 
wide and 1 loot di'ep, were erected at distances fiom initial iioiut of tangent given above. 

An iron tirhlet wa.s .sunk (i inches in center of lach mouuil. marking the exact determination of 49° parallel. 
An iron tahha was also sunk 18 inches in the ground, 15 feet east from the center of the mound. 
24G 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 17. 

1874. 
From British Astronomical Station near Milk River to Astronomical Station East Butte. 

[Tronghton & Sims Astronomical Transit F. O. No. 1.— Observer, A. Fcatherstonhaugh, E. E.] 

AZIMUTHS. 

This t.TOsent was prolonged eastward 3S5 chains to connect tbe United States tangent from Milk Eiver Lake's Station 
and was run westward 19 miles 60.22 chains, when it joined United States tangent from East Butte eastward. 

O I II 

The azimnth of a mark placed approximately on the tangent east of the initial point w,is determined 
from a series of readings of the anglo between tbe mark and the zenith telescope meridian, the azi- 
muth of which was found with astronomical transit to be 00 00 27. 26 

2Iean angle to tangent east '.''.'.".".'". 8ii 50 48.7.5 

Azimuth of mark 90 00 16. 01 

The tangent e.ist was rnn on this azimuth, .and its connection with United States tangent, and resulting station error, are 
given in Lieutenant Greene's report. 

The t,angent west was mn on the same azimuth to its terminus, where azimuth observations were taken with Troufhton 
& Sims 7-in. Theodolite F. 0. No. 2 on Polaris, at various hour angles, as follows: 

Face right. Face left. 

O I II o I II 

80 41 21.0 89 41 08.0 

41 13.0 23.0 

41 08.0 18.5 

40 57. 5 18. 

Means, 89 41 09.9 89 41 16.0 

o I II 

General mean i 9 41 13. 4 

True izimnth 89 40 20. 

Error in azimuth, north .%;t. 4 

Error in azimuth, north, at initial point 16. 01 

Error in azimuth, north, in running 37.39 

The adopted azimuth error for the whole line was north.. 34.62 

If. Ch. 

Length of British tangent west 19 60. 22 

Length of United States tangent east 73.33 

Total length of t.ingent 20 53. 60 

STATION EEEOR. 
Lieuten.int Greenegivea st.ation error East Butte Station, south, 470.9 feet. 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



a . 


i 


° 


t. 


'ffl . 








|b 


£ 


I-. 


^ 


'£% 
























o 
^"3 


1.9 

S 


.2 




C'o 


Final offset 
in feet. 


Eem.nrks 




















(5 


u 


tc 


<i 


m 








Jlf. Ch. 


+ 














W. 00 00. CO 


00.0 


00.0 


co.o 


58.7 


58. 7 south.. 


Eock mound, 6' 


X 12'. 


3 45. 04 


9.7 


81.2 


3.2 


58.7 


133. 4 south.. 


Eock mound, 6' 


X 10'. 


6 01.81 


27.7 


137.2 


5.4 


58.7 


173. 6 south.. 


Do. 




9 04.21 


62.7 


206.3 


8.1 


68.7 


210. 4 south.. 


Do. 




11 73.89 


108.8 


271.7 


10.7 


58.7 


232. 3 south.. 


Do. 




13 08. 25 


ISO. 2 


3:& 5 


n.o 


58.7 


239. 6 south. . 


Do. 




18 25. 27 


256. 


417.3 


16.4 


58.7 


235. 8 south.. 


Do. 





Note. — An iron tablet was buried 2 feet in the ground 10 feet east of the base of each mound. 



1>47 



BKITISH TANGENT Nu. IS". 

1874. 

From West Butte to United States Astronomical Station No. 18. 

Troughton &. Sims 7-in. Transit ThcoiloUti\ F. 0. No. 3.— Observer, W. J. Galwey, li. E ] 

AZIMUTHS. 

The iizimath at initial poiut was determined by repeating the angle between the mark and the meridian of aslronom- 
ical transit. 

Mean of four sets of angles between mark and meridian of astronomical transit 00 00 05. 

Correction for level 3.0 

00 00 0?. 
Azimuth of meridian 359 59 50.7 

Azimuth of mark 2i;9 59 ii.7 

The tangent was prolonged on this azimuth to its terminal point, where azimuth observations were taken as foUow.s: 



Position of instrument. 



On tangent at terminal point 



Position of mark. 



<i Approximately on the me- 
) ridlan. 



.Star. 



Pol.aris . 
.. do... 
..do... 



Mean 



Mean angle between approximate moridi.an .ind tangent. 



Azimuth of tangent . 
True azimuth 



Azimuth error 

Azimuth error at initial point . 



Azimuth error in running tangent. 



Azimuth. 



359 38 .'56. 73 
55.93 
53.63 



309 38 
89 59 


55. 
5i 


4 

5 


89 38 
69 39 


41 
i1 


9 
■2 




3!1. 
17 


3 

3 



No correction made for either of these errors. 
STATION EEIiOK. 



Measured offset from terminal point to 49° 
Error of initial point, north 



Computed offset for distaucti 'JO uiili s 53.90 chains. 
Station error, .astronomical station, north 



Fret. 
965.5 
99. 33 

1, 004. 83 
327. 1 1 



OFF.SET TO PARALLEL. 



a 


% 


a 


13 






■s 


d 


•5| 




'o 

_ Pi 


■a t> 


t^ 




Final offset 


S3 




g=S 


°z 


in feet. 


.11 


P.-S 

a 


.2 
5 






P 


o 


a-j 


w 




Chains. 


+ 


+ 






aiii. 22 


7.25 


10!l. 82 


99. 33 


n. 74 north. 


4Kn. 07 


2H. M5 


21C.H1 


99.33 


145. 73 north. 


7J9. no 


m. '2 


325. 00 


99. 33 


289. 99 north. 


nco. 00 


110. ';iO 


428. 20 


99 33 


+39. 07 north. 


1,200.00 


1-2. '^O 


535. 25 


99. 33 


608. 12 north. 


1,-15:.54 


254. (15 


650. 13 


90.33 


804. 85 north. 



f^ote. — Circular stone mouml.s wiii! built on ibis tau;;ent .similar to those built nu tanfj;ent8 Nos. 14 and 18. 

248 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 19. 

1874. 
From South Branch Milk River to North Branch Milk Biver. 

[Tronghton and Sims Astronomical Transit F. O. No. 1.— Observer, A. Featherstonliaugb, E. E.] 

"^ AZIMUTHS. 

The line wa3 started on an approximate azimuth of 270° and prolonged 536.09 chains where azimath observations wen 
taken on Polaris near eastern elongation, as follows : 



Face right 



Face left. 



89 54 19. 6 t:9 53 .IS. 6 

54 11. 6 50. 6 

53 58. 6 49. 6 

54 09. G 56.6 

54.6 
52. B 
57.6 

Mean. 8;1 54 09.8 89 53 54.3 

o / // 

General me.an 89 51 03 

True azimuth 89 53 41 

Error in azimath, north 121 

The line was continued on this azimuth to its terminal point where azimuth observations on Polaris at various hour 
angles gave following results: 

Face right. Face left. 



80 44 25 t 89 44 05 

24 • 07 

28 Ifi 

27 21 

Mean, 89 44 26 89 44 12 

I If 

General mean 89 44 19 

True azimuth 69 40 41 

Error in azimuth, north 3 38 

Previous error in azimuth, north 1 21 

Previous error in azimuth in running. . . 2 17 

This eiTor ie attributed to the nature of the ground, which rendered very short sights necessary. The deviation in azi- 
moth is taken as 1' 21" north for the first part of the line, i. e., 586.09 chains, and as 1' 21" + J (2' 17") = 2' 30" north for the 
rest of the line. 

Tho tangent was prolonged cost from South Branch Milk Eiver to connect United States tangent with Astronomical 
Station No. 36 — azimuth deviation north 1' 21". 

Ch 

Total distance between Astronomical Station No. :K> and Astronomical Station No. 36 1, 971. 19 

Total dist.ince between Astronomical Station No. 30 and Astronomical Station No. 37 1, 550. 82 

STATION EEEGIiS. 

Feet. 

Astronomical Station No. 36 north of Astronomical Station No. 35 l.'i.'o 

.Astronomical Station No. 37 south of Astronomical S.'aiiou No. 36 CO. 

OFFSETS TO PAEALLEL. 



W. 



If. Ch. 
3 1.5.07 

00 00. 00 
2 59. 43 
5 73. 31 
8 73. 34 

13 20. 20 

16 29. 22 



£.2 

a 



7.8 

0.0 

5.7 

26.8 

60.9 

134.4 

20X5 



OS 



1.9 
0.0 
9.3 
20. 1 
30.4 
43.1 
5.1. C 



6.7 
0.0 
5.7 
12.4 
21.3 
3». 
49.9 



= 1 
1^ 



11.0 
11.0 
ll.O 
11 
11.0 
11.0 
11.0 



Final offset 
in feet. 



nenmrks. 



23 


6 north.. 


11 


north.. 


1 


7 north-. 


5. 3 north.. 1 


SO 


3 north.. 


62 


4 north.. 


110 


3 north.. 


171. 3 north..! 



Eock mound 0' X 10'. 
Eock mounil C' X 12'. 
Eock mound 6' X 10'. 
Do. 

1)0. 

Do. 
Do. 



I 



Xute.— All iron talilct was buried 2 feet in the ground 10 fett ra.st of the haso of each mound. 



'2i0 



BRITISH TANGENT No. 20. 

1874. 
From Chief Mountain Astronomical Station to BeUy River Astronomical Station. 

[Tronghton & Sims 7-in. Transit Theodolite F. O. No. 3.— Observer, W. J. Galwey, E. E.] 

AZIMUin. 



Date. 


Position of instrnmeut. 


Position of mark. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Aug. 13 


C On meridian of aatro- 
\ nomical station. 


4,596.2 feet west of in- 
Btrument. 


r Polaris 


/ // 

2t)9 M 26. 35 
2.3. 45 
31.45 
31.05 


1 Do . 


1 Do 


[ Do 




'Ml 54 28. 1 





The tangent was run throngh a point (4,506.2 ft. X sin 5' 31".!)) 7 ft. 4.5 in. to norlh of the mark. 

Tlie tangent was run to 017.03 ch. from initial poiut. The cbaining was carried on to a point A (see diagr.im) from 
which a true base-line, A B, was measured, and the distances of the points C and D determined b.y triangulation. The 
cbaining was continued from D to F, the terminal point of tangent. The nnderbrnsb. dead-fall, and standing timber being so 
dense as to give no hope of connecting with Captain Featherstonhaugh's astronomical station on Belly Kiver by means of the 
tangent a point, K, in trigonometrical connection with his station was established and observed from points A and B. 

To find position of K with respect to A : 

Angle B A K = Cil^ 47' 16". 9 

Angle A B K = 94" 48' 51". 3 

P p K M' Angle B A U = 52° 35' 15". 4 

Let K M' and A II bo meridians passing through A and 
K,and A Pbe perpendicular, drawn trom A to A il ; 2>the 
intersection of a small circle, ?'. c. a jiarallel of lalitTule 
drawn through A. Ihe poiut K is north of A- 
The distance Kjj = KP-pP 
The .angle F A K = Cilo 4;' 10". 9 - 52° 35' 15". 4 
= 17° 12' 01". 5 
A F m.akes an angle with meridian A M of 90° -}- 59". 75, 
multiplied by distance in miles of point A Irom point of 
departure. 

381. 65 
.•. angle F A M = 90° + 59". 75 x — gij— 

= 90° + 4' 45" = 90° 4' 45" 
The perpendicular at A, i. e. A P, makes with A K an 
angle = 90° - M A K = C0° - (90° 4' 45" - 17° 12' 01". 5.) 
= 17° 07' 16". 5 
K P = A H sin 17° 7' 16". 5 
. -,, . ^ sin A B K 
AK = AB , 




= 72.31 



' sin A K. B i 

sin 94^ 48' : 



1".3 



sin 1..0 23' 51" 



: 271. 49 ch. 



.'.KP = 72.34 ■ 



sin 94° 48' 51". 3 



sin 15° 23' 51 
AP = A Kcos 17° 7' 10" 



sin 17° 7' 16". 5 = 79.925 eh. 



5 = 259. 4(i eh. 

P p = otfset to parallel due to distance from A consid* 
ered as initial point = 8. 05 It. 

K is north ot A 79. 92.) ch. X 66 - 8. 05 ft. = 5,275. 05 ft. 
- 8. 05 ft. = 5,267 ft. 
To find position of A with respect to 49° parallel: 

Feet. 

Initial point of tangent north of 49° parallel 18.07 

Ofi'set from A due to distance, 381.Gjch 17.42 



A north of 49° parallel . 



.65 



.•. K is norlli of English determin.ation of 49°. 5,267 ft. 4- .05 ft. = 5,267. 65 ft. 
Distance of K from initial point along t.angent is 381. 05 ch. -|- 259. 40 ch. = 041. 11 ch 

250 



EEPOET OP THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE. 



251 



British Tangent No. 20 — Coutinued. 
1874. 

STATION EEKOR. 

By Captain Featberstonhangh's triangnlation K is Dorth of Ms determination of 49° pnrallel 83.919 chains. . = 5 ^3S 'c5 

Byliientenant Galwey S^ianorth of 49= parallel , ."j'series 

Astronomical Station at Belly Eiver sonf h of Chief Mountain Astronomical Station 07X.00 

The meiidian of K (diagram on previons page) -was east of the meridian of Captain Featherstonhangh's as-xo- 

nomical mound at Belly River, measured on the tangent on 40 

Distance of £from initial point, .ilong the tangent '...".'.'....'....... 64l!ll 

Total distance from Chief Mountain Astronomical Station to astronomical mound at Belly Eiver "isasi 

OFFSETS TO PARALLEL. 



a. 2 




a 


•3 . 




&H 


^ . 


'^ » 


."S © 




^S:i 


"^ 9 


e- 


V. a 


Final ofi'set in 


"^".A 


3 d 


al 


O"^ 


feet. 


.a.5-S 





i 


§1 




A 





xn 


« 






+ 


_ 






243.45 


7.09 


77. .37 


18.07 


88. 35 south. 


445. 15 


23. 70 


14L48 


18.07 


135. H5 south. 


853.53 


89.94 


271.00 


18.07 


199. 13 south. 



JVote. -Circular stone mounds, 10 feet diameter and (i feet high, with berme 2 feet wiilo and trench 18"X 12", were erected 
at above distances from initial point. That at 852.53 chains was Captain Feattierstouhangh's astronomical mound, and was 
bnilt by him. An iron tablet marking exact determination of parallel was sunk 6 inches in the ground in center of mound. 
No tablets were placed outside the mounds except at astronomical mound. 



TRIANGULATION. 



To connect Belly Bivcr Astronomical Station with 49tk Parallel and Boclcy Mountain 

Astronomical Station. 



[Observer, A. Feathorstnnh.iugb, E. E.] 

ABSTRACT OF TRIANGLES. 



TKUIN'GULATION. 




Triangle. 


Aogle. 


Observed 
angle. 


Correc- 
tion. 


Reduced 
angle. 


ABD 


BAB 
ABD 
ABB 


/ // 

71 27 55.84 

72 35 36. 7 
33 56 22. 10 


- 5.3 


71 28 00 

72 35 38 
35 56 22 


ABE 


ABE 
AEB 
BAB 


72 27 13. 3 

53 08 24. 58 

54 24 39. 10 


+17.04 


72 27 07 

53 08 17 

54 24 30 


DE A 


BE A 
ABE 
EAB 


31 33 50 
22 33 21.8 
125 53 35 


-13.2 


31 33 50 

22 33 30 

125 53 40 


AC D 


A OB 
ABO 
D A C 


23 43 54. 87 
40 23 17. 4 
113 54 24.58 


+30. 85 


23 43 42 
40 22 05 
113 54 13 


D E 


BCE 
DEO 
CD E 


44 31 13. 62 
73 32 49. 17 
62 55 49. 2 


+22 


44 31 30 

72 32 43 
03 55 42 


BEP 


BEP 
PBE 
E P D 


47 19 35 
88 16 49. 4 
44 23 37. 5 


+ 1.9 


47 19 35 
88 10 49 
44 23 30 


DPS 


BPB 
DBF 
PBB 


35 02 16. 6 
70 03 17. 64 
74 53 59 


-26. 70 


35 02 24 
70 03 26 
74 54 10 


BAP 


BAP 
A PB 
A BP 


43 55 00.84 
25 13 5.\ 85 
110 50 21.2 


-42. 13 


43 65 15 
25 14 09 
110 50 30 


A C E 


ACE 

A E 
CE A 


18 47 48. 74 
120 13 00. 42 
40 58 59. 17 


-11.07 


18 47 53 
120 13 04 
40 59 03 


APE 


A PE 
EAP 
AE P 


19 09 41.67 
81 57 34. 16 
78 53 25 


+40. 83 


19 09 28 
81 57 21 
78 53 11 


BPK 


PBE 
BPK 
BKP 


61 36 25 
88 25 58 
29 57 37 


(*) 


61 36 25 
88 25 58 
29 57 37 



MIC.lSUliEMEST THOJI THE ZENITH TELESCOPE TO THE 49Tn rAItALLEL OF I..\TITtJDE. 



Jl/e;ti^nred dip. south of zee. tel. = . 7.5" 

P fionth of by triangulatiou 

Offset to i)ar.aliel for westing of P from 

102.333.163 = 2.5213.339 
\<>g'p sin I'lfcot.) 
For mid. lat. betweeu P and 



Chains. 

1. 152 
332. 169 

0.004 



log 00 



P.soutbof O 

O Houtli of zen. tel. 



P south of zen. tel. 
Zen. tel. north of 49° 



J» north of 49° 



. 0058361 



0. 5155178 

1. 8195439 



2.3350017 



216.30.1 
0.73 



217. 033 
243. 48 



log £6.427 

log number of feet in 1" 
A V log 06 



P M= 43.2 chains, 
log sin az. 



= 1.42205 
= 2.00579 
= 8. 18045 



Chains. 



1. 60829 Pnorth of 49°. 40. ,578 



P north of 49° 
jtr north of 49" 



Eaatinc 



= 1.63.348 
= 9.99191 

1. 62739 
Chains. 
42. 403 



log 

log cos azimuth M X 

T)\e. 

Cor. number 



1. 63.'-)49 
9. 28157 

0. 91705 
Chain.t. 

8.201 Northing. 
40. 37H 

48. t39 

1. 08876 
9. 99102 

1.07978 

49. t03 



. 1 ^"'^'TV"', .?;--*';'"?^''' •'■'■^P ch:nn.s -B-as measured ..long If X, The point (ailing in a hollow a site for Ihe mound was 
Sjlected at 1 1.34 cbain.-j west of A A stono mound, 6 feet by 13 feet was built at r. An iron tablet was buiiod 2ttot in 
tu') gronnd 10 lont oast of the ba.se of the mound. 



* Last not observoil. 
2.52 



TRIANGULATION— ContiDued. 



Side. 


Length 
Chains. 


Azimulb. 


Latitude. 


Departure. 


Station. 


Lalitade. 


Departure. 




/ // 


Chains. 


Chains. 




Chains. 


Chain.'). 


A S 


57. 007 


109 51 01.37 


S. 56.203 


E. 10.003 





S. 


09. COO 
163. 564 


W. 


00. 000 
69. 901 


A D 


95. 826 


241 18 57. 27 






D 


S. 
S. 


183. ,'.04 
149. COO 


W. 
E. 


09. 901 
20. 601 


B D 


92. 236 


377 15 23. 37 






P(.) 


S. 


332. 1G4 


W. 


49. 300 


A E 


68. 043 


115 26 22.21 











00. COO 




00. 000 


B E 


58.033 


02 18 05. 21 








S. 


138.012 


E. 


11.534 












A 


S. 


138. 012 


E 


11.534 


D E (,) 


143. 69 










S. 


194. 16J 


W. 


CO. 8304 












F Q 


S. 


332. 179 


W. 


49. 296 


D E (,) 


143.715 


















D E (meaD) 


143. 702 


83 52 51.88 









S. 


00. 000 
138.012 


E. 


00.000 
11.534 


D 


195. 49 


SCO 57 03. 79 


S. 183.664 


W. 69. 901 


A 


S. 
S. 


138.013 
56. 203 


E. 
E. 


11.534 
10. 002 


a E 


l,'t!.47 


156 25 33. 88 


S. 167.245 


E. 72.9768 


B 


S. 
S. 


194.215 
137. 949 


E. 


21. 596 
70. 902 


A C U) 


138. 499 








Ph) 


S. 


332. 164 


W. 


49. 300 


A (2) 


138. 489 








C 




00. 000 




00. 000 


A (mean) 


138. 495 


175 13 21.79 


S. 138.012 


E. 11.534 




S. 


107.245 


E. 


73. 9708 












E 


s. 


107. 245 


E. 


73. 9768 


P D(i) 


151. OSS 










a. 


164. 933 


W. 


133. 381 












P (1) 


s. 


J32. 108 


W. 


49. 30 1 


/• D (2) 


151. 0J4 


















P D (3) 


151. 015 




























P (1) 


s. 


332. 164 


W. 


49. .300 


P D (mean) 


151. 022 


172 09 33. 37 


S. 149.600 


E. 20.601 


P (2) 


s. 


.179 


W. 


.290 












P (3) 


s. 


.164 


W. 


.300 


PA (,) 


203. 477 








P (4) 


s. 


.108 


W. 


. 304 












P (mean) 


s. 


332. 169 


W. 


40.301 


PA (j) 


S03. 452 


















P A (uiran) 


203. 464 


19- 23 42. 27 


S. 194. 167 


■W. OO.SIiOl 


r 




00. 000 




00. 000 


P E (,) 


205. 30 








X 




00. 000 


E. 

B. 


1.34 
1.34 


P E (2I 


205. 319 










N 


48. 839 


W. 


10. 0J8 












U 


N 


4,- 839 


W. 


8. 698 


P E (mean) 


20.5. 31 


216 33 10. 8S 


S. 164.923 


W. 123. 231 




s. 


8. 261 


W. 


42. 403 












P 


X 


40. 578 


W. 


51.101 


P B 


1,55. 103 


207 13 07. 03 


S. 137.949 


■W. 70.902 




N 


43, 486 


E. 


262. 451 












*E 


N 


84. 064 


E. 


211.350 


P K 


266. 03 


80 35 31. 37 


N. 43.486 


E. 262. 451 













* This is the K referred to by Lieutenant Galwey in bis report. 



2W 



NOTES OX GEODETIC FORMULA. 



By LiErT. F. V. Greene. 




The formalse used in obtaiDing the oflFsets from the tangent to the parallel are 
simply modifications of the general formulae for geodetic latitudes, longitudes, and 
azimuths. The general problem is, given the latitude and longitude of 
M, the length of M M' and its azimuth at M; required the latitude and 
longitude of 21', and the azimuth of 21 M' at M'. 

If the earth were a perfect sphere, the solution of the spherical tri- 
angle, of which three parts are given, would afford the desired result 
exactly; and the early geographers used this solution, taking as a 
radius of the terrestrial sphere the radius of curvature, as accurately as their knowl- 
edge of the earth's figure gave it, at the middle point of 21 21'. The error was not so 
large as would at first appear, being only about two feet in fifty miles. 

In the measurement of the French arc of meridian, however, more accurate for- 
mulae were devised — that is, to the formulae, as derived above, were applied corrections 
necessitated by the spheroidal figure of the earth. And in deducing the formulae, in- 
stead of using Xapier's Analogies directly, formulae derived from these were used, in 
which the values of sines, cosines, &c., were expressed in the form of a series. This 
is really only an approximation "of indefinite accuracy," but in its application it gives 
results numerically more accurate than the direct formulae, owing to the imperfection 
of the tables of logarithmic sines, &c., for very small arcs. 

The corrections on account of spheroidal figure will be readily 
apparent from the accompanying figure. Let 21 and 21' be the 
two points, and Pthe pole of the earth; N 21 the normal at J/, 
and p the pole of a sphere with that radius; if' N the normal at 
21' ; Pa the meridian from which longitudes are reckoned. Now 
the solution by spherical trigonometry gives for colatitndeof 21' 
the arc p 21' =p K' 21'; but the true colatitude is the angle p 
X 21'. being the angle between the normal at M' and the axis. 
The difference between the two is the angle JV 21' X = ':■. 

^^ There is, evidently, no correction to the longitude for the 

angle 21 p 21' = ,1/ P 21', since each is the angle cut from two planes by a plane per- 
pendicular to their intersection. 

255 




256 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY CU.^LMISSION. 

The correction to the azimiitli is tbe difl'creuce between tbe angle p M' M and 
P M' M. This correction can always be neglected, being equal to less than oneteuth 
of a second in a hundred miles. 

The general formulse arc then as follows (neglecting terms beyond second order, 
which can be done for distances less than flfty miles):* 

(«) H -E' = {u cos ^ + i «2 sin 1" sin^ Z tan fi") (1 + e= cos- E) 
V sill Z . „ tan E 

(h) P' -P = —77- - * «= sill 1" Sm 2 Z — — Tr 

^ ' COS 11 " cos M 

((■) Z' —Z = ISOo — n sin Z tan J5 + J iC- sin 1" sin 2 ^ ( 1 + 2 tan= E) 

in which U = i : — ; = A ^^^^ -y 

a sm 1" j\ sin 1" 

and J\r= Normal or radius of curvature 
E and E' — Latitudes. 
P and P' = Longitudes. 
Z and Z' = Azimuths. 

jj~ "^fjo > and the formulse become 
(«') E-E' = E^- ^^y£^''= ^^ ^' >«^' ^ = 2-^383317 



J^ 

1" cos E 
tan E 



(//) P'-P=zEy ^- rr =^EC' log C" = 9.0302014 

^ ' A sill 



c' 



Z = 90O _ A' ' ,„ = 90° -EC" log C" = 9 00S04I2 



i\' sin 1 



Of these logarithms the first is tbe logarithm of C, in feet, obtained b.v multiplying 
C in arc by 101.34, the value of one second of latitude at 49°. The others arc in arc. 

From these .simple formula}, by substituting for E the length of tangent in feet, we 
can form a table of offsets and azimuths for the argument E. In the table used in the 
field, the arguments were miles and thousands of feet; between the latter it was ea-^y 
to interpolate. A portion of this table is here given. 

* See Puissant, Traits de G^od^sie (edition ISIU), livro III, chapitre XV. In addition lo the solution 
indicated above, he gives a very elegant method, first proptsed by Legeudre, which employs the difler- 
ential calculus. Each of the required qu.antities is necessarily a limctiou of Ihe length of M M'. These 
functions are developed by Maolaurin's theorem, and for the diflerential co-efficients arc snbttiruted their 
values in terms of the circular functions. Tbe resulting formulae are the eauie as those given above, after 
a])plying the spheroidal correction for latitude. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 

OFFSETS AST) AZIMUTHS. 



257 



Miles. 


E. 


B—H\ 


Z'. 




Feet. 


Feet. 


o ,. 


# 




1000 


.03 


89 .59 


48.7 




2000 


.11 




37.4 




3000 


.24 




26.1 




4000 


.44 




14.8 




5000 


.69 




03. 5 


1 


5280 


.76 




00.2 




6000 


.99 


58 


52.1 




7000 


1.34 




40.9 




8000 


1,76 




29.6 




9000 


2.22 




18.3 




10000 


2.74 




07.0 


2 


10560 


3.06 




00.5 


3 


15840 


6.88 


57 


00.7 


4 


21120 


12.24 


56 


00.9 


5 


26400 


19.12 


55 


01.2 


10 


52800 


76.49 


50 


02.4 


15 


79200 


172. 10 


45 


03.6 


20 


105600 


305. 96 


40 


04.8 


25 


132000 


478. 06 


35 


06.0 


30 


158400 


688.40 


30 


07.2 



In tbis connection, it is a matter of some interest to see how much numerical error 
would result from neglecting the spheroidal corrections. 

These results are shown in the accompanying table, in which the column con- 
tains the accurate offsets, and Oi those derived from the formulse, neglecting spheroidal 
corrections. 



Milee. 


0. 


0,. 


5 


19.12 


19.07 


10 


76.49 


76.27 


15 


172. 10 


171.61 


20 


305. 96 


305. 08 



The formulsB used in the British Ordnance Survey are derived by solving the 
spherical triangle by Kapler's Analogies, and then introducing the correction to the 
latitude in the form of a series. Their general form is as follows, the letters repre- 
senting the same quantities as before : — 



•^ ^ • ^ cos J (90° — H + 0) 

^ ^ ^ ' sin i ("Juo - £ + W) ^ 



N B- 



-17 



258 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

B siu i {Z' + !: + Z)\ ^ V2 '^ 'J 

C = i -fil-cos^S siu 2 Z 
1 — e^ 

w _ 490 f tl'ese reduce to 

eosj(410-f) 

tan i (Z' + P) = > -^ 

cos J (41° + ^) 

-f) 



sin 4 ( 410 

tanJ(Z'-P)= — =-^ ^^ 

sini (^410 + ^j 

,, _ JT sin 4 (Z' - 9(P ) / /'Z;\=' c os' j {Z' - 00O) \ 

" ii; siu 4 (Z' + i!(p) V \.v J il: y 

For general purposes of geodetic calculation, these formal^ are as convenient as 
those given by Puissant; but for our special purposes they are extremely inconvenient, 
for the variable quantity K, or length of tangent, does not appear as a factor, but as 
part of a factor, and all three equations must be solved to obtain a single offset, 
whereas, as vre have seen, with Puissaut's formula only one equation need be solved, 
viz, H — W = E} C. The numerical result is exactly the same, in both cases. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE MEAN AND ASTEONOMICAL PARALLEL. 

An astronomical parallel of latitude is the line of intersection of the 
surface of the earth by a cone whose apex is at the center of normals 
and whose elements make an angle with the axis of the earth equal to the 
complement of the latitude. 

The earth being considered a spheroid or an ellipsoid of revolution, 
each parallel of latitude is mathematically a circle. But owing to iiregu- 
larities of elevation in the surface, the parallel is actually a curve of irregu- 
lar curvature, approximating, however, very closely, in its general course, 
to a circle. Rejecting instrumental and local errors, such a curve would be 
determined by fixing each point astronomically. If the connection between 
successive astronomical stations on a given parallel of latitude were made 
by tangents to a small circle, the resulting errors would be veiy great, 
depending on the relative altitude of the stations and the latitude. As, 
however, in practice, the stations are connected by tangents to a gi'eat 
circle, the resulting errors are insignificant and may be neglected. It is 
manifestly the true and the only possible parallel of latitude, althougli not 
a mathematical figure. For purposes of geodetic computation, it must be 
referred to a uniform sea-level, when it becomes a circle. For all ordinary 
purposes, this may be assumed as the true shape. 

In marking a parallel of latitude on the actual surface of the earth, 
another and most serious difficulty is at once encountered in the anomalous 
deflections of the plumb-line, due to local attractions. All astronomical 
determinations are referred, by means of the level, to the direction of the 
resultant force of gravity. If, then, this direction is afiected by the protru- 
sion above the surface of mountain-masses, or by variations in the density 

259 



260 TXN^ITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

of the earth's crust below the smface, each astronomical determination will 
be in error by the amount of such deflection. Science aifords only approx- 
imate methods of coiTecting these errors, and they of such difficult and 
doubtful application as to be of no practical use, except in extreme cases, 
and for exceptional purposes. In a triangulation, the relation of the various 
points depends solely on the measurement of horizontal angles, and is not 
appreciably alfected by local disturbances, though the whole system will 
be in error by the amount of the error in position of the astronomical station 
to which it is i-efen-ed. 

If, therefore, it were desired to lay out upon the surface of the earth a 
mathematical circle of latitude, the relative positions would be made to 
depend upon a series of triangles, referred to a measm-ed base and a mean 
astronomical position. But in the definition of a circle of latitude for the 
purposes of a boundary, practical rather tlian mathematical considerations 
determine the methods to be followed. The ruling conditions may be 
briefly stated. The boundary must be clearly defined by visible monu- 
ments, and the positions of these marks must be such that, in case of their 
loss, the points can be easily and accurately recovered. The only simple 
method of recovery is by asti'onomical observation, and since the local 
deflections of the plumb-line are supposed not to varj^ for long periods of 
time, the process is easy and accurate. 

At the time of the organization of this joint commission, the chief 
astronomers of the English and United States commissions were in accord 
in this view, that the parallel of latitude, as defined by astronomical obser- 
vation at successive points, was, for the pm-pose required, a true parallel, 
and the only one that would fulfiU the practical condition of being readily 
recovered. The question as presented, and which at the time gave rise to 
much discussion, was whether to define upon the groimd an astronomical 
parallel of latitude, as above described, or a uniform line depending upon 
the mean of the astronomical stations. The recommendation of the chief 
astronomers was based on the following grounds: 1st, that the portion of 
the parallel of 49° included within the operations of the commission, being 
only about one-twentieth of the entire circle of latitude, was not sufficient 
to fix, with any mathematical accuracy, the true position of the mean line 



U.S.NORTHEIBN BOUNDARY COMMISSION 



DIAGRAM 



sh 



ovrmo 






ETHO'OapTRAClNG PARALLEL 




horizontal Scale Imcli — 10 miles 
Scale of Ordaiatesluick - 1000 feet 



-<S)-_-t'f TancTent lines 



-^'■^ Pa.ral}el as maried Ijy moiuids 

■4- c [ Fara.lkls ^ the Astronomic^ Sfalions 






Mean Farallel 



Sr/iTiorts 


DiST/iNCCS 


St/ition Errors 




fROM ME/irJ P/IK/ILLEL 


Md Coteau 


Sfe'oi'f- 






IScTo N 


Erlt N° 20 


24" 601 


lli^^l s 


14. 35 )>erimle 


193 7 S 


Eully Sprmg 


zz^aoa 


1115 N 


4.53 .. ■■ 


82 2 S 


Foplax Eiver 




181 7 N 


8.18 ■■ ■■ 


99.5 N 



\1: 



9- 




EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, 261 

of 49°, and that, therefore, if such a parallel were described, depending on 
the mean of the astronomical stations, no known 23oint of the boundary 
would be in latitude 49°; 2d, that as the amplitude of the arcs included 
between the mean and the astronomical parallels, would in many cases be 
very considerable, grave errors and complications might arise in the subse- 
quent recovery of any lost portion of the boundary; 3d, that the definition 
of a mean line would involve a readjustment of the whole boundary, after 
the first careful survey should have been completed, and consequently a 
very considerable increase of expense, without any practical benefit accru- 
ing; 4th, that for every purpose except that of geodetic computation, a 
parallel consisting of points determined astronomically (instrumental en-ors 
aside) is a true parallel of latitude, and, therefore, fulfills the stipulations of 
the treaty under which the joint commission was organized. 

These views were accepted by the commissioners, and the following 
scheme adopted for the definition of the boundary: Astronomical positions 
were to be determined at approximate intervals of twenty miles. These 
stations were to be connected by tracing upon the ground tangents to the 
prime vertical circles at each successive point. From these tangents, 
checked and con-ected for errors of azimuth, the calculated offsets to the 
small circle of latitude were to be measured at convenient intervals, varying 
from one to three miles. From the last-measured off"set the relative station- 
error was to be found, and distributed between the stations in the ratio of 
the distances. 

From this method it results that the boundary -line, as actually traced, 
is an irregular curve, affected at each astronomical station by instrumental 
eiTors and by the local deflections of the plumb-line, but making the closest 
probable approximation, at every point, to a tnie astronomical parallel. 

In the accompanying diagram I have attempted to explain, by a graphic 
representation, the amount of the discrepancies between the line actually 
defined and a mean line, and to show approximately the probable causes of 
relative errors indicated. I have also added to this report a table of azimuths, 
showing the actual direction from each monument to the next succeeding 
one going west (see page 35 to page 40). 

As this is a subject with which comparatively few persons are familiar, 



262 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAEY COMMISSION. 

a short statement of the amount of such i*elative eiTors in other geodetic 
work, and of the methods by which it has been attempted to correct them, 
will not be out of place; after which will naturally follow the application 
of the general theory to the case in hand. (For full and complete discus- 
sion, see Encyclopedia of Astronomy, Airy; English Ordnance Survey, 
Clarke; Figure of the Earth, Pratt, fourth edition.) 

Local deflections of the plumb-Une, due to the attraction of compara- 
tively small masses, is argued from the general law of attractions, from 
direct experiment, and from the lack of agreement between the astronom- 
ical and geodetic determinations of the relation of points on the earth's 
surface, as developed in the measurement of certain meridional arcs, which 
discrepancies exceed in amount any possible instrumental error or error of 
calculation. 

The first experiments on local deflection were directed toward the de- 
termination of the mean density of the earth. In the progress of this in- 
vestigation at Shehallein, Scotland, an anomalous deflection, amounting to 
11". 6, was found between two stations on opposite sides of the mountain. 
Various other measures of deflection were obtained at diflei'ent times by 
similar methods, but none of any reliable accuracy until, in investigating 
the form of the earth by the measurement of meridional arcs, relative errors 
which could not be reconciled were found to exist between most, if not all, 
of the astronomical points. Even in this case the absolute deflections were 
not found, since each station was referred to the mean of all by a mean 
curve which reduced the sum of the errors to a minimum, and which, 
thei-efore, only approximately satisfied the conditions — that is, the method 
would not detect constant or uniformly varying errors. 

In the three great measured arcs the local errors due to deflection vary 
from — 3".384 to +4".826 in the Anglo-GalHc, from — 2".429 to -f 3".809 
in the Russian, and from — 3". 155 to -f 3".122 in the Indian arc, showing 
an extreme range of 8".210, 6".238, and 6".277, respectively (Pratt's 
Figure of the Earth). As each second of arc represents about one hundred 
and one feet, the discrepancies are quite apparent, and are readily detected 
by geodetic methods of any tolerable accm-acy. Other and much larger 
relative errors have been discovered, amounting to 20", 30", and even 40" 



EBPOET OF THE CDIEF ASTEONOMEE. 263 

(Airy's Figure of the Earth, Encyclopedia of Astronomy), though the data 
in these extreme cases are not entirely reliable. 

The fact of local deflections being established, the attention of mathe- 
maticians was turned to the investigation of the causes and probable coitcc- 
tions. In this much ingenuity has been displayed, but with very small results. 
Starting with the general law that every particle of matter attracts each other 
particle with a force varying directly with the mass and inversely with the 
square of the distance, the attraction of masses of mathematical forms on dis- 
tant particles was found by dividing mountain-ranges and other elevations 
into volumes bearing known mathematical relations ; the probable deflection 
of the plumb-line due to such causes was found for different distances, on 
the supposition that the mean density of the large volumes was uniform for 
diff"erent parts of the earth's crust. Thus, it was found that at the northern 
station of the great Indian arc the attraction of the Himalayas should cause 
a deflection of 28", which should decrease at the next two principal stations 
by 15".9 and 21".l, respectively, while the deficiency of matter in the ocean 
should produce similar northern deflections. These calculations were not 
absolute, since the contour of the mountains and of the ocean-bed was only 
approximately known, but the approxirnations were supposed to be suffi- 
ciently close. It was found, however, that the actual deflections were 
much smaller than those given by calculation, and that, in many cases, the 
deflection was toward the ocean. The explanation of this Ues in the vary- 
ing density of the earth's crust. The facts discovered indicate that the den- 
sity is greatest in the depressed, and less in the elevated portions. This 
follows naturally, although in reality independent of any special theory, 
from the fluid hypothesis of the earth's formation. The process of cooling 
from the surface inward was accompanied by a corresponding contraction 
and increase of density. From this contraction resulted enormous strains 
on the interior fluid portion, wliich were relieved by fractures of the crust 
and the upheaval of mountain-ranges. While the thickness of the solid 
portion is now so great as to prevent general catastrophes, such as very 
probably occurred in earlier times, yet there still remain vast molten masses 
inclosed within the crust, which from time to time give evidence of their 
presence by volcanic eruptions. 



264 



UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. 



From this theory of the gradual cooling and conti-action of the earth's 
crust, the attraction of the plnmb-line toward the ocean naturally follows, 
since the density would be greatest beneath the depressed basins into which 
the waters of the seas gradually flowed. 

In calculating the deflections of the plumb-line due to visible mountain- 
masses, it has been found that the calculated relative errors very largely 
exceed those derived from the observations and geodetic connections. From 
this, a deficiency of matter beneath the mountain-ranges was at once in- 
ferred, either resulting from vacant spaces or from a decreased density. 
The latter supposition recommends itself as the most probable, and most in 
accord with the accepted theory of the gradual consolidation of the earth's 
crust. The effect of a very slight deficiency in density on the direction of 
the plumb is strikingly shown by the subjoined table, taken from Pratt's 
Figure of the Earth: — 

Deflections cansed by an excess or defect of matter prevaUlng through a semi cubic space 200 
miles in each horizontal side and 100 miles deep, the density of the excess or defect being 
T5o ofihe earth\s density at the center of the semi cubic space. 





Distance of the mid-point of tue 
semi-cubic space from the sta- 
tion, measured alouj; the chord, 
in miles. 


400 


600 


bOO 


1,000 


When that center is 50 miles deep 


l".-7 


0". 81 0". 46 


0".20 



From this we see at once how great the local disturbance from this 
cause may be, and over what immense distances the appreciable effects may 
extend. It also, as a natural consequence, indicates that every effort to cal- 
culate the amount of the errors resulting from local deflections must be con- 
fined to localities where the immediate effect of large visible masses, near 
at hand, will greatly exceed in amount the resultant of all the distant dis- 
turbing forces. 

The accompanying sketches will illustrate sufficiently the amount of 
the local deflections along the northern boundary, from the Lake of the 
Woods to the Rocky Mountains, and will make clear to land-surveyors, 



BEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 265 

and others who may have occasion to close their work on this line, the 
cause of the constant changes in the azimuths, which, unless perfectly 
understood, might at some time give much trouble in adjusting their work. 

The first diagram, showing the " method of tracing the parallel," gives 
the actual line, as adjusted and marked, between the, astronomical stations 
at the Mid-Coteau and at the Poplar River, including two intermediate 
stations, the heavy line being the boundary, as marked, and the light con- 
tinuous line the relative position of the mean parallel of latitude, deduced 
from the entire series of forty-one stations between the Lake of the Woods 
and the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The remaining lines show the 
method of connecting the stations, the calculated offsets, and the manner of 
distributing the relative errors in latitude due to local deflections of the 
plumb-line. This discrepancy between succeeding astronomical points I 
have been in the habit of designating as the " Station-error." 

From the attached table, it will be seen that the station-errors affect 
the azimiiths between different stations by a variable quantity, but in every 
case by an amount sufficient to be easily appreciable with ordinary survey- 
ing instruments. 

In regard to the accuracy of the instrumental line, a few words of 
explanation will be sufficient to indicate at about what amount the limit of 
error for the astronomical and other instiaimental work may be fixed. 

Of the forty-one astronomical stations, four were observed jointly by 
the two commissions, the difference in the determinations in each case being 
thirty-two feet, twenty-nine feet, seven feet, and twenty-seven feet, respect- 
ively. As those were the first stations observed, and as the general quality 
of the work constantly improved, it is probable that if the others had been 
observed jointly, a very considerable reduction in the average discrepancies 
would have been found. Of the remaining stations, seventeen were observed 
by the United States, nineteen by the English astronomers, and one jointly 
by the Northwestern Boundary Commission. The mean of the probable 
errors of the British stations was ±"-088, and of those of the United States 
d=".059. The average of the probable errors is then a fraction over seven 
feet. Although such mathematical probable errors are more or less falla- 
cious owing to the fact that constant errors are not included, still they give 



266 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

a fair measui-e of the general character of tte work done, and offer sufficient 
ground for tlie conclusion that, if re-observed, the difference in any one case 
M'ould hardly exceed twenty-five feet, while a general mean would probably 
not exceed seven feet. 

From an examination of the geodetic connections, it will be seen that 
the mean error of the connecting tangents, in azimuth, is about 14", which 
would imply an error of connection between the stations of nine feet. 

In agreements between the chief astronomers of the joint commission 
in beginning the work, the limit of eiTor was supposed to be less than fifty 
feet in the astronomical positions and the geodetic connection between two 
neighboring stations. From the results of the work this may safely be 
taken as the extreme limit, while the average errors, everything included, 
will doubtless be much smaller. Assuming, then, that the limiting error is 
fifty feet, we find that the supposition will account for less than one-fourth 
of the average station-eiTOr, which, as will be seen by reference to Table 
A, amounts to 2". 146, or about two hundred and seventeen feet, each 
station being referred to the mean of all, or less than one-sixteenth of the 
extreme deflection, as shown at station 34. 

To illustrate this matter more fully, I have prepared the accompanying 
diagram, showing the "relative errors of astronomical stations in latitude, 
resulting from local deflections of the plumb-line." It must be borne in 
mind that in tracing a parallel by observed latitudes, only one component 
of the deflection is detected — that is, the component in the direction north 
and south — since that in the direction east and west depends on a determi- 
nation of longitude more accurate than is compatible with the economic 
interests of such a survey. The diagram referred to shows: 1st. A profile 
of the line ; 2d. The relation of each astronomical position to the mean 
parallel; 3d. The topography, so far as known, extending for half a degree 
on either side. It is scarcely necessary to say that beyond five miles, which 
was tlie limit of actual survey, the contours are only approximatel}' known. 

In examining the profile, the first general fact which strikes the eye is 
that from the lowest point of the basin of the Red River to the foot of the 
Rocky Mountains, a distance of about seven hundred and forty miles, there 
is a gradual rise of about 3,425 feet, or an average of 4.6 feet to the mile. 




49° 



--■-r, Ph.„, -:,„,_ 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 267 

But this profile is not drawn along the axis of greatest slope. The axial 
line of the Coteau of the Missouri extends from northwest to southeast, 
making nearly an angle of 45° with the meridian. As this Coteau consists 
of a mass of drift deposited by icebergs grounding against the inclined 
plane when in a state of submergence, it necessarily represents very nearly 
the line of equal altitude, from which it follows that the line of greatest 
slope is in a direction from southwest to northeast. The general direction 
of the base of the Rocky Mountains also conforms to this view. It is then 
evident that, taking into account both the large mountain-masses and the 
general slope of the comparatively level country, the deflections should be 
found toward the southwest, and increasing from east to west, and that the 
mean parallel, as determined from these stations, probably dips to the south 
at the western end. 

In considering the line more in detail, the effect of purely local attrac- 
tions is at once seen, strongly predominating over the supposed general 
direction of the deflection. Beginning at station No. 1 on the Lake of the 
Woods, the station-errors accumulate rapidly toward the north, reaching a 
maximum at No. 5. This curious effect is probably due to one of two 
causes, or perhaps in part to both. The tii'st is the difference in the density 
of the substratum extending from station 1 to station 4 (Dawson's report on 
the geology along the forty-ninth parallel, a case very similar to the anom- 
alous deflection observed at Moscow, and attributed by Pratt to the presence 
of a dike of increased density beneath the surface), while a second cause 
may be found in an increased density of the strata underlying the system 
of lakes to the north, represented by lakes Manitoba and Winnipeg. Going 
west, these effects diminish, while that of the high plateau of Northern 
Dakota is sensibly felt, so that at station 9 the line is again in its normal 
position, and so remains, with slight variations, due to local irregularities, 
as far as station 23. From this point the attraction of the high divide be- 
tween the Milk River and the waters of the Saskatchewan makes itself felt, 
increasing to a maximum at station 29, south of the C3^press Hills. Here 
the enormous intrusive masses of the three buttes produce a violent disturb- 
ing effect, drawing the astronomical parallel to the south, at an average rate 
of fourteen feet to the mile, for a distance of one himdred miles, reaching 



iwreiiii!H55J10KTriKi<N boundary commission 



J)IAOI^AM 

Inilliistr/il'- l)i,- 



^^m^^ 



kk 



RELATING ERRORS OFASTI!()N(XMIc,U. STATIONS IN LATITIBE 

n-KuKin^ t'rom 

LOCAL IJKrU:(;TR)NS OF TIIE PijMB LLNi: 



PROFILE 




MEAN AND ASTRONOMICAL PARALLELS 



«i'iUPofordlnnn.ii:liiicli.8'nrim,aia;arpcl -gi-, 




268 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

the most southerly point of the boundary at station 34, which was situated 
immediately to the northwest of the West Butte, on the slope of the foot- 
hills. Relieved from the attraction of the butte, stations 35, 36, and 37 are 
again found nearly on the mean line. Stations 38 and 39 show, by a marked 
deflection to the south, the effect of the attraction of the Chief Mountain, 
a vast precipitous mass lying five miles south of the line, and rising to a 
height of 8,000 feet above the sea. The extreme deflection at 39 was prob- 
ably due also, in some degree, to the general mass of the mountain -range. 
The connections on 40 and 41 are not sufficiently accurate to give a just 
basis of comparison, but as these stations were both in the midst of the 
main range, the deflections would probably be found to be anomalous. 

The data for computing the amount of the local attractions along this 
line are very insufficient, except in the case of the station 34, at the West 
Butte. As a matter of scientific interest, I append a table of the actual and 
calculated deflections, as computed by Lieut. F. V. Greene, wdth an expla- 
nation of the methods employed. (See page 402.) 

W J. TWINING, 
Captain of Engineers, Chief Astronomer. 



APPENDIX A 



REPORT OF CAPT. W. J. TWOING, 



CORPS OF ENGINEERS, 



CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



269 



REPORT OF OAPT. JAME3 F. GREGORY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, UNITED 

STATES ARMY. 

Office United States Northbkn Boundary Commission, 

WasMnrjton, D. C, June 20, 1876. 
Captain: I have the lienor to submit lierowith my report of the 
operations conducted under my charge upon the Survey of the United 
States Northern Boundary line, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky 
Mountains. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JAMES F. GREGORY, 

Captain of Engineers. 
Capt. W. J. Twining, 

Corps of Engineers, United States Army, 

Chief Astronomer, United States Northern Boundary Commission. 



PRELIMINARY. 

I was detailed for duty upon this work by Special Orders No. 131, 
War Department, Adjutant- General's Office, June 7, 1872, and accordingly 
reported in person to the Adjutant-General of the Army, and by subsequent 
orders from the same authority, by letter, to the honorable the Secretary 
of State. In accordance with instructions from the Assistant Secretaiy of 
State then Acting Secretary, I reported for duty with the United States 
Northern Boundary Commission, to Maj. F. U. Farquhar, Corps of Engi- 
neers, then Chief Astronomer, since which time I have been continuously 
on duty with the Commission. 271 



272 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

The following- report comprises a general description, by seasons, of 
tlie movements and operations of parties wliicli were under my charge, and 
detailed descriptions of astronomical, geodetic, and barometric work per- 
formed by myself, or under my direction, with appended tabulated records 
and results. 

In the season reports I have merely mentioned the general movements 
of my parties during the time that I was in company with the Chief Astron- 
omer, and acting under his immediate direction, and have noticed more at 
length similar movements and operations when performed tinder my own 
direction, when acting independently under his general instructions. 

During the winter succeeding each season's work in the field, I have 
been engaged in the office of the Commission in supervising and aiding in 
the computation and compilation of field records and results, and in the 
preparation of materials, and such computations as were desirable and 
necessary for the field-work of the succeeding seasons. 

SEASON OF 1872. 

The latter part of June, and the most of July, 1872, were spent in 
AVashington, in making preparations for field-service, procuring, examining, 
and preparing for transportation the usual expeditionary outfit of instru- 
ments, text-books, note-books, &c., and making such computations as it 
was desirable to have done in advance of the field-work. 

In the latter part of July I was assigned by Major Farquhar to the 
immediate charge of the geodetic and topographical department of the 
survey, with Lieut. F. V. Grreene and Mr. F. von Schi-ader as assistants, and 
directed to proceed to Saint Paul, Minn. 

Lieutenant Greene was sent by Major Farquhar in charge of the instru- 
ments, &c., via the Great Lakes, Northern Pacific Raih-oad, and Red River, 
to Fort Pembina, Dak., with instructions to report to me there, and Mr. 
von Schrader was directed to report to me, at Saint Paul, on the 5th of 
August. 

My party was organized at Saint Paul, and went, in company with the 
several parties of the Commission, to Fort Abercrombie, Dak., and thence. 



R TOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 273 

after obtaining our wagon-transportation, camp-equipage, rations, and for- 
age, to Foi-t Pembina, where we aiTived on the 5th of September. 

Camp was pitched at the boundar3'-line on the west bank of the Eed 
River on the 7th, and the interval between that date and the 30th was 
employed in making topographical surveys of the country adjacent to the 
boundary -line, the Red River, and the Pembina River. 

I may here remark that the autumn of 1872 was an exceptionally mild 
one for Northern Dakota. The equinoctial storm, which lasted nearly four 
days (September 22d to the 26th), was very severe and cold, but it was suc- 
ceeded by three weeks of delightful weather, and the Red River did not 
close to navigation until the 12th of November. 

On the 1st of October, by Major Farquhar's direction, I divided my 
party, equipage, &c., into two parts, and intrusted the larger proportion to 
the charge of Lieutenant Greene, with instructions to continue the line and 
topographical work eastward from the Red River, until he should join his 
work with that of the English parties, who were to work westward from 
the Lake of the Woods. He had reached Pointe d'Orme on the Roseau 
River, thirtv miles east of the Red River, on the Lth of November, when 
he was recalled by a dispatch from Major Farquhar, which directed him to 
return to Fort Pembina, and report to me there. 

On the 2d of October Major Farquhar.^ Captain Twining with his as- 
tronomical party, and myself, with five men of my party, started for the 
Northwest Angle of the Lake of the Woods, via Winnipeg, Manitoba. 

We arrived at the Angle on the 9th, and remained there until the last 
of October. (For description of work performed there, see special paper 
on Northwest Angle.") 

I left the Angle, in company with Major Farquhar, on the 31st of 
October, and arrived at Pointe de Chene, eighty miles from the Angle, on 
the 3d of November. At this point Major Farquhar procured special trans- 
portation for himself, and left for Fort Pembina, leaving me with instructions 
to follow, as rapidly as possible, with the wagon-train. 

I reached Fort Pembina on the 8th instant, with the animals in a much 
exhausted condition, owing to scanty forage and the very bad condition of 
the roads. On one day, the 5th, because of the almost bottomless mud, we 
N B 18 



274 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

made but eleven miles, although the wagons were light, and we were on the 
road from daylight until three hours after dark. 

At Fort Pembina I received written instructions from Major Farquhar 
to await the arrival of Lieutenant Greene, to store at the post such equip- 
age, instruments, &c., as would be needed there the next season, to procure 
such rations and forage as were necessary, and then to bring the entire train 
to Fort Abercrombie, where the animals were to be wintered. 

Lieutenant Greene arrived on the 10th, and the southward march was 
begun on the 12th, and finished on the 10th; distance from Pembina one 
hundred and eighty miles. 

The personnel^ besides myself and party, were Lieut. 0. D. Ladley, 
qiiartermaster, Mr. J. E. Bangs, acting secretary, and Dr. Hatch, surgeon 
of the Commission. 

The transportation consisted of thirteen six-mule Army-wagons, three 
four-mule spring-wagons, and seven or eight spare mules. 

On the second day out we were overtaken by a very severe snow-storm 
of two days' duration, which was succeeded by bitter cold winds, with the 
thermometer, much of the time, below zero, and as the men were not pro- 
vided with suitable winter clothing, they experienced much discomfort, 
though none were seriously frozen. Several of the animals gave out on the 
march, but they were all, finally, brought in safety to Fort Abercrombie. 

From Fort Abercrombie, after turning over to the care of the Quarter- 
master, Lieutenant Ladley, the train, equipage, &c., we proceeded by rail 
to Saint Paul, where the men of the party were paid off, and discharged on 
the 21st of November. 

The office of the Commission was established for the winter at Detroit, 
Mich., where the usual routine of office-work was begun about the 1st of 
December. 

SEASON OF 18 73. 

For the season of 1873 I was assigned, by the Chief Astronomer, to 
the charge of one of the two astronomical parties which were sent into the 
field that year. The party was organized, as in the preceding season, at 
Saint Paul, and proceeded, in company with the other parties of the Com- 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 275 

mission, by rail and steamboat, to Fort Pembina, Dak., where we arrived 
on the 1st of Jime. 

During a week that we remained at Pembina on account of the non- 
arrival of our wagon-train, which was hindered in its progress from Fort 
Abercrombie by the high water in the streams tributary to the Red River, 
we were engaged in general preparations for the field, obtaining materials, 
rations, &c., observing for values of instrumental constants of zenith 
telescope, and completing organization of parties. 

Upon marching from Pembina, June 9, the organization of my party, 
which was retained throughout the season, was as follows: Mr. E. L. Mark, 
computer, Mr. 0. S. Wilson, recorder, a foreman, an observatory attendant 
and meteorological observer, a cook, waiter, three laborers, a mounted man 
to serve as scout and messenger, and five teamsters. 

For transportation of party, instruments, equipage, and generally twenty 
to thirty days' rations and forage, I had one four-mule spring-wagon, three 
six-mule Army-wagons, one two-mule Minnesota wagon, and a horse for 
myself 

The general plan of work proposed for the astronomical parties, con- 
templated the occupation of stations on the boundary-line, at intervals of 
twenty miles, more or less, alternately by parties of the British and United 
States Commissions, and throughout the season this scheme was adhered to, 
with two exceptions, viz : United States stations Nos. 4 and 5 w ere consec- 
utive stations, as were the British stations at Sleepy Hollow and East Turtle 
Mountain. 

I began astronomical work at Station Ko. 3, East Pembina Mountain, 
on the 1 2th of June, observed successively at Stations Nos. 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 
and 12, and completed the astronomical work of the season, at the latter 
station, on the 30th of September. 

During the season all of the zenith telescope observations, both for 
latitude and values of instrumental constants, were made by myself and 
recorded by Mr. Wilson, as were also sextant observations for time and lat- 
itude in camp and upon the march, until we reached station No. 9; after 
that time most of the sextant work was done by Mr. Wilson. 

The meteorological observations were made, under my supervision, by 



276 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

William Batson, an ex-United States soldier, and an intelligent and efficient 
man. 

Upon the march, while I was engaged in selecting routes for travel, 
and in the details of advancing the train rapidly and without accident. 
Assistants Mark and Wilson were employed in making reconnaissance sur- 
veys of the trail, by means of the compass and odometer. 

All computations both in camp and upon the march were made by 
Mr. Mark, assisted, at times, by myself and Mr. Wilson. 

The United States stations were occupied alternately by the two astro- 
nomical parties, from No. 2 to No 9. Upon completing work at the latter 
station, August 29, I received instructions from the Chief Astronomer to 
proceed westwai-d, and occupy, at least, three more stations, and to so ad- 
just the distances between them that the last one should be, at least, four 
hundred miles west of the initial Red River station. This work was accom- 
plished, and the last station. No. 12, foiir hundred and eight and a quarter 
miles west of the Red River station, completed on the 30th of September, 
and the Chief Astronomer's camp, at Wood End depot, was reached, on 
the retiu'n march, October 6. 

During the latter part of the season we were much troubled to obtain 
water and wood sufficient for cooking purposes. Wood End depot, on tlie 
Mouse River, was the last locality, going westward, where there was any 
timber, in the vicinity of the boundary -line, imtil we reached Station No. 
11, and for that distance, one hundred and eighteen miles, wood was earned 
in the wagons. In the ravines, near Station No. 1 1 , there were small groves 
of stunted trees, whence was drawn the supply which, economically used, 
and eked out by occasional sui^plies of tlie prairie-traveler's fuel, bois des 
vdches, lasted us during the remainder of our work until our return to 
Station No. 11, where a new store was laid in for use on the return march 
to Wood End depot. 

The water-supply, after leaving the upper waters of the Mouse River, 
sixteen miles west of Station No. 9, was scant and precarious, as we had no 
information of the nature of the country before us. Through the " Coteau 
of the Missouri " we were entirely dependent upon the supply fui-nished 
by surface-pools, and those containing fresh water were of infrequent occur- 




D 




< 




UJ 




I" 
O 
O 


n 




N 


Ll^ 


« 


X 


— 


H 


„ 


z 


tM 


— 


(>) 


s 




a: 


I— 


o 


Q. 


H 


UJ 


■J) 


(/I 


-z 




c 





EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEOISTOMER, APPENDIX A. 277 

rence. There were many containing alkaline water, some of them large 
enough to be called lakes ; but the water usually held such large quantities 
of salts that animals could not drink it. We were frequently compelled to 
use water sufficiently alkaline to be altogether disgusting to the taste, and 
the best of the fresh water found was full of insect hfe and vegetable 
matter. At Station No. 10 1 was obliged to divide my party, and leaving 
the major portion of it and all of the animals in camp near a pool of surface- 
water, in charge of the officer commanding the military escort, to establish 
the station at a point ten miles farther west. I took with me for the pur- 
pose my assistants, three men, and ten soldiers, and had cooked provisions 
and water sent us, daily, from the main camp. At Station No. 12 I was 
obliged to adopt the same plan, and, leaving the main camp at a spring, 
which is the source of one of the tributaries of the Poplar River, to estab- 
lish the station six miles farther westward. Near Station No. 11 I fortu- 
nately found a Hving spring with an ample supply of good water, which the 
men of my party at once christened " Bully Spring," and this name I have 
continued in the official record. 

■ On the 23d of September, when the work at Station No. 12 was about 
half done, there began a furious snow-storm, which continued, almost with- 
out interruption, until the 29th, during which time the daily minimum ther- 
mometer reading varied from +14° to -f 34 . 

The storm began with mingled rain and snow, which froze upon the 
grass, and made it impossible for the animals to get much nourishment. 
The foraffe-ration was short, and from this time imtil their arrival at Wood 
End depot they had only a daily allowance of three pounds, half of which 
was either flour or hard-bread. They were consequently much exhausted, 
and, to make matters worse, we found, upon our eastward march, the whole 
Coteau countiy a black desert, as the prairie-fires had passed over it, leaving 
only here and there, around the edges of what had been water-pools, small 
patches of dried grass containing little or no nutriment. We lost, however, 
but two animals, and they belonged to the escort transportation. 

We arrived at Wood End depot on the 6th of October, and thence, in 
company with the Chief Astronomer's party, marched via Fort Totten to 



278 ONITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 

Jamestown, Dak., where the transportation, equipage, &c., was turned over 
to tlie quartermaster, the parties proceeding by rail to Saint Paul. 

From the second crossing of the boundary-line with the Mouse River, 
reckonino- from the east, a reconnaissance survey was made of the trail to 
Fort Totten, and also from the latter place to Fort Seward, the former dis- 
tance being one hundred and seventy and the latter eighty-one miles. 

The military escort to my party was commanded during the entire 
season by Lieut, (now Capt.) C. 0. Bradley, Twentieth United States 
Infantry. His command consisted, at first, of fourteen enlisted men, of 
Company K of his regiment. This force was increased by four privates 
of the Seventh Cavalry, on the 9th of August, and again, by six privates 
of Company K, Twentieth Infantry, on the 30th of August. 

My relations, both official and personal, with Captain Bradley were 
always of the most pleasant kind, and I have to thank him and the soldiers 
of his command, not only for the faithful performance of legitimate duty as 
military escort, but more especially for frequent aid in helping along the 
work. In the latter part of the season a few days' delay would have pre- 
vented the completion of the work to the point proposed, and these days 
were saved to nie by the assistance willingly rendered by the soldiers in 
gathering stones and building the mounds which mark the parallel at the 
stations. 

Mr. Wilson was detached from my party at Fort Totten and attached 
to the line and topographical party, which, under Lieutenant Greene, was 
to work during the winter from the Red River eastward. Mr. Mark accom- 
panied me to the office at Detroit, but soon after left the service of the 
Commission. The rest of the party were paid off and discharged upon 
our arrival at Saint Paul on the 28th of October. 

SEASON OF 1874. 

From the experience of the preceding season, in regard to the relative 
rapidity with which the various parties of the survey could accomplish their 
work, it was believed by the Chief Astronomer and myself that one astro- 
nomical party, with an organization somewhat stronger than that of my 
party of the i)receding season, would be al)lc to accomplish, in the allotted 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 279 

time, what astronomical woi"k remained to be done, and to keep it at all 
times in advance of that of tlie line and topographical parties. But one 
astronomical party was therefore placed in the field, to the chai-ge of which 
I was assigned, with Mr. Lewis Boss and Mr. A. J. Edgerton as assistants. 

In order, however, that no untoward accident to the personnel, or instru- 
mental outfit of my part}^, should comj^ass a failure to attain the purposes 
of the expedition, the Chief Astronomer kept with him a complete instru- 
mental outfit, a copy of the ephemeris, text and note books, and, in fact, 
the means of organizing another astronomical party; but, fortunately, the 
contingencies provided for did not arise, and the one party accomplished in 
ample time all of the work expected of it. 

At Saint Paul, as in the preceding seasons, I employed the men of my 
party, and with them, in comi^any with the other parties of the survey, left 
Saint Paul on the 4th of June, proceeding by rail and steamboat, via Bis- 
marck, Dak., to Fort Buford, Dak., where we arrived on the 13th of June. 

At Fort Buford, pending the completion of arrangements for field- 
service of the transportation for our own parties and the military escort, I 
observed witli the zenith telescope for latitude, and also for the values of 
the instrumental constants of the instrument used. The results are given 
in the astronomical report. 

My party comprised during the season, besides myself and assistants, 
one foreman, two cooks, one waiter, five laborer's, six teamsters, and one 
scout. Dr. Elliott Coues, United States Army, Surgeon and Naturalist of 
the Commission, and three laborers, who were imder his especial direction, 
were attached to my party during the entire season, for our mutual con- 
venience of transportation, supply, and protection. 

An assistant to Dr. Coiies also joined the party at the Sweetgrass 
Hills, on the 5th of August. For transportation of the whole, instruments, 
equipage, &c , and from thirt}' to forty daj-s' rations and forage, I had one 
four-mule spring-wagon, three six-mule Army-wagons, two two-mule Min- 
nesota wagons, a horse and buckboard for Dr. Coues, and a horse for 
myself The horse ridden by my scout, George Boyd, was his personal 
propert}', but was foraged with the train-animals 

The military escort assigned to accompany my party consisted of 



280 UNITED STATES KOETHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Company D, Sixth United States Infantry, about forty men, and three 
Indian scouts, commanded by Capt. Montgomery Bryant, Sixth Infantry 
(now Major Fom-teenth Infantry), with Lieut. F. SV. Thibaut, Sixth Infan- 
try, second in command. This escort remained with my party from the 
time of leaving Fort Buford until we reached the Sweetgrass Hills depot, 
on our return from the Rocky Mountains. 

On the 21st of June, the entire expedition and the military escort left 
Fort Buford, taking the Fort Peck trail, along the north bank of the Mis- 
souri River. We were delayed two days at the Big Muddy River, which, 
because of the deep mud on the l)ottom and along the banks, was not ford- 
able. A crib and trestle bridge was constructed across it, on the 2od and 
24th, by my own and Lieutenant Greene's parties, and the train crossed on 
the 25th. On the 26th, Lieutenant Greene's part}^ and escort left the main 
column, to strike the boundary-line near the point where his last season's 
work terminated. The main column arrived, July 1, at a point on the 
north bank of the Milk River, in longitude about 106° 53', and nearlj^ 
opposite an old trading-post known as "Tom Campbell's houses," where I 
left it with my party, escort, and a contract wagon-train from Fort Buford, 
which was carrying rations and forage with which to form a depot of sup- 
plies on or near the boundary-line. 

My objective point was on the boundary-Hne, about the usual distance 
between United States stations (forty miles) west of Station Xo. 12, the last 
station occupied in 1873. I therefore turned northward, July 2, from the 
main trail, and essayed to march along the east bank of Rocky Creek, as the 
general course of that stream appeared to be from the northwest, hoping, 
in case it did not lead us far enough to the westward, that we might be able 
to cross it near the boundary -line. I soon found, however, that we were 
getting into a country of bad-lands, impracticable for Avagons, and there- 
fore turned about, and followed the stream down to a in-acticable crossing 
near its forks. Thence, we marched across the broken country which is 
the dividing ridge between the Rocky and Frenchman's Creeks, to the east 
bank of the latter. As it was impossible to reach the bed of Frenchman's 
Creek in the vicinity of the i)oInt where we approached the bluffs, and as 
an inspection revealed the same rough bad-lands for several miles forther 










■1 



■■1 



U 



-, .* 






,.f 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 281 

north, I turned southward again, and made for the known crossino- about 
three miles below the trading-post, Fort N J. Turnay. It was fortunate 
that we d:d so, as I afterward learned from the topographical parties that 
there was no practicable crossing for more than thirty miles, up-stream, 
from Fort Turnay. 

The valley, or rather gulch, of Frenchman's Creek varies from one to 
two miles in width, and is abruptly terminated, on both sides, by ragged, 
steep hills, similar in character to those of the bad-lands south of the Mis- 
souri Eiver. The bottom is comparatively level, and through it the stream 
winds sinuously. The creek, at ordinary stages of water, is about fifty 
yards wide, and has a rapid current, probably of about two miles an hour. 
The water is clear, but very unpleasantly alkaline, and at low stages of 
water is so strongly impregnated with salts as to be entirely unfit for use. 
We found Fort Turnay, which was a log structure, comprising storehouse 
and dwelling, occupied by two independent traders. They informed me 
that they were so much annoyed, and subjected to so much loss of prop- 
erty, by raids upon them by Indians, and were also kept so much upon the 
alert for their personal safety, that they purposed burning the buildings 
and leaving the country, which purpose was, I believe, carried into effect 
later in the season. Only the day before our arrival, a party of Sioux, 
from Fort Peck, had been entertained by them at a propitiatory feast, after 
which the guests displayed their gratitude for favors received by running 
off nine of the eleven horses belonging to their hosts. The two horses left 
were abandoned only because they were too much broken down to keep 
up with the rapid movements of the party. 

We left Fort Turnay on the 5th of July, and arrived at a pool of water 
near the boundary-hne the same evening. The weather had been intensely 
hot every day during our march from the Milk River, and water very scarce. 
The last day's march wfvs twenty-five miles long, without water, and the 
thermometer at 105°, in the shade, at 3 p. m. Men and animals were, there- 
fore, much fatigued upon arrival in camp, and eagerly sought the much- 
needed repose. 

On July 6, according to instructions received from the Chief Astron- 
omer, I adjusted accounts with Mr. Leiglifon, ..wuer of the wagou-train 



282 UNITED STATES iSORTOERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

which liad accompanied us with supplies from Fort Buford, and sent back 
to Fort Turnay, to be stored until we could send for them, such rations and 
forage as I was unable to cany in my wagons. 

Astronomical work was begun at Station No. 13 on the 6th, and 
finished on the 8tli, on which date the march westward along the boundary- 
line was begun. 

From this time forward until our arrival at the Sweetgrass Hills depot, 
August 3, the weather was favorable for asti'onomical work, and Stations 
Nos. 14, 15, 16, and 17 were successively established. 

The country over which we had traveled from Station No. 1 3 had been 
very dry, and much of it alkaline in character. Water was scarce, and 
usually unpleasantly alkaline. We had found no wood along the line, and 
w-ere therefore obliged to i^lace our dependence for fuel upon buftalo-chips, 
which were everywhere abundant. At the East Fork, however, I obtained 
a load of wood by sending twelve miles down the fork to a small grove of 
cottonwood-trees, and this lasted us until our arrival at the depot camp, 
eked out, as before, by " bois des vetches." 

On the 13th of July, while on the march from Station No. 15 to No. 
J 6, my scout, George Boyd, aided by the Indian scouts, killed the first 
bufiFalo Ave had seen — a lone old bull. After that date we frequently saw 
small bands, and at times, when we got to close quarters with them, killed 
moi-e perhaps than our needs justified. Upon our return fi-om the Rocky 
Mountains to the Sweetgrass Hills, the plains and the eastern slopes of the 
hills were literally black with the creatures, and for days, upon our march 
toward Foit Benton, the plains presented a similar appearance, for nearly 
180 degrees of the horizon, from the north around b}' the east. 

The buffalo find every pool of water existing upon the prairie, and are 
in the habit of standing in them to rid themselves of the flies Avhich are their 
peculiar pests. Wherever, therefore, the buffalo had preceded us we found 
tlie pools were mud-holes, which were loaded with buffalo excreta. Some- 
times the water which we were compelled to drink, even of pools large 
enough to be called ponds or small lakes, was so impregnated with buffalo- 
urine as to partake of its color, and to be altogether disgusting to the 
stomach. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 283 

Between Station No. 15 and the Milk Rivef we saw various camps and 
hunting-parties of Indians, supposed to be Sioux, and my scout, Boyd, had 
several intervie\^s with bands of Assiniboines, but we were not, at any time, 
molested by them. 

Upon arrival at the Sweetgrass Hills depot it became necessary to make 
some repairs to my wagons, which had become much shrunken by the con- 
tinued dry weather. The 4th and 5th of August were therefore spent in 
resetting tires and reshoeing the animals. 

The march westward was resumed on the 6th of August, and Stations 
Nos. 18, 19, and 20 were, thereafter, successively established. Work at the 
latter station, which was the last one of the survey, was completed on the 
26th of August 

There had been, therefore, between the 6th of July and the 26th of 
August, eight astronomical stations established, and three hundred and fifty- 
four miles marched. The average number of hours that we were in camp 
near stations was eighty-nine, and the average length of march for every 
day, excluding those at stations and the depot, was 18.6 miles, the shortest 
march being four, and the longest thirty-four miles. 

Camp at Chief Mountain Lake was broken, and the march eastward, 
to join the Chief Astronomer's party at the Sweetgrass Hills depot, begun 
on the 27th, and finished on the 31st of August. 

At this point the militaiy escort was relieved from duty with my party, 
as they were to march back to their station at Fort Buford, and we were to 
go to Fort Benton, and thence, by Mackinac boats, down the Missouri River 
to Bismarck. I desire to express my sense of grateful appreciation to j\Iajor 
Bryant for the kind cheerfulness with which the movements of his command 
were always made to correspond with those which I deemed necessary for 
my party. 

On the 4th of September, in company Avith the parties of the Commis- 
sioner and Chief Astronomer, we left the boundary-line to march to Fort 
Benton, ai-riving at the latter place on the 8th instant. A reconnaissance 
survey of the route traveled was made by Mr. Boss, the initial point being 
fixed, by triangulation, from the astronomical station near the Sweetgrass 
Hills depot, and the terminal points at P^ort Benton by sextant observations. 



284 UNITED STATES KOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

The distance traveled between tlie two points was one hundred and fourteen 
miles. 

At Fort Benton we were joined by Lieutenant Greene's parties, which 
had come from the boundarj'-line via Fort Shaw. The transportation, 
camp-equipage, &c., of the parties was turned over to the quartermaster of 
the Commission for transportation to Fort Shaw, and the parties, save those 
men who desired to remain in Montana, and were paid off and discharged 
at Fort Benton, embarked on the I'ith of September, in Mackinac boats, 
to row down the Missouri Eiver to Bismarck. 

There were six boats, with an officer or assistant in charge of each, and 
the Chief Astronomer in charge of the Avhole. The crews and freight were 
so divided as to give about equal loads to the boats, and as nearl}^ as pos- 
sible equal power for propulsion. We ariived at Fort Buford on the 23d, 
and at Bismarck on the 30th of September. The distance, by river, from 
Benton to Bismarck, as determined by the astronomically-checked boat 
survey make by Lieutenant Greene's parties, is eight hundred and five 
miles. The same distance is popularly supposed to be, from the estimates 
of steamboat-men, one thousand two hundred and fifty-six miles. 

We left Bismarck, by the Northern Pacific Railroad, October 2, and 
arrived in Saint Paul October 3, where, as in previous seasons, the men of 
the party were paid off and discharged. The ofiicers and assistants thence 
proceeded to Washington, where the usual routine of office-work was 
resumed. 

In closing this report, I desire to make mention of the admirable man- 
ner ill which all duties required of them were perfoi-med by m}- assistants 
during the whole progress of the survey. Especially am I indebted to 
Mr. Boss and Sir. Wilson, not only for cheerful performance of the duties 
devolved upon them, but also for zeal in the furtherance of the work which 
was equaled only by the discretion and accuracy with which their work 
was done. 

I desire also to mention my foreman, William Batson, who, by the 
exercise of an acute intelligence and untiring energy, relieved me of much 
personal responsibility, and contributed not a little to the harmony and 
comfort of my parties. 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 285 



SEASON OF 1875 

A portion of the United States Northern bo;inclary-line whicli lies 
across the valley of the Red Eiver, and extends some distance beyond its 
eastern and western limits, is marked at even-mile intervals (with one 
exception, which will be hereafter noted) by cast-iron pillars, of which 
alternate ones were placed in position by parties of the British and United 
States Commissions, respectively. Those of the British Commission were 
placed in 1874, and to place those of the United States Commission, I 
went, under instructions from the Chief Astronomei-, to the boundary-line, 
in the summer of 1875. 

The United States pillars were made at Detroit, Mich., upon the same 
general plan and specifications as those which mark our Northeastern bound- 
ary-line, differing from the latter only in the inscriptions upon them. They 
ai-e hollow iron castings, three-eighths of an inch in thickness, in the form of 
a truncated pyramid, eight feet high, eight inches square at bottom, four 
inches square at top, with solid pyramidal cap, and an octagonal flange, one 
inch in thickness, at bottom. Upon opposite faces are cast, in letters two 
inches high, the inscriptions "Convention of London," and "October 20, 
1818." The inscriptions begin about four and a half feet above the base, 
and read upward. The interiors are filled with well-seasoned cedar posts, 
sawed to fit, and securely spiked, through spike-holes cast in the pillars 
for the purpose. The average weight of the pillars, when completed and 
painted, was two hundred and eighty-five pounds. 

I arrived at Detroit August 3, inspected the pillars upon completion, 
and, finding them all perfect and according to specifications, shipped them, 
on the 8th instant, via the Great Lakes and Northern Pacific Railroad, to 
Moorhead, Minn. I then went by rail to Saint Paul, where I employed a 
foreman, obtained such equipage and materials as wei'e necessary for a 
working party, and left for Moorhead upon the receipt, August 15, of tele- 
graphic advices that the pillars would arrive there the next day. From 
Moorhead, I shipped the pillars, equipage, &c., and myself took passage, 
August 16, on the steamboat Dakota, for Pembina. Owing to the low 



28(3 rNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY (JOMMISSION. 

stage of water in the Red River, we were so frequently groanded on bars 
and rapids that we did not arrive at our destination until the 2r)th instant. 

At Pembina I organized a working part}' by employing four additional 
men and three teams, and began setting the pillars on the 2d of Septenibei-. 

The similar pillars which had been placed by the British parties the 
preceding autumn, were at two-mile intervals, reckoning eastward and 
westward from the point of intersection of the boundary-line with the prin- 
cipal meridian of the Dominion province of Manitoba, and nn- instractions 
were to place the United States pillars midway between them, in order that 
the intervals between pillars should be even miles. The mounds erected 
when the survey of this portion of the boundary-line was made, in 1873, 
were at even-mile intervals, reckoning eastward and Avestward from the 
initial astronomical station. No. 1, on the west bank of the Red River. The 
principal meridian of Manitoba crossed the boundary-line five chains eighty- 
three links, or o84.8 feet west of the mound nearest it, and, therefore, 
each pillar was to be placed the same distance west of its corresponding- 
mound. The sites for them had been marked, over a portion of the line, 
by the parties wdiich placed the British pillars, with a peg and a small earth 
mound. When the pegs were found intact the pillars Avere there placed ; 
if they were missing, or when, as on the line eastward from Roseau Ridge 
to Roseau River, no sites had been marked, they were established Avith 
theodolite and chain, by means of the distance mentioned and the direction 
given by the adjacent mound and the next iron pillar. 

From the Red RiA^er eastward to the twenty-mile point, the mounds 
Avere in erroneous positions, owing to an error made in the field-calculations, 
Avhich was discovered and corrected in the subsequent office-computations. 
They were north of the line proportionally to the distances from the east 
and west ends of the tangents to the point of junction, the greatest error 
being lfi.9 feet at the ten-mile point. (For details see Lieutenant Greene's 
report "Details of Tangents.'") The errors were corrected, and all of the 
iron pillars placed in their proper positions. 

The pillars Avere all set four feet in the ground, with their inscription- 
faces to the north and south, aiul the earth around tliem Avell settled. They 
were placed in their exact sites by means of stakes north and south and 



RRrORT OF THE CDIEF ASTRONOMEK, APPENDIX A. 287 

east and west of the pegs marking their sites; upon which alignment Avas 
made in the two directions, before and during the time that tliey were being 
secured by bowlders and earth. 

There were seventeen pillars set east, and forty-three west of the Red 
River; the most easterly and most westerly being, respectively, n3 miles 
55.10 chains and 170 miles 55.19 chains west of the astronomical station 
at the Lake of the Woods (No. 1 east). The intervening ones are all at 
their proper intervals, with two exceptions, viz, an extra pillar was placed 
in the mound marking the initial point of the sin-vey near the Red River 
(Station No. 1), and the pillar next west of the Pembina River was set in 
the mound 13*4 miles 32.07 chains west of the Lake of the Woods station. 
This latter site was selected for two reasons: first, on accoiint of its con- 
spicuous position, on the crest of the high ridge west of the river; and 
second, because it would have been at a great expense of time and labor 
to have carried it, by hand, down the precipitous bluffs, to an obscure 
position in the gulch below. 

The work was completed, and the men and teams of the party paid off 
and discharged on the 7th of October. From the 2d of September to the 
latter date, we were accompanied by a military escort, detailed by order of 
Brigadier-General Terry, commanding Department of Dakota, consisting 
of twelve enlisted men of the Twentieth Infantry, from tlie garrison of Fort 
Pembina, commanded by Lieut. C. H. Low of the same regiment. To 
Lieutenant Low and his men I am indebted for much assistance in expe- 
diting the work. 

Upon my return to Pembina, I found instructions from the Chief 
Astronomer, directing me to proceed to the Northwest Angle of the Lake 
of the Woods, for purposes which are detailed in a special paper concerning 
that locality. I accordingly left Pembina on the 8th of October, proceeded 
by stage to Winnipeg, Manitoba, and thence, by special conveyance, to 
my destination, and having performed the duty with which I was charged, 
returned to Pembina, on the 15th; and after adjusting the business affairs 
of the Commission there and at Saint Paul, I returned to Washington on 
the 2d of November. 



288 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

ASTRONOMY. 

The latitudes of all of the astronomical stations were determined by 
observations, with the zenith telescope, of the dilYerences of nearly equal 
meridian zenith distances of stars, north and south of the zenith. This 
method and instrument are now in such general use that only such descrip- 
tion of them is necessary as will explain the features and circumstances 
l^eculiar to our work. 

INSTRUMENTS. 

The zenith telescopes used were Nos. 9, 11, and 20, Wiirdemann. 
Kos. 9 and 11 were of twenty -five inches focal length, of small magnifying 
power, and were considerably worn by use upon the survey of our North- 
western boundary-line, from the Pacific Ocean to the summit of the Rocky 
Moimtains. 

Ko. 20 was a new instrument, made for the Commission in 1872 and 
'73, of thirty-two inches focal length, and a magnifying power of sixty 
diameters. 

No. 9 was used by Captain Twining, at Stations Nos. 1 and 1 east, and 
with it good results were obtained. 

No. 1 1 was used by myself, at Stations Nos. 3, 7, and 9, and found to 
be entirely unreliable. It was afterward discovered that durino- the time 
of observations at Station No. 3, the telescope was loose upon its horizontal 
axis. Though this fault was afterward remedied, an irredeemable one was 
the badly-ground level attached to the telescope, which would often sud- 
denly indicate large changes in the adjustments that could not be detected 
by means of the striding-level. The instrument Avas, in fact, faulty to a 
degree that rendered the attaimnent of precise results with it impossible. 
It was soon discarded and replaced by No. 20, which was used at sixteen 
stations and at Fort Buford, and found to be, in all respects, a perfect 
instrument. 

I N S T K C M E N T - S T A X D S . 

From the beginning of the work up to Station No. 5, the instruments 
were mounted upon wooden ])osts, about twenty inches in diameter and six 
feet long, sunk four feet in the ground. Well-seasoned logs were selected, 



us. NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION 



IINSTRUMiNT STAND) 

DEVISED BY 

CAP^WJ. TWINING. Corps of Enc.ineers 

h Sc&l bill- 

Owck scj-eir 

d /Laiwed. Je/ralt screw 

e. Ruhlvf \vashcr 

rf 'I'abU bolts 

h I'.lp/dLuin of oaJt j'rA "le inn-k 

k PU/L ef &lAnouljLJ- aaJc Jrd/ne. 

1 Opcii. steel ■d^nip!, 
in Oak tdbU 

n OuHjici iron iic^^ j'm- Ljlj'Hino' 
J> Wnnch 




REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 289 

and the portion above gi-ound painted to prevent swelling, shrinking, and 
twisting with atmospheric changes. They served their purpose very well, 
but as our field of labor was, for the most part, a treeless country, it was 
very desii-able to have some sort of a stand which could be conveniently 
transported from station to station. Such an one was devised by Captain 
Twining', and manufactured to his order at the Detroit Locomotive Works. 
Three pointed steel bars, two inches in diameter and six and a half feet 
long, were driven four and a half feet into the ground, and formed a part of 
a rigid system, with a braced triangular frame-work of oak, twenty-nine 
inches high, whose horizontal section was an isosoles triangle, of about 
fourteen inches base. The connectidn between the bars and frame-work 
was effected by open steel clamps at top and bottom of the frame-work, 
which were closed by bolts and nuts, after the bars were driven. 

The table, which w^as a solid ti-iangular piece of oak, three inches thick, 
w^as joined to the bars by means of bolts attached to its bottom, three for 
each bar, and intermediate flanged female screws, with bolt-holes, which 
fitted the corresponding male screws upon the bar-heads. 

Between these flanged screws and the table-bottom were placed soft- 
rubber w^'ashers, to allow the table to be brought to a firm bearing, by means 
of the bolts and nuts, when the top surfaces of the flanges were not in the 
same plane, or any of them not parallel to the bottom of the surface of the 
table. 

On the bars, below the flanged female screws, were brass chock-screws, 
which worked against the former, and held them firmly in position. 

To place the stand in position, the top soil was first removed from a 
triangular space a little larger than the table of the stand. The frame-work 
w^as then placed upon the hard soil, the bars inserted in the open clamps, 
and driven with iron-bound wooden malls of twenty-five pounds weight. 

The bar-heads were protected during the driving by chilled-iron heads, 
temporarily screwed on. These were then removed, the clamps tightened, 
and the table screwed down. The whole was then covered with a blanket 
bag, to protect the metal from the effects of sudden changes of tempera- 
ture, and consequent disturbance of the adjustments of the surmounting 
instrument 

N B 19 



290 UNITED STATES XORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

In hard and gravelly soils the bars were driven with considerable diffi- 
culty, sinking slowly under the impulses given by the twenty-five pound 
malls, swung by stalwart men, but in no instance was I unable to use the 
stand by reason of not being able to sink the bars. Small bowlders struck, 
were either broken or forced aside, and sometimes the bars themselves were 
slightly sprung, not effecting, however, any damage. In a few cases large 
bowlders were struck, necessitating the choice of another position for the 
stand. 

I used this stand at thirteen stations, and fottnd it to be sufficiently 
stable, much more convenient to work around than a post, and there was 
no settling. 

The labor of placing and removal was much less than with posts, and 
could be accomplished in half the time. 

I think, however, that the bars would answer their purpose as well if 
they were made but five feet long; they would then have to be driven only 
three feet in the ground, which would afford ample stability, while the labor 
of dri%ang them, and of digging them out, would be greatly lessened. 

At Station No. 20, the instrument was mounted upon a structure of 
limestone slabs and small pieces of rock. As each slab had uneven sur- 
faces, and was of varying thickness, its points of support were three small 
stones of selected sizes, so placed on the slab below as to make the top 
surface of the supported slab as nearly level as possible. 

Although the arrangement answered tolerably well, it was neither as 
stable nor as convenient as our instrument-stand. The latter 1 was unable 
to tran.sport up Chief Mountain Lake, and was, therefore, compelled to 
supply its place in any manner that I best could. 

SEXTANTS. 

The sextants used were Nos. 1452 and 1455, Stackpole & Bro. They 
were purchased by the Commission, and possess some peculiarities which 
were made from designs by Professor Harkness, United States Navy. 
They are of six-inch i-adius, are graduated to 10', and read by vernier to 
10". The vernier-plate is beveled, and the attached reading-microscope 
is inclined to the liuib in tlie direction of the graduation-lines, an an-ange- 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 



291 



ment whicli I do not consider desirable, especially for niglit-work. A find- 
ing-level is attached to the index-bar, which is a great convenience to 
inexperienced observers. 

An eye-piece shade, with several glasses of various depths of the same 
color, was found to be a decided convenience for use in sun-observations, 
obviating the use of the shades of the index and horizon glasses, and, there- 
fore, eliminating the jjossibilities of eiTors arising from difierent refractions 
by those shades. 

The instruments were well made, and were, on the whole, very satis- 
factory. 

Mr. Boss made an extended series of investigations in 1873 to obtain 
the corrections for eccentricity of No. 1452. They consisted of compari- 
sons of observed angular distances of stars with the same distances com- 
puted. As the results obtained do not elsewhere appear, they are here 

tabulated. 

Corrections due to eccentricity — Sextant, 1452, Staclcpole <& Bro. 



At— 


Corrections. 


At— 


Correctious. 




o 


// 





// 




10 


— 0.5 


80 


— 11.2 


For angles not given tbe 


20 


— 1.3 


90 


— 13.6 


correction is obtained 


30 


— 2.3 


100 


— 16.1 


by interpolation. 


40 


— 3.6 


110 


— 18.9 




50 


— 5.2 


120 


— 21.7 




60 


— 7.0 


130 


— 24.7 




70 


— 8.0 


140 


— 27.7 





CHRONOMETERS. 

The chronometers used by mj party in 1873 were Negus break- 
circuit sidereal No. 1481; Bond sidereal No. 235; Negus mean solar No. 
1319. 

In 1874 I had Negus break-circuit sidereal No. 1513 instead of 1481, 
the others being the same. 

The break-circuit chronometers were swung in gimbals, and the others 
were in leather cases. They were usually packed for transportation in a 
cotton-lined box, and were carried in the spring instrument-wagon. 

Their performances were quite satisfactory, as may be ascertained by 
reference to the special paper on chronometer performances. 



292 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

ASTRONOMICAL TRANSITS. 

I earned, during the season of 1873, astronomical transit No. 30, Wiir- 
demann, and, in 1874, No. 4, Wiii'demann. These were Httle used. A few 
observations for instrumental constants and time were made at Station No. 7. 

MANNEROFWORK. 

It was customary, when upon the march, to make daily observations 
with the sextant for time and latitude ; sometimes of the sun, but oftener 
• of well-known stars. 

When marching over portions of the country which were not after- 
ward to be surveyed by the topographical parties, daily observations were 
made, when practicable, of stars east and west for time, and north and 
south for latitude. By means of the prismatic compass and odometer as 
full reconnaissance-notes as possible were made of the trail between points 
of astronomical observation. 

When marching along the boundary-line the same care as to survey 
of route, &c., was not exercised, as this was to be the field of the topo- 
graphical parties, and only such notes of bearings and distances were kept 
as would enable us, at any time, to know our approximate position with 
reference to points upon the boundary-line; chronometers were, however, 
usually compared daily, at noon, both in camp and upon the march. 

When it happened that we arrived before noon in the vicinity of a 
proposed astronomical station, a halt was made in sufficient time to take 
circummeridian observations of the sun for latitude, for which the corre- 
sponding time-observations were made when the sun had attained an hour- 
angle great enough to give sufficiently accurate results. 

To make these observations, and to compute the latitude from the data 
so obtained, and the longitude from the compass and odometer record of 
march from the preceding station, or the chronometers, usually involved a 
delay of two and a half or three hours. 

From the position so established, it was easy to proceed, by compass 
and odometer, to a point near the 49tli parallel, and at the proper distance 
from the preceding station. 

In case of arrival in sucli vicinity after noon, it was necessary to go 



REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX A. 293 

into camp and await the result of night observations. In several instances, 
however, I was spared this delay through the courtesy of the Chief Astron- 
omer of the British Commission, who had driven pickets upon which were 
recorded the results of observations made by him while on reconnaissance 
expeditions, thus affording me fixed points on which to base trail-surveys. 

A site for camp and the observatory was then selected as near the 
49th parallel as the necessities of camp life, such as proximity to water and 
grass, would pemrit, and the zenith telescope was prepared for use. I rarely 
found it possible to put the instrument in perfect adjustment until after sun- 
down, because of the rapid changes in temperature which occurred during 
the latter part of the afternoon. The difference between the highest tem- 
perature on July 6, 1874, and the lowest on the succeeding night was 56°. 3; 
•in many instances the changes inside of twenty-four hours were as much 
as 40° to 50°. 

The instrument was placed in the meridian by means of an observation 
of Polaris at any convenient even minute of time, for which the azimuth of 
the star was computed in advance. 

It was rarely necessary to repeat this adjustment at any station, though 
a convenient test of its accuracy was afforded by eye comparison with the 
micrometer comb-scale of the distances from mid-wire of stars observed at 
culmination. If these distances, so estimated, did not exceed thi-ee microm- 
eter turns (one turn r=:62"), the adjustment was considered satisfactory; if 
unsatisfactory, it could be repeated in about twenty minutes' time. 

In latitude observations the star bisection was always perfected at the 
instant of culmination, jvhich time, as well as that of each even ten seconds 
and the last even five seconds of the preceding half minute, was called by 
the recorder, who had before him the chronometer, and the computed chro- 
nometer time of culmination on the programme arranged for the night. 

Chronometer corrections were ascertained by means of sextant obser- 
vations east and west. 

The observations of each night were computed the following morning ; 
frequently those of the last night at a station were computed as fast as 
talcen. 

On the day following tlie iirst niglit's work llie distance on the meridian 



294 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

from the center of the insti-ument to the 49th parallel, as given by the mean 
of the results, was carefully measured, and a picket driven there (in latitude 
49°: 1" of latitude = 101.34 feet). The teams were then employed during 
the remainder of the days at the station in hauling stone for the mound to 
this picket. 

When the requisite number of results were obtained, and the final lat- 
itude deduced, the difference between it and the result of the first night's 
work was laid off on the ground, north or south, from the picket before 
mentioned, and another picket driven, around which was piled the stone for 
the mound which marks the boundary-line. 

The mounds were conical in form, and varied in dimensions with the 
comparative difficulty experienced in obtaining stones. The smallest was 
about five feet high, and eight feet in diameter at base, and the largest' 
eight feet high, and sixteen feet in diameter at base. 

When timber was obtainable there was usuully a post sunk three feet 
in the ground, around which the mound was built ; otherwise the top soil 
was removed and a circle of small bowlders laid around a central stone used 
in the place of the picket. This was then covered with earth and the mound 
piled upon it. 

Upon completion of the mound, which was usually before noon of the 
day succeeding the last night's work at a station, camp was broken and the 
march begun for the next station. 

BLANK FORMS. 

The blank forms used for computations in the field were so convenient 
that I deem them worthy of preservation, and to that end attach specimens 
hereto : 

1. Time by single altitude. 

2. Latitude by Polaris off meridian. 

3. Latitude by circummeridian altitudes. 

4. Programme for zenith-telescope observations. 

5. Comparison of chronometers. 

6. Record and reduction of zenith-telescope observations. 

Nos. 1 , 2, 3, and 4 were arranged in blocks of one hundred fornis, from 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 295 

which each form was detached for file as computations upon it were com- 
pleted. No. 5 was in book-form of half quires ; the specimen shown is one- 
half of one page. 

No. 6 was in book-fomi of foiir quires ; the specimens shown are the 
headings of opposite pages. 

RESULTS. 

There are appended hereto complete records of the astronomical sta- 
tions. They are in order as follows: — 

1. Star Catalogues, 1872, '73, '74. 

2. Latitude determinations with the zenith telescope. 

3. Instrumental constants. 

4. Abstract of chronometer records. 

5. Results at British astronomical stations. 

6. Reconnaissance-positions. 

The large number of independent observations made with the sextant 
for time and latitude, are not appended. They, alone, would make a consid- 
erable volume, and are not considered essential to a faithful presentation of 
the record. 

STAli CATALOGUES. 

The star lists comprise all stars used for observation with the zenith 
telescope. Their designating numbers are those of the British Association 
Catalogue, and the mean declinations and proper motions those adopted 
for the year. The list for 1872 was used at but two stations, No. 1 and 
No. 1 east. The mean declinations were derived from the catalogues of 
the Greenwich observatory. The mean declinations for 1873 and 1874 
were obtained b}^ homogeneous reduction, according to the method of 
Arffelander,from all reliable authorities obtainable. This has been the work 
of Mr. Lewis Boss, to whom great credit is due for the correct and altogether 
admirable manner in which his work has been performed. As he is engaged 
in the preparation of an elaborate report upon the subject of these star 
places, I will not enlarge upon them here, and will only add, that a careful 
examination of the latitude results obtained, and of the residuals of each 
pair of stars, referred to the mean latitudes of the several stations, affords 



296 UNITED STATES NOKTHERN BOUNDAKY COMMISSIOiSr. 

ample evidence to warrant the conclusion that the errors of determination 
are almost wholly those of observation, including, of course, instrumental 
errors, and that the mean places of the stars may be considered as very 
nearly approaching absolute accuracy. 

The lists for 1873 and 1874 comprise one hundred and twenty-four 
and one hundred and twenty-eight stars, respectively, in declination from 
-f 17° 45' 52" to 7?° 58' 65", and in right ascension from 13"^ 22" to 4'' 05™, 
wliich were the hours of possible observation dui'ing the field-seasons. . 

The ephemeris, as constructed for use in the field, consisted of: — 

1st. Table of mean places for the year; R. A. from any reliable author- 
ity; annual precession and proper motion. Logarithms of the constants 
ft' h' d d', corresponding to Bessel's formulae and notation for reduction 
from mean to apparent place. 

2d. Logarithms of day numbers for the day and sidereal hours speci- 
fied, computed for a mean longitude of the stations. 

3d. Table of apparent places, for every five days of the probable time 
of field-work. 

This time, in 1873, was from May 20 to October 22, and in lb74, from 
June 24 to October 12. 

Declinations for other dates than those given in the table, were obtained 
by interpolation, the difference between a declination so obtained, and one 
directly reduced, being inappreciable. 

LATITUDE RESULTS 

The final result for the latitude of each station is the arithmetical mean 
of all of the determinations at that station, without regard to time of obser- 
vation or the pairs of stars observed. This method was chosen, because 
the probable erj-or of declination is so far inside of that of observation as 
to render weighting, not only a work of unnecessary refinement, but pos- 
itively undesirable. For the same reason, it is believed that the final 
accuracy is about the same at stations, so far as it depends upon the number 
of dififei'ent pairs of stars observed. 

At no station has the time of observation covered a period of less than 
two entire nights. In those instances, when there were two or three nights 



IIEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, ArPENDIX A. 297 

of observation, the number of observations made on the several nights were 
nearly the same, and the mean result given is nearly that of the mean of the 
results taken by nights. At those stations where there was a greater number 
of nights' woi-k, the numbers of observations of the several nights do 
greatly vary, and it would be manifestly unfair to give, for the final result, 
the mean of the nights' results, unless less weight were given to the night 
of few observations, and this is practically done by taking the mean of all 
the results. 

There have been no results rejected by arbitrary selection. At each 
station, Peirce's Critei'ion for the rejection of doubtful obsei-vations was 
applied to the results, before striking the final mean. While there is much 
doubt of the actual utility of the application of such mathematical criterion 
when the results are in the hands of a competent and judicious computer, 
it nevertheless gives some standard rule for computers to follow, and affords 
means of comparing results obtained by different, observers, which would 
not be comparable if results were rejected at will. It also dissipates doubts 
which might arise as to the constant good judgment of a computer in select- 
ing results for rejection, especially under tlie pressure of necessary haste in 
completing the computations, which always obtained in our field work. 

INSTRUMENTAL CONSTANTS. 

Observations for the value of level divisions and micrometer turns of 
each zenith telescope, were made once or twice each season that such instru- 
ment was used, except that the value obtained for the level of zenith 
telescope No. 20, in 1873, was used in 1874. The permanent marks used in 
the level-value determinations were either the crosswires of astronomical 
transits or transit theodolites. 

For value of micrometer turns, observations were made upon a circum- 
polar star, usually Polaris, near elongation. 

For zenith telescope No. 20, those used in 1874 depend upon three 
series of observations: two of Polaris, and one of B. A. C. No. 240, made 
at Fort Buford. 

I desired to reobserve for the constant values of No. 20, but there were 
no occasions, during the season of 1874, when such observations would 



298 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



have been practicable, that the time was not employed in latitude work, or 
that I was not too much fatigued, by such work, to make the results of 
value. It was not considered of sufficient importance to justify a night's 
delay for the purpose, as the latitude results demonstrated, by accompany- 
ing results obtained from pairs of stai-s with large and small diffei'ences of 
zenith distances, that the micrometer values used were amply good. 

No corrections for run of micrometer, or for variations in the value of 
micrometer-turns for changes of temperature, have been applied, the inves- 
tigations of these errors being considered moi-e curious than useful in their 
relation to field-astronomy. 

The following synoptical table explains the general character of the 
latitude-work 

The results of observations at all the stations of 1873 and 1874 are 
included between the limits here given, except those of Nos. 3, 7, and 9, 
which were determined with the poor instrument (No. 11) before described, 
and which, though not absolutely bad, are not comparable with the rest of 
the work. 



. 


1873. 


1874. 


a 
«^ 


•X 

3 

o 

u 

s 


c p 
rz o 

S 

6 = 

2; 


a 

3 
c 

^ o 
1 


o 

5 
CIS 


IS 
.2 


' a 

s 
a 

1 


Greatest extreme range of results at any station . 

Least extreme range of results at any station 

Greatest probable error of single determination .. 

Least probable error of single determination 

Greatest probable error of final result 


n 

3.43 

2.28 
a 457 
0.324 
0.056 
0.037 


66 
59 

C6 
%l 
66 
82 


10 
12 

10 
5 

10 
5 


// 

2.68 

1.83 

0. 393 

0.228 

0.049 

0.029 


75 

60 
47 
62 
47 
62 


16 

18 
20 
15 
20 
15 


Least probable error of tinal result 



Number of independent determinations of latitude witb zenith telescope 
N amber of same rejected by criterion 



5 167c 
} 187^ 
I 1873. 
\ 1874. 



73.. 561 

74.. 520 

1873.. II 

3 



No star forms a compound of more than one pair, and the results show 
that it is better that each pair should be separately observed; that is, that 
several pairs should not be grouped for the same setting. 

In the computations for probable error, the residuals are the differences 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, ARPENDIX A. 



299 



between the arithmetical means of all of the determinations and the indi- 
vidual determinations; which is the method usually, but not universally, 
adhered to in like field work. 



RESULTS AT BRITISH STATIONS. 

The appended list of results obtained at the British astronomical sta- 
tions is compiled from the record of the British Commission furnished the 
United States Commission. (See page 198.) 

The declinations of stars used by the astronomers of the British Com- 
mission were taken from the publications of the Greenwich Observatory, 
and the individual results obtained were combined by weights. 

RECONNAISSANCE POSITIONS. 

In the following table are given the astronomical positions of points 
on line of march from Fort Buford to the boundary -line at Station No. 1 3. 
The latitude of Fort Buford was determined, by myself, with zenith tele- 
scope No. 20. The large probable error of final result is accounted for by 
the facts that there were but twenty determinations, by observation of eleven 
pairs of stars, and that the declinations of these stars were from other 
sources than our own catalogue, which did not contain stars of suitable 
declination for that latitude. 

The other positions given are from sextant observations by my assist- 
ant, Mr. Lewis Boss. 



Positions. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Fort Buford fflaff-staff 1 


Q 1 II II 

47 59 15.58 ± 0.192 

48 09 10 
48 08 38 
48 07 58 
48 04 55 
48 16 18 
48 29 37 
48 42 50 
48 44 05 


o / /' 

103 58 00 

104 54 25.5 

104 53 46.5 

105 09 52.5 

106 00 28.5 
106 35 46.5 

106 59 33 

107 04 54 
107 11 45 


Riff Muddv River . . ................. 


Frenchman's Point (Missouri River) 

Poplar River (or Quaking A-^h River) 

Little Porcunine River 








Fort Turuay (Frenchman's Creek) 



300 UNITED STATES NORTOERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

H T P S O M E T R y AND M E T E O R O L O G Y. 

The vertical element of the survey along the boundary-line depends 
upon the barometric determinations of the altitudes of astronomical camps, 
&c., upon which, as bases, are adjusted and closed the vertical surveys of 
the topographical parties. 

The instruments used in this connection by each astronomical party 
were two cistern-barometers. Green, two aneroid barometers, two psy- 
chrometers, one maximum and one minimum thermometer, one black-bulb 
thermometer. 

Those under mv care were in constant use from the Red River to the 
Rocky Mountains, and, with the exception of the black-bulb thermometer, 
which was broken eai'ly in the first season and never replaced, were safely 
carried through all of the vicissitudes incident to two years' service in the 
field, a piece of good fortune rarely equaled in the histories of these fragile 
instruments. 

The practice at astronomical camps was to record daily at 7 a. m., 2 
p. m., and 9 p. m. the readings of the barometers, attached thermometers, 
and psy chrometer, tlie extra barometers being read for the pm-pose of detect- 
ing any change of instrumental errors which might occur, and also to afl'ord 
the means of continuing the record, reduced to the same zero, in case of 
accident to the standard barometer. 

General meteorological phenomena were noted three times daily, and 
the maximum and minimum thermometers were read at 7 a. m. and 9 p m. 

The computations of the altitudes of all stations have been made by 
comparison of daily means with the daily means of synchi'onous observa- 
tions made at a permanent station. 

For the season of 1873 tlie permanent station was Fort Pembina, Dak., 
where the record was kept by an observer employed by the Commission. 

For season of 1874 comparison was made with the record of the United 
States Signal-Service station at Fort Benton, Montana, a copy of which, for 
the time of our field-service, Avas furnished, upon application, by the Chief 
Signal-OfRcer of tlie Army. 

The formulae and tables employed in the reduction may be found in 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A, 801 

Williamson's treatise on the " Use of the Barometer, &c.", Professional 
Papers Corps of Engineers, No. 15, and " are those of Plantamour (Guyot's 
tables D, 72-79), rearranged and adapted to English measures." 

The reductions have been made by daily means, and each result thus 
obtained given equal weight in the final result. In those cases where, for 
lack of a sufficient number of daily means, single observations have been 
admitted, much less weight than that given a daily mean has been accorded 
them — generally about one-quarter. 

No corrections for abnormal and horary oscillations of the weight of 
the atmosphere have been applied, as we had no sufficiently-extended series 
of observations made under circumstances favorable for the purpose of 
deducing these corrections. The only hourly series attempted was recorded 
at Captain Twining's camp, at "Wood End Depot, September 23 to 30, 1873, 
and that time was, unfortunately, the period of the severe equinoctial storm 
of that year. 

The great horizontal distances between barometers compared intro- 
duces an element of uncertainty in the results, on account of the different 
local conditions to which the two instruments may be subject at correspond- 
ing times of observations. This source of error would be practically elim- 
inated in cases of long-extended series of observations, because abnormal 
results would be indicated by comparison with a large number of results, 
and might be rejected, or, if admitted, they would have little weight in the 
general result, by reason of comparatively small numbers. 

This condition obtained at few of our stations, as, in the majority of 
cases, the determinations depend upon a small number of daily means, and 
necessarily so, because the time allowed for barometi-ic observation at any 
station was strictly limited to that required for the purpose of astronomical 
observation. 



302 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



The barometric heights of the eight astronomical stations of 1874 have 
been reduced by comparison with three Signal-Service stations. The results 
are given in the following table: — 



Stilt 


iou. 


g 

'J 
c 
< 


c 
o 

pa 

> 

C 
SI 
< 


S 

s 

.a 


o 

li 

< 


o 
■a . 

'-a 

< 


c 

< 


Locality of station. 


No. 13. 
No. 14. 

No. 15. 
No. Ki. 
No. 17. 

No. 18. 
No. 19. 
No. 20. 




Feet. 
2, 094 
2, 240 
1,937 
1,929 
2, 898 
2, 624 
3, 554 
3,580 


Feet. 
19i 
2C8 
100 
149 

1,049 
827 

1,G41 

1,539 


Feet. 
3,201 
3, 039 
3, 240 
3. 1()5 
2, 21)2 
2, 583 
1,641 
1,726 


Feet. 

2, 884 

3, 030 
2, 727 
2, 719 
3, (188 
3,414 
4,343 
4,375 


Feet. 

2, 866 

2,942 

2,770 

2,823 

3,723 

3, 501 

4, 315 
4,213 


2,857 
3,019 

2, 818 
2,893 
3,795 

3, 475 
4,417 
4,331 


Frencbiuaii's Creek, west bank. 

Pool on prairie. 

East Fork Milk River. 

Milk River lake.s. 

East Butte Sneetgrass Hills. 

Red River, west bank. 

North Fork Milk River. 

Chief Mountain Lake. 










Fort Pembina a 
Cheyenne abovi 
Fort Benton ab 


bo\e se.1 










Feet. 
760 














6,058 




Dve sea . 










2,674 



The results obtained by reference to Fort Benton are those accepted 
for the altitudes of these stations, and are considered the most reliable, 
because the horizontal distances between stations compared are much less 
than in the other cases, and the general climatic and local conditions more 
nearly similar. 

Apppended is a table giving the altitudes of thirtj'-two positions, on or 
near the boundary-line, with verbal description of location, latitude, and 
longitude, and height above station of comparison and above the sea. 

Also, record of each station, and of station of comparison, and the work 
of reduction. 

The records at stations Nos. 2, 4, G, 8, Wood End Depot, Lake of the 
Woods, and Northwest Angle were made under the supervision of Captain 
Twining; those at Nos. 2, 3, and 4, east, under the supervision of Lieu- 
tenant Greene, and at the rest of the stations under my own supervision, 
except at the British depot, Sweetgrass Hills, where a semi-daily record of 
an aneroid barometer was kept during the month of August, 1874, and a 
transcript of it forwarded to me by the Chief Astronomer of the British 
Commission. 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 303 

THE NORTHWEST ANGLE, LAKE OF THE WOODS. 

By this title is popularly and generally designated the arm or bay 
of the Lake of the Woods, at whose northwestern extremity is the point 
decided, by the Joint Commissioners appointed to carry into effect the 7th 
Article of the Treaty of Ghent, to be the most northwestern point of the 
Lake of the Woods. To the locality especial interest attaches, from the 
fact that the most northwestern point mentioned is the initial point of the 
boundary-line which it was our work to detei-mine, and because a portion 
of the American waters of the bay, and of one of the streams emptying 
into it, form a part of the Dominion Government route of travel and trans- 
portation from Lake Superior to Winnipeg, Manitoba. 

In order to arrive at a clear understanding of the purpose and methods 
pursued in the work at the Northwest Angle, I quote the following from 
the declaration of the Commissioners appointed to establish the boundary- 
line under the 7th Article of the Treaty of Ghent: — 

Section 19. Resolved, Tbat the following ('escribed line (also represented on said 
maps as before mentioned) is, in the opinion of the Commissioners, so far as the same 
extends, tbe true Boundary intended by the before mentioned Treaties: — Namely, 
* * * * * thence through the middle of the waters of this Bay to the Nortbwe.st 
extremity of the same, being the most Northwestern i)oiut of the Lake of the Woods, 
and Irom a monument erected iu this Bay, on the nearest firm ground to tbe above 
Northwest extremity of said Bay, the courses and distances are as follows: viz, 1st, N. 
560 W. 15051 feet. 2d, N. 6° W. 8GU feet. 3d, N. 28° W. G15.4 feet. 4tb, N. 27° 10' 
W. 495.4 feet, oth, N. 5° 10' E. 1322* feet. 6th, N. 7° 45' W, 493 feet. The variation 
being 12° East. The termination of this 6th or last course and distance being the 
above said most Northwestern Point of the Lake of the Woods, as designated by the 
7th Article of the Treaty of Ghent, and being in Latitude Forty-nine degrees, twenty- 
three minutes, and fifty-five seconds North of tbe Equator, and in longitude Ninety- 
five degrees, fourteen minutes, and thirty-eight seconds, west from the observatory at 
Greenwich. 

To discover and re-establish this "most NorthwesteiTi point," and to 
trace, thence, the meridian boundary-line, and to make such sui-\'eys at the 
Northwest Angle as should be necessary, I was directed by Maj. F. U. 
Farquhar, then Chief Astronomer of the Commission, to accompany him to 
the Lake of the Woods, with a portion of my topographical party, and such 
instruments, rations, camp-equipage, &c., as would be needed for a month's 
work. 



304 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

We accordingly broke camp on the boundary-line, near the Red River, 
on the morning of the Ist of October, 1872, marched to Winnipeg, Mani- 
toba, in three and one-half days, distance sixty-eight miles, crossed the Red 
River, and went into camp at Saint Boniface, opposite Winnipeg, on the 
evening of October 4. Breaking camp next morning, we marched over the 
Canadian Government road, known as the "Dawson road," to the North- 
Avest Angle, arriving there upon the evening of October 9, the distance 
from Saint Boniface being one hundred and ten miles. 

We were associated in the work at the Angle with Capt. Samuel 
Anderson, Royal Engineers, Chief Astronomer of the British Commission, 
who, with his detachment of English sappers, arrived the same evening. 
We were also accompanied to the Angle by Capt. W. J. Twining, United 
States Engineers, and Lieut. W. J. Galwey, Roj-al Engineers, who, with 
their astronomical parties, were on their way to determine the 49th parallel 
on the west shore of the Lake of the Woods. 

The country in the vicinity of the Northwest Angle is low and swaqapy, 
and covered with a dense growth of coniferous trees, mostly tamaracks; 
the hiii-her ridsres, which howcAer are of slifjht elevation, are covered with 
groves of poplars. Vast tracts of the country have been ravaged by forest 
fires, leaving the bui-nt portions impassable by reason of the dead-fall. The 
trees are mostly small; few having a diameter of trunk, at base, of more 
than six or eight inches, although I secured one dead pine of about twenty- 
six inches diameter at four feet above the ground, the trunk of which was 
cut into sections eight feet long, and used for obser^-ing-posts. The soil is 
generally sandy, covered in most places with a considerable depth of vege- 
table mold. 

The point of land included between the northwest arm of the lake and 
the first considerable stream emptying into it (see accompanying map), on 
both sides of the meridian boundary-line, is at times occupied by consider- 
able numbers of Ojibway Indians, who come there annually to receive their 
annuities from the Canadian Government, to fish, to trade at the adjacent 
Hudson's Bay Company's store, and to adjust, among themselves, the prop- 
erty acquired, by various methods of gambling. 

The point marked "Dock"' on the map was the terminus of the Daw- 



REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 305 

son road, and the landing-place of the Canadian Government boats at the 
time of our visit to the Angle in 1872. At the present time, 1875, the 
terminus of said road, the government buildings, and the Hudson's Bay 
Company's store are located on British teri-itory, on the north bank of the 
same creek, and adjacent to the meridian boundary-line. 

We found at the Angle the camp of a surveying-party of the British 
Commission, in charge of Colonel Forrest, who were engaged in making a 
survey of the entire northwest arm of the lake, which was aftei-ward con- 
tinued along the west shore of the lake to the 49th parallel. Colonel For- 
rest, at various times before our arrival, had sought to discover some trace 
of the reference monument before alluded to, but his search had been in 
vain. He had sought information as to its location from the Indians in the 
vicinity, and elicited to the effect that some of them remembered the visit 
of the party which erected it, in October, 1824, and that but few years had 
elapsed since its total disappearance. They however refused to point out 
the locality, which they claimed to know, except upoi . payment of extrav- 
agant rewards to themselves and their tribe. After several pow-wows with 
them. Colonel Forrest, discrediting their statements, had given up hopes of 
discovering anything from them, and refused to treat further with them. 
Colonel Forrest stated to me that some Indians had brought to his camp a 
portion of an oaken log, charred and much decayed, which they averred 
was a portion of the center post of the old monument. As before, they 
refused to say where they had gotten it, unless their preposterous demands 
were complied with, and carried it away with them when they found they 
were not to obtain the compensation sought. 

It is not necessary to seek far for reasons which would explain the 
disappeai-ance, in the course of forty-eight years, of a wooden post sur- 
rounded by a crib- work of logs. 

First, it was in a locality frequently visited by Indians, whose habits 
of wanton destruction are well known; second, the locality in question has 
been ravaged by forest fires ; third, natural decay, which was hastened by 
the fact, as will hereafter appear, of its being much in the water. We had 
as data for our search the map of the Commissioners of 1825, on which were 
marked the positions of the reference monument, the " most northwestern 
N B 20 



306 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

point," and the place where the astronomical observations were made. We 
had given, also, the latitude and longitude of the most northwestern point, 
and the courses and distances connecting this point with the reference 
monument. 

The official map was, however, di-awn to so small a scale (two inches 
to one mile), that details of locahties, such as the most northwestern point, 
&c., were not recognizable; but the points of land marked "monument" 
and "observatory" were distinguished, and in the vicinity of the former 
point thorough search was made for some trace of the monument by Major 
Fai-quhar, Captain Anderson, and myself, assisted by the men of our re- 
spective parties. This proving unsuccessful, it became necessary to await 
the completion of Colonel Forrest's detailed survey. During this interval 
I verified this survey by independent observations for azimuth and by 
rerunning the transit lines upon the northeastern shore of the bay, and 
resurveying in vicinity of the point of land marked "observatory" on the 
official map. Separate plats having been made and found in agreement, 
several points in latitude 49° 23' 55" (official latitude of most northwestern 
point) were platted from latitudes obtained by sextant-observations, and 
from them wei'e platted the official courses and distances to the reference- 
monument. Faihng to obtain by this means any trace of the exact site of 
the monument, as was supposed on account of the probable discrepancy 
which would reasonably exist between the official latitude and the latitude 
derived from our observations, and as the joint commissioners who were to 
follow us from the Red Eiver had not yet arrived. Major Farquhar directed 
me to select a point on the tongue of land on which we supposed should be 
the most northwest point, to erect there a station, make azimuth-observa- 
tions, and begin the cutting of the due-south line. The station, pyramidal, 
with twenty -foot center post, was erected, and the cutting begun, but sud- 
denly abandoned for cause, as will appeal". 

Mr. James McKay, then member of ParHament of the province of 
Manitoba, and manager for the Dominion government of the "Dawson 
route," arrived at the Northwest Angle and became at once interested in 
the search for the lost monument-site. Mr. McKay is of mixed descent, 
and speaks with fluency the language of the Ojibways, having spent a large 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 307 

portion of his life among them. On this account, and because of his official 
position and strong personality, he has much influence with the Indians, 
and obtained one of the old chiefs, who said he knew the place where the 
monument had been, to go with him and point it out. Accordingly the 
Indian, accompanied by Mr. McKay, Major Farquhar, and Captain Ander- 
son, went in a canoe to the point of land which we had searched over so 
many times, and directed attention to a place, directly off the point, among* 
the rushes which everywhere fringe the shore, and in about two and a half 
feet of water, which he said he knew to be the place where the monument 
had been. 

By wading. Major Farquhar discovered what were to him and those 
accompanying him satisfactory evidences that this was indeed the monu- 
ment-site, and especially as the descriptions heretofore given proved that 
it must have been in this immediate vicinity. There were depressions 
where portions of two logs had evidently lain at right angles with each 
other, and, in the included angle, a cavity such as would have been left by 
the removal of a log, and whence had probably been taken the log before 
mentioned as having been brought to Colonel Forrest's camp. 

The Indians said that the water-surface was, at the time of our visit to 
the Angle, eight feet higher than it was at the time the monument was 
erected, and this statement was partially substantiated by the fact that 
within the knowledge of the white people living at the Angle, there had 
been no season in which the water had been so high, in the fall of the year. 
With the water even four feet lower, this site would have been on "firm 
ground," as such term would be understood in a country low and swampy, 
like that in the vicinity of the Angle, and, moreover, in a place very con- 
venient for making the necessary connections with the point marked "ob- 
servatory," and with the "most northwestern point." 

We had been misled by the statement of the commissioners, that it 
was "A monument erected in this Bay, on the nearest firm ground to tlie 
above northwest extremity of said Bay," which induced us to constantly 
search too far inland, whei'e, to the northeast of the point under discussion, 
and nearer to the most northwestern point, we had found a ledge of granite, 
in place. 



308 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 

The occupation of this rock, however, would have involved the sur- 
veyors in a large amount of heavy timber cutting, which was probably, at 
that time, not practicable. 

To sum up the evidence that the point under consideration is the site 
of the original reference monument, we find the following: 

It is in correct position, according to the official map of the commis- 
sioners, as nearly as can be selected on a map whose scale is two inches to 
one mile. 

The same is true for the most northwestern point, when connected with 
this position by the official bearings and distances. 

It was pointed out by an Ojibway chief, and recognized by other In- 
dians, all of whom averred that they remembered the visit, to tlie Angle, of 
the party that erected the monument, which they had frequently seen in 
after years. 

The official latitude of the most northwestern point, before quoted, 
differs from that obtained by Captain Anderson, with the zenith telescope, 
of the same point (accepting this site as correct) by only 4". 7; a very close 
agreement, when we consider that the original latitude was determined by 
sun observations, with a sextant. 

It was in a prominent and convenient position for connecting with the 
point marked ''observatory," and with the most northwestern point, involv- 
ing no timber cutting. 

Confirmatory evidence in the shape of a letter from Mr. Barclay, Com- 
missioner of the Commission of 1824, who describes the original monument 
as having been an oaken center post, surrounded by a crib-work of logs 
seven feet square. 

This coincides with the description, given by the Indians, of the mon- 
ument, and accounts for the relative positions of the depressions discovered 
by Major Farquliar. As the evidence that the traces found were those of 
the remains of the old monument was considered satisfactory, the site was 
accepted by the Chief Astronomers of the Joint Commission, and a station 
there erected was connected with the due south line through the Northwest 
Point, and with the astronomical station, by means of a triangle whose 
base-line, upon the opposite slioro of the bay, was tliree times carefully 













CUTTING ON MERIDIAN NORTH WEST POINT LAKE C^ i HE WOODS 



IIEPORT OF THE COIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 309 

measured. Tlie correction to the measured angles is all applied to the 
angle at the monument, because that angle was measured with a six-inch 
Negus theodolite, with verniers, whose least count was thirty seconds, and 
the angles at the base-stations were measured by careful repetitions, with 
an eight-inch Wiirdemann transit, with verniers reading to ten seconds. 

It was agreed between the Chief Astronomers of the British and United 
States Commission, that the due south line should be laid off jointly. 

Observations for azimuth of the base-line were made by Captain 
Anderson, upon Polaris near elongation, and by myself, upon Polaris at 
greatest eastern and western elongations. My observations at West Base, 
October 18, on Polaris at eastern elongation, gave for azimuth of base-line 
119° 03' 14".l, and at East Base, October 19, at western elongation of 
Polaris, 119° 03' 19".2. The azimuth adopted by the Chief Astronomers of 
the Joint Commission, after a comparison of results, was 119° 03' 10".0. I 
then planted a post upon the base-line, at a measured distance from West 
Base of 138'.4, being the point of intersection of the due south line through 
Northwest Point with the base-line (obtained as in the following pages), and 
measured, by careful repetitions, with the eight-inch Wiirdemann transit, 
the angle between the base-line and the due south line. At a distance 
south from this post of about a half mile, another post similar to it was 
planted; the two giving the direction of the meridian boundary-line. As 
it was now late in the season, and we were not prepared for winter work, T 
left the Angle on the 31st of October, by Major Farquhar's order, and 
arrived at Fort Pembina on the 7th of November. 

The work of cutting through the timbered swamps, on the due south 
line, to the shore line of the Lake of the Woods, was intrusted to the 
supervision of the British parties, and was accomplished in 1872. The 
permanent iron pillars marking this line, were placed in the fall of 187 i. 

In the autumn of 1875, being then engaged in placing the permanent 
iron pillars on the 49th parallel, I, by direction of the Chief Astronomer, 
visited the Northwest Angle, and verified, by observation, the correctness 
of the positions of the tlu-ee iron pillars nearest the Northwest Point, and 
the direction of the cutting to the south. I found portions of the various 



310 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



wooden posts located at the Angle in 1872, still standing; but they will 
soon liave disappeared, as the squaws chop then- kindling-wood from them. 

The Dominion Government has erected several buildings, warehouses, 
stage-station, &c., on British territory, immediately adjoining the boundary- 
line. The present steamboat-dock, and the terminus of the Dawson road 
are near the buildings. 

The government boats are, however, still obliged to pass through nearly 
a mile of American waters, to reach their dock at the tenninus of the 
Dawson road. 

Appended, are the computations of the surveys, connecting the refer- 
ence-monument with the due south hue thi-ough the Northwest Point, and 
the Northwest Point with the astronomical station. Also, a map of the 
Northwest Angle, upon Avhich are marked all of the points hereinbefore 
discussed. 

Computations of surveys. 



Stations. 


Measured 
augles. 


Correc- 
tions. 


Corrected 
angles. 


Azimuth and 
length of 
base-line. 


West-base 

East-base 

Monument 


O ' II 

96 53 12.3 

46 OS 33. 
36 58 20.0 


// 

0.0 

0.0 

—5. 9 


O 1 II 

96 53 12.3 
46 08 33. 6 
36 58 14.1 


119° 03' 10" 
2, 191. feet. 



log 2191.0 3. 3400424 

log sin, west-base 9. 99685.52 

A. C. log sin, nion't 0. 2208290 






3. 3406424 

log sin, east-base 9. 8579758 

A. C. log sin, mou'c 0. 2208290 


3. 5583206 


3. 4194472 


M. - E. B. 3,616.8 






W. B. — M. 2,626.9 


West-base — east-base, 


s. 


60° 50' 


50"; E. 2,191.0 feet. 


log dist. 3. 3406424 
log cos az. 9. 6862922 






3. 3406424 
log sin az. 9. 9415973 


3. 0269346 


3. 2822397 


S. 1,064.0 
Monument — west-base 


S 


22° 09' 


E. 1,915.3 
57".7 ; W. 2,026.9 feet. 


log dist. 3.4194472 
log cos az. 9. 9606553 






3.4194472 
log sin az. 9. .5766773 


3. 3861025 






2. 9961245 


S. 2,432.8 






W. 990.8 



EEPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX B. 



311 



The courses and distances from the reference-monument to the "most 
Northwestern point," as established by the Commissioners, under the seventh 
article of the treaty of Ghent, are as follows: — 



1st, N. 5G° W 1,565} feet. 

2cl, N. 6°W SOlifeet. 

3d, N. 28° W 615.4 feet 

The variation being: 12° east. 



4th, N. 27° 10' W 495.4 feet 

5th, N. 5<^ 10' E 1,322} feot. 

6th, N. 7° 45' W 493 feet. 



These courses and distances give, with true bearings, the following 
results for latitude and departure: — 

Northing. 





3. 1946531 
9. 8569341 


Ist course. 

log COS. 

2d course. 

log COS. 

3d course, 
log cos. 

4th course. 

log COS. 

5th course, 
log COS. 

6t.h course, 
log cos. 


log dist. 
44°, log sin 


1126. 1 


3. 0515872 
2. 9352053 
9.9976143 


log dist. 
6°, log sin. 


856.8 
591.6 


2. 9328696 
2. 7891575 
9. 9828416 

2.7719991 
2. 6949560 
9. 9846033 


log dist. 
16°, log sin 

log dist. 
15° 10', log 


478.1 


2. 6795593 
3. 1213957 
9. 9802081 


log dist. 
17° 10', log 


1263. 6 


3. 1016033 
2.6928469 
9.9988041 


log dist. 
4° 15', log 8 


491.6 


2. 6916510 





3. 1946531 
9. 8417713 

3. 0364244 
2. 9352553 
9. 0192346 

1. 9544899 
2.7891575 
9. 4403381 

2. 2294956 
2. 6949560 



2.1126397 
3. 1213957 



2.5914418 
2. 6928469 



1.5627149 



Easting. Westing. 



1087.5 



90,1 



160. C 



129. C 



4807. 8 total northing. 



390.3 



36.5 
516.9 



Total westing, 

West-base, west of ref. mon't, 



1.386. 7 
510.9 

869.8 
990.8 



Northwest Point, east of west-base, 121. 



Referring to the accompanying map, in tlie right angled triangle 
west-base A P, there is given the distance west-base A, and by subtracting 
the azimuth of the base-line (119° 03' 10") from 180°, is obtained the 
angle opposite and equal to the angle at P; hence 



log 121.0 = 2. 0827854 

A. C. log sin 60° 56' 50" = 0. 0584027 



138.4 feet =^ 2. 1411881 



which is the distance laid off on the base-line, from west-base to the meri- 
dian line through the Northwest Point. 



312 UNITED STATES NOKTUEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

The astronomical latitude post was connected with the post at east- 
base, as follows — bearing being true: 

Transit post to stake "A" N. 25° 25' 30" ; E. 325.1 feet. 

Northing. Easting, 

logdist. 2.2510170 logdist. 2.5120170 

log cos az. 9. 9D57589 ^ log sin az. 9. 6327905 

293.6 2.4677759 2.1448075 139.6 

Stake "A" — east-base, N. 41^ 35' 30" ; E. 847.0 feet, 
logdist. 2.9278834 logdist. 2.9278834 

log cos az. 9. 8738404 log sin az. 9. 8220487 

633. 5 2. 8017238 



927. 1 total northing. 



Zenith telesco]ie post to transit post. 

Transit post to east-base, 

East-base to reference monument, 

Reference monument to Northwest Point, 4807. 8 





2. 7499321 
Total easti 


562.3 




ng, 701.9 


Northing. 


Easting. 


Westing. 


6.0 

927.1 

3496. 8 

;, 4807.8 


701.9 


28.0 

924.2 

869.8 



Zenith telescope post to Northwest Point, 9237. 7 1822. 

701.9 



1120. 1 



Latitude of zenith telescope post (Anderson), 49° 22' 19". 137 
9237.7 feet = 1' 31". 146 

Latitude of Northwest Point, 49° 23' 50". 28 

Longitude of Northwest Point (by survey of 
British party from Astronomical Station 
Lake of Woods), 95° 08' 56". 7 

CHIEF MOUNTAIN LAKE. 

Chief Mountain Lake lies at the eastern base of the main divide of 
the Rocky Mountains, and across our northern boundary-line, in longitude 
about 113° 53' west from Greenwich. To the east of it is an outlying range 
of mountains, which, breaking from the main range some miles south of the 
head of the lake, trends along its eastern shore, and terminates abruptly 
near its foot. 

The lake consists of two quite distinct basins, connected by a narrow 
and deep strait. Of these the most southerly is seven miles long, and 
varies from a half mile to nearly a mile in width. It is by far the larger, 
constituting, in fact, the body of the lake, and will be understood when in 
the following narrative the term lake is used. 

Hemmed in on all sides by ranges of towering, precipitous mountains, 
whose peaks rise from two thousand to six thousand four hundred feet 



RErOliT OP THE CUIEE ASTliONOMER, APPENDIX A. 313 

above it, the lake is unapproachable by any route save by the valley of 
its outlet, the Waterton River. 

By tuiDing northward, therefore, from a point on the boundary-lino 
about twenty miles east of the lake, we headed oflf the outlying mountain- 
range described, and following up the valley of the Waterton River, reached 
the foot of the lake, with our wagons, on the 18th of August. Camp was 
pitched the same evening on a fine shingle-beach at the foot of the lake, a 
position which, besides the practical desideratum of proximity to an abund- 
ant supply of pure, cold water, afforded us also a comprehensive view of 
lake and mountain scenery, which, for picturesque beauty and grandeur, 
is probably not excelled, if equaled, by any on the continent. 

The lake and neighboring mountain-streams abound with delicious 
fish, and the vicinity of our camp with dusky-grouse. One fish, said to bo 
a salmon-trout, weighing over twenty-one pounds, was caught from the 
lake by a soldier, with a hook fashioned from the rim-wire of some tin 
utensil ; and many red-speckled trout were caught from the mountain- 
streams that weighed in the vicinity of three pounds. 

Tlie water of the lake is, of course, clear and cold, and of great depth. 
I regret that I had at hand no means of taking soundings, A piece of twine 
over three hundred feet long, with a heavy weight attached, did not reach 
bottom when let out at a point about two hundred yards from the shore, 
near Station No. 20. There is no current perceptible except near the out- 
let of the northern basin before mentioned. 

The purpose of my visit was to establish on the shore of the lake the 
last astronomical station of the survey, and to make a geodetic and topo- 
graphical survey of the lake and neighboring mountain-region. 

Having found by observations with the sextant for latitude that our 
camp was three and a half miles north of the 49th parallel, I was obliged 
to cast about for means of water-transportation to the boundary-line, as a 
very cursory examination was sufficient to demonstrate tlie unfeasibility 
of a journey there by land, on account of the precipitous nature of the 
mountain-sides. 

After some experiments with improvised boats composed of wagon- 
boxes with covers of tent-canvas, which failed on account of the permea- 



314 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

bllity to water of the thin canvas, I finally achieved success in two boats 
which were modifications of the above. One of these was a wagon-box 
with the ends and all cracks covered with pieces of raw-hide closely tacked 
on, and the whole covered with canvas. The other, as the supply of hide 
Avas exhausted, was a wagon-box fastened on top of a raft composed of 
seven logs, to which additional buoyancy was given by securing empty 
water-casks between the outside logs on each side of the raft. Paddles 
were used for propulsion, the paddlers being squatted in the bottom, as the 
crankiness of the boats would not permit the use of elevated seats such as 
are necessary for oarsmen. 

We were ready for the trip up the lake on the evening of the 20th, 
but a severe storm came up that night which lasted for two days, causing 
delay and some damage to our boats, which, however, was soon repaired. 

On the evening of the 22d, the night, though dai-k, was still, and I 
determined to take advantage of the lull to make, at least, part of the 
distance to the boundary-line before daylight. Leaving the main portion of 
my party in charge of Dr. Elliott Coues, United States Ai-my, I embarked, 
about 8 p. m., with my assistants, Mr. Boss and Mr. Edgerton, and five men, 
the necessary instruments, seven days' rations, and as much camp-equipage 
as was absolutely necessary. Once fairly out upon the lake the darkness 
appeared thicker than before, and land-positions were totally unrecogniza- 
ble. The labor of forcing the unwieldy and heavil}^ -loaded crafts through 
the water, and our constrained positions in the bottoms of the boats, which 
we were unable to relieve by change, as the slightest motion produced 
unpleasant tips, suggestive of capsize and the certain loss of all our instru- 
ments, made us all very tired, and we were glad to find a convenient little 
beach where we landed about 11 p. m., and bivouacked for the night. We 
had made, in the three hours of toilsome paddling, about one and a half 
miles. 

In the early morning we were again under way, and arrived about 9 
a. m. at a good landing-place on the western shore, which was opposite a 
point on the eastern shore previously determined, by triangulation from the 
sextant position before mentioned, to be, approximately, in latitude 49°. 
There we landed our effects, and near by, on a convenient bottom-land, 



IIEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX A. ;U5 

set up the observatory, where astronomical work was begun the same 
evening. 

On the 24th I made an exploration up the ravine of a creek which 
tumbles down between the mountains, west of Station No. 20, with the 
hope of finding some accessible points, by means of which a trigonomet- 
rical connection could be effected between my station and the Akamina 
station — the last station established by the Northwestern Boundary Survey 
in 1861. The latter is on the main divide of the mountains, and, as I knew, 
only about seven miles west of Station No. 20. After several hours of 
toilsome climbing, I became persuaded that the project was impracticable, 
and reluctantly abandoned it. 

The latitude-work was completed, and the stone mound which marks 
the boundary-line erected, on the 2Gth. 

The instniments, &c., were repacked in the boats the same afternoon, 
and although the wind was blowing almost a gale from the south, making 
the lake very rough, it was a fair wind for us, and all hands preferred taking 
the chances of disaster in the day-time, to risking the possibilities of another 
night-trip. We therefore started about 3 p. m., and by means of square sails 
extemporized from tent-flies, sped along in quite gallant style. Our unceas- 
ing efforts were, however, required to keep the crafts before the wind, and 
tolerably free from water. The surf was running very high upon the beach 
near camp, and I greatly feared the danger of capsize in the attempt to land 
there, for which there was no alternative ; but this calamity was averted by 
several of my men, who from the shore were anxiously watching our prog- 
ress. They appreciated the situation, and making into the breakers, at 
exactly the proper moment, seized each boat, as she arrived in shoal water, 
and bore her upon the wave-crests, high and diy upon the beach. 

Immediate preparations were made for the march eastward, which was 
begun next morning, August 27. 

The geodetic and topographical work, I gave into the hands of my 
assistant, Mr. Lewis Boss, who, laboring under many difficulties, rapidly 
and accurately performed it. As soon as boat No. 1 was completed, he 
used it to transport himself, men, and instruments, from point to point on 
the lake, until we were ready for our trip to Station No. 20. He accom- 



316 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

panied me there, and finished his work by the same means, during the time 
tliat I was busy at the station. 

Though the boat was more manageable when not loaded down with 
freight, it was yet veiy unwieldy, and could be propelled but slowly with 
great expenditure of power, and as the lake was subject to sudden flaws 
and squalls, crossing it in such a craft, was not only difficult but a matter 
of considerable concern as to safety. 

The geodetic work consisted of a base-line, 1,199.2 feet long, several 
times carefully measured with a chain, and twenty-four triangles dependent 
upon it, whose angles were measured, by repetitions, with a six-inch Negus 
theodolite, reading by verniers to thirty seconds. 

The azimuth of the base-line was deteiTnined, by observations of 
Polaris near eastern elongation, on the nights of August 18 and 19, to be 
0° 51' 36". 

There were taken at each of the twenty-one tngonometrical stations 
occupied, numerous horizontal and vei-tical angles to jirominent mountain- 
peaks, by means of which twenty such peaks have been platted, and their 
elevations above the lake determined. 

The topography is laid down from continuous shore-line sketches, and 
numerous profile sketches made at the various stations. 

The accompanying sketch shows, on a scale of m^wj ^^^ scheme of 
triangulation accomplished, and, incidentally, the heights above the lake of 
the mountain-peaks located. The height of the lake-surface was determined, 
barometrically, to be four thousand two hundred and thirteen feet above 
the sea. 

From the mean of numerous differences between the true bearings of 
triangulation-lines and the compass-bearings of the same, the magnetic 
variation was ascertained to be east 23° 19'. 

CHRONOMETER PERFORMANCES. 

In connection with my work during the seasons of 1873 and 1874, 
observations with the sextant, for local time, were made at nineteen points 
on the boundarj'-line where longitudes were afterward determined. The 
chronometers r.sed were subject to conditions similar to those which gene- 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 317 

rally pertain to those expeditions of exploration or sui'vey which, from the 
nature of the coiintry traversed, can use wagons as their means of trans- 
jDortation. Therefore, if the longitudes of these points were accurately 
known, we should have data for estimating, with considei'able accuracy, 
within what probable limit of error chronometric differences of longitude 
ai-e reliable, when obtained with similar instruments used under similar 
circumstances. Unfortunately, the longitude of any station is possibly in 
error to an amount sufficient to largely increase such estimate, but as it 
does not pi'obably exceed, at any station, five or six seconds of time (!"=: 
999.75 feet in latitude 49°), there are still data affording some interesting 
comparisons with chronometer-longitudes. 

We may also satisfactorily ascertain how the chronometers were per- 
forming at various stages during the progress of the work, inasmuch as only 
the difference of the errors of the accepted longitude of consecutive stations 
enters to affect the determination of the traveling rates between those sta- 
tions, and this is inappreciable, in comparison with the possible errors of 
rates derived from observations with the sextant, made at short intervals of 
time. 

The great and frequent changes of temperature to which the chronom- 
eters were subject, and the incomplete record of the same, the necessarily 
rough method of transportation, and the method employed to obtain rates, 
all combine to preclude refinement in the discussion of results; but I know 
of no expedition which covers so great an extent of time and travel, where 
the checks are as good, and this has induced me to elaborate the accompa- 
nying tables. 

The chronometers used are enumerated in the tables. Nos. 1481 and 
1513, Negus, were new instruments, purchased by the commission in 1873. 
They were swung in gimbals. 1319, Negus, was the property of the Navy 
Department, and was not a new instrument. 235, Bond, was an old instru- 
ment, formerly used on the survey of the northwestern boundary-line. 
The last two were in ordinary leather cases. All were habitually trans- 
ported from station to station in a four-spring wagon, generally, in 1873, 
incased in a cotton-padded box, but in 1874, under the care of an assistant, 
on the cushioned seat of the wagon. In camp, they were kept in the 




Fold-out 
Placeholder 



This fold-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at 

future date. 



i 



B18 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

observatory tent, -where they were free from disturbance, but subjected to 
greater ranges of temperature than obtained in the open air; the minimum 
temperatures in the tent and outside being about the same, while, on hot 
days, the maximum in the tent exceeded, by several degrees, that of the 
open air. 

It was usual to compare the chronometers daily at noon, for which 
time the corrections were deduced when sun-observations for time were 
made east and west at corresponding hour-angles. When the observations- 
were made at night, or only east or west, they were compared at the time 
of observation. 

The longitude of Station No. 1 was determined telegraphically by an 
officer of the British Commission working at that station, in connection 
with an observer at the Chicago Observatory. From this is deduced that 
of the succeeding stations, including No. 19, by means of the chained 
distances along the line between stations. The longitude of Station No. 
20, and our determination of the longitude of Akamiua Station, depend 
upon traverse-lines connecting them with the British Station, marked on 
the joint maps No. 38. The longitude of Akamina Station, so determined, 
differs from the result obtained by the astronomers of the Northwestern 
Boundary Survey, by the method of lunar culminations, by 2.1 seconds of 
time, the latter being the greater. 

The longitude of the meridian-line traced by Lieutenant Greene from 
the boundary-line to Fort Shaw, Montana, is less than the longitude of the 
same derived from the land-survey determination of their principal meridian 
near Fort Shaw bv 8.5 seconds of time. 

Transportation of chronometers from Fort Shaw to Bozeman, Mont., 
of which the longitude is known by telegraph, gave a longitude for our 
meridian-line 4.1 seconds of time greater than the boundary-determination 
of the same. 

Taking into consideration all of the circumstances attending the various 
determinations (for details of these longitudes see Lieutenant Greene's re- 
port), I think we may safely say that the error in the accepted longitude of 
any station does not, in oil probability, exceed the amount stated. 

Table I gives the errors of the chronometers on Washington time for 



REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 319 

the dates and stations recorded in columns 1 and 2. There are also jriven 
the maximum and minimum open-air temperatures for various dates during- 
the seasons. These were recorded from thermometers hung near the tent 
in which the chronometers were kept, except for dates September 7, 8, and 
12, which are from the record., of Wood End Depot. 

Table II shows the rates of the chronometers derived from observa- 
tions on dates given in column 1, which are so selected as to show rates 
when the chronometers were stationary and traveling alternately. 

The sources of error in these rate-determinations are the difference of 
the errors in longitude of consecutive stations, which enters directly into 
the ti-aveling rates, but is probably very small, and the algebraic sum of 
the errors of the chronometer-corrections for the two dates from which the 
rates are derived, which is diminished proportionately to the number of days 
intervening between the dates of the observations from which the rates were 
determined. 

I do not think that the error of obsei'\'ation, in an}- case, is as much as 
two seconds, as the observations were usually made at corresponding hour- 
angles east and west, or with a sextant whose eccentricity had been care- 
fully determined. 

The results do not show any decided changes of rates, from stationary 
to traveling, and vice versa ; they are probably small, and are obscured by 
the error mentioned. The general rates for the seasons were quite well 
preserved until the time of low mean temperatures. For instance, during 
the season of 1873, to the last of August, and of 1874, the season-rate of 
any chronometer does not differ from any rate given for it in the table by 
more than 018 in 1873, and V.2 in 1874, reaching those limits only in 
single instances. 

In 1873, however, the rates of chronometers 1319, 1481, and 235, for 
.September, differ from their rates of the rest of the season b}^ 2'.4, V.G, and 
2^6, respectively, and the rates of the last half of September, from the same, 
by 3\G, 2*.8, and 315, respectively. The reason for the very large losing 
rates during September, 1873, is obvious from an inspection of the temper- 
atures to which they were then subject. 

There have been many discussions of the effects upon the rates of well- 



320 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

compeusated chronometers of various degrees of temperature, but none that 
I know of where they were subjected to so great extremes as were ours. 

Chronometers on trial at the Greenwich Observatory are, in the com-se 
of several months, subjected to temperatures between the limits of +40° 
and +95°, during which time their daily rates are weekly summed, in the 
order of dates and the order of temperatui-es, for the purpose exhibited in 
Table III. 

In the discussions of the chronometric expeditions between Liverpool 
and Cambridge, Professor Bond deduces formulae for temperature-correc- 
tions to the rate for limits of temperature 20° either way from the compen- 
sation-temperature. But, in our work, we had at times extremes of tem- 
perature of over 50° within twenty-four hours' time, and the extremes, 
during the season of 1873, were 81° apart, so that none of the discussions 
are applicable in this case. There only remains to be said in reference to 
this important point, that our results do not show sensible changes in rates 
for variation of temperature such as usually occur during ordinary summer 
and fall weather, say for a variation of 25° either way from G5°.* When, 
however, the minimum was daily below 40° for a continued period, as in 
September, 1873, the rates became in-egular, and when the minimum was 
continuously 35° and below, entirely unreliable Wliether, at ordinary 
winter- temperatures, we might expect uniform losing rates to be estab- 
lished, there are not sufficient data to decide, but from the record of chro- 
nometer 1455 (see Table IIj, such would appear to be the case. This chro- 
nometer was used by Lieutenant Greene during the summer of 1873 and 
the following winter. The record of temperatures for the months given is 
from the record of the Medical Department, United States Army, kept at 
Fort Pembina. (See Circular No. 8, War Department, S. G. 0., 1875.) 

It also appears from the table that chronometers 1481, 235, and 1319, 
in 1873, and 1513, 235, and 1319, in 187 I, were meritorious hi the order 
named. This decision is confirmed in Table III, in which, following the 
method adopted at the Greenwich Observatory, in the tabulated results of 

* la other words tbe changes due to variation of teitiperature are obscured by 
errors iu rate-determinations and by changes of rate due to jolting, &c., of the chro- 
nometers. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 321 

the trials of chronometers for purchase, the order of merit is determined by 
means of the differences between the greatest and least weekly rates, and 
the greatest differences between the rates of consecutive weeks. The 
weekly rates in Table III are derived from Table I, by interpolation, and 
of course are only approximate, but near enough the truth to make the 
comparisons indicated. 

Table IV gives the accepted longitudes of nineteen points on or near 
the boundary-line, and the longitudes, by chronometers, of seventeen of 
them. The rates used in calculating the difference of longitude between 
consecutive stations, are those obtained at the nearest preceding station, and 
are used in preference to the mean of those at the stations whose difference 
in longitude is required, because of the long time elapsed, in some instances, 
and because at the latter stations in 1874, and at the last in 1873, no rates 
Avere determined. In some instances, all of the chronometers were not 
compared and the differences mentioned depend upon two, and, from Station 
20 to Sweetgrass Hills, upon one chronometei'. The longitude, by chro- 
nometers, of any station given in the table, is the sum of the mean of 
chronometi-ic differences between the preceding stations; the difference, 
therefore, at any station, between the accepted and chronometer-longitude, 
is the total difference, by the two methods, from the initial station. 

It is usual with expeditions which determine longitude by transporta- 
tion of chronometers, to return them to the starting-point, or to arrive with 
them at some point of which the longitude is known, and by means of the 
differences of chronometer-errors at the starting and terminal points, the 
difference of longitude between the two points, and the elapsed time, to 
deduce a daily rate, which is assumed to have been uniform during time of 
travel, by means of which intermediate points are fixed in longitude. 

To make a case nearly similar, I use tlie data of Table IV, and rates 
for 1873 deduced from the observations of June 7 and 8, and August 31, 
and rates for 1874 derived from the dates July 5.3, and August 13.3, as 
given in Table II. There result the chronometer-longitudes given in Table 
V, which, as was to be expected, agree generally better with the accepted 
longitudes than do those of Table IV, excepting of course Stations 10, 11, 
and 12, where low temperatures prevailed. 
iN u 21 



322 UNITED STATES NOETHERif BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

The mean of the differences between the accepted longitudes and the 
longitudes of the stations by either of the mentioned methods, or between 
the latter, excepting the last three stations of 1873, is less than two seconds 
of time, and the greatest difference, at any station, only reaches five seconds, 
the same stations excepted. 

K we suppose that the mean eiTor of the accepted longitude increases 
the mean differences mentioned by two seconds, and that the greatest error 
at any station increases the greatest difference by six seconds, which is 
taking the most unfavorable combinations possible, we have, for the mean 
error of the chi'onometer-longitudes of stations, four seconds of time, and 
for the limit of eiTor, eleven seconds, or, in latitude 49°, about four-fifths 
of a mile and two miles respectively. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 



323 



Table I. 
Errors of Chronometers on Washington time. 



station. 



Fort Pembiiia 

No. 2 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

n 

11 

12 

12 

12 



Date. 



1873. 

JuDe 2 

7 

8 

10 

rj. )c 

15 

17.17 
26 
2U 
30 
July 1 

6 

9 

13 

13 

30 

Aog. 1 

2 



7 
18 
19 
29 
30 
31 

•1.3 

5 

6 

7.04 
15. 13 
17.34 
21 
22 
S8.C4 



Sept 



Mean time 

cbr. 1319, 

Negus &.Co. 

Slow. 



«. 

55.5 
03.1 
03.4 
06.2 
10. (i 
1(5.9 
23.6 
37.1 
43.9 
41.3 
43.6 
50.5 
5,-.. 5 
58.0 
CO. 2 
If. 3 
21.9 
25. 3 
88.5 
29.8 
54.0 
,57.9 
23. 9 
25. 1 
20. 2 
41.4 
39.2 
43.6 
48.2 
13.1 
21.2 
39.8 
44.8 
20.2 



Sidereal 

chr. 1481, 

Negiia & Co. 

Slow. 



s. 
38.4 



30.0 
29.3 
28.7 
28.0 
24.3 
13.0 



07.1 
07.6 
04.0 
03.0 
59.5 
55.7 
36.3 
34.3 
34.5 
28.0 
26,3 
14.8 
13.7 
00.8 
00.3 
58.4 
.58.4 
53.6 
57.6 
57.2 
50.4 
54.5 
57.8 
00.3 
13.3 



Sidereal 

chr. 235, 

Bond & Son, 

Slow, 



h. ni. s. 



41,7 
41.2 
43.0 
45.1 
40.5 



36.9 
32.9 
32.0 
27.3 
26.5 
26.2 
22,9 
17,6 
18.4 
SO. 3 
16.1 
14.5 
09.7 
10.7 
12.8 
13.6 
14.6 
20.2 



06 
07 
07 



22.9 
23.8 
36.1 
47.0 
5.5.2 
OI.fi 
18.6 



Date. 



1873. 

Jane 15 

Id 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

23 

29 

30 

July 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 



ID 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

30 

31 

Ang. 1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 



Air tempcr- 


aturoa. 


Max. 


Min. 


o 





84 


68 


85 


62 


86 


74 


88 


03 


73 


68 


78 


66 


08 


55 


66 


55 


73 


66 


77 


47 


83 


35 


86 


53 


80 


48 


66 


44 


70 


33 


83 


32 


68 


45 


74 


33 


72 


49 


77 


32 


84 


49 


88 


54 


88 


45 


68 


34 


83 


53 


72 


60 


80 


49 


66 


49 


73 


44 


86 


35 


87 


39 


95 


53 


76 


62 


80 


50 


91 


60 


94 


58 





Air temper- 


Date. 


atures. 




M.ax. 


Min. 


1873. 


o 


o 


Aug. 9 


89 


45 


10 


91 


40 


U 


89 


48 


12 


83 


52 


19 


97 


55 


20 


75 


43 


21 


79 


27 


23 


81 


37 


23 


80 


53 


24 


81 


42 


25 


72 


55 


26 


90 


57 


28 


94 


49 


29 


79 


38 


30 


86 


41 


31 


89 


43 


Sept. 4 


73 


35 


5 


76 


25 


6 


73 


35 


7? 


75 


S3 


81 


to 


28 


12? 


62 


37 


15 


73 


33 


16 


77 


26 


17 


73 


30 


20 


71 


32 


21 


65 


30 


22 


79 


.30 


23 


C9 


34 


24 


50 


29 


25 


51 


29 


26 


47 


24 


27 


47 


19 


28 


49 


14 


29 


49 


17 



Station. 



No. 13 

13 , 

14 

14 

14 

15 

15 

16 , 

16 

17 

17 

Depot Camp , 

No. 18 

19 

20 

20 

Sweet-grass Hills 



Date. 



18' 
July 



Ang. 



4. 

.5.3 

8.3 
10.2 
10.8 
12.4 
13.4 
20.35 
23- 2 
25! 4 
29.0 

2 



13.55 
18.4 
25.1 
Sept 1.4 



Mean time 

clir. 1319, 

Negus & Co. 

Slow. 



m. 

08 



2 08 



00.9 
08.6 
12.5 
13.6 
14.9 
16.5 
20.2 
23.8 
26.0 
29.5 
3.5.3 
36.2 
37. 3 
44.2 



Sidereal 

chr. 1513. 

Negns & Co. 

Slow. 



h. m. 
1 47 



40.1 
40.8 
41.0 
41.5 
41.9 
39.8 
37.7 
39.0 
38.8 
30.5 
31.3 
29 3 
24.1 
21.3 
16.8 
11.7 
05.4 



Sidereal 

chr. 235, 

Bond &. Son. 

Fast. 



47.9 
47.4 
48.3 
49.7 
49.8 
51.8 
54.4 



9 55 



45.0 
45.8 
50.3 
53.2 
58.1 
58.8 



Date. 



Air t^^mpor- 
.atures. 



Max. Min. 



1874. 
July 6 



101 
101 
98 
98 
93 
93 
89 
8S 
87 
89 
89 



Date. 



1874. 

Julv 23 

" 30 

31 

Aug. 1 

2 

8 

9 

10 

14 

15 

10 

Sept. 3 



Air temper- 
atures. 



Max. Min. 



85 
84 
84 
84 
80 
79 
85 
85 
76 
77 
77 
105 



324 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Table II. 
Daily rates. 



Dates. 



Mean time 
cLr. 131'J, 

Negus &. Co. 



1873. 
Juno 2 to 8.. 
June 8 to 13. 

16. 
June 12. 10 

to 17. 17. 
June 17. 17 

to 26. 
June 17.17 

to 2!). 
June 26 to 

July 15. 
June 2'J to 

July 15. 
July 15 to 30 
July 30 to 

Aup. 7. 
Aug. 7 to 18. 
Aug. 18to3l 
Aug. 31 to 

Sept. 4. 3. 
Sept. 4. 3 to 

7.04. 
Sept. 7. 04 to 

1.5. 13. 
Se])t. 15. 13 

to 17. 34. 
Sept. 17. 34 

to 21. 
Sept. 21 to 

28. 04. 

June 2 to 

Aug. 31. 
Juno 8 to 

Ang.31. 
June H to 

Sept. 28. 04. 
Aug. 31 to 

Sept. 28. 04. 
Sept. 1.5. 13 

to 28. 04. 



1.3 losing 
1. 7 losing 

2. 3 losing 

1. 6 losing 



1. 2 losing 



1. 2 lo.sing 

1. 4 losing 

2. 2 losing 

2. 5 losiug 

3. 5 losing 

2. 5 losing 
3. losing 
5. 5 losing 
4. 3 losing 
5. 9 losing 

1. 7 losing 



2. 3 losing 

4. 2 losing 

5. 3 losing 



Sidereal 

ctr. I4bl, 

Negus & Co. 



Sidereal 

chr. 2:5, 

Bond &. Son. 



Traveling 
or sta- 
tionary. 



1. 4 gaining 
0. 3 gaining 

0. 9 gaining 

1.3 gaining 



0. 9 gaining 



1. 3 gaining 
1.3gainiug 

1. 1 gaining 
1. 3 gaining 
0.0 gaining 

0. 4 gaining 

0. Bgaining 

1. 9 losing 

0. 8 losing 

2. 1 losing 

1. 1 gaining 



0.7 gaining 
0. 5 losin, 
1. 7 losin. 



0. 3 losing 
0. 5 gaining 



0. 3 gaining 



0. 9 gaining 

0. 4 gaining 
0. 4gaiuinj 

0. 4gaiuin< 

0. 4 losiug 

1. 3 losiug 

1. 3 loiiing 
1.5 losing 
4. 9 losing 

2. 2 losing 
2. 8 losing 



0. 3gainin; 
0. 3 losing 
2. 3 losing 
3.2 losing 



S. 
T. 

S. 

T. 

T. 

S. 

S. 

T. 
S. 

T. 
S. 
T. 

S. 

T. 

S. 

X. 

,s. 

T. and S. 
T. and S. 
T. .and S. 
T. and S. 
T. and S. 



Dates. 



Mean time 

chr. 1319, 

Negus & Co. 



Sidereal 

chr. 1513, 

Negus & Co 



1874. 
July 5.3 to 

8.3. 
July 8.3 to 

10.2. 
July 10. 2 to 

ij. 4. 
July 12.4 to 

15.4. 
July 15. 4 to 

20. 35. 
July 20. 35 

to 23. 2. 
Julv~22."2 to 

25.4. 
July 25. 4 to 

29. 
July 29 to 

Aug. 2. 
Aug. 2 to 4 .. 
Aug.4to8.. 
Aug. 8 to 

13. 55. 
Aug. 13.55 

to 18.4. 
Aug. 18. 4 to 

25. 1. 
Aug. 25. 1 to 

Sirpt. 1. 4. 



July 5.3 to 
Aug. 13.55. 

July 5.3 to 
Sept. 1. 4. 



2. 6 losing 

2. losing . 

1. 1 losing . 

0.5 losing. 

0. 8 losing 

1. 9 losing 

0. 7 losing 

1. losing 

1. 6 losing 

0. 5 losing 
0. 3 losing 

1.2 losing 



1. 1 losing 



0. 2 losing 
0.2 losing 
0. 4 losing 
0. 7 grrining 
0. 4 gaining 
0. 7 losing 
0.0 

0. 6 gaining 
1.3 gaining 

1. Ogaining 
1.3 gaining 
0. 5 gaining 

0. 9 gaining 

0. Sgaining 

0. 9gaininj 

0. Sgaining 
0. 6 gaining 



Sidcre.al 
chr. 235, 
3ond&Son. 


Traveling 
or sta- 
tionaiy. 


0. 2 losing 


S. 


0.7 gaining 


T. 


0. Sgaining 


S. 


0. 7 gaining 


T. 


0. S gaining 


S. 




T. 

S. 




0.0 


T. 


1. 1 gaining 


S. 


1. Sgaining 
1.3 gaining 
0.0 


T. 
T. 
T. 




T. 

S. 
T. 






0.3 gaining 


T. and S. 




T. and S. 





Dates. 


Mean time 

cbr. 1455, 

Negus Sc Co. 


Traveling 
or ^io- 
tionary. 


FOnT PEMBINA. 


Mouth. 


Temperature. 


1873. 
June 14 to July 4 . . . 

July 4 to 22 

Jnly 23 to Sept. 1 . . . . 
Sent 1 to 15 


s. 

0. 45 gaining. 
1.0 losing .- 
3. 9 losing . . 


T. and S. 
T. and S. 
T. and S. 
T. and S. 
T. and S. 

T. and S. 
T. and S. 
T. and S. 
T. and S. 
T. and S. 
T. and S. 


Mean. 


Max. 


Min. 


!873-'74. 
November . . 
December.. . 
January 


o 
15.65 
6.76 
- 3.17 




4,". 
35 
37 


o 
-25 
-27 
-44 


S.pt. 15 to 30 

Nov. 6 to Dec. 5 

Dec.5to9 

Dec.Oto 13 

Dec. 12to 19 

Dec, 19 to 90 

Doc. 20 to Jan. 17. . . . 


a 3 losing . 

0.0 losing .. 
5, 3 losing .. 
3. 1 losing .. 
5. 1 losing . . 
6.7 losing .. 
7. 1 losing . . 



EEPOllT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX A. 325 















Table III. 
















Weeldif rates, 1S73. 
















M 


o 


© 




i 


-■ 


00 






o> 


CD 








^ 


-< 


o 


o 


CI 


No. of chronometer. 


2 

□ 


_2 


s 


o 

p 


or-: 


o 
>> 


GO'S 


D 


£ 

u 


00 


















P 










1-5 


^3 


1-5 


^Z 


1-5 


^5 


<i 


-=1 


*!] 




s. 


«. 


«. 


J 


s. 


s. 


8. 


fi. 


s. 












-10.7 
+ 9.4 


-11.6 
+ 3.3 


-7.3 
+9.4 


-11.0 

+ 6.7 


-11.7 

+ 9.3 






1481 


4-S.8 


+ 1.9 


+11.2 


+ 7.5 


+ 8.8 










(16-30) 


















- a7 

o 


+5.9 


+ 5.9 


+3.0 


+ 0.1 


+ 5.5 


+ 4.3 


- 2.3 


Temperatures : 


o 


Maximum 










86 
32 


83 
33 


95 
35 


95 
40 


89 
48 




\finimiiTn 






55 


47 


27 










o . 


- 


CO 


lO 


n 


>t 


i 




fc. a * 


No. of chronometer. 


in fe 

11 

p o 


1° 

& 

IB 


so 

P 
to 


S3 - 
So 
c 


is 
ft 


Ol (H 


s~ 


5 






s. 


». 


s. 


«. 


s. 














lo 5 


-31.7 
+ 5.3 


-33.3 
- 0.2 


-51.0 
-13.9 


-51.0 
-!3.9 


-7.3 
+11.2 
-- 5.9 


43.7 
25.1 




1481 


+ 7.2 


+ 2.0 


9.3 










-11.3 


-25.7 


-31.3 


-31.3 


37.2 




Temperatures : 





o 




Maximum 


94 
38 


76 
25 


7J 
33 


79 
26 


79 
14 










Minimum 














_ 

















1 











Wee/i/?/ rates, 1874. 



No. orohTonometer. 


"a 

1-5 


0> 

3 

■3 

1-5 


«5 
CI 

o 
a 
>. 

"3 

1-5 


a 
oei 

1? 


s 
■§ ■ 

<1 


s 

o 

■s 


to 

•5 


pi 
a 

o 

cc 

D 

to 

P 


2 
1 

D 


>> 

i 

M 
00 '^ 




i 

1 

s 


Greatest differ- 
ence between 
consecutive 


1319 


>. 

-13.8 
- 1.8 
+ 1.9 

o 

101 

44 


e. 
-4.7 
+3.5 
-1-3.9 

9°8 
50 


e. 
-7.1 
+0.8 
-0.4 

o 

89 

57 


«. 

-9.2 
+6.2 
-f7.4 



84 

48 


e. 
-2.3 

-j-7.7 
4-5.9 

o 

85 

48 


-9.6 

+4.6 
-1-6.4 

o 

83 

33 


s. 

' '+5."6 

-1-8.9 


"+6.'6' 
--2.1 


-13.8 

- 1.8 

- 0.4 


-2.3 

4-7.7 
4-8.9 


«. 

11.5 
9.5 
9.3 


e. 
9.1 
3 1 

7.8 


1513 


235 


Teraperatarea : 
Maximam 


^^nimnni 





























Note. — The sign + indicates a gaining, and — a losing rate. 



326 



DNLTED STATES NOllTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Table IV. 

Relative Longitudes of Stations, by Chronometers from Fort Pembina, and by Chain from 

Station No. 1. 



station. 



Date. 



Fort Pombina (flag-ttaff) 



Eate 

U. S. Station No. 3. 



Eatos as at Fort 
U.S.Station No. 3. 



Eate 

TJ. S. Station No. 5.. 



Eale 

U.S. Station No. 7. 



1873. 

June 2 

8 



10 

Pembina. 

June 12 

IS. 16 
17. IT 



Correction to local time. 



Mean time 

chr. 1319, 

Negus & Co. 



June 2C 

30 

July 15 



rL.ate 

U. S St.i.tion No. 9. 



Eate 

IT. S. Station No. 10. 



Rate 

XT. S. Station, No. 11.... 



Rate 

XT. S. Station No. 12 . 



U.S.Station No. 13»... 



Rate 

U. S. Station No. 14 



Rate 

U. S. Station No. 15 . 



Rate 

U. S. Station No. lU . 



Rate 

U. S. Station No. 17 ... . 



Eate 

Depot Camp Sweet- 
grasps Hills. 



U. S. Station No. 18 . . 
U. S. St.ation No. 19 .. 



Carup near Sweet-ffrasa 

IJilb. 
U.S.Station No. 20 



Rate . 



July 30 
Aug. 7 



Aug. 18 
30 



Sept. 4.3 
7.04 



Sept. 15. 13 
17.34 



Sept. 21 



July 5.3 
8.3 



July 10.2 
12.4 



July i:>-i 
20.35 



July 22. 



Jnly 29 
Aug. 2 



Aug. 8 



Aug. 13. 2 



Septw 1. 4 

Ang. la 4 
25.1 



711. 8. 

+ 3 23. 9 

-j- 3 3.1. 8 

Losing 1.32 

+ 1 50. 4 



+ C34.5 



+ 4fi.5 

Losing 2. 32 

- 2 35. 7 



- 2 12. 
Losing 1. 22 

- 12 05. 5 

- 11 54. 

Losing 1. 44 

- 18 21.2 

- 17 50. 1 

Losing 9. fi 

- 21 10.8 

- 21 04. 

Losing 2. 48 

- 25 06. S 

- 24 54. 36 

Losing 5. 49 

- 23 39. 



- 6 57. 02 
+ 7 03. 00 

Losing 2. 59 

4- 3 52. 7 

-I- 3 55. 1 

Losing 1. (19 

- 46. 4 

- 42. 07 

Losing 0. 75 

- 3 43. 4 

- 3 41.23 
Losing 0. 68 

- 7 39. 9 

- 7 34. 1 
Losing 1. 45 

- 8 57. 5 



Sidereal 

chr. 1481. 

Negua & Co. 



m. 5. 

- 4 04.30 

- 4 12.79 
Gaining 1. 4 

- 5 59. 95 



- 7 20. 88 



- 7 26. 09 
Gaining 1. 01 

- 11 14.1 



Rates 
10 48. 73 



Rates as at Sta 
- 14 33. 1 



? No compari- 
J son. 



- 11 31.36 
Gaining 0. 91 

- 22 03. 48 

- 22 13. 58 

Gaining 1.26 

- 29 17.595 

- 23 32. 103 

Gaining 1.21 

- 3! 11.52 

- 33 12. 67 

Gaining 0. 42 

- 37 46. 656 

- 37 42. 5 

Losing 1. 88 

- 41 40.084 

Sid. chr. 1513, 
Negu.s & Co. 

- 13 42. 70 

- 13 42. CO 
Losing 0. 23 

- 16 50. 26 

- IC 58. 37 

Losing 0. 405 

- 21 44.28 

- 21 46. 4 

Gaining 0.43 

- 24 49. 68 

- 24 50. 16 
Gaining 0. 09 

- 23 53. 3 

- 29 00. 5 
Gaining 1. 3 

- 30 26. 9 



Sidereal 

chr. 235, 

Bond Sc Son. 



/LongitudeofS 
vLongitudeofF 



h. m. s. 


- 1 17 06. 78 

- 1 17 09. 34 
Gaining 0.51 



(- o © 



aa at Station 
- 32 24. 78 



tion No. 17. 

- 36 19. 04 



- 40 04. 47 

— 40 09. 2 
Gaining 0. 70(1 



- 1 20 54. 14 

- 1 21 04.21 
Gaining 0.67 

- 1 31 22.24 

- 1 31 25.30 

Gaining 0.38 

- 1 38 22. 69 

- 1 38 16. 77 

Losing 0. 33 

- ) 41 49.63 

- 1 41 46.06 

Losing 1. 31 

- 1 46 00. 948 

- 1 45 50. 05 

Losing 4. 93 

- 1 49 42. (196 



-11 57 10.7 
-11 57 10.25 
Losing 0. 15 
-12 00 29.06 
-12 00 30. 05 

Gaining 0. 45 
-12 05 1.5.9 
-12 05 18.48 

Gaining 0. 52 
)No 



compar- 
ison. 



-12 12 17. 6 

-12 12 22. II 

Gaining 1 13 

-12 13 49.4 



No. 17. 
-12 15 47. 02 



-12 19 39. 7 



JNocorapaii* ? 
5 son. 5 



tation No. 1 
ort Pembin 
m. s. 
1 46.33 
1 44.36 
1 45.35 
1 18.75 
1 18.13 



M. 



M. 



SI. 



M. 



M. 



1 18.44 
3 43. 30 
3 39. 09 
3 38.26 
3 40. 22 
10 12. 88 
10 18.47 
10 07. 98 
U. 10 13.11 
6 44. 14 
6 50. 10 
6 53. 21 
6 49. 17 
3 35. 07 
3 33. 01 
3 32. 03 

3 33. 57 

4 23. 28 
■1 30. CO 
4 2.5. 49 

M. 4 26. 46 
4 03. 40 
4 04. 47 
4 10.69 

M. 4 00. 85 



Longitude west of 
Washington. 



By chro- 
nometer 
from Fort 
Pembina. 



bytelegraph 
a'flag-statf 



Jum. 8. 
1 22 2d 12 



1 23 46. 56 



1 27 26. 78 



1 37 39. 89 



By chain 

from Stat'n 

No. 1. 



h.m. s. 
1 90 43 04\ 
1 20 42.77./ 



1 23 49. 81 



1 27 27. 08 



1 37 30. i 



1 44 29. 06 1 44 32. 36 



1 48 02. 63 



1 52 29. 09 



1 .50 35. 94 



M. 



M. 



M. 



M. 



M. 



3 18.45 
3 17.70 
3 19. 10 

3 18.42 

4 45. 55 
4 47.12 
4 44. 50 
4 45. 72 
3 02.62 
3 02. 69 

3 02.03 

4 01.78 
4 04. 82 
4 03. 30 
1 26.54 
1 2,3.80 
1 2.5.01 
1 25. 13 
1 57.. 35 
1 .32.08 
1 53. 10 
I 54.38 
3 52 35 
3 47. 50 
3 40. 82 
3 48. 90 



9 24. 95 



2 04 41.24 

2 09 20. 96 
2 12 29. 61 
2 16 32. 91 

2 17 58. 04 



2 23 41. 38 

2 17 56. 54 



2 27 21.49 



1 48 09. 88 
1 52 37. 04 

1 56 37. 9 

2 01 22. 82 

2 04 40. 22 

2 09 24. 12 
2 12 28.91 
2 16 31.77 

2 17 56. 17 



2 23 41.28 
2 17 54.07 



'Initial station for chronometer longitudes 1874. 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX A. 

Table V. 



Note. — Eesalts obtained by using uniform rates for the eeasons. 



327 



1873. 


1874. 




h. m. t. 
1 20 42.77 
1 22 23. 79 
1 23 47. 91 
1 27 26. 93 
1 37 43. 34 
1 44 34.35 
1 48 05. 40 
1 52 23. .57 
1 56 15. 55 




h. m. ». 
2 01 22.82 
2 04 39. 57 
2 09 24. 59 
2 12 27.51 
2 16 30. f 6 
2 17 50. SO 
2 19 53. 00 
2 23 44. 23 
2 IT 53. 36 
2 27 18. 66 


Chronometer-longitude, btation No. 2 

No. 3 

No. 5 

No. 7 

No. 9 

No. 10 

No.ll 

No, 12 


Chronometer-longitude, Station No. 14 

No. 15 

No. 16 

No. 17 

Depot Camp 

Station No. 16 

No. 19 

Camp, September 1.4 . 
StationNo.20 



JAMES F. GKEGOEY, 

Captain of Ungiiveen. 



APPENDIX B 



To 



REPORT OF CAPT. W. J. TWINING. 



CORPS OF ENGINEERS, 



CHIEF ASTRONOMER. 



329 



REPORT OF FIRST LIEUT. F. V. GREENE, UNITED 

STATES ENGINEERS. 



United States Northern Boundary Commission, 

Washington, D. C, June 30, 1876. 
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the following report of the 
work done under my charge, upon the survey of the boundary-line of the 
United States, from the Lake of the "Woods to the Rocky Mountains. 
I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

F. V. GREENE, 
First Lieutenant of Engineers. 
Capt. Wm. J. Twining, 

United States Engineers, Chief Astronomer 



PEELIMINARY. 

By Special Orders No. 131, War Department, Adjutant- General's Office, 
June 7, 1872, I was "detailed for duty upon the joint commission for the 
survey of the boundary-line along the forty-ninth parallel, in accordance 
with the act of Congress approved March 19, 1872," and was directed to 
report in person to the Adjutant-General. By letter of July 2, 1872, that 
officer directed me to report to the Department of State, which I did, by 
letter, on the 3d of July, and in reply received a letter, dated Cth July, 
1872, from Charles Hale, Acting Secretary of State, du-ecting me to report 
to Maj. F. U. Farquhar, Corps of Engineers, then Chief Astronomer of the 
Commission. I did so on the same day, and have since been continuously 

331 



832 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

on duty with the Commission, and under the orders of the Chief Astrono- 
mer. 

The portion of the survey intrusted to me in the field comprised the 
immediate charge and direction of the parties engaged iipon geodetic and 
topographical operations, and the making of reconnaissance-surveys of all 
routes passed over by these parties, outside of the belt of more accurate 
surveys. The geodetic work was that necessary to establish and mark the 
forty-ninth parallel between adjacent astronomical stations; the topograph- 
ical work was to survey a belt not less than five miles in width, on the 
United States side of the boundary. In the office, I have had the immediate 
charge, under your general supervision, of the preparation of all the maps 
of the Commission. 

Before desci'ibing these operations in detail, I deem it proper to give a 
short narrative of the various seasons' work. This, however, will be limited 
to the most concise statement of the movements of my pailies, and will not 
include any description of the country, or account of the many details 
which make up "plains experience," such as means of supply, lack of wood 
and water, troubles from prairie-fires, hail and snow storms, &c. Although 
habitually separated from the parties of other officers, and acting under 
general instructions only, yet, on the whole, I passed over nearly the same 
gi'ound as yourself and Captain Gregory, whose experiences were also 
about the same as my own, and whose reports, doubtless, give comjolete 
information on these points. I shall, however, subsequently speak more in 
detail of the monument on the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and of the 
swamps of the Roseau country, as I was the only officer of the United 
States Commission who visited those localities. 

SEASON OF 1872. 

By dhection of Maj. F. U. Farquhar, then Chief Astronomer of the 
Commission, I left Washington on the 1st of August, for Pembina, Dak., 
charged with the safe transportation of all the instruments for the survey, 
contained in thirty-two boxes. Mr. Lewis Boss, assistant astronomer, 
accompanied me. Our route was via New York and Buffalo, by steamer 
through the lakes to Duluth, and thence to Pembina by rail and boat. We 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX B. 333 

arrived at Fort Pembina on tlie 17th of August, with the instruments in 
good order, and began observations with the sextant and chronometers to 
establish an approximate latitude and longitude for the initial point of the 
survey. The rest of the commission arrived overland on the 5th of Septem- 
ber, and the regular work of the season was then begun. While encamped 
on the Red River, I made a topographical survey with theodolite and chain 
of the Red River, from the boundary-line to a point five and a half miles 
south of it. This was done under Captain Gregory's direction, between 
the 10th and 20th of September. On the depai-ture of the commissioner 
and other officei's of the commission for the Lake of the Woods, October 2, 
I was left at Pembina with a party of twenty-five men, with instructions 
from Major Farquhar to trace a tangent line eastward until I met a British 
party coming west. By the 6th of November I had reached the Roseau 
River, thirty-three miles from Pembina, without seeing any signs of a Brit- 
ish party, and on the 9th I received an order from Major Farquhar to return 
at once to Pembina. There I reported to Captain Gregory, and returned 
to the States with him. In the ofiice at Detroit, during the winter of 1872- 
'73, the topographical work of the summer was plotted and drawn. 

SEASON OF 1873. 

The organization for this year comprised a tangent party and two 
topographical parties, under Mr. F. Von Schrader (succeeded in September 
by Mr. C. L. Doolittle) and Mr. A. Downing, in all about fifty men. Mr. 
L. Chauvenet acted as recorder and computer for azimuth observations, 
and, owing* to the pressure of topographical work, a stadia party was organ- 
ized for him. From September 1 to October 13 I was accompanied by an 
escort of twenty-five cavalry-men under command of Lieut. R. IL L. Alex- 
ander, Seventh Cavalry. We began work at Pembina on the 8th of June, 
and continued it without interruption until the 3d of October; over two 
weeks (9th to 25th August) having been devoted to cutting a sight-line in 
Turtle Mountain. On the 3d of October we were at the British astronom- 
ical station, three hundred and eighty-four miles from Pembina, with the 
geodetic and topographical work completed up to that point. The lateness 
of the season and scantiness of supplies on hand precluded the idea of 



334 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

finishing the topography of the twenty-four miles intervening between us 
and Captain Gregory's most westerly station, and on the 4th of October I 
turned eastward. At the supply depot on the Mouse River I found, Octo- 
ber 13, your letter directing me to follow on to Fort Totten. I took a route 
along the Mouse Eiver on its southern bend, in order to make a reconnais- 
sance of its course. Leaving this river after it had turned to the north, I 
struck eastwardly, across the burnt prairies and salt lakes, for Fort Totten, 
reaching that post October 22. On the 24th, yourself and the astronomical 
parties left for Fort Seward and the States, and on the 25th I left for Fort 
Pembina, under yovir instructions, to complete the survey of the boundary 
between the Lake of the Woods and Red River. During the winter, Mr. 
0. S. Wilson was assigned to me as recorder and computer, in place of Mr. 
Chauvenet. A full account of this winter's work will be given in another 
place. 

We reached Fort Pembina on the 29th of October, and returned there, 
on the completion of the survey, on the 5th of February, 1874. About 
half of the men were discharged here, and with the balance I marched to 
Breckenridge, and there took the cars to Saint Paul, where the parties were 
disbanded on the 16th February. On the 20th of February I reported to 
you in the office at Detroit, with my assistants and records. 

Before leaving Pembina I sent Foreman Kennedy, with three men and 
two dog-sleds, to Turtle Mountain, to construct the moimds which we had 
been obliged to leave unbuilt during the summer, the British cutting not 
being completed until October 5. They performed this service, and reached 
Saint Paul March 5. 

The office- work, at Detroit, was continued from March 1 to June 1, 
1874. Mr. Doolittle and Mi-. Wilson were engaged in adjusting the stadia- 
lines ; Mr. E. Mahlo and Mr. V. T. McGillycuddy in plotting and draught- 
ing. Mr. Downing was obliged by private business to leave the survey from 
March to November, 1874. During our absence in the field the following 
summer Mr. Mahlo was left in the office engaged in draughting. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 335 

SEASON OF 1874. 

The organization for tliis year comprised a tangent-party, three topo- 
graphical parties, under Messrs. Doolittle, McGillycuddy, and Wilson (in 
addition to the latter's duties as recorder), and a party of mound-builders — 
in all, counting scouts and teamsters, about seventy men. Mr. B. Vitzthum 
was attached to my party as draughtsman. The escort, under command of 
Capt. E. R. Ames, consisted of Companies E and I, Sixth Infantry, and 
twelve Indian scouts. The greater part of E Company was detached Au- 
gust 1. The various working-parties and their escorts left Fort Buford on 
the 21st of July, following the Benton trail up the Missouri. On the 26th 
my parties and escort left the main column near the mouth of Poplar River 
and struck northward along that stream. At the principal forks I detached 
Messrs. Doolittle and McGillycuddy, with their parties and a small escort, 
to follow and reconnoiter the west fork, myself, with the other parties, fol- 
lowing the east fork. The east fork brought us, June 29, to Lieutenant Gal- 
wey's station, where we had concluded work in 1873, and the next day I 
moved on to Captain Gregory's station on the west fork, where Mr. Doolittle 
arrived the day after. 

On the 1st of July the regular work of the season was begun at four 
hundred and eight miles from Pembina (the topography at three hundred 
and eighty-four miles) and it was canied on without interruption until Au- 
gust 18, when I arrived at your camp on Chief Mountain Lake in the Rocky 
Mountains, seven hundred and fifty-eight miles from Pembina; the geodetic 
work was completed to that point, and the topographical and mound parties 
were a short distance behind. 

The country beyond being impracticable for wagons, you directed me 
to fit out a pack-train, in order to reach the monument placed on the summit 
of the Rocky Mountains by the Northwest Boundary Commission in 1860. 
We left Chief Mountain Lake on the 20th, and reached Akamina Station, 
near the summit, on the 23d, the distance being over forty miles by the 
trail, although only seven in a direct line. Mr. Wilson carried a stadia-line 
from Chief Mountain Lake over the divide, by the Kootenay Pass, and 
connected it on known points of the British ti-averse earned along the 
KIshenehn Valley to Akamina Station, in 1860. This connected the sura- 



336 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

m it-monument with that on Chief Mountain Lake. After completing- the 
triangulation about the summit I returned to Chief Mountain Lake, Aug-ust 
28, and devoted the following day to locating the peaks in the neighbor- 
hood. August 30 we began the return march, and reached the supply- 
depot at the Sweetgrass Hills September 2. Here my escort was relieved. 
On the 31st of August, at the Bi-itish Astronomical Station near Chief 
Mountain, I met Mr. Doolittle, and joining to his party that of the mound- 
builders, making their total strength about twenty men, I directed him to 
follow and reconnoiter the " Riplinger Road," skirting the base of the 
mountains, to the Blackfoot agency on the Teton River ; thence to march 
to Benton, via Fort Shaw. He reached Fort Benton, without accident, on 
the 9th of September. I picked up Mr. McGillycuddy's party at the Sweet- 
grass Hills, and with it and the tangent-party, about thirty men in all, I 
started, September 4, due south, through the Piegan and Blackfoot country, 
for Fort Shaw, amving there September 8. The object of taking this route 
was to reconnoiter the country, and, principally, to run a meridian-line to 
Fort Shaw for longitude purposes. This line was traced partly by Mr. 
Wilson and partly by myself. From Fort Shaw we marched to Fort Ben- 
ton, where I reported to you September IL The next day the whole Com- 
mission began the boat-journey down the Missouri. During this journey I 
hud charge of the survey of the river, making the astronomical observations 
myself. Messrs. Doolittle and McGillycuddy relieved each other in taking 
compass-bearings and sketches. We reached Bismarck, Dak., on October 1. 
The office-work was resumed on the 1st of November, at Washington, and 
has been carried on, uninterruptedly, to this date. Messrs. Doolittle and 
Wilson reduced the stadia-readings and adjusted the co-ordinates of the 
topographical-surveys between November 1, 1874, and April 1, 1875. The 
series of preliminary maps was finished October 1, 1875; photo-lithographic 
copies were made of each sheet as soon as it was finished. The series of 
final maps was commenced August 1, 1875, and finished April 15, 1876. 
The series of reconnaissance maps was begun November 1, 1874, and fin- 
ished February 1, 1876. Special tracings of various sheets have been 
made from time to time. The office-force has usually comprised eight 
drau"htsmen. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 



337 



SEASON OF 1875. 

You directed me to proceed to Fort Shaw and make certain observa- 
tions thei'e. I left Washington June 30, and, proceeding by way of Salt 
Lake, reached Fort Shaw July 11. I remained there ten days, and made 
an extended series of azimuth-observations on the meridian-line of 1874, of 
latitude-observations with the sextant at Fort Shaw, and a triangulation to 
connect the meridian, and consequently the boundaiy-surveys, with Fort 
Shaw and the land-surveys. I arrived in Washington, on my return, on 

September 3. 

Summary of Jield-icorlc. 



O CO 



Number of azimuth stations 

Number of latitude observations (sextant) 

Number of time observations (sextant) 

Miles of tangent lines 

Miles of timber cuttiug; 

Number of mounds built 

Miles of topographical lines (stadia) 

Miles of reconnaissance lines (compass) 

Miles of Missouri River travel and reconnaissance. 
Miles of march between camps 



15 

14 

104 

223. 3 

10.3 

98 

380 

250 



951 






8 

10 

34 

56.5 

42 

50 

365 

98 



542 



B CO 



15 

58 

90 

176.5 



44 

542 

550 

807 

1,010 



as 

a 



1 
17 
12 



o 
H 



39 

9!1 

240 

456. 3 

52.3 

198 

1,287 

898 

807 

2,503 



This seems to be an appropriate place to acknowledge my indebted- 
ness to the assistants who have been associated with me, and to the officers 
who have commanded my escorts. 

Messrs. C. L Doolittle,* 0. S. Wilson, and A. Downing, have been with 
me in the office and field for more than two years, including the winter 
campaign in the swamps around the Lake of the Woods. To them I owe 
my most cordial thanks for their unremitting labors, the excellent character 
of their work, and their cheerful and ready compliance with all instructions, 
involving no matter what hardship. Mr. F. von Schraderf was the principal 
topographical assistant in 1872 and part of 1873, and rendered excellent 
service; as did also Dr. V. T. McGillycuddy J in 1874. Mr. L. Chauvenet 

* Now Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Lehigh University, Penn- 
sylvania. 

t Now Second Lieutenant Twelfth Infantry, United States Army. 
X Since Topographer of the Black Hills Expedition, 1875. 
N B 22 



338 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Avas recorder in 1873, and showed great aptitude for his work, although 
somewhat embarrassed by lack of experience and by ill health. 

In the office, in addition to Messrs. McGillicuddy and Downing, the 
draughtsmen have been Messrs. E. Mahlo, A. A. Aguirre, A. von Haake, A. 
Pohlers, and H. S. Hebard, all of whom rendered good service. Messrs. B. 
Vitzthum and Penny were also employed for short periods. 

With the officers of the escorts my relations were alwaj^s of the most 
cordial nature, and although usually superior to me in rank, they never 
failed to accede to my requests in distributing their commands, if they could 
do so without violating the positive instructions of their own superiors. 

In 1872, Capt. A. A. Harbach's company of the TAventieth Infantry 
remained with me when tlie rest of the commission went to the Northwest 
Angle. We met no Indians in the short distance which we penetrated 
eastward, but when we came to an impassable swamp, and had to make a 
quarter of a mile of corduroy-road, Captain Harbach at once ordered out his 
whole company to assist in it. 

From June, 187o, to March, 1874, I was accompanied by an escort only 
during September and a part of Octolier. This cavalry detachment was 
commanded by Lieut. R. II. L. Alexander, since deceased, who used every 
eflFort to assist us. 

In 1874 my escort was considerably larger, consisting nominally of 
two companies of infantry and twelve Indian scouts, under the command 
of Capt. E. R. Ames, Sixth Infantry. I say nominally, because an officer 
and fifteen men of one of these companies were left at Fort Buford to escort 
the Commissioner, and did not rejoin their company, and at the Sweet- 
grass Hills, August 1, the remainder of that company was detached. Cap- 
tain Ames, however, did everything in his power to facilitate the work of 
the survey, and I feel the more grateful to him as his interests were entirely 
opposite to mine. It was essential to the performance of my work that the 
topographical and mounding parties, three and sometimes four in number, 
should carry on their operations in rear of my own tangent party, and 
independently of each other ; and as we were in the proximity of Indians, 
whose peaceful and honest intentions were at least open to doubt, it was 
also essential thai these parties should each have a small escort. On the 




if: 

^0 



KEPORT OF TDE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX B. 339 

Other hand, Captain Ames naturally desired to keep his companies together 
for discipline, supply, and defense. He, however, yielded to my requests, 
and sent a detachment, with a non-commissioned officer and a scout, with 
each party, until he soon found his force reduced to fifteen men, and the 
main body of the escort was over one hundred miles away, and its exact 
whereabouts unknown. We were in this condition on the 18th of July, my 
parties being spread out over a distance of about seventy-five miles, when, 
on informing Captain Ames of my intention of moving ahead the next day, he 
replied that his original instructions from Major Reno were very positive, 
not to separate himself from his detachments by more than forty miles. 
These instructions were entirely unknown to me, and, although completely 
binding on Captain Ames, placed me in a very disagreeable position. A 
large band of Assiniboines had been encamped, only a few days previous, 
in the very locality where we then were (Astronomical Station No. 28), and 
the mail-rider had been chased almost into camp, only the day before, by 
a party of Yankton Sioux; so that I was taking considerable risk in going 
ahead with my party containing only fifteen carbines, and attempting to 
work on a tangent twenty miles long, without any escort in camp. On the 
other hand, it was onl}- by the utmost exertions — often working for twenty- 
two consecutive hours — that I could keep the tangents up with the astron- 
omy, and if I waited a week for the detachments to close up, there would 
be another one hundred miles between Captain Gregory and myself 1 
therefore determined to push on alone, and after bidding good-bye to Cap- 
tain Ames the next morning, saw no more of him for ten days. 

I can only repeat that Captain Ames sacrificed his personal inclinations, 
and did everything in his power to assist the progress of the survey, but 
that his force was inadequate and his instructions too circumscribed to have 
allowed him to materially aid us in case the Indians, who hovered about 
our trail, had at any time proved troublesome. The question of the rela- 
tions between an officer in charge of a surveying-party and the officer in 
command of his escort, is at best a vexed one, and particularly so when 
the surveying-officer, who must necessarily direct the movements, is the 
junior, and I am glad to be al)le to record my appreciation of the forbear- 
ance and kindness exiiibited by all the officers who were detailed with me. 



340 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

On my jom*ney fi-om the Sweet-grass Hills to Benton via Fort Shaw, 
I was also without an escort, my party numbering twenty-five men and 
fifteen carbines. "We passed through the country of the Blackfeet and 
Piegans, and within a few miles of the spot where the latter were so terribly 
punished by Major Baker, in 1870. These Indians followed us, and once 
accosted the men at the rear target, but they did not molest us in any way. 

In closing these acknowledgments, I wish to record my thanks to Capt. 
L. Wheaton and Maj. J. E. Yard, successively in command, and Lieut. Paul 
Harwood, Twentieth Infantry, post quartermaster at Fort Pembina, who 
during the summer of 1872, and the winter of 1873 and '74, constantly 
extended favors to us. And I particularly wish to express my gratitude to 
Gen. John Gibbon, commanding, and Lieut. J. W. Jacobs, Seventh Infantry, 
quartermaster at Fort Shaw. In 1874, 1 was a day and a half, and in 1875 
ten days, at their post; during which I was constantly the recipient of their 
private hosjDitality as well as their official courtesy. Being alone in 1875, 
I was entirely dependent on them for men and transportation to assist in 
the work I had to do, and these were furnished most kindly and cheerfully. 

To the officers at Fort Buford I am also indebted for many favors, but 
as I was only there at the same time as yourself, your acknowledgments 
naturally supersede mine. 



CHAPTER I. 
GEODETJG CONNECTIONS. 

The geodetic operations were those necessary to establish and mark 
the 49th parallel of north latitude, in the intervals between astronomical 
stations, which were about twenty miles apart. 

There are two methods of tracing a curved line — one by means of 
chords, and the other by tangents and offsets The latter method was ex- 
clusively employed on this survey. A tangent-line (tangent to prime ver- 
tical great circle at initial point) was prolonged on the surface of the earth 
from the meridian of one astronomical station to the meridian of the next, 
and on each meridian was measured tlie distance from the tangent to the 
astronomical determination of the parallel. By the use of proper geodetic 
formulae the relative positions of the two stations were determined, and the 
difference between the geodetic and astronomical determinations, including 
the errors of both, was taken as the " Station-error." The astronomical 
determinations were regarded as an absolute standard, and the station-error 
was distributed between the stations in direct ratio to the distance. To fix 
intermediate points of the parallel, meridional offsets were measured from 
the tangent, and the proportional part of the station-error was included in 
these offsets. 

The successive steps in these operations were; 

1. Azimuth-observations at initial point. 

2. Tracing the tangent-line on the ground. 

3. Azimuth-observations at terminal point. 

4. Deducing the station-error and computing the offsets for mounds on 
forty-nintli parallel. 

6. Construction of the mounds. 

The results of these observations are oniven in full in the details of the 



tangents. 



,'!4I 



342 ryiTED STATES XORTHERy BOU>TARY CO.ADIISSIOX 

1. Azimuth-ohservatlons. — The instrument used was a transit-theodolite, 
made by "William "Wtirdemann, of "Washington. The horizontal limb, eight 
inches iu diameter, was divided to 10', and read to 10" by two verniers: 
vertical limb (used principally as a finder) was four inches diameter, divided 
to 20', and read to 1' by single vernier. The spindles of the instrument 
were of steel, all the other parts of brass. There were three foot-screws, 
a circular level between the standards, and striding-level for the axis of tel- 
escope. All tangent-screws worked against springs, which was, I think, a 
serious defect. The telescope was of one and one-hah" inches aperture, and 
sixteen inches focal length, eye-piece magnifying twenty-five times. A 45^ 
prism, fitting in a slot in fi-ont of the eye-piece, answered the purpose of a 
diagonal eye-piece. The tripod consisted of three double legs supporting 
a solid block of wood two inches thick. This instrmnent was mounted in 
the meridian of the astronomical station, and as near as convenient to the 
mound marking the fortv-ninth parallel. An approximate azimuth of 90^ 
was then turned oflP, fi'om any data available, and on this direction was 
placed a bidl's-eye lantern, firmly fixed to a small post. It was at first cus- 
tomary to inclose the lantern in a box, but this was found unnecessary, for 
the lantern was generallv at a distance of two miles from the instrument, 
and at that distance the image of the light was about the same as that of a 
second magnitude star. The true astronomical azimuth of the direction of 
this lamp was then observed. The chronometer-error was derived fi"om 
time-observations with the sextant, taken in the intervals between azimuth- 
stars. An observing-list of these latter stars was prepared for each month, 
giving the magnitude, azimuth, altitude, and chi-onometer time of elongation 
for each star. The methods of observing culminations above and below the 
pole, and Polaris at any hom--angle, were both tried, but did not give such 
good re.-iults as a series of observations near the time of greatest elongation. 
The stars most convenient, in July and August, were ^ and y, Cephei, and 
Polaris, eastern elongation, and y5 and y-, Ursas Minoris, western elongation. 
J and A, Ursae Minoris, and 51 Cephei, although much nearer to the pole, 
were not used, because tlie telescope did not define stars below the fom-th 
magnitude with sufficient acciu-acy. The method used was to take five point- 
ings on the mark, then five on the star, the time being noted for eachj then 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 343 

revolve the instrument 180° in azimuth, and take five more readings on the 
star, followed by five on the mark. To each reading on the star was applied 
a difi'erential azimuth-correction, due to the interval of time fi'om elonga- 
tion. The mean of the corrected results, with the mean reading on the mai'k, 
gave the result for that star. Five stars observed in this manner, and in dif- 
ferent parts of the di^•ided arc, constituted a good determination, although 
three were considered sufficient. The azimuth resulting from each indi- 
vidual reading was also computed, and these were treated in the usual 
manner (after applying a collimation con-ection) to obtain the probable 
eiTor of the mean. This varied from ±0".8 to rb4".0 at a station, with a 
mean of ±1".8. The average range of foily individual observations was 
o7".3. With tangent-screws working in ball-and-socket joints, this range 
can probably be reduced one-half Level-corrections were at one time 
applied, but were soon given up, in the belief that they only introduced 
additional eiTor. The length of the striding-level was only six inches, and 
the value of one division over 4". A sliglit inaccuracy in the grinding of 
the glass would introduce large errors, and the behavior of the level showed 
such inaccuracies. Hence the instrument was carefully leveled before 
each set, and examined afterward, in both positions of the axis. If it had 
been disturbed in level during the observations, they were rejected. 
The following formulae were employed : 

Ag =z Azimuth of star at elongation. 

^J rr Latitude of station. 

a — Right ascension of star. 

S :rr Declination of star. 

T^ — Chronometer time of elongation. 

r z= Difierence between observed time and T^ 

p zr Reduction to elongation. 

E rz Chronometer-error < , ' 

I — slow. 

V — f^*i ^t 
4 = Hour angle at elongation < , '. 

•^ ( + west. 

, tan <I> ^ . cos S 



tan (5 -. — - m ^« zc -^ ^-^ ^e — ^.^g ^ 

2 sin- A r 

P — — ; — zrrr- tan A,. 
sni 1 



344 UKITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

The value of 

2 sin" ^ r 
sin 1" 

is given in the usual tables for "reduction to the meridian." I deem it only 
proper to add that this method was derived from the Coast Survey Manual 
by Mr. C. A. Schott, published in Appendix 11 to the Report for 1866. 
This is the only publication I know of in the English language where the 
subject of azimuths is treated at any length. 

2. Tracing the tangent-line. — After finding the true azimuth of the mark, 
it was a simple matter to find a point of the prime vertical near it; the 
required meridional distance being the tangent of the angle equal to 270° 
or 90° minus the observed azimuth, for a radius equal to the distance from 
instrument to mark. A stout picket was driven and the point of the tangent 
was marked upon it with a pencil point; with this and the point of obser- 
vation, the direction was established, and the line was prolonged to the 
next station. lu 1872, with the idea of avoiding errors due to error of 
collimation, the method employed Avas that of two front-sights, i. e. the two 
targets were always in front of the instrument, the more distant being 
aligned with the one nearer. This method was found to work very badly 
in practice. A little reflection wnll show that in passing over even a small 
hill it was necessary to take very short sights, sometimes as short as fifty 
feet. At fifty feet an error of three-hundredths of an inch subtends an arc 
of 2', and this, at a mile, gives an error of three feet. From these causes 
the tangent of 1872, which was thirty-three miles in length, was found to 
have an azimuth error at its extremity of 7' 44". It was therefore entirely 
rejected, and retraced. After 1872 a diff"erent method was pursued, viz, 
the method of back and fore sights, collimation-errors being cut out by 
taking the mean of two pointings in reversed positions of the axis. With 
this method the average azimuth error at the terminal points was 28".7. 
Into this determination enter the local errors due to deflection of plumb, 
and actual errors of observation at both ends of the line. If we take the 
whole line to have been in error by 14".i>, the deviation of the tangent, at 
the end of twenty miles, will average nine and a half feet. This shows at 
once the supei'iority of the method by back and fore sights. The same 



U.S. NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION 




iS.^r. Pc-cto-iith.. 



REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 345 

instrument was used for tracing the tangent as for azimuth observations, 
and the objects sighted on were two targets, one in front and one in rear. 
Their shape is shown in these drawings. The legs of the tripod were fast- 
ened to a triangular brass casting, similar to that used on theodolites, and 
this casting was firmly attached to the under side of the stand A. This 
stand was made of oak, 24" long, 6" wide, and 1" thick, and was covered, 
on the upper side and edges, with a thin piece of brass. The target B was 
of three-eighths of an inch pine, strengthened with light iron braces, and 
was fastened to a slide, C, of oak, tipped with brass. This slide embraced 
the stand A, and moved freely along it, thus giving a slight motion to the 
target; and it could be clamped in any position by the binding-screws D. 
Throvigh a small hole in the center of the target, passed a cord, from which 
was suspended a plumb-bob, which could thus be lowered to the stake 
marking the line. 

With favorable conditions of the atmosphere, these targets have been 
distinctly seen and aligned at a distance of over six miles. 

The rear target was set up over the point where the instrument stood 
in the azimuth observations. The instrument was set up over the point 
determined near the mark, and the front target sent ahead with three men 
provided with a telescope — the length of sight depended on the nature of 
the ground, but was usually about three miles. The telescope was pointed 
on the rear target, turned on its axis, and the front target ranged approxi- 
mately into line. Then the target was set up, and slight lateral motion 
given by the slide until it was bisected by the cross-hair. A point was 
then marked by the plumb-bob on a cross-piece fixed to a firm stake. The 
axis of the telescope was then reversed by turning the instrument in azi- 
muth (owing to the presence of dust, the telescope was never taken from the 
Y'). The same operation was repeated and another point determined. As 
it was found impossible to collimate inside of 3", the two points were about 
ten inches apart for a sight of three miles. The point midway between 
them was taken as the point of the tangent. The instrument and targets 
were then moved forward one station and the same operations repeated, 
and so on to the terminus of the line. ]\Iuch time was saved by using the 
United States Ai-my code, supplemented by a few special signals. The men 



346 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

quickly learned the system, and to' prevent any liability to mistakes, each 
one was provided with a printed card containing the alphabet. The flags 
used were of red cloth, six feet square, and containing a white square in 
the center. These wei'e easily read, with a field-glass or small telescope, 
at a distance of six miles in ordinary weather. The weight of the instru- 
ment precluded the idea of can-ying it by hand, and a light, two-wheeled 
spring-cart was used for this purpose, and to cany the signal-flags, men's 
lunches, &c. Occasionally, also, the men at the front target were carried 
in a two-horse wagon, thus saving a great deal of time. With these favor- 
able circumstances as much as eighteen miles of tangent has been traced 
in a single day. The most favorable state of the weather for this work was 
a cloudy day, or failing that, the hour just before and after sunrise, and the 
three hours before sunset. Between 10 a. m. and 3 p. m., on bright days, 
the radiation and reflection of heated air from the surface of the ground 
caused such a dancing of the images in the telescope as often to necessitate 
an entire stoppage of the work until later in the afternoon. A slight breeze 
diminished this disturbance, and a strong wind removed it altogetlier; but 
this latter introduced other sources of error by deflecting the telescope. 
The only large azimuth-error in all the tangents (viz, 1' 49", on tangent 
No. 8), was due to attempting to work in a high wind — being very much 
pressed for time. This disturbance does not extend more than thirty or 
forty feet from the ground, and hence gave biit little trouble in sighting 
over valleys. In a mountainous country it is hardly noticeable. The 
chaining was carried along at the same time as the tangent, the alignment 
being corrected at every instrument-station, and once or twice between 
them. The tallies were recorded in a book by one of the chainmen, and 
a small stake was driven at every second tally and marked with its distance 
from the initial point of the tangent. The instrument-pickets were also 
marked with their distance. As I rode along the tangent I examined the 
tally-pickets to avoid the chance of any error. In 1872 and 187.'! I liad 
several distances, of over ten miles in length, chained twice. The results 
differed by only six Inches in a mile at the most, and it was, therefore, not 
considered necessary to chain twice on level ground. What little broken 
country we met was always chained a second time. The standard of length 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B, 347 

was a box-wood rod, tipped with brass, ten feet long and two inches square 
in cross-section, made by Negus & Co., of New York. The chain was com- 
pared with this for each tangent. We also had one of Stackpole's fifty-feet 
tape-lines, with level, thermometer, and spring-balance adjustments. This 
instrument measures to within 1 in 100,000, but it was found to require too 
much time for our purposes, and was only used occasionally as a standard 
of comparison. Its length always agreed with the wooden rod. Our lon- 
o-itudes are all deduced from the record of the chaining. 

3. Admuth-ohservations at the terminal point. — There were 22 tangent- 
lines in all traced by myself On twelve of these, independent azimuth- 
observations were taken at the terminal points, similar in every respect to 
those described above for the initial points. On five of the remainder the 
azimuth was tested by a series of angles connecting the tangent with some 
line whose azimuth was carefully determined— either a British tangent or 
astronomical meridian. Two tangents (Pembina and Turtle Mountains) 
were only a few miles in length. This, then, leaves three tangents whose 
azimuth was never tested beyond the initial point, viz, Nos. 11 and 12, of 
1873, and No. 18, of 1874. At Nos. 11 and 12 the season was very late 
(October), and we were in the midst of a series of snow-storms and cloudy 
nights. At No. 18 the azimuth-observations gave such unsatisfactory results 
that they were rejected. A summary of the errors in the tangent, deduced 
from these observations, has been given above. 

4. Deducing the station-error and computing the offsets for the mounds. — 
The formulfB employed to find the geodetic latitudes, longitudes, and azi- 
muths at points on a line perpendicular to first meridian, are : — 



^' =9o°-^ra- =9o»-Jirc 



// 



These formulse are discussed on pp. 2')G, and from them is derived, 
pp. 257, the table of offsets and azimuths of the tangent. Entering tliis 



348 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

table with the argument K, equal to the length of tangent in English feet, 
the computed offset to 49° is found. If E, represent the station-error, 0, 
the computed offset, Ei the error of the initial point, north or south of 49°, 
Ea the error due to azimuth-deviation, and 0,„ the measured distance from 
the tangent to the second astronomical determination of 49°, then E^ = 0^ 
± JEJf ± ^o — 0^. To compute the offset for any intermediate mound let 
0^, represent tlie computed offset for the given distance, E^, the proportional 
part of the station-error, E^, the proportional part of the azimuth-error, and 
0,„f the required offset, then 0,„, =: 0^, ± -E'r' ± -^i ± E^,. 

5. Construction of the mounds marking the boundary.— \Yh'i\e tracing the 
tangent at each station where it was thought a mound should be built, the 
true meridian was turned off, by the aid of the table of azimuths of the tan- 
gent, and a picket driven to mark its direction. After finishing the tangent 
the offsets were computed by the formula3 given above, and a list containing 
the position of each mound and its offset Avas sent to the chief of the mound- 
builders' party, who built the mounds, and kept a complete record of all 
distances measured, and all the facts relating to his work. Along the Red 
River Valley, and up to the astronomical station at Long River, mounds 
were built at intervals of one mile; these were subsequently replaced by 
the iron pillars planted by Captain Gregory in ISTf). Beyond Long River 
they were built at an average distance of three miles, and placed on the 
crests of the rolling prairie, the conditions being that each mound should 
be plainly visible with the naked eye from the two adjacent ones. Wherever 
a sufficient amount of stone could be found within a radius of five miles the 
mounds were built of the small prairie bowlders, Aveighing from ten to eighty 
povmds each, and in the form of a cone twelve feet in diameter at the base, 
and six feet high. Where stone was not available they were built of earth 
and well rammed, and in the same shape and size as the others. If there 
was any timber available a large post was sunk two feet in the ground in the 
center of the mound, and marked on the southern face "XLIX PAR." In 
all cases a picket was driven one foot under ground, with a cross cut on its 
head marking the exact position of the parallel. 

In the Great Roseau Swamp there was no earth to he found within 
several miles, and, if there had been, it would not have withstood the action 



• EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 349 

of the water. The mounds here consisted of a pine post, about eighteen 
feet long, squared to ten inches, and pointed on its lower end. This was 
sunk, by its own weight, to various distances, from two to ten feet. Around 
it, from two hundred to two hundred and fifty tamarack poles, four inches 
in diameter, were driven into the mud, as far as possible, with heavy malls. 
Their tops were then cut off to give the shape of a rude cylinder with con- 
ical top. The center post was marked on its southern face " XLIX PAR." 
The computation of the offset and the nature of each mound will be 
found in the details of tangent-lines. 

LONGITUDES AND STATION-ERRORS. 

As previously remarked, the longitudes adopted are those derived 
from the chaining along United States and British Tangent Lines. The 
origin of longitudes is the joint astronomical station near Pembina. This 
was observed, in the winter of 1872-73, by the British Commission, in 
telegraphic communication with Mr. T. H. Safford, at the Observatory in 
Chicago. The result as communicated by Capt. S. Anderson, Royal En- 
gineers, is 97° 13' 51".5; which was adopted as the basis of all our longi- 
tudes. In order to convert the chained distances into arc, I made an 
examination of the various authorities on the elements of the earth's figure, 
with the following results: — 

L rr Length of 1 ° of longitude on equator. 

L' =: Length of 1 ° of longitude at ^. 

a = Equatorial radius of the earth. L' ^L — „ . „ — ^t- 

(1 — e-sm^$)*. 



b — Polar radius of the earth. 
e rz Eccentricity = | ^ — ) 

E - EUipticity -"~^ 



e- = 2E 



a 

Kater's value of the meter, 39'°.370790. 
Clarke's value of the meter, 39^370432. 

a 1) E L L',(<P = ^d°). 

ll?eS:Kf meter, \ 20923644 20853703^^ 365186 240040 



350 UNITED STATES ^JOPtTHEKN BOUNDARY COMJVllSSION. • 

Ske's tw meter, | ^0928404 20863464 agi;^^ 3651 82 240038 

°trHr;Ser'' i ^O^^'^^^'O •^0«55240^, 365233 240079 

*OrdnaDce survey, 1866, ^ -. 

^ Capt. A. R. Clarke, V 20926062 20855121 ^.^.g 365229 240076 
Spheroid of revolution, ) 

'' mT jln H.'SaJi; I 20926184 20855304 ^ 365231 240077 

The aljove results are in English feet, and Clarke's value of the meter 
is used in deducing all except the fii-st. Clarke's results are obtained by 
applying Bessel's method to the results of the measurement of the following 
arcs of meridian, viz, the Anglo-French, 22° 10'; the Indian, 21° 21'; the 
Russian, 25° 20'; the Cape, 4° 37'; and the Peruvian, 3° 7'. In Pratt's 
discussion the last two are rejected, on account of their small length. Bes- 
sel's elements have generally been adopted up to the present time, in this 
country; but Clarke's results were thought to have the most weight, and 
were adopted for our purposes, with the concurrence of Capt. S. Anderson, 
Royal Engineers. 

'Vhe accuracy of the chaining is a matter about which nothing 
certain can be stated. From the trials given above, it was believed to 
be within a foot per mile, on level ground and twenty-five per mile over 
a broken country. In order to test its accuracy, I ran, by your direction, 
a meridian-line, over level country, from a point near the Sweetgrass 
Hills to the neighborhood of Fort Shaw, in September, 1874. It was 
intended to observe the longitude of Fort Shaw by telegraphic commu- 
nication with Lieutenant Wheeler's Observatory at Ogden, Utah, whose 

* OnluaDce Survey— Coiii])arisoii of Staudards of Length. Loudon, 1871. On 
p. 2S5 are given tbe following elements: — 

Major semiaxis = a„ of equator, longitude 15° 31' E. 20,920,350 feet. 
Minor semiaxis = b„ of equator, longitude 105o 34' E. 20,919,972 feet. 
Polar axis, = c„ 20,853,429 feet. 

a — c __ 1 b — c _ 1 . a — b _ 1 

c 285.9?' c ~ 313.3s' c 3209.5 ' 

The elements given above are found on p. 287, and pertain to the " Spheroid of 
Revolution best representing the geodetic measurements." 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 



351 



longitude has been determined, telegraphically, with great care. This 
scheme fell to the ground, in consequence of the fact that the telegraph 
line between Helena and Fort Shaw was down, for several miles, in 1875; 
and to have prolonged the meridian, over tlie mountains, to the telegraph 
at Helena, would have involved great expense, and given very doubtful 
results. The opportunity for determining this valuable and interesting 
check on our chaining was therefore lost, but it may be accomplished by 
other parties, at some future day. It was impossible to get azimuth-obser- 
vations at Fort Shaw in 1874, owing to cloudy nights; but the terminal 
points of the meridian were securely marked, and in 1875 its azimuth was 
carefully determined, and a connection was made with Fort Shaw, and 
with the principal meridian of the United States Land Surveys. The 
observations on this meridian are given herewith. 

Fort Shaw Meridian. 
Azimuth-observations at initial point. 

[Error of Chronometer: by a AndrnmedEe (fast), 13™ Ai^A; by Arcturus (fast), i:'™. 39*.4; mean (fast), 13" 40».4. — Observer, 

O. S. Wilson, C. E ] 



Date. 


Position of instrument. 


Poeition of 
nuiik. 


Ko. of 
n ailiugs. 


Stars. 


Azimuth. 


1S74. 
Sept. 2 i 


Picket at 660" IF'i'.SO ) 
from Pembina; lougi- > 
tude, 111° 45' 04.9. ^ 


7400.5 feet sou 111 
of instrument. 


10 
10 

I 1^ 


; Ci'plici E . 

Polaris E .. 

l3 UrsaiMinons.. W.. 
y" Ursse Minoris. . W. . 


O / II 

179 54 10.2 
54 12.9 

53 50. 8 

54 39.5 


Mea 


a . ............................ 


179 54 13. 6 







Mark was moved 12'.1 west, to establish direction of tangent point. 
Azimuth-observations at terminal point. 







[Observer 


Lient. F. V. Greene.] 




Date. 

1875. 
July 16 

July 19 


Position of instru- 
ment. 


Position of 
mark. 


No. of 
readings. 


Star. 


Azimuth. 


Terminal point of 
meridian south of 
Sun River. 


Station 46 of me- 
ridian, north 
of Sun River. 


5 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 


y Oephei E .. 

A Draconis W.. 

/i Cephei E .. 

4 Draconis W.. 

Polaris E .. 

Polaris E .. 

7 Cephei E .. 

f} Ursa) M uoris ..W.. 
)'- Ursai Miuoris ..W.. 


O ' II 

3.59 53 01. I 
•54 55.6 
.53 04.2 
54 04.3 
53 07. 4 
53 26. 3 
.53 45.2 
53 19.2 
r>2 45.4 






M 


can 


3.59 53 VJ. I ± 2". 4 









* Rejected. 



352 



UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



This error was larger than was anticipated, but the notes showing no 

reason for assigning it to any one place, it was distributed over the whole 

length, 102.5 miles, of the line, by assigning 1' to each fifteen miles. The 

successive increments in deviation were then computed; giving a total of 

five himdred and ninety-eight feet at the terminal point, equal to 8". 8 of 

longitude. 

Tfiangulation at Fort Shaiv. 




47-.S-46 

S-i&-Al 

40-47-7? 
46-i3-47 
47-46-i; 

46-C-B 
AQ-B-i: 
C-A(3-B 



Angle. 




Length 
in feet. 


C ' " 






32 17 25. 4 






97 17 51.2 


S-47 


13420 


50 24 43. 4 


A'-4G 


17273 


79 02 31. 


47-46 


9302. 7 


55 27 54. 5 


47-ZJ 


8053. 6 


45 29 34. 5 


46-7? 


11080.8 


19 59 10. 4 


46-C 


26932. 8 


123 52 09. 6 


B-C 


19132 


36 08 40. 


C-P 


2550 



Azimuth. 



82 35 27. 9 
50 18 02.5 

359 53 19. 1 

78 55 50 

134 23 44. 6 

98 15 04.6 

78 15 54.2 

223 15 54. 6 



Lat. 


Dep. 




Coordinates from 
A 47, in feet. 


1730. 5 


13303 


A 46 


N. 9302. 7 


W. 18. 


11033 


13290 








9302.7 


18.1 


S 


S. 1730. 5 


W. 13308. 


1546.3 


7903. 8 








7756. 4 


7921.7 


B 


N. 1546. 3 


E. 7903. 8 


3865. 3 


26654 


C 


N. 5437. 4 


E. 26636.0 


3891.1 


18732. 2 








1856. 9 


1747. 8 


r 


N. 3580. 5 


E. 24886.2 



In order to obtain the longitude of the Principal Meridian, I consulted 
the plats of the land-office in Helena, and found that, in latitude 45° 41', 
it was thirty and one-fourth miles west of Lieutenant Wheeler's Observatory 
in Bozeman, Mont., whose longitude, established by telegraph, is 111° 03' 
31".9. By this means, we are enabled to compare our own longitude with 
those of the Land-Surveys, as follows: — 

Longitude of Bozeman, Mont, 111° 03' 31".9 

Thirty and one-fourth miles of longitude in latitude 45° 41', 37' 29".8 



Longitude of Principal Meridian, 111° 41' 01". 7 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX B. 353 

Westing from Principal Meridian to Fort Shaw Meridian, 

2-1,888 feet in latitude 47° 31', G' 02".5 

Longitude of A 47, Fort Shaw Meridian, as determined by 

land-surveys, 111° 47' 04".2 

Longitude of Pembina 97° 13' 51".5 

Westing to Initial Point, Fort Shaw Meridian, 660" 18'=^30 

in latitude 49° 14° 31' 13".4 

Longitude Liitial Point, Fort Shaw Meridian, .... 111° 45' 04".9 
Deviation in Azimuth to east, 8". 8 

Longitude of A 47, Fort Shaw Meridian, as determined by 

Boundary Survey, 111° 44' 56".l 

I also made a chronometer expedition from Fort Shaw to 

Bozeman, from which the longitude of A 47 was . 111° 45' 57". 6 

It will be seen that the chronometric determination is nearly the mean 
of the other two, but to this no particular importance is attributed. The 
difference between the land-survey longitude and our own is 2' 08", equal 
to 8,795 feet, or 1.67 miles ; but the method in which the Principal Meridian 
was run makes the Land-Office determination of no greater value than our 
own. The Principal Meridian was one hundred and twenty-six miles in 
length from the latitude of Bozeman to that of Fort Shaw. Of this length 
forty-eight miles was traced over the broken country west of the Gallatin 
River. Here an offset was made of eighteen miles to the west in order to 
avoid the almost impassable mountains east of the Missouri River. From 
the end of this offset a meridian -rt^as traced north, over the spm-s of the 
Rocky Mountains to Sun River Valley, whei'e an offset was measured east- 
ward again, and a stone post planted to indicate the intersection of the 
Principal Meridian and Fifth Standard Parallel. The lines were ti-aced by 
a solar compass. Our own surveys embraced lines aggregating a length of 
seven hundred and sixty-three miles from Pembina to Fort Sh|u\ , against 

N B 23 



354 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

one hundred and ninety-two miles of the land-surveys from Bozeman to 
Fort Shaw; but their methods were not considered sufficiently accurate to 
wai-rant a change in our determination. At the monument on the summit 
of the Eocky Mountains we connected with the surveys of the Northwest 
Boundary Commission. The longitude of this monument, as determined 
in 1861 by the method of lunar culminations, is 114° 03' 28".4. Our own 
determination of the same point, by chaining, is 114° 02' 56".5. The dif- 
ference, 31".9, is equal to 2,124 feet. 

It is difficult to say how much importance should be attributed to this 
result ; but, at all events, the results of the land-survey near Fort Shaw 
were not sufficiently reliable to warrant any change in our chaining, which 
was adopted for the determination of longitudes. 

The following table contains the longitudes of the astronomical stations, 
and their station-errors, with reference to the Lake of the Woods Station: 



KEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTKONOMEK, APPENDIX B. 



355 



Longitudes and Station-errors of Astronomical Stations. 



No. By whom observed. 



Name of astronomical station. 



Lonaitude. 






fc- C3 O 

^ o a 

.2 M 5 -^ 

w c3 



British and United States 

British 

....do 

British and United States 

....do 

....do 

United States 

.-..do 

British 

....do 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United Slates 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

United States 

British 

....do 

United States 

British and United States 
(1861). 



Lake of the Woods (joint station) 

PineRiver 

West Roseau 

Red River (joint station) 

Michel (joint station ) 

Pembina Mountain (joint station) 

Pembina River 

Long River 

Sleepy Hollow 

Turtle Mountain east 

Turtle Mountain west 

1st Mouse River 

South Antler Creek 

2d Mouse River 

United States, No. 8 

Short Creek 

3d Mouse River 

Grand Coteau — ... 

Mid Coteau 

Bi<; Muddy River 

Bully Spring 

Poplar River . 

West Poplar River 

Little Rocky Creek 

Frenchman's Creek 

Cottonwood CouI6 

Pool ou Prairie 

Near Goose Lake 

East Fork 

WestFork 

Milk River Lake 

Milk River 

East Butte 

West Butte 

Red Creek ... 

South Branch Milk River 

North Branch Milk Eiver 

Rocky Mountains 

Belly River... .- 

Chief Mountain Lake 

Summit of the Rocky Mountains 



95 16 

95 59 

96 46 

97 13 

97 40 

98 00 
98 16 

98 54 

99 19 
99 40 

100 31 

100 57 

101 28 

101 57 

102 26 

102 50 

103 11 

103 34 

104 05 

104 39 

105 12 
105 41 
100 12 
100 40 
107 23 

107 45 

108 13 

108 48 

109 24 

109 41 

110 10 

110 43 

111 11 

111 33 

112 00 
112 32 

112 58 

113 26 
113 40 

113 53 

114 02 



55.3 
01.0 
.^1.9 
51.5 
25.2 
33.0 
06.3 
52.0 
03.0 
04.3 
13.8 
29.8 
02.9 
50. 
25.2 
00.9 
11.3 
53.7 
34.0 
53.6 
21.4 
39.2 
34.4 
31.5 
48.2 
45.9 
09.2 
59. 5 
07.7 
38.2 
19.5 
46.0 
02.5 
02.6 
19.5 
50.3 
25.2 
35. 3 
39.0 
19.0 
50.5 



M. Ch. 



Feet. 



31 72.05 
68 12.63 
88 43. 3(i 
108 59. 62 
124 00.02 
135 63. 07 
165 13.05 
183 39.11 
203 77.29 
238 15. 10 
258 07. 44 
281 19.73 
303 71.50 
325 33. 46 
343 28. 92 
359 32. 54 
377 29.77 
400 49.25 
426 50. 35 
451 18.41 
473 34. 54 
490 09. 06 
.522 47. 42 
550 67. 40 
507 38.81 
588 19.31 
015 32.02 
042 02. 18 
055 23. 57 
677 02.81 
702 30. 23 
723 03. 83 
739 57. 70 
760 31.60 
785 02. 79 
804 33.01 
825 01. 3> 
t36 33. 85 
846 02. 40 
853 25.29 



388. N. 

470.2 N. 

556. 1 N. 
588.4 N. 

533. 3 N. 
459. 5 N. 

376.7 N. 

213.4 N. 
54.2 N. 

154.9 N. 

240.2 N. 
203. 3 N. 

40.0 N. 
7. 8 N. 

183.4 N. 

203.2 N. 

138.8 N. 
414.1 N. 

40. 4 N. 

151.8 N. 

333.5 N. 
150.7 N. 
390.7 N. 

430.9 N. 

593.6 N. 
540.9 N. 

397.1 N. 
830.0 N. 
669. 3 N. 
416. N. 
106. 6 N. 

304.3 S. 

571.2 S. 
10(). 5 N. 
181.5 N. 
115.5 N. 
112.5 S. 
383.5 S. 

10. 6 S. 

133. 4 N. 



CHAPTEE II. 



TOPOGRAPHY. 

The sources from which our topographical information was obtained 
were as follows : 

1. The tangent-lines. 

2. Meander-lines, with the theodolite and stadia-rods. 

3. Minor compass-surveys. 

4. Triangulation and intersection in the Rocky Mountains. 

5. Reconnaissances. 

Tangent-lines. — The topographical information obtained by these was 
altogether secondary to the main object of making a geodetic connection 
of the astronomical stations. It consisted of notino: the crossing's of streams 
and valleys intersecting distant hills, and sketching the immediate vicinity. 
The stakes of these lines, however, were the basis of the stadia-lines both 
for distance and azimuth. 

Stadia-lines. — The theodolites employed in this method of survey were 
made by Wiirdemann, and were similar in construction to the large eight- 
[i^ ^^ inch transits used for azimuth work. The horizontal limb 
^S?"-- 10 was six inches in diameter, divided to 10', and reading, by 
^:.":j5 two verniers, to 10"; vertical limb, four inches in diameter, 
divided to 20', and reading, by vernier, to 1'; telescope of 
10" focal length, magnifying 17 times, and having iu the 
reticle three horizontal and one vertical line, which were 
fixed. The rods were made of pine, 3" X 0".g, in cross- 
section, were about twelve feet long, and folded on a hinge 
The inner side was painted white, and marked with figures. 




at the middle. 



307 



358 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

as shown in this sketch. Each rod was adjusted for a particular theodolite, 
as follows : A distance of 1,000 feet was measured on the ground with great 
care, and the rod placed at one end, the theodolite at the other. The space 
covered by the constant visual angle was noted on the rod, and this space 
(representing 1,000 feet) was subdivided into equal parts, the smallest of 
which represented five feet, from which one foot could be read by estimation. 

Habitually two, but sometimes three, rods were used with each theodo- 
lite, and all measurements were made twice — i. e., the distance and elevation 
of a course were recorded once as a foresight and once as a backsight. 

The azimuth was taken from the tangent, and was kept throughout the 
line — i. e., each recorded angle was the angle between the course and the 
true meridian. 

An average day's work for a single party was a line of five miles in 
length, but as much as twelve miles of line have been run by one party in 
a daj^. 

The notes of the stadia-surveys were reduced in the office — first, each 
reading for distance (being the hypothenuse of a vertical right-angled tri- 
angle) was reduced to horizontal distance and diff"erence of level, then each 
bearing was corrected by its proportional part of the total error in azimuth: 
the horizontal distance was then resolved into rectangular co-ordinates, with 
reference to the first meridian; these co-ordinates were algebraically summed, 
and compared with the co-ordinates of the terminal point as given by the 
tangent ; the error of the last point, in latitude and longitude, was then dis- 
tributed in the co-ordinates of each course in proportion to its length; the 
adjusted co-ordinates were then plotted on the map. For reducing the read- 
ings to horizontal and vertical distances, the formulae used were those de- 
duced by Prof. S. W. Robinson, C. E., formerly of the Lake Survey. They 
were originally published in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for Feb- 
ruary, 1865. 

cl~^ {B-c-f) cos- r-\-{c-\-f) cos V 
h-^^ {B-c-f) sin 2 V+{c+f) sin V 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 359 

in which — 

V = angle of elevation or depression. 

B =z length of a measvired base. 

II rz reading of stadia on that base. 

/ = principal focal distance of object-glass of telescope. 

c z=z distance from axis of telescope to object-glass. 

B' zr any reading for which the horizontal distance and difference of 
level are required. 

d =z horizontal distance corresponding to JR'. 

h =. difference of level corresponding to B'. 

With these formulae, tables have been constructed by Alfred Noble 
and William T. Casgrain, assistants in the United States engineer's office 
at Milwaukee. They assumed B and B each equal to 1,000 feet, and 
(c-\-f) equal to 1.4 feet. These assumptions con-espond to our own instru- 
ments and rods. The tables are of the same form as traverse tables, the 
argiunents being the stadia -reading and angle of elevation or depression. 

The total number of stadia-traverse lines is one hundred and thirty, 
aggregating a length of one thousand two hundred and eighty-seven miles. 
The notes were all redviced in the manner above described. Of these, sixty- 
nine lines (seven hundred and thirty-eight miles) were closed on known 
points, and their results are brought together in the following table in order 
to show the degree of accuracy of this kind of surveying : 



3(50 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Stadialhics. 



15 

28 
41 
25 
29 
63 
58 
53 

20| 

24 

17 

27 

36* 

38t 

57 

33 

21 

65 

47 

8 

6 

2 
CI 
16 
12 
46 
30 

-1 

32 

7 

4 
52 
56 
48 
42 
49 
31 
55 
45 
62 
43 
51 
26 
35 

1 
G6 
54 
37) 

3 
59 



. McG 



. McG 



.D . 



A.D... 

L.C... 
..do.... 

A.D... 
..do.... 

C. L. D 

V. T. MiG 

O. S. Vf . 

h.C .... 

F. V. S - . 

A.D.... 
..do 

F. V. S . . 

L.C ... 

A.D.... 

V.T 

A.D 
..do. 

V.T, 
..do. 

C.L 
..do 

O. S. W . 

C. L. D . 

(). s. w . 
L. D . 
r. McG 
L.D 
C ... 

s. 

C. L. D 
..do.... 
..do.... 

O. S. W 

C. L.D 

V. T. MeG 

A.D 

V. T. McG 

F. V. S . . 

C. L. D . 

..do 

..do 

A.D.... 

C. I . D . 

A.D... 

C. L. D . 
..do 

V. T. McG 

O. S. \V . 

C. L. B . 

..do 

..do 







CO 






o 


















a 






a 












.a 










D 


ti 






a 






V 


p 


iJ 


Nov. 


1873 


1.48 


Alis- 


1873 


1.50 


on., 


\**7:i 


1.71 


Jnlv 


1873 


1.79 


Sept. 


,1873 


2. 61 


All!?. 


1874 


2. 65 


Aug. 


1874 


2. 06 


July 


1874 


3.11 


June 


, 1873 


3.17 


June 


,1873 


3.24 


Dec, 


1873 


3.35 


Alls. 


1873 


3.44 


Sept. 


,1873 


3.85 


Sept, 


,1873 


3.8Q 


Alls. 


1874 


3.91 


Sept. 


,1873 


3.93 


June 


1873 


4.43 


Ans. 


1874 


4.48 


Jiilv, 


1874 


5.17 


Nov., 


1873 


5. 24 


Nov. 


1873 


5.41 


Nov., 


1873 


5.71 


Aus. 


1874 


6.52 


Dec, 


1873 


6. 56 


Dec, 


1673 


6. 63 


July, 


1874 


6.65 


Sept. 


,1873 


G.76 


June 


1873 


6.79 


Kept. 


,1873 


7.24 


Nov., 


1873 


7. ,54 


Nov., 


1873 


7. .57 


July, 


1874 


8.24 


July, 


1874 


8.43 


Julv, 


1874 


8. 75 


Sept. 


,1873 


8.76 


July, 


1874 


9.36 


Aug., 


1873 


9.38 


Julv, 


1874 


9. 46 


July, 


lt-74 


9. 54 


Aus. 


1874 


9. 76 


Sept. 


, 1873 


9. 95 


July, 


1M74 


10.75 


Ai'S-, 


1873 


11.56 


Oct., 


1873 


12. 14 


Jau., 


1874 


12.21 


Ans-j 


18r4 


12.28 


Julv, 


1874 


13. M 


Sept. 


,1873 


13. 16 


Nov., 


1873 


13. 19 


Aug., 


1874 


13. 92 



.a 



24 

20 

12 

14 

13 

14 

10 

16 

20 

1 

20 

24 

20 

19 

25 

34 

17 

28 

33 

43 

34 
37 

33 
26 
27 
35 
33 
36 
36 
43 
33i 
44 
35 
37 
58 
43 

4o; 

32 
31 
71 

53 

47i 



Feet. 
1307 
1186 
1297 
948 
133( 
1070 
2012 
182 

698 

851 
1475 
1297 
X55(' 
1412 
20(i5 
1297 
1172 
1390 
136.'-| 
1253 
1429 
1588 
1378 
1004 
2060 
1254 
1038 

834 

1125 
919 
1212 
l(i73 
1647 
1321 
1401 
1372 
1377 
1138 
1.526 
1165 
1501 
1535 
1C52 
lr2ii 
1610 
2025 
2010 
970 
1315 
1564 



Total errors of closure. 



+ 8 00 



+ 12 51 
—14 00 



+19 40 
+ 6 50 
+ 8 80 






8 00 


— 


2 45 


— 


6 31 


— 


14 20 


+ 


2 45 


+ 


2 34 


+ 


3 15 




5 40 



-16 30 
+ 18 00 



6 50 



— 4 20 
+ 9 00 
1 00 



— 1 15 

— 2 12 

+17 08 
+22 25 
+ 8 38 
+28 40 
29 35 



+ 6 05 
+ 13 40 



+ 1 20 



Feci. 

2.5. 4 N. 

277. 8 S. 

14. 9 N. 

16. 8 N. 

15. 8 S. 
103. 8 S. 
127. 5 S. 

19. 8 S. 

85. 9 S. 

31. 5 N. 
.53. S. 
30. 2 S. 



2. 1 S. 

63. 6 S. 
29. 3 N. 

59. 4 S. 
26. 2 N. 

235. 5 N. 
325. 3 N. 
ll(i.«N. 

.55. 3 S. 
1S2. 2 N. 

16. S. 
208. 2 S. 
207. 7 S. 

28. 8 N. 

64. 8 N. 

60. 4 N. 
455. 7 N. 

41. IN. 

78. 2 S. 

63. N. 
204. 5 S. 
291. ON. 

99. 1 N. 
39. 3 S. 

3. 2 S. 

71.7 S. 
203. ON. 
120. 4 S. 
193. 7 S. 
I(i5. S. 

87. 5 N. 

49. 2 N. 



17 



5S. 



91. 3 N. 
241. 3 S. 



C3 

a 



Feet. 
35, 7 F. 
32. 3 E. 
17. 4 W. 

4. W. 

131.1 E. 

30. 3 W. 

23. 1 E. 

1. 9 W. 

E. 



27.''.. 



217. 



E 

77. W 

ir,5. 6 w. 

165. 5 E. 

1. W, 

90. 9 W. 

57. 9 E. 

33. 3 E. 

85. 2 AV. 

5. 7 W. 

126. 2 E. 

364. E. 

39. 8 E. 
142. 2 W 

96.2 E. 

6. W 

249. 5 W. 

259. 7 E. 

333. 5 W. 

143. 1 W 
34. W. 

8. 6 W. 

17. 9 W. 
377. E 

47.0 E 

18. 3 E 
155. 3 W. 
131.7 E, 

22. 5 W. 

13. 3 \V. 

26. 3 \V. 
469. 8 E. 
203. 9 W. 

17. 9 E. 
203. 5 W. 

53. 5 E. 

8. 7 W. 

191. 5 \V. 

,-.61.8 E. 

46. E. 
122. 4 \V. 



Feet. 



+27. G 



+38 1 
+ 14 



— 4.2 



-36.0 



—44.4 



Proportional errors 



-a M 
S " 



80. 



364. 4 

'.58.'5 
120. 



59.0 
34.2 
36.4 



3.0 
8, 
23.0 

'3.5. 8 

8.2 

0.1 

5.7 

20.0 

'so.'o 

25.1 

1.7 
11.0 



10.0 

20.0 

1. 



1. 

4.0 
23.4 
38.4 
14.0 
29. 6 
41.3 

"ii.'i 

24.1 



1.5 



'Co 



Feel. 
3.2 

33.4 
L6 
1.7 
1.0 
7.5 
9.0 
1.2 

5.1 

1.8 
3.0 
1.6 



0.1 
3.2 
1.2 
4.5 
0.9 
7.7 
11.4 
3.8 
1.0 
5.3 
0.5 
5.9 
6.0 

0.8 

1.7 
1.8 
11.4 
0.9 
1.7 
1.3 
4.4 
4.9 
2.0 
0.8 
0. 06 
1.4 
3.8 
2.1 
,1 



3 
2. 5 
1.3 
0.7 
2.5 



1.3 
3.3 



t-O 
C3 O 



Feet. 
4.6 
3.9 
1.9 
0.4 
8.9 
2.2 
1.6 
0.1 

10.5 

12.7 
4.4 
8.6 
9.1 
0.0 
4.4 
2.8 
1.4 
3.6 
0.2 
4.0 

12.7 
1.3 
3.5 
2.8 
0.2 
7.1 
7.6 

9.6 

3.7 
1.0 
0.2 
0.4 
8.5 
1.0 
0.4 
2.6 
2.7 
0.4 
0.2 
0.5 
8.1 
3.6 
0.3 
3.1 
0.8 
0.1 
2.7 
8.1 
0.7 
1.7 



' Along C'oteau-tangent. 



t Tiiugent west of Coteau. 



} Coteau-tangeut. 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 



361 



Stadia-lines — Continued. 



V.T.McG 

.do 

C.L.D ... 

..do 

V.T.McG. 

..do 

C.L.D ... 
C.L.D ... 
V.T.McG. 
C.L.D ... 

..do 

..do. 

..do 

..do 

..do 

F. V. S . . . . 
C.L.D .. , 

L.C 

A. D 

F. V.S.... 
C.L.D ... 



■| 






Aug., 1874 
Aug., 1874 
Nov., 1873 
Dec, 1873 
Aug., 1874 
Aug., 1874 
Dec, 1873 

July, 1874 

., 1874 

.V, 1874 
it.,1873 
, 1873 
:.,1873 
., 1873 
3, 1873 
;., 1873 

June, 1873 

, 1873 

1874 



Au, 
Jul 
Sep't 
Oct., 
Sept., 
Nov., 
une, 
lec, 



J 
,. D 



July, 
Jan 



n 



14.31 
14.71 
14.91 
1.5. 91 
16. 63 
16. 96 
17.26 

17.73 

17.81 
18. 36 

19. 35 

20. 40 
20. 40 

21. 36 

22. 00 
25.91 

26.37 

27.86 
46.34 



3: 

39 

85 
105 

52 

4 
106 



51 

63 
102 

75 
104 

99 
108 
111 

181 

178 
112 






Feel. 

2043 

1991 

927 

801 

1687 

1990 

860 

1142 

1844 

1539 

1001 

1435 

1030 

113 

1085 

1232 

769 

799 
2186 



Total errors of closure. 



a 



— 9 25 

— 3 15 

— 7 00 
+ 4 00 

■ 50 

4 1 
46 00 



+ 4 05 
—.59 41 
—18 05 
— 3 12 

-1345 
—10 16 

+26 40 

—26 00 
+14 20 



Latitude. 


Feet. 


288. 1 N. 


3:i7. 2 S. 


12.5. 8 N. 


21. 5 N. 


0.7 S. 


.5. 6 S. 


283. 9 N. 


95. 4 S. 


69. 5 S. 


420. S. 


148. 2 S. 


90. 7 N. 


54. 4 S. 


791. 2 N. 


304. 8 N. 


521. 9 N. 


50. 8 S. 


1700. S. 


112. 9 N. 



Fec.f. 

20. 4 E. 
280. 4 K. 
268. 8 W, 

36. 5 E. 
112. 3 W. 
802. 3 E. 

30. 3 W. 

1.36. 9 \V. 

175. W. 
158. 3 E. 

27. 6 E. 

47. () E. 

6. W. 

193. 7 E. 

569. 9 W. 

130. 4 E. 

532. 7 \V. 

496. 5 W. 






Feel. 



+89.8 



—33.1 

+i6.'o 



+44. 3 



+92.0 



Proportional errors. 



3 O 

a " 



15.3 

5.0 
4. 
2. 
0. 



26.0 



3.9 
34.9 
14.4 

1.8 



7.6 
5.5 

8.8 

8. 



Feel. 
3.8 
4.3 
1.6 
0.2 
0.1 
0.1 
3.1 

1. 1 

0.7 
4.3 
1.4 
0.9 
0.5 
6.8 
2.6 
3.8 

0.4 

11.9 

0.5 



Feel. 
0.2 
3.G 
3.4 
0.4 
1.2 
9.0 
0.3 

1.4 

0.8 
1.6 
0.3 
0.4 
0.1 
1.7 
4.8 
0.9 

3.8 

3.5 



* Along Lake of the Woods ; closed on sextant-station. 



MEANS. 





ti 

0; 


1.1 

at: 

1^ 


Cm 
o . 

•3 2 


Total errors. 


Proportional errors. 


Az. 


Lat. 


Dep. 


Az. 


Lat. 


Dep. 


Toe 69 lines 


10.69 

9.83 
12. 74 

10. 20 

7. 35 

9. 66 
13.67 

4. 50 
15. 67 

7.62 

3.49 

8.87 
19. 48 


45 

50 
54 
34 

24 
30 
57 
20 
84 
44 

14 
35 

84 


1361 

1154 
1313 

1600 

1626 
1710 
1310 
1225 
1139 
1120 

1356 
1363 
1365 


/ // 

12 14.6 

20 0.5.9 
10 46. 3 

6 26. 6 

7 05 

5 40.1 
12 55. 5 
12 19.2 
16 05 
22 21.7 

9 28.4 
10 46.3 
14 46.0 


Feet. 
160.5 

177.7 
20(i. 3 
115.4 

105. 5 
122.0 
172. 1 
70.4 
533. 5 
110.2 

83.0 
124.5 
270. 3 


Feet. 
146.4 

188.8 

96.7 

l;!4. 6 

69.5 
1.56. 7 
131.8 

59. 3 
338.4 
2S1. 

89.6 
126.6 
224. 9 


// 

27.2 

69.2 
16.4 
10. 


Feet. 
3.40 

4.03 
3. 92 
2. 49 

2. 74 
2. 96 
2. 97 
2. 51 
4. 52 
7. 52 

5.14 
2. 75 
2.51 


Feet. 
3.31 

4.72 
2.46 
2.42 

1.46 

2. 88 
2.49 

3. 59 

4. 90 
7.56 

4.79 
2. 85 
2.35 


Season of 1873 


Season of 1873-74 . 




Assistant O. S. W 

Assistant V. T. McG 

Assistant C.L.D 

Assistant AD . . 


Assistant F. v. S 

Assistant L. C 

According to length : 

From 9. 48'" to 5.71"" 

From 6. 52" to 12. 28™ 

From 13. 14" to 46. 34"' 



362 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUjNDARY COMMISSION. 

The mean of sixty-nine lines shows that the average error of our topo- 
graphical surveys, by this method, was about one foot in three hundred. 
The means for the various seasons show a constant increase in the accuracy. 
The mean error of 1873 is larger than the others, and arises from the want 
of experience on the part of one or two assistants. Most of the work of 
that summer was done under fair circumstances, including several days of 
high winds which cannot be avoided on the plains. The work during the 
winter of 1873-74 was done under very unfavorable circumstances. The 
thennometer was near zero every day, and most of the lines were run over 
swamps and ice, where it was almost impossible to keep the instrument in 
level. The two lines, Nos. 10 and 11, were run on the ice of the Roseau 
River, and up through the swamp, to the forty-ninth parallel. One, over 
seventeen miles in length, closed within about three hundred feet (ji), and 
the other, nearly twenty-six miles long, closed within about five hundred 
feet (±). 

Line No. 14 was run on the ice of the Lake of the Woods, and mean- 
dered the shore from the forty-ninth parallel to Rainy River. It was closed 
on a sextant latitude station, and a carefully observed azimuth. Although 
more than forty-six miles in length, its error in azimuth was only 14' 20", 
or 7". 7 for each course, and in latitude only one hundi-ed and thirteen feet, 
or „-^. These lines were run by Mr. C. L. Doolittle, and reflect great credit 
on his carefulness and precision. 

The work in 1874 was all done by experienced assistants, and under 
the ordinary circumstances to be met on the plains, that is, a high wind and 
"boiling" of the air on three days out of five. The error is seen to bo 
about ^. This I take to be the greatest accuracy that can be expected for 
a whole season's woi-k, when the party is so pressed for time that it cannot 
lie over on windy days. Several individual lines are much more accurate. 
The smallest error is in Line No. 45 by Mr. Doolittle, length about ten 
miles and error ^^. This of com-se is accidental; but there are eleven lines 
whose eiTor is less than j^. The last three means are obtained by dividing 
the lines into three equal sets, according to length. For the first set, witli 
a mean length of about three miles, the error was ~; for the second, with 
a length of about nine miles, 3^; and for the third, with a length of about 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 363 

eighteen miles, ^; that is, the longer lines were the more accurate, in pro- 
portion to their length. This probably shows a considerable error on one 
or two courses of the short lines, which, divided by a small distance, gives 
a large proportional error. The same error distributed over a long line 
would, of course, be much smaller proportionally. It is also probable that 
the accidental errors tend more nearly to counterbalance each other in long 
lines. 

As the proportional errors are smaller for the long lines than the short, 
it would seem probable that there are no cumulative errors, such as lost 
motion in tangent-screws, &g. 

An error once made, however, is carried through to the end of the line, 
and as it is impossible to discover where the error is, the only feasible 
method of adjustment is that which we have adopted; namely, to distribute 
the azimuth-error, proportionally, in each coui'se, and the position-errors in 
each course proportionally to its length. 

As the result of our own experience, then, the average accuracy of 
surveys with the stadia is ^^, under good circumstances we may expect ^^ 
and on selected days, with great care, ^^ can be obtained. 

This shows that this method is available for surveys for maps of a 
scale of i^, or about six inches to the mile. 

The plane-table is, of course, superior for minute tojjography in certain 
localities, in populated countries, &c.; but for meandering streams on the 
plains, I think the stadia-method is the best. If there are ravines to be 
crossed, its measurements are more accurate than those made with the 
chain; and it has advantages at all times in its great celerity in giving 
heights, as well as distances, and in the fact that all the measurements are 
under the control of the engineer. The plane-table would be useless on 
the plains, on account of high winds, dust, and sudden storms. 

General Comstock, in charge of the Lake Survey, states that he con- 
siders jij, on ordinary ground to be the precision of good chaining and ;~^ 
that of good stadia-work. On rough and broken ground, the stadia was 
equal to the chain in precision, and on bad ground was superior. He adds, 
"In topographical work our main lines are chained, or derived from chained 
bases which have an accuracy of ^^^^ to 5^; the side lines diverging from 



364 UNITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. 

these, and checked by returning to them, are all stadia-lines, whose average 
accuracy (probable error) I estimate fit ^ij to ^ for distances of 1,000 feet." 

Prof S. W. Robinson states that the error of stadia-measurement has 
been found to be about i to j^jj,^, and that lines "have been run from one 
to six miles, and over heights of one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet, 
in which the final error in height ranged from to 1.5 feet, with no more 
than ordinary care." We have no precise data for determining the errors 
in height. Some of the lines were closed on points whose approximate 
height was detennined by the barometer, or by trigonometric leveling. 
The errors ranged from four to one hundred feet ; the greater part of this 
was probably in the barometric result. The superiority of this method of 
survey over that with the chain, in very rough country, is clearly shown by 
lines 36, 37, and 38. All of these lines were along the tangent. Nos. 36 
and 37 were in the Coteau — a series of irregular hills in close proximity — 
and both of them gave measurements less than the chain, by nearly the 
same amount, about j|j. No. 3(S was also along the same tangent, but on 
level ground. It differed from the chained measurement by only one foot 
in nearly four miles ; the intermediate errors — never larger than a few feet — 
having balanced. 

Minor compass-surveys. — In connection with these stadia-lines, surveys 
of small extent along minor features, such as branch-ravines, &c., were made 
with a six-inch compass, the distances being estimated from pacing. 

The variation of the comjDass was obtained from the true azimuth of 
the stadia-line, and these compass-surveys started and closed on points of 
the stadia-line. They were of small extent, seldom a mile in length, 
although aggregating about two hundred miles. Their average accuracy 
is about i. They were adjusted in the same manner as the stadia-lines. 

The Rocky Mountains. — The portion of the Rocky Moimtains crossed 
by the 49th parallel, between the summit and the eastern slope, is about 
twenty-six miles. In this inaccessible region the method of stadia-surveys 
was not feasible, and we had not the time for a comprehensive triangula- 
tion. Hence this portion of our map is not as accurate in detail as the 
others. We have, however, considerable data for constructing it. These 
data consist of a stadia-line, by Mr. Doolittle, along the eastern slope, and 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 365 

extending into the valley of Belly River to connect with the British Astro- 
nomical Station ; of a careful triangulation of Chief Mountain Lake, under 
Captain Gregory's direction, including intersections on neighboring peaks ; 
of a stadia-Hne by Mr. Wilson, from Chief Mountain Lake, through the 
South Kootenay Pass, over the water-shed and connecting with a traverse 
made in 1861, to the Akamina Station; and, lastly, of a triangulation, by 
myself, of certain peaks in the neighborhood of the summit-monument, 
from which intersections were taken on all the principal peaks within the 
five-mile belt. I also obtained cross-intersections on these points from a 
peak at the head of Chief Mountain Lake, located accurately by Captain 
Gregory's triangulation. 

The principal peaks were approximately located in position and alti- 
tude by these means, and the topography was supplemented by numerous 
profile sketches. To accomplish the triangulation near the summit I fol- 
lowed the old and very blind trail along Akamina Creek to the base of 
the water-shed, where I identified the astronomical station of 1860-'61 by 
the observing-logs, old boxes, &c. Here I observed for azimuth, and 
measured a base-line. The length of this was one thousand seven hundred 
and forty-nine feet, being the mean of four measurements with the Stack- 
pole tape, differing from each other by less than one inch, or ,y^^. From 
this base the triangles were expanded to the peaks near the summit-monu- 
ment, and from them intersections were taken. I had intended to extend 
the triangles to a point about two miles south of the monument, where, 
from an altitude of nearly nine thousand feet above the sea, and five thou- 
sand feet above Chief Mountain Lake, the whole country can be seen, 
but I found it impossible to transport the heavy eight-inch theodolite be- 
yond the monument. This monument is finely placed, upon the very water- 
shed of the Rocky Mountains, at an altitude of six thousand seven hundred 
feet above the sea. It is in the center of a flat saddle, about five hundred 
by one hundred and fifty feet, and is overlooked, on the north and south, 
by sandstone knobs, from eight hundred to a thousand feet higher than 
itself. On the east is a sheer precipice of nearly two thousand feet, termi- 
nating in a lake which discharges, through the Saskatchewan River, into 
Hudson's Bay. On the west the slope is steep, but still accessible with 



366 UNITED STATES NOKTHEKN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. 

care, and terminates in a lake discharging through the Columbia River 
into the Pacific. The monument is a rude pyramid of undressed-sandstone 
blocks, about ten feet at the base, and eight feet high. It is in as perfect 
order as when built in 1861. Within a few rods of the cairn the divide is 
reduced to a mere knife-edge of ragged rock, which must be passed, if at 
all, a cJieval. It was at this point that I found it impossible to transport the 
transit any further. In company with one of the men, named Macey, I 
passed over this, and, taking an aneroid barometer with me, followed the 
crest of the divide to a prominent sandstone peak, about two miles south of 
the line. The climbing was difficult, for the sedimentary sandstone was 
weathered in vertical cracks. Some of these, not more than eight or ten 
feet across and one hundred feet or more deep, we easily jumped ; but at 
the larger ones we had to let ourselves down, from ledge to ledge, for two 
hundred feet on one side, and ascend, similarly, on the other — a tiresome 
operation, after the novelty of the first two or three trials had worn off. 

•The view from the peak was, however, very fine. On the east we 
could see over the tops of the range beyond Chief Mountain Lake on to 
the bi'own plains extending indefinitely eastward. To the west we recog- 
nized the broad valley of the Flathead River, and beyond that another mass 
of mountains. In our immediate vicinity was a most tumultuous mass of 
mountains. From the main divide the ridges curved off in circles, on either 
side, forming vast amphitheatei's. The effect was heightened by the im- 
mense masses of snow — some of them more than a mile in extent — covering 
the northern slopes of these ridges, and frequently terminating in lakes 
whose intense blue I'evealed great depths. 

The barometer gave the altitude of this peak eight thousand six hun- 
dred feet. This ought to be about the timber-line for this latitude and dis- 
tance from the sea, but this line is not at all distinctly marked. The heavy 
pine timber of the valleys did not seem to extend much beyond the altitude 
of seven thousand feet, and terminated gradually. Beyond thii were irreg- 
ular bunches of dwarfed spruce; but the greater part of the curved ridges 
was destitute of any timber, and this, together with the reddish-brown color 
of the bare rock, and the curious ."^hapes it haa assumed under the effects of 



M^ 



^i^y^y.. 






f ■„v 'mn 












REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 367 

the weather, combined to give an exceedingly wild and rugged appearance 
to the whole landscape. 

Reconnaissances. — Trails passed over, outside the belt of accurate sur- 
vey, were approximately surveyed. The basis of the survey was the 
astronomical position of the various camps, where observations were taken, 
on north and south stars for latitude, and east and west stars for time. The 
trail generally began and ended at points accvu-ately known, and thus we 
had the means of determining the traveling rate of the chronometers. Be- 
tween the camps the courses were kept by a six-inch vernier compass, 
mounted on a jackstafF. Two light spring-carts were employed, one carry- 
ing a man to set up flags on prominent points, and the other the assistant 
with the compass, who sighted on the flags and sketched the topography. 
The distance was derived from odometer measurements. The courses and 
distances were plotted, and then adjusted to agree with the astronomical 
work. The trails thus reconnoitered were, in 1873, from the Mouse River 
to Fort Totten; in 1874, from the Missouri to the Boundary along the 
two branches of Poplar River, the Meridian trail to Fort Shaw, the Rip- 
linger road from the Boundary to Fort Shaw, and the stage road from 
Fort Shaw to Fort Benton. In addition to this, a reconnaissance of the 
course of the Missom-i River was made while descending that stream in 
boats, in September, 1874. The astronomical camps, as before, were con- 
sidered as fixed points ; the courses between them were kept by compass- 
readings, and the distance was obtained from a record of the time combined 
with estimates of the velocity of the current, based upon some rough meas- 
urements by floats. To adjust the compass-work to conform to the astro- 
nomical positions, the co-ordinates were first computed and summed alge- 
braically between camps. 




Let us suppose that the result is a 6 and h c, and that the astronomical 
co-ordinates are a B and B C ; each course is then corrected in azimuth by 



368 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

the angle c a C, and multiplied by a "factor of distance" representing the 
ratio of a c to a C ; the co-ordinates are then recomputed, and their sum is 
found equal to a B and B C. 

The "factor of distance" varied from 0.85 at Fort Benton to 0.57 near 
Bismarck, showing that the velocity of the current was always overestimated, 
and more at the lower part of the stream than the iipper ; the mean was 0.66. 
Our estimated distance, from Fort Benton to Bismarck, was one thousand 
two hundi-ed and eighteen miles, agreeing closely with that of the steam- 
boat men; but the adjusted sm-vey reduces this to 805.4 miles. 

Tt is believed that this reconnaissance is more accurate than any other 
of its predecessors, particularly in the matter of longitudes I got good 
observations at fifteen of the seventeen intermediate camps, and had six 
chronometers to get the longitudes. The longitude of Fort Benton was 
fixed by an accurate reconnaissance from the Boundary-line. That of Bis- 
marck had been determined by telegraph From observations at these 
points I deduced the traveling-rates. The most important change from 
previous maps is in the longitude of the mouth of the Muscle Shell River, 
near which we camped. We move the mouth to longitude 107^ 53' 18" 
from 108° 08' 52", as given on the engineer map of the Department of 
Dakota. 

The information gained from these various reconnaissances, and those 
made by other parties of the survey, has been combined to make the 
reconnaissance maps. The land-office plats of the Canadian Dominion and 
the United States have been utilized to fill up the blanks near Red River 
and the headwaters of Sun River. Yoiir reconnaissances in 1869, in 
Dakota, have also been used. The rest of the map is our own. 

In the appendix is a summary of the astronomical work. 

Construction of ma])s. — In the field, the topogi'aphical note-books were 
forwarded to me by the assistants in charge of small parties. The lines 
were then platted on a scale of ^^^, iipon protractor sheets, and the topog- 
raphy filled up. It was not always possible to keep these field-plats up 
to the work in the field, but they were completed at once on retimiing 
to the office. After the stadia-notes had been reduced and adjusted, they 
were plotted by co-ordinates upon forty-five sheets of super-royal paper, 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 369 

on a scale of 1 mile =z 1 inch, or ^g. The topograjihy was filled in by 
reducing from the field-plats. This formed the preliminary series of maps, 
and I'epresented a belt of country five miles in width, on the United States 
side of the line, and extending from Rainy River to the summit of the 
Rocky Mountains. Photolithographic copies of these were made as soon 
as they were finished, and these copies were furnished to the British 
Commission. They, in turn, furnished us with tracings of a similar set of 
maps, showing their surveys on the northern side of the Boundary. From 
these two sets of preliminary maps the final joint series has been con- 
structed, on a scale of 1 inch zr 2 miles, or x:;^, the reduction being made 
by squares. There are twenty-four sheets in this series. In both series 
the projection used was the polyconic. The forty-ninth parallel at Lake of 
the Woods being taken as the central parallel, each sheet was projected 
with reference to its own central meridian, and the pai'allel shown on the 
map was the parallel actually marked, including station-errors. 

The reconnaissance notes were reduced and adjusted in a similar man- 
ner, and then plotted on protractor sheets, on a scale of 1 inch ^z 4 miles, or 
'^duu- From these, a reduction was made by squares, to a scale of 1 incli z= 
8 miles, or j^^. The projection was polyconic; the central parallel being 
48° 15', and each sheet being projected with reference to its own central 
meridian; the borders being rectangular, the sheets join on the parallel of 
47° 30', and overlap on the parallel of 49°. 

Each sheet is 20.54 by 15 inches. Six of these sheets show the general 
outlines of the topography from the Rocky Mountains to the Lake of the 
Woods, and between the parallels of 47° 30' and 49° 10'. The seventh 
sheet is a profile along the boundary. The data for this are the barometric 
heiglits at the United States astronomical stations, the trigonometric altitudes 
on the United States tangents, and accurate leveling for forty-five miles 
west of the Lake of the Woods. The horizontal scale of this sheet is 1 
inch — 8 miles, to agree with the others, and the vertical scale 1 inch — 
2,000 feet. 

N B 24 



CHAPTER III. 
OPERATIONS DURING THE WINTER OF 1873-'74. 

The experience gained in carrying on a sm'vey in the depths of winter, 
in a locality where the temperature reached a point 50° below zero, was of 
such a novel character that I think a somewhat detailed account of it will 
not be out of place. 

As previously stated, on the conclusion of the summer's work at Fort 
Totten, you directed me, October 24, 1873, to proceed to Fort Pembina 
with my parties, and complete the geodetic and topographical woi'k between 
the Red River and the Lake of the Woods; and to adopt, without examin- 
ation, the intemaediate astronomical stations observed by the British parties 
during the preceding winter. These two stations were at West Roseau and 
Pine Ridge, about twenty and fifty-six miles respectively from Pembina; and, 
together with the joint stations at Pembina and Lake of the Woods, made 
four stations in eighty-nine miles. The British parties had also made topo- 
graphical surveys of the six-mile belt on their side of the line, had cut 
sight-lines for their tangents, and had marked the parallel for thirty-one 
miles from the Lake of the Woods. 

We left Fort Totten on the 25th and arrived at Fort Pembina on the 
29th of October. The greater part of this journey was over an open 
prairie from which the grass had been burned, and was made in the face of 
a northerly snow-storm. As we were insufRcieutly clad, having only the 
ragged remains of the summer's outfit, we suffered considerably — more 
perhaps than during the rest of the winter. 

On arriving at Pembina I immediately began to reorganize the parties 
and provide their outfit for the winter. I hired enough additional men to 
carry the total strength up to forty-seven; of these, eight were teamsters 

371 



372 UNITED STATES IS'ORTQERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

and seven dog- drivers, the rest being divided into a tangent-party and two 
stadia-parties. 

The outfit to be provided included transportation, clothing, snow-shoes, 
forage, rations, tent-stoves, and iron tent-pins. It was also necessary to over- 
haul the tents, tools, and instruments, which had been in constant use tlii'ough- 
oiit the summer, and were all in need of repairs 

The best form of transportation w^as a subject upon which I asked the 
oi)inion of the settlers in the Red River Valley and the officers of the British 
Commission. I found that wliat was commonly used in freighting along the 
Red River country in winter, on hard roads, was either wagon-beds mounted 
on runners or single ox-sleds ; farther north, around Lake Winnipeg where 
there are no roads, dog-sleds are in univers;d use. Tlie English officers 
advised me strongly to procure dog-.sleds at once, gi\'ing it as tlieir opinion, 
based upon their experience of the jirevious wintei', that large animals could 
not make their way through the swamps. I thought it best, however, to 
give tlie mules a trial. I had four government wagons (six mules each), an 
ambulance (four mules), and three hired teams, two of which were drawn 
by two mules each, and the other by a pair of oxen. After some difficulty 
I succeeded in procuring about Pembina a sufficient number of second- 
hand sleigh-runners, known by the freighters as " Maineite bobs," for all 
the wagons. These wei'e re})aired and fitted witli new tongues for long 
teams, and they answered the jiurpose very well. On hard roads the wagons 
were loaded as high as six thousand pounds, and the mules found no trouble 
in drawing them. Even in soft snow there was no trouljle in hauling as much 
as could be loaded in the wagons, provided the animals could find a hard 
footing under the snow. In following the winding roads through the woods 
great care was required in diiving the long teams (six mides), and even this 
was iu)t always sufficient to keep clear of the trees. At the end of every 
ti'i}) one or more bobs would be broken ; fortunately there was plenty of oak 
and ash available for repairs, for during the winter the wood-work of every 
set of bobs had to be re})laced. The mules withstood the extreme cold ver\- 
well. Tliey were occasionally aUowed to run loose during the day, but at 
night were always tied up in the shelter of the lliickest brush at hand, but 
without any covering. Their forage aUownuce, as was to be expected, had 



REPORT OF THE GHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX P>. 373 

to be largely increased. Of hay, each mule consumed about forty pounds 
per day as food and bedding, an ample supply having been cut and stacked 
for our use during the summer. There was no corn to be had in the country, 
and their grain was oats, wheat, and barley. Of this they consumed daily 
about twelve and one-quarter pounds each; an allowance gi'eater by one- 
third than the Aimy ration, and more than twice as large as we had been 
feeding during the summer. I could detect no sickness or signs of weak- 
ness among the mules, and at the close of the season they were in nearly 
as good condition as at the beginning. Their superiority over oxen was 
clearly proved, as I had an ox-team with Mr. Doolittle's party. Their 
greatest daily travel was eighteen miles, against forty-foiu- for the mules. 
At the close of the season they could only make eight miles a day, and 
were abandoned by their owner, whereas the mules carried us from Pem- 
bina to Georgetown, one hundred and forty miles, over a heavy road, in 
live days. With these heavy teams I was enabled to get all the supplies 
for the winter transported to a depot at Point d'Orme, on the Roseau River, 
thiit3^-three miles from Pembina. I also used them for camp transportation 
until we came to the edge of the Great Roseau Swamp, about midway be- 
tween Red River and the Lake of the Woods. I tried an empty sleigh on 
this swamp, and, in so doing, mired the mules to their bellies, and lamed 
one quite badly. To my great surprise it was found that the swamp was 
not frozen at all, in spite of the fact that we had already had the thermom- 
eter down to 35° below zero. The explanation of it was soon discovered. 
The swamp is covered with a tall and strong grass. Before the cold weather 
had come there had been a heavy fall of snow, which had bent down the 
tops of the grass, but not into the water; the swamp was then covered, as 
with a blanket, with a foot or more of snow, separated from the water by 
a stratum of air. It fonned a perfect protection for the water, whose tem- 
perature was slightly above the freezing-point. 

The swamp being thus impassable for the teams, I took them back to 
Point d'Orme, and thence followed up the Roseau River on the ice, which 
was about eighteen inches thick, to Roseau Lake, and thence up to the Pine 
Ridge Station. Biit as it was essential that the tangent should be earned 
across the swamp, it was necessary to provide some sort of transportation 



374 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

for Mr. Wilson and a small party. To this end T had the carpenters make 
in camp three "tobogans" or flat trains, each to be driven by a single 
animal. These tobogans were made of two pine boards, fastened side by 
side with transverse cleats, and sprung vip in front by hot water. This made, 
in fact, a rude sledge, twelve by two feet. Its load was packed after the 
fashion of a dog-sled. Before taking an animal on the swamp it was neces- 
sary to prepare a road. To do this a party of men were sent ahead on snow- 
shoes, and by passing and repassing over the same ground the snow was 
packed and pressed into the water; it instantly froze, and in a few minutes 
was hard enough to hold several tons, and there was no danger of its thaw- 
ing for the next five months. Mr. Wilson crossed his outfit in this way, and 
as the route was much shorter than by the river, I had the road widened by 
the same process of packing, and it was used by the large teams to bring 
supplies up to Pine Ridge Station. It was not a very safe road, however, 
for the drifting snow soon filled it up to the level of the surrounding coun- 
try. It was not distinguishable by the eye, and had to be followed by feel- 
ing, the road being hard, and the rest very soft snow. If, by any careless- 
ness, a sleigh got a runner off the road and in the soft snow, the whole was 
instantly upset, and it required several hours to right it again. This mishap 
occurred two or three times. 

Beyond Pine Ridge the dense windfall along the line rendered the use 
of large sleighs quite impossible. By following the ice on the streams, 
however, I managed to carry forward enough supplies to form a depot on 
the main East Roseau River, about ten miles north of the line, and about 
thirty miles from the Lake of the Woods station. 

Beyond this depot dog-sleds were absolutely necessary, and I procured 
six of them from Pembina, at a cost of about $80 for each train complete, 
including dogs. The dog-sled used in the Saskatchewan and Hudson's 
Bay country, consists of a straight piece of hickor}-, or ash board, about 
half an incli thick, ten feet long and ten inches wide. The front end is 
bent up, in the form of a curl, l)y steam. Tliere are five transverse cleats 
which prevent the sled from splitting, and afford points to which are attaclied 
the loops of buffiilo thong used in lasliing. To pack the sled, a wrapper 
made of moose-skin is laid out flat across the sled and the load is placed on 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMEE, APPENDIX B. 375 

it, as compactly as possible; tte wrapper is then folded over and the lash- 
rope is passed through the loops on either side in succession, from front to 
rear, and tightly fastened. The team generally consists of four, or some- 
times five dogs, which are driven tandem. The pure Esquimaux dog is the 
best. His fur resembles that of a grizzly bear in length and color, and he 
weighs from seventy to one hundred and twenty-five pounds, and is short 
and'' thick set. I had only three of these in the whole number, the rest 
being a motley collection of large curs of all kinds— the only requisite 
being strength. They averaged about eighty pounds in weight, were soon 
broken to harness, and worked very well. The most important dog in the 
team is, of course, the leader. If he is intelligent and willing, all goes 
well; if not, there is always trouble and often disaster. The harness con- 
sists of a light collar of moose-leather, padded with hair around a piece of 
one-fourth-inch iron, a pair of traces, and back and belly bands. Decora- 
tions in the shape of bells, fancily worked cloth covering the back, flags, 
(fee, are added, according to the taste and means of the owner. The drivers 
which I had were all half-breeds from Pembina. They were lazy and 
unrehable, and apparently very cruel to the dogs; but they got a great 
deal of work out of them, and were themselves capable of great endurance 
in running, and possessed of enormous gastronomic powers. The art of 
driving dogs consists in the adroit use of a whip, with a short stock, but 
stout lash about six feet long, and in an unbroken volley of oaths in bad 
French. When traveling on a well-beaten road, the leader keeps the road, 
and the driver follows at a half trot, in rear of the sled, cracking his whip 
and shouting to the dogs. Occasionally he thinks they are lagging, and he 
runs out, alongside the team, and gives each dog a sound welting and 
cursing, beginning with the leader; the howling of the dogs and the shout- 
ing of'' the di-iver makes a very lively scene, for the time, but everything 
soon quiets down again. The cruelty of the drivers is more apparent than 
real, for the dogs begin to howl as soon as they see the whip, and as their 
fur is nearly six inches long, it takes a good stroke to make any impression. 
Occasionally, however, their cruelty is outrageous, and they beat their dogs 
for several minutes in succession. I saw one driver— not in my employ- 
cut off a dog's ear with his whip, and as several of the dogs were minus an 



376 UNITED STATES NORTHERX BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

ear when they came to me, I suppose the practice is not uncommon. Some, 
also, had lost the sight of one eye, Avhich was said to be due to the same 
cause. On good roads such as ice, hard crust, or well-packed snow, the 
doo-s Avill travel alonij at about four miles an hour for ten or twelve hours 
without showing fatigue, and carry a load of about four hundred pounds 
per sled. In soft snow where there is no road the difficulties of this mode 
of travel are alternately ludicrous and vexatious beyond all patience. Every 
one has then to put on snow-shoes, and one man goes ahead to break the 
road: the dogs tug along after him for a few hundred j-ards when the sled 
Is brought to a stand-still by some twig which has caught fast in the lash- 
ing; the dogs lie down to rest with perfect unconcern, and the driver has 
to maneuver round the sled (no easy matter with snow-shoes) and disengage 
the lashing, give the sled a stai-t and a few cuts to the dogs. After a few 
of these mishaps the lashing becomes loose and the pack begins to oscillate; 
if passing over windfall (sometimes as high as the shoulder) one dog slips 
between two logs, the sled oscillates for a second on top of a log, and then 
falls bottom side up, and to crown all, the driver slips astride of a log, and 
tripping on his snow-shoe, is precipitated, head first, into the snow. Then 
it is necessary for the whole train to stop, first extricate the driver, then right 
the sled, take off the load and entirely repack it — an operation requiring a 
half hour, at the least. On such roads the speed is reduced to about two 
miles an hour, and the load to about two hundred pounds. The dogs require 
but little care. Arrived in camp, the}^ are unharnessed and chained to the 
nearest bush ; here they curl up and burrow in the snow, and sleep com- 
fortably until required for work again. Often, in the morning, after a heavy 
fall of snow, nothing is visible but their noses. Their food is a pound of 
pemmicau per day. This is chopped off with a hatchet, and thrown to 
them in one lump about siuidown, or at the close of the journey. If pem- 
mlcan cannot be had, they are fed on fish (about three pounds), or meat, or, 
in fact, anything available. They are great thieves, and should never be 
allowed to run loose about camp. Occasionally one will manage to slip his 
collar, and make way with ten pounds of meat during the night. They 
are never fed before starting on a journey, as it makes them lazy. They 
eat snow for water, and on the regular daily meal of a pound of jjemmican 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEK, APPENDIX B. 377 

keep in good condition. Those tnat I had gained abont ten per cent, in 
weig'ht duvins: the Avinter. 

On account of the extremely cokl weather the men were all supplied 
with a suit of outside clothing, at a cost of $24 each. It consisted of — 

Head-gear — a close-fitting skull-cap, made of two thicknesses of blanket, 
and lined with flannel. Sewed to tliis was a havelock, also of blanket, reach- 
ing to the shoulders, and fastening under the nose. This left only the eyes 
and nose exposed. In addition to this the men generally wrapped around 
the face and ears a heavy scarf of some kind, as it was found that in a wind, 
on the open swamps, the ears were frozen through the blanket-cap. 

Sack-coat — of buffalo-leather, made loose, and fastened around the 
waist by a scarf 

Trowsers — of buffalo-leather, made "barn-door fashion" to keep out 
the wind. The coat and trowsers for myself and assistants were made of 
moose-leather, which is closer and keeps out the wind better. Its cost is 
about double that of buffalo-leather. 

• Mittens — of moose-leathei', lined with blanket, with gauntlets reaching 
to the elbow. Those were made large so that a pair of gloves might be 
worn inside of thom, but this was not found desirable. The mittens were 
svispended from the neck by a string. 

Foot-covering — early in the season, while the snow was wet, I tried 
the Fort Garry " beef-jiacks," but when the thermometer began to get down 
in the twenties below zero, these were useless, as the leather froze as stiff" 
as iron. I then procured moccasins for the whole party. They were made 
after the Sioux pattern, and several sizes too large. The ordinary covering 
for the foot, throughout the rest of the winter, consisted of one or two pairs 
of woolen socks, then a pair of " neeps " (slippers made of blanket), then 
a square piece of blanket wrapped several times around the foot from heel 
to toe; finally the moccasin was put on, more to keep the blanket and slip- 
per in place than for any other purpose. This method of covering proved 
to be a perfect protection to the foot, provided care was taken to always 
have a dry pair of moccasins and stockings on hand. The feet often got 
wet in moving about a fire, and to start out on a journey with wet stockings 
was to insure the freezing of the feet. 



378 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

The trowsers were always tied tiglitly around the ankle to keep out 
the snow, and, in addition, we sometimes wore leggins made of moose- 
leather or of blanket — the latter being preferable, as the snow did not soak 
into it as into leather. 

The leather clothing was worn over a suit of woolen clothes and two 
or three suits of woolen underclothes. In the woods where the wind could 
have no force, it formed a perfect protection, and the men worked cheer- 
fully and lustily in temperatures of 20° and 25° below zero. But on the 
open swamp, a temperature of —5° accompanied by a wind was sufficient 
to put a stop to all stationary work, such as mounding, &c. The building 
of the mounds across the Great Roseau Swamp occupied about ten days, 
whereas there was not more than three days' real work in it ; but the men 
could not ^vork more than an hour or two at a time, and on some days could 
not work at all. 

We traveled across open places, however, in all sorts of weather, but 
it Avas accompanied with considerable suffering, with frozen ears, noses, and 
fingers, with icicles hanging from the beard, and the eyelashes closed from 
time to time with ice. Our snow-shoes were kindly procured for us, from 
Montreal, by the British Commissioner. They were well made, but rather 
small and light for our work among brush and windfall. They generally 
broke at the point where the sides meet, near the rear end, and at tlie close of 
the season not one in fifteen pairs was fit for use. They measured forty 
inches in length, and sixteen inches in width at the widest part, and weighed 
one and one-half pounds each. Those made and used by the Indians about 
the Lake of the AVoods measured sixty to seventy inches in length, fifteen 
inches in width, and weighed three and three-quarter pounds. The sticks 
of which they are made are an inch in cross-section, and will easily bear the 
weight of a man without breaking when caught on a stump. 

In regard to supplies of rations and forage, I had expected to pin-chase 
them from the commissary and quartermaster at Fort Pembina, but ho could 
only spare me ten thousand pounds of grain, and no rations. It therefore 
was necessary to procure everything from the Hudson's Bay and other 
stores about Pembina. Tlie supplies were of excellent quality, but tlio 
rations cost If) per cent, and the foratre HO per cent, more tlian the govern- 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 379 

ment price. The camp-equipage was thoroughly overhauled and repaired 
as soon as we arrived at Pembina. For heating the tents I had with me six 
Sibley stoves. In addition to these I had the blacksmith make eight box- 
stoves of hght sheet-iron, 14 X 10 X 12 inches, and the necessary pipe. 
This gave one stove to nearly every tent, and some of the men's tents were 
joined together, end to end, so as to make one stove heat both. These box- 
stoves, although more difficult to transport, were in every other way supe- 
rior to the Sibley. Water and dishes could be heated on them, which was 
a veiy important consideration when everything metallic was so cold in the 
morning that it could not be held with the naked hand. Moreover, we were 
often dependent on snow for water, and required some place to melt it, and, 
worst of all, we sometimes encamped on a frozen swamp where the fire in 
a Sibley stove would melt the ice, which, in turn, would extinguish the fire. 
Great care was required in guarding against fire with so many stoves. In 
spite of our caution, during the winter two tents were entirely destroyed, 
with a considerable amount of clothing and bedding, and every tent we had 
was more or less punctured with spark-holes. 

Wooden tent-pins were useless in the hard-frozen ground. The iron 
pins were very good, but many of them were lost in the snow, the men 
being rather careless about them, since we always camped in thickets 
where the ropes could be secured to a bush or tree. 

The tents, thus arranged, and banked with three feet of snow on the 
outside, were very comfortable — that is, the temperature, during the day, 
was 35° or 40° against —20° outside, and this, with our thick clothing, 
Avas sufficient. I do not remember hearing a single complaint all winter of 
loss of sleep from cold, even when the nights were as cold as 45° below 
zero. With the large Hudson Bay blankets the men used to make a bed 
stretching across the tent, about eight thicknesses of blanket under them, 
and four thicknesses of blanket and a bufialo-robe over them, the whole 
well tucked in on the sides and ends. In this four men slept. Myself and 
assistants slept separately, and each had a bag of buffiilo-leather, eight feet 
long, and about the same in circumference. This was surrounded, above 
and below, b}^ several thicknesses of blanket, and the whole was strapped 
up ill the canvass bed-cover. On first getting into it it was very cokl, and 



380 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

it required lialf an hour for the heat of the body to warm it. After that we 
slept without interruption till da3dig'ht. » 

"While the preparations for the winter were being made at Pembina 
the parties were not idle. Tlie third day after our arrival enough leather 
suits were finished to clothe Mr. Doolittle's party, and a few nights before 
the thermometer had suddenly gone several degrees below zero, freezing the 
river to a depth of more than a foot, and rendering a crossing very simple; 
consequently I started him out, November 4, to begin topographical work at 
the twelve-mile ridge. From there he worked on to the east, and arrived 
at the Roseau River, where I visited him on the I'.'id, and directed him to 
survey the course of that river on the ice, and close his line on tlie Pine 
Rido-e Station. We all met there on the 16th December. 

About the 5th November I moved the other parties from Fort Pembina 
to the east bank of the Red River, near the Hudson's Bay post; here I ob- 
served for azimuth, and began to trace the tangent eastward, and Mr. Wil- 
son and Mr. Downing made topographical surveys in tlie neighborhood. At 
the same time I sent out about twenty thousand pounds of supplies to form a 
depot near Point d'Orme, on the Roseau River. About the 20th November 
I finished the first tangent, and moved the parties to Lieutenant Galwey's 
Station at Roseau Ridge. Tlie thermometer had already been down in the 
minus twenties, and the winter was fairly begun. Nearly everything in the 
commissariat line was frozen liard. The beef had to be sawed off in slabs 
like limestone; vinegar, if left in an open vessel, had to be chopped out 
with a hatchet ; several novices attempted to drink out of metallic cups 
without first warming them in water, and, as a result, left the skin of their 
lips on the cups ; the dark mules were white and glistening with frost in 
the morning; and various other novel and amusing effects of a minimum 
temperature were witnessed. At this station I observed for azimuth on 
three nights when the thermometer was 20° or more below zero. In antici- 
pation of tlie cohesion of the ])arts from the congealing of the oil, I had 
previously taken each instrument apart and carefully wiped off every par- 
ticle of lubricant Avith warm cotton in a hot room. I have since been told 
that black lead makes an excellent lubricant in extremely cold weather, 
but I did not know of this at the time, and it was hoped that, with perfectly 




o 



< 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX P.. ;]81 

clean surfaces, tlie plates would not adhere to each other. The first night's 
work was very unsatisfactory. Out of six sets of observations three had to 
be rejected, and the remaining tlu'ee had a range of over 1'. In those re- 
jected the readings of the arc, for lamp east and lamp west, differed by 
several degrees from each other; this showed — as the lower clamp was fast 
and the upper one perfectly loose — that, in turning the instrument 180° in 
azimuth, the plates had held fast together while the spindles had moved one 
within the other. Besides this, it was found, on examining the clamp and 
tangent-motion, that when the tangent-screw was turned away from the 
spring, the latter did not follow the screw, the spindles being so frozen to- 
gether that the spring was not sufficient to move them. After fixing the 
cross-hairs upon any object, as a slow-moving star, the tangent-screw could 
be moved away from the spring until nearly out of its socket, and still the 
cross-hair would be on the star, when, suddenlj^, with a jump, the star would 
leave the field altogether. The weakness of this spring was jjartially rem- 
edied by strengthening it with rubber bands, but the adhesion of the spin- 
dles could not be prevented. The only method to pursue was to place the 
azimuth mark as nearly as possible in the meridian so that the instrument 
would have to be turned only slightly in azimuth during the observations ; 
then make a set of observations with lamp east — make a fresh setting — and 
observe with lamp west. 

The meridian mark and tangent had then to be connected by a long 
series of repetitions, which gave very discoui-aging results, the only re- 
source being to take a great number of readings, and reject all which 
differed very largely from the mean. 

The usual number of sets of observations for azimuth, in the summer, 
was four, and the range of them averaged 34" in 1873, and 22" in 1874. 
Diu'ing the winter it was found necessary to take from eight to fifteen sets, 
to get even a tolerable result, and the average range was 1' 53". These 
poor results were all the more discouraging from the fact that they involved 
so much labor, and such great personal discomfort. If a tangent screw Avas 
touched with the bare fingers the instantaneous result was a "burn," and 
not a temporaiy sensation, but one like that from a hot iron, lasting several 
minutes. If the fingers were wet the metal clung to them so tightly that 



382 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

it could only be removed with the skin. The lamp.s burned about fifteen 
minutes before the oil congealed and extinguished them, hence it was neces- 
sary to have duplicate sets at the mark and about the instrument, one set 
being constantly by the fire. For the comfort of the recorder, and as a 
refuge for the observer, it was found necessary to pitch a tent within a few 
feet of the instrument, and to keep a bright fire in it. If the wind blew the 
smoke in the direction of the instrument the observations had to cease, for 
the fire was essential to thaw out the lamps, keep the observer's fingers 
flexible, and occasionally unfasten his eyelashes stuck together with frost. 
The pain in the eyes, from the proximity of the cold eye-piece, was at 
times very severe, and occasionally brought tears, which congealed in little 
icicles depending from the eyelashes, and gave the face a comical look, 
somewhat like that in the children's pictures of Jack Frost. 

The chronometers were packed in straw to protect them as much as 
possible from sudden changes of temperatures. As the winter went on the 
oil gradually thickened and the rates changed from about —2' to about 
— 10', but on the whole they did good service, the change being gradual. 

After returning to the East I took them to the makers, Messrs. Negus 
& Co., of New York, who said that these sudden changes (say from — 35° 
outside to -f 40° inside a tent) had injured the metal of some of the more 
delicate parts so much that they had to be replaced. 

The topographical parties had less trouble with their instruments, as 
their work was done in the day-time, when the thermometer was from 
20° to 30° higher than during the night. The accuracy of their work 
(1 in 300) was nearly orpial to that of the summer. 

Our experience, then, proves that fair topographical work can be done 
in a semi-arctic climate, and that astronomical work of a certain sort can 
also be done, but that refinements are out of the question. While at Roseau 
Ridge I carried the tangent eastward thirteen miles, to Point d'Orme, on the 
Roseau River, Messrs. Wilson and Downing completing the topography, and 
keeping the field-plots up with the surveys. On the 27th of November we 
moved over to Point d'Orme, and I left Mr. Wilson here to make the neces- 
sary azimuth observations and to carry the tangent on to the next junction, 
at the foiiy-mile ])oint, while I returned to Pembina to complete the pur- 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 383 

chase of supplies for the winter. I returned to camp on the 7th December, 
and we immediately moved on to the forty-mile point, and made a snug 
camp in a thick grove of spruces. Here the necessary azimuth observa- 
tions and horizontal angles were 'taken, and then Mr. Wilson was left, as 
previously described, with a small party and two " tobogans," to carry the 
tangent across the Great Roseau Swamp, while I took the other parties and 
sleigh-train around the swamp by the ice of Roseau River, and reached 
Pine Ridge Station December 15. All the parties came together at this 
point the next day. Mr. Doolittle was then provided with fresh supplies 
and some "tobogans,'" and directed to follow the ice on the branches of 
East Roseau River, and survey their courses until he came to the crossing 
of the boundary, when I woiild furnish him with dogs, and he could com- 
plete the topography to the Lake of the Woods, and survey its shore-line 
to Rainy River. 

As the British Commission had marked the boundary-line between 
Pine Ridge and the Lake of the Woods, it was unnecessary for me to 
retrace their tangents. It only remained to examine their azimuths at one 
or two points. Consequently, I left the greater number of the men, ani- 
mals, and heavy sleighs with Mr. Wilson, at Pine Ridge, and directed him 
to complete the topographical work in that neighborhood, and then begin 
building the mounds westward. Mr. Downing remained at the same point, 
to finish the field-plats. The dog-trains arrived, about this time, from Pem- 
bina, and I loaded them and a few tobogans with enough supplies to last 
a month for the few men I took with me, and for Mr. Doolittle's party. 
With these I went eastward, about twenty-five miles, and found a good 
location for a small depot on the East Roseau River, about twenty miles 
from the Lake of the Woods, and accessible for heavy teams from Pine 
Ridge by the ice of the stream. I then traveled up a branch of this river 
to the boundary-line, where, at East Roseau azimuth station, the two parts 
of the British tangent joined. Here I was delayed, by stormy weather, 
from December 23 to 30, during which I got azimuths on two nights which 
were partly clear. A more dismal holiday-week I have never passed. 
There were six of us in all, but I had no assistant for company. Our camp, 
of two little tents, was pitched in an opening of windfall, close to the post 



384 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

marking the junction of the tangents. Under the intricate lacing of fallen 
logs, and the three feet of snow in which they were imbedded, was a frozen 
swamp. My own tent-floor was composed of ice, and in order that the 
stove might not melt through this and disappear, it was supported on a 
scafFoldinff of loo's run out under the tent. In the moniiner the tent-floor 
was hard, but, during the day, the heat'of the stove melted a pool under it, 
with a radius of about two feet, but there was never sufiicient heat to soften 
the ice in the opposite corner, where my bedding lay. It snowed fiercely 
during the greater part of the week, and our efforts at cooking (the regular 
cook being left behind), over an open fire, were not the most successful. 
The appearance of the camp, with a smoldering fire, the dogs curled up 
in the snow, and the whole shut in by cold-looking jiines, was lonely and 
desolate in the extreme; and to add to its weirdness, at intervals a wolf 
would approach camp and utter a low moan, which would be taken up by 
all the dogs. Beginning gently with a soft sigh, it swelled with a full cres- 
cendo, in which every cur joined, and then gradually subsided, only to 
begin again. Finally, some driver's impatience would overcome his antip- 
athy to leaving his warm bed, and he would get up, whip in hand, and go 
through the pack. Then the would-be musical howl would change into the 
sharp "ki-yis" of pain and fear, supplemented by a choice selection of French 
imprecations, in which all the other drivers joined from their tent. Then 
we would have quiet, but only for a few hours. I finally obtained enough 
azimuth observations to satisfy myself that the English tangent was cor- 
rect, within the uncertainty of my observations, and then packed up to 
move over to the Lake of the Woods. The breast-high windfall in the 
intervening space being absolutely impassable for large animals, I had 
given Mr. Doolittle four dog-sleds, keeping two for myself; so that I had 
to reduce my party to myself and two others, McKenney, a Scotch dog- 
driver, and King, an observatory attendant. Even then, I had to borrow 
some of Mr. Doolittle's sleds when I reached his camp, for I had been five 
hours in making four miles The loads were top-heavy and upset every 
hundred yards. With the exti-a sleds we still made slow progress, and, at 
tlie close of the short day, had only traveled twelve miles. We stopped for 
supper, and then pushed on along the British cutting, on a cold but beau- 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 385 

tifull J clear and moonlit night. "We reached the Lake of the Woods Station 
a little before midnight. We had been sixteen hours in passing over seven- 
teen miles, and were rather disgusted with snow-shoes and dog-sleds, but 
we were satisfied that no other animal but a dog could have drawn a load 
through the thickets, windfall, and swamps over which we had passed. 

The next night, December 31, was clear, and I got good azimuth 
observations, and, on the 1st of January, I stai'ted out to cross the Lake of 
the Woods to Rain}^ River. ]\IcKenney and King were with me, and we 
had only the instruments, tent, blankets, and enough provisions for two 
weeks. The surface of the lake was in fine condition for traveling-. A 
frozen crust of snow, a few inches thick, covered the ice, and gave a good 
footing, and left no necessity for snow-shoes. The thermometer was a few 
degrees above zero. The sun was shining brightly near the horizon, and 
the air was quiet and very bracing. We went along, at a jog-trot, behind 
the dogs, in high spirits — a marked contrast to our return. We ariived at 
the mouth of Rainy River early on the second day, and pitched our tent 
on the nari'ow point of land between the river and the lake. 

The object of coming to Rainy River — which is several miles south of 
the forty-ninth parallel — was to get an accurate survey of all that portion 
of the lake within our territory. The British had carefully surveyed the 
shore line from the Northwest Point to the forty-ninth Parallel; Mr. Doo- 
little carried on the survey from the forty-ninth Parallel to Rainy River, 
and, at the latter point, I checked his work by a careful series of sextant 
latitudes and by azimuth observations. I remained there ten days. The 
Indians did not receive me very cordially, and there were several pow-wows 
and a good deal of "bluff" and threats on either side. They did not suc- 
ceed, however, either in inducing me to go away, nor in getting any rations 
(I had barely enough for myself), nor did they molest me. One Indian, 
indeed, was good enough to invite me to go with him on a moose-hunt, and 
I had the satisfaction of living on tea and bad bread for four days, and of 
trudging after him tln-ough the snow all day long for the same period. We 
were much exhilarated by the sight of several warm elk-trails, but we saw 
no game. 

I had finished my observations, and was only waiting for a storm to 
N B 25 



386 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

clear up before I ventured on the open lake to return westward, when, on 
the night of January 11, about one o'clock, I was awakened by a scuffling 
of the other men, and beheld our only tent in flames over my head. 
All our eiforts to extinguish it were unavailing, and we were glad to save 
our bedding and clothes from more than partial destruction, and to have 
pulled three pound-cans of powder from the edge of a burning mass of leg- 
gins. The bright fire lit up the woods and made the dogs blink in an in- 
quiring manner, and revealed the spirit-thermometer fixed to a neighboring 
ti-ee. It stood at 18° below zero, and plainly told us that, storm or no storm, 
we could not remain where we were. So we heaped up a big blaze, and 
while one man repaired the scorched dog-harness the others pi'epared a 
breakfast of indigestible " flippers," strong tea, and rich, fat pork. "We dis- 
patched this, packed up our remaining traps, and with light loads, at four 
in the morning, started out in the black darkness of the cloudy night. 
With this accident to our tent began a week of misfortunes. The day 
broke about seven in the morning (we had been traveling by compass), 
and revealed dark, threatening clouds, and an indistinct line of shore a 
mile to our left, showing that we were not much out of our course. It was 
still very cold, but as yet only a few flakes of snow were flying in our 
faces. One of the lead-dogs had a swelling on his shoulder, which pained 
him a good deal, and caused him to keep circling off out of the course. 
We put the other sled in front, when its leader slipped his collar and broke 
loose. He kept along with us, but about a hundred yards to one side, and 
eluded all our efforts to catch him for more than an hour. We kept on our 
course, however, only deviating from it to cross the large cracks and piled- 
up snow, which in the dim light we approached in bad places, and, about 
ten o'clock, passed Mr. Doolittle's party moving south. It was now snow- 
ing quite fost, with a good breeze against us, and still very cold. About 
noon we reached a point of land where our course turned to the west, and 
here we found a tent and one of Mr. Doolittle's men. We had run twenty- 
five miles, and now took a good rest, and ate an enormous lunch of strong 
tea and pork. Meanwhile the stonn had increased, and was blowing a fierce 
gale fi'om the north, with such masses of snow that it was impossible to see 
clearly for a hundred yards. At two o'clock I wanted to start out to reach 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX B. 387 

the Astronomical Station, about fifteen miles distant, but I found great diffi- 
culty in inducing the driver, McKenney, to venture out in the storm. We 
finally started, however, and in a few minutes were out of sight of every 
thing but blinding masses of snow. We kept our course by compass, and 
relieved each other in taking the lead, as it was found that, after half an 
hour's peering into the whirling whiteness, it was impossible for one to 
keep a straight course. Just at dark (about half past four o'clock) we 
came in sight of a dark point of timber, and were sheltered from the storm. 
We felt our way along the shore until about seven o'clock, when I thought 
I recognized the appearance of a point of land near the station. After sev- 
eral minutes of yelling we brought forth a response from a man named 
Macey, whom I had left there with one tent. We got to bed about ten 
o'clock, thoroughly exhausted with forty miles of travel, and twenty-one 
hours without sleep We were up the next morning at five, and soon ready 
to continue our journey. McKenney told me he knew a much better trail 
to return by than the horrible windfall along the boundary cutting, and, as 
he said it was not much longer, I determined to follow it. 

We went south across a bay of the lake, for about eight miles, to an In- 
dian village at the mouth of War Road River. Here we turned westward, 
thi'ough the woods and across open " muskeages," and kept traveling until 
nearly dark, when we stopped to rest. McKenney assured me now that it 
was only about eight miles to the depot on East Roseau River, and which I 
knew was on the trail. As I was anxious to get on as fast as possible, and 
had only enough provisions to make two half meals, I decided not to camp, 
but to consume all our provisions in a hearty supjoer, and then travel on 
during the night. If it was only eight miles we could surely make it be- 
fore midnight, for the storm had broken and left a clear sky. By eight 
o'clock we had finished our supper, put on dry socks and moccasins, packed 
up, and started. Midnight did not find us safely at the depot, but only three 
or four miles from our resting-place. The sky had clouded again; we had 
lost the road, and had broken through some shell-ice in a little brook of 
whose existence McKenney did not know. One man had floundered in 
up to his shoulders, and the water had permeated through his socks and 
"neeps" to his foot. The rest of us had gotten out so quickly that only 



388 UNITED STATES NOKTUERISr BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

our leggins were wet ; but as the temperature was somewhere about 20° 
below, our legs were instantly incased in a garment of ice which rendered 
locomotion impossible, and the dog-sleds had added about two hundred 
pounds to their loads in the shape of ice. The dogs lay down with perfect 
unconcern, glad of a rest, and we cut sticks and began a vigorous beating, 
first of our leggins and then of the sleds, to detach the ice. We got our 
legs pretty well limbered, but could not clear the sleds, which were so 
heavy and so rough on the bottom that we had to abandon about half the 
loads — everything in fact but our blankets, instruments, and records. Then 
we went on again, McKenney and King with one sled, in front, and Macey 
and myself with the other. McKenney was a better driver than myself, 
and got more work out of his jaded dogs, and so was soon out of sight. 
We followed on the trail, however, occasionally losing it in the darkness, 
until, about ten o'clock, I discovered a fire ahead of us on the trail, and 
coming up found that King's foot was very badly frozen, and he was in 
great pain. We thawed his foot with snow, and bound it in pieces of dr}^ 
blanket, and then I particularly warned McKenney not to get out of hear- 
ing of us, as the trail was very blind. A few minutes after we had started, 
however, I broke the cord of my snow-shoe, and had to stop to repair it. 
We saw no more of McKenney, our guide, till noon the next day. Macey 
and I were now on an open muskeage, where we had never been before, 
and as we had nothing to eat, and had abandoned our stoves, there was no 
use of camping, so we kept on. Presently the lead-dog turned sharp to the 
riffht and got the sled stuck in a soft snow-bank. We tried to move it along, 
but could get no work out of the dogs, and so threw off all the load except 
t]ie records and chronometers. With an empty sled we managed to make 
the dogs move on slowly, in a westward direction, while we took turns in 
feeling with our hands for the hard snow of the "road." But we could not 
find it, and could not retrace our steps, for our tracks were almost instantly 
covered up by the drifting snow. In a few minutes the dogs stopped short, 
and each scratched a little hole in the snow and lay down as if he intended 
to stay. We were so e.xhausted that we could hardly use the whip, but we 
plied it to the utmost of our strength, and accompanied with shouts, to urge 
them on. The only rcsidt was a low moan as eacli dog curled closer and 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOMER, APPENDIX B. 389 

buried himself deeper in the snow. They were utterly exhausted. Then 
we yelled in hopes of finding McKenney, but without success. The only 
thing left for Macey and myself was to get ourselves out of the scrape as 
best we could. By the aid of some matches I wound the chronometers 
(2.15 a. m.), and covered them and the records with the sleigh-wrapper. 
Then twisting the whip in the lead-dog's collar, to suggest what was in 
store for him when he woke up, we bade them good-bye, and started out 
to the westward, across the muskeage. I had a good compass with me, 
and the moving clouds occasionally revealed the stars, so that there was 
no difficulty in keeping our course. I knew, also, that the supply-depot 
was on a river flowing north, and not more than fifteen miles ofi' at the 
utmost, and that there was a sleigh-trail to the depot, but not beyond it, so 
that if we reached the river I would know which way to turn. Hence there 
was no fear of being lost, but what I did seriously fear was that before we 
could reach the river we should succumb to sleep and that ten-ible languor 
which is the premonition of freezing, and which we already felt. 

During the last forty-eight hours we had run between sixty and seventy 
miles, and for twenty hom's we had had but one meal. The longing for sleej^ 
was so great that whenever I stopped to rest for an instant, I lost conscious- 
ness, and was awakened by the thud of having fallen into the snow. I was 
strongly possessed with the temptation to quietly lie there, it was so com- 
fortable. But I had just enough sense left to know that if I did lie there 
it would be three or four days before I would be found, for the wind cov- 
ered up our tracks at once; and in three days I would, undoubtedly, be 
frozen to death. So we tnidged on through the snow, knee-deep, on our 
broken snow-shoes, tripping, and falling, and making perhaps a mile an 
hour, through the long hours of the night, into the dim day-break and the 
early hours of the morning. Still going west, we had crossed the muskeage 
and come into some timber, but, as yet, had found no tracks, although I 
knew we must be nearing the stream. Finally, near noon, we came to a 
small stream, and there, nearly covered by fresh snow, but still unmistak- 
able, were snow- shoe tracks. Macey and I leaned up against a tree, and 
getting a good ready we yelled — all the breath there was in us. No answer. 
We rested awhile and tried it affain, and still no answer! The tracks led 



390 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

to the northwest, and as they would not take us much out of our course, we 
followed them. In about half an hour we came upon a track, not three 
hours old (for the snow had fallen then), and crossing the other at right 
angles. We sat down on the bank, and gathered breath, and yelled again. 
We almost jumped as an instantaneous reply came, seemingly not one 
hundred feet off. It was, in fact, not very much farther, and, moving in 
its direction, we soon beheld the river, the depot, and two men quietly 
unloading some hay. Our first question, somewhat enraged, was, "How 
long has McKenney been here?" McKenney ? They did not know any- 
thing about McKenney — "had not seen him for a month." So it seemed 
that he had been lost as well as om-selves. I immediately started a man 
out with a sled to find them, and to pick up my dogs and various articles 
which had been abandoned, and then we ate a mighty breakfast, after our 
thirty-hours' tramp. We were just finishing when we heard the jingle of 
bells and the "marche! marehe!" of a driver, and McKenney appeared 
with his sled, and King riding on it. It seems that when he discovered 
that he had left us behind, he waited awhile, and shouted to attract atten- 
tion. Failing in this he started to go on for a distance, but his dogs refused 
to move. King's foot now began to pain him so much that he could not 
walk. In this dilemma there was nothing to do but burrow in the snow, 
and wait till the dogs were enough rested to go on. So McKenney had 
nnhitched his dogs and dragged his sled to the nearest point of timber. It 
was at this place that my leader had turned off and we had lost the trail, 
for McKenney found my dogs there in the morning. Once in the woods 
they shoveled out the snow and got the materials for a fire, but discovered, 
to their dismay, that all the matches had been in King's pocket, and had 
been wet in his bath. There was a strong probability of freezing if they 
could not get a fire, so they searched every particle of their bedding and 
clothes for a stray match. At last, in the comer of the inside pocket of 
McKenney's overcoat, they did find an old stump, about half an inch long, 
but with the "sulphur end". They took great precautions against its going 
out, and collected enough dry shavings for a first-class attempt at arson. 
Their efforts were successful, and with the fire once going they were all 
right. They slept till morning and then came on. As soon as they had 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOMEll, APPENDIX B. 391 

arrived I turned in and slept for eighteen hours. During this time my dogs 
had been brought in, very hungry, but looking as bright and cheerful as 
possible, except the leader, whose shoulder was fearfully swollen. I had 
to leave him behind; but, with the others and an empty sled, I started out 
the next day, January 15, for Pine Ridge, and made the journey of twenty- 
five miles in six hours. There I found Mr. Downing with the field-plots 
well advanced, and the next day I rode along in a " carriole" (light sleigh 
for one horse) to where Mr. Wilson was at work on the mounds across the 
Great Roseau Swamp. I then sent a telegram to you asking for instructions 
about cutting the parallel, and received answer to ckar it a width of ten 
feet, from the end of the British cutting, near Pine Ridge, to Red River. 
This was intrusted to Mr. Wilson. He also built the mounds along this 
interval. Leaving Mr. Wilson engaged upon this work, I sent word to the 
East Roseau depot to cache enough supplies for Mr. Doolittle and bring the 
rest to Pine Ridge, where I collected the sleighs, and moved them to Point 
d'Orme, January 20. I remained here a week waiting for the other parties 
and completing my computations. During this week we had the coldest 
weather of the winter. On every night the thermometer went down to 40° 
below zero or lower, and during the day it seldom reached as high as 15° 
below. One night, just before going to bed, I looked at the two spirit-ther- 
mometers fastened to a tree, and they read 46° and 47° below. In the 
morning they recorded the astounding temperature of 60° and 51° below 
zero. Every one had slept soundly, however, inside of skin and blanket 
bags. 

The parties all anived at Point d'Orme on the 26th of January, and I 
sent Mr. Doolittle on to resurvey the Red River, on the ice, and left Mr. 
Wilson to finish his cutting and mounds. Taking my dogs and an empty 
sled, I drove in to Fort Pembina, forty miles, in the nine hours of sun- 
light, on January 27, and began to settle up accounts and get ready to 
turn toward the States. 

On the 6th of February Mr. Wilson's party arrived at Pembina, and 
the winter's work was over. I had previously turned over the dogs and 
sleds to the British Commission to be sold or disposed of in any way they 
could, and on the evening of the 6th discharged about half the men. The 



392 UNITED STxVTES NOHXnEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

next morning, with the bahmce of the men and the six heavy sleighs, I 
started south for the raih-oads of Minnesota. We made the journey to Fort 
Abercromhie, one hundred and eighty miles, in five and a half days, dui-ing 
which we suffered greatly on the open prairie from the cold and the driving- 
snow. At Fort Abercromhie I sent the train of sleighs, under Wagon- 
master Estes, across country to Saint Cloud to report there to Lieutenant 
Ladley. With the rest of the men I took the cars at Breckinridge for Saint 
Paul, where we arrived February 1 6. The parties were disbanded and paid 
off the same day. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. 

The flat, treeless valley of the Red River extends on the east for twelve 
miles; here a gentle ridge is encountered about thirty feet high and run- 
ning in a northwest and southeast du'ection. For the next twenty miles 
to the Roseau River the country is slightly broken. The knolls are covered 
with small jjoplars, and the intervening hollows are marshy and full of large 
granite bowlders. Beyond the Roseau River the country entirely changes. 
The woods are dense — at first of oak, elm, and ash, gi'adually giving place 
to spruce and pine and then to tamarack. The last forty-five miles to the 
Lake of the Woods may be characterized as one vast tamarack swamp, with 
large openings of "muskeage." This is not only true along the Forty-ninth 
Parallel, but wherever I penetrated back from the shore of the Lake of the 
Woods the same character of country was found. Some of the Norway 
pine grows to a large size — three feet and more in diameter — but nearly all 
of it has been taken out by lumbermen and rafted down to Fort Garry, so 
that now there is no considerable amount of valuable timber along the line. 
Except the Red River Valley, the whole country is at present not only 
worthless for agricultural purposes, but is quite impassable in summer, even 
to Indians, except along the streams, in canoes. All of these swamps, west 
of about ten miles from the Lake of the Woods, are partially drained into 
the Red River by the Roseau River system. This river rises in two 
bi'anches — one north and the other south of the line, which, united, are 
known as the East Roseau River, and flows into a small lake of the sazne 
name, which also recei\es a small affluent from the north, known as Pine 
River. This lake discharges into the Roseau River, which flows south of, 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 393 

and really parallel to, the boundary for about thirty miles, crossing it at 
Point d'Orme, and continues, in a northwesterly course, till it meets the 
Red River, about twelve miles north of the line. This Roseau River is 
about two hundred feet broad throughout its length, and has a rapid cur- 
rent of about three miles. The depth was about ten feet wherever we 
sounded it. It would be navigable for small boats but for the pi-esence of 
of a few rapids. The princii^al one of these I did not visit. It is about 
twenty-five miles below Point d'Orme, and from the description of the 
half-breeds is quite violent, and must have a fall of fully twenty feet in a 
quarter of a mile. Logs cannot be rafted over it later than the 1st of May. 

If land ever becomes so valuable in this region that it is desirable to 
drain this country, it could be done by cutting through these rapids. The 
bed of the river is, generally, a soft clay, through which the stream would 
lower its bed, and thus drain the swamps. At present the large swamps 
are on a level with, or a little lower than, the water of the stream, from 
which they are separated only by a natural dike of clay and grass, a few 
feet in height. 

The Lake of the Woods contains an area of between six hundred and 
seven hundred miles. It is very irregular in shape, and its eastern shore 
has never been carefully surveyed. There are a large number of islands 
dotting its surface. Some soundings were, I believe, taken by the English 
parties, and the greatest depth obtained was eighteen feet. As the surround- 
ing country is very low and flat, it is possible that it has no great depth, 
but we have n© -positive knowledge of this. As the ice was from two to 
three feet thick, I had no opportunity to make soundings. Various small 
streams drain into it from the surrounding swamps, but the principal aiflu- 
ent is the Rainy River, which empties at its most southern point. This 
stream comes from Rainy Lake, is about sixty miles long, and a quarter 
of a mile bi'oad at its mouth. It forms part of the international boundary. 

The Lake of the Woods discharges, by Winnipeg River, into Winni- 
peg Lake, and forms part of the great northern chain of lakes, whose waters 
eventually reach Hudson's Bay. 

The Indians residing in this neighborhood are small tribes of the for- 
merly great Ojibway nation There are about twenty families around Lake 



394 



UNITED STATES NORTUERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Roseau, as many more at the mouth of War Road River, and about fifty 
families at the mouth of Rainy River. 

Several families also pass the winter on the islands in the lake. They 
are generally peaceable, but extremely indolent. Those about Rainy River 
live on lands which have never been ceded, and they ai-e the only ones that 
show any spirit. They have several log houses, and make feeble attempts 
at agriculture, but many of them live in birch "tepees," and their principal 
sustenance is fish. Several vaiieties of whitefish, pike, and pickerel are 
caught, through the ice, by the squaws in winter. The men occasionally 
hunt the moose, elk, deer, and feathered game, using the Hudson's Bay 
shot-guns, with an ounce-ball, or with shot. They also do a good deal of 
trapping; beaver, marten, mink, otter, and fisher being quite plentiful. 
Those who survive the age of ten years seem to be a healthy race of people, 
but many children perish from lung diseases and exposiue to the cold. The 
winter climate of this couutiy is exceedingly severe; the thermometer going 
below 40° every year. And in spite of the fact that the maximum is, every 
year, nearly 100°, the annual mean is lower than at any other point in the 
United States and Territories, and lower than any inhabited point in Eu- 
rope. 

I insert hero the record of the Medical Department, at Fort Pembina, 
for two years. My own record, during the winter of 1873, is a little lower 
than tin.'*, but it was not taken with so much care. 

Meteorological report — Fort rcmbina. 



Month. 




187 


>-73. 




1S73-74. 


Me.iii. 


Max. 


Mill. 


Kain-f.ill. 


Mcin. 


Mas. 


Miu. 


Kain-f.ill. 


Julv 


c 
67. 6l> 
(v.. 4 1 
r>3.78 

4'..sn 

1<.2S 

— 5. 72 

— 4. 49 
4. 43 

12. 05 
34. 04 
.'•.3. 76 
67. 20 


97 
91 

85 

48 
34 
31 

33 
43 
64 
81 
9! 


30 
34 

i.-i 

— 28 

— 51 

— 40 

— 31 

— .10 
16 
29 
38 

— ,M 


i-.c/ieK. 

3.09 

62 

1.67 

1.16 

53 

2. 95 

41 

75 

35 

39 

2.11 

2.91 


o 
67.10 
66. 43 
47. 78 
3fi. 37 
15. 67 

6. 76 
— 3.17 

2. V9 
12.11 
30. 32 
57. 04 
6l>. 29 


','1 
.-11 
82 
45 
35 
37 
32 
47 
76 
98 
94 


o 
34 
24 
23 
3 

— 25 

— 27 

— 44 

— 32 

— 29 

— 4 
07 

33 


Inches. 

1. 30 

2. 3S 
2.05 

56 
66 
18 
26 
25 
;<5 
20 
1.55 
3.41 




Sfintt^tubor . 






Dooeiiibor - 


Jaimary 

l<'ol)rii;u-v 

Miiroh 


Mav 




For till' yiNir 


34. 24 


97 


17.14 


3:^.81 


98 


-" 


13.15 



REPORT OF THE OHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 



395 



For purposes of comparison, I add the annual mean temperatures at 
the coldest posts in the United States, and at a few other points, from data 
kindly furnished by the Chief Signal OiBcer of the Army. 

Mean temperatures. 



Forts. 



Territory. 



Latitude. 



Years. 



Annual 
mean 
temp. 



Authority. 



Pembina 

Sew.nrd 

liradv 

Hufonl 

Stevenson . . 

Uaker 

Abercrombio . 

EUia 



Kiee 

Ijineoln ... 
Snelliuf; . .. 

Sitka 

Plattsbnrg 

Bonlon 

Sbaw 

Winnipeg . 



St. Petersburg 

Do 

Stockholm 



Dakota. ... 

....do 

Michigan. . 

Dakota 

....ilo 

Montana . . 
Dakota. ... 

Montana . . 

Dakota 

...do 

Minnesota . 
Alaska . .. . 
Now York . 
Montana . . 

...do 

Manitoba.. 
Iceland. .. . 

Russia 

...do 

Sweden .. . 



45 57 

46 52 

46 30 

48 00 

47 34 
46 40 
46 27 

45 45 

46 40 

46 47 
44 53 
57 03 
44 41 

47 45 
47 30 

49 50 
64 
CO 
CO 
59 20 



1870-'74 
'74 
1872-'74 
1870-'74 
1870-'74 
1872-'74 
1870-74 
1871-73 
1872-74 
1870-74 
1870-74 
18r0-74 
1870-74 
1870-74 
1870-74 
1870-74 



1845-71 

1867-70 

90 years. 

1859-71 



34. 
37. 

37. 
38. 
38. 
38. 
39. 



40.1 



41. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
43. 
44. 
44. 
32. 
37. 
38. 
38. 
41. 



Circular No. 8, Sur- 
> geon-General's Ofiice, 
U. S. Army. 



J 

Dawson. 
Thorlacius. 
Wild. 
V. Kantz. 
Edland. 



396 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



ASTRONOMICAL POSITIONS ON RECONNAISSANCES. 

LONGITUDES. 

Oh reconnaissance from second crossing of Mouse River to Fort Pembina via Fort Totien, 

bij Lieut. F. V. Greene, 1873. 



Chr. 


Error ou Wash- 
ington time. 


Error on local 
time. 


Longitnde from 
Washington. 


St.ation and date. 


Remarks. 


1455 
953 


h. 711. s. 

Slow 1 19 52.26 
Fast 4 50 21.74 


h. m. 8. 
Fast 34 41.6 
Fast 6 44 55.6 


h. m. 8. 
1 54 33. 86 


Lient. Galwey's 
station, ou Pop- 
lar River, Oct. 
30, 1873. 


Chr. licies. 
1455 Losing... 4^34 
953 Losing... 4».08 


1455 
953 


Slow 1 21 55. 66 
Fast 4 48 25. 84 


Slow 1 13.3 
Fast 6 09 08.2 


1 20 42.36 


Fort Pembina, 
Oct. 31.4. 


Latitudes. 


1455 
953 


Slow 1 20 46. 1 
Fast 4 49 31. 1 


Fast 17 5.5.3 
Fast 6 28 17. 1 


I 38 41.4 
46.0 


Mouse River, Oct. 
15.4. 

101° 44' 01". 3 


Polaris... 48 39 4o'.'7 
ePegasi... 38 13.5 

Mean.. 48 38 57.1 


Mean 1 38 43. 7 


1455 
953 


Slow 1 20 50. 4 
Fast 4 49 27. 


Fast 17 13.8 
Fast 6 27 35. 9 


1 38 04.2 
08.9 


Mouse River, Oct. 
16.4. 

101° 34' 44". 1 


Polaris .. 48 23 23.2 
ePegasi... 10.3 


Mean 1 38 06. 5 


Mean.. 48 23 19.7 


1455 
953 


Slow 1 21 01.3 
Fast 4 49 15.8 


Fast 14 22.3 
Fast 6 24 45. 9 


1 35 23. 6 
30.1 


Oct. 18.9. 
100^ 54' 48". 6 




Mean 1 35 26. 8 


1455 
953 


Slow 1 21 03.0 
Fast 4 49 15. 2 


Fast 11 54. 1 
Fast 6 22 10. 9 


1 32 .57. 1 
61.7 


Oct. 19.3. 
100° 17' 50". 8 


aAquil!B .. 48 02 46.3 


Mean 1 32 .59. 4 


1455 
953 


Slow 1 21 07.8 
Fast 4 49 10. 7 


Fast 10 20.6 
Fast 6 20 42. 5 


1 31 28.4 
31.8 


Oct. 20.4. 

99° 55' 37". 3 


PoLaris... 43 00 58.1 
cPegasi... 25.3 


Mean 1 31 30. 1 


Mean.. 48 00 41.7 

1 


1455 
953 


Slow 1 21 12.1 
Fast 4 49 06. 6 


Fiist 8 03. 8 
Fast 6 18 2r>. 3 


1 29 15.9 
18.7 


Oct. 21.4. 

99° 22' 25". 3 


Polaris... 47 58 24.0 
f Pegasi ... 25. 9 

Mean.. 47 58 25.0 


Mean 1 29 17. 3 


1455 
953 


Slow 1 21 23.4 
Fast 4 48 56.0 


Fast 6 26.3 
Fast 6 16 47.2 


1 27 49.7 
.51.2 


Camp near Fort 

Totteu, Oct. 24.0. 

99° 00' 42". 6 




Mean 1 27 50. 4 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 397 

ASTRONOMICAL POSITIONS. 



Station. 



Latitude. 



Initial point, stone mound 

Camp, October ir), 16, Mouse River . 

October 10, 17, Mouse River . 

October 18, 19, Mouse River . 

October 19,20, Alljali Laltes . 

October 20,21, Giraud Lalie . 

October 21, 22, Stony Lalie . . 

October 23, 25, near Totten . . 
Fort Totten flag-staff 



49 00 00 
48 H8 57.1 
48 23 20 



48 03 08.3 

48 00 42 

47 58 25 

47 53 40.5 



Longitude. 



101 54 50. 9 

101 44 01.3 

101 34 44. I 

100 54 48.0 

100 17 50.8 

99 55 37.3 

99 22 25.3 

99 00 42. G 

99 01 38.1 



ASTRONOMICAL POSITION OF CAMPS. 

Reconnaissance from Fort Buford to Forty-ninth Parallel, June, 1874, hj Lieut. F. V. 

Greene. 



Chr. 



1455 
953 



1455 
953 



1455 
953 



1455 

953 



1455 
953 



1455 
953 



Error on Wash- 
ioKton time. 



Slow 2 01 28.7 
Slow 2 07 34. 3 



Slow 2 02 06.0 
Slow 2 07 29.2 



Slow 2 01 40. 9 
Slow 2 07 32. 6 



Slow 2 01 40.6 
Slow 2 07 31.8 



Slow 2 01 51.7 
Slow 2 07 31.1 



Slow 2 01 59. 
Slow 2 07 30.2 



Error on local 
time. 



Slow 13 47.7 
Slow 19 53. 3 



Slow 5 28. 1 
Slow 10 51.3 



Slow 11 33.3 
Slow 17 20.2 



Slow 10 23.8 
Slow 16 11.4 



Slow 9 48.0 
Slow 15 22.3 



Slow 8 32. 8 
Slow 14 09.4 



Longitude from 
WashiuKtou. 



h, m. s. 
1 47 41.0 
41.0 



Mean 1 47 41.0 

1 56 37. 9 
37.9 



Mean 1 50 37. 9 

1 r>0 07.0 
00.4 



Mean 1 50 07 

1 51 23. 8 
■ 20.4 



Mean 1 51 22. I 

1 52 03.7 

08.8 



Mean 1 52 00.2 

1 53 26. 2 

20.8 

Mean 1 53 23. 5 



Station and date. 



Fort Buford, Juno 

20. 

103° 58' 20" 

U. S. Ast. Station 
No. 12, near West 
Poplar River, 
June 30.33. 
100° 12' 35" 

Crossing of Big 
Muddy, June 23.4. 

104° 34' 50" 

Frenchman's Point, 
on Missouri River, 
Juno 24.94. 
104° 53' 40" 

Camp on Poplar 
River, June 26.4. 

105° 04' 40" 

Camp on Poplar 
River, June 2H.4. 

105" 24' 00" 



Remarks. 



Ch: 

1455 

953 



Hates 
Losing. .. 3=.G1 
Gainiug.. OVWS 



Latitudes. 

O I II 

49 (JO 00 

Sun 48 08 4,5. .5 

Polaris . . 39. 

Mean.. 48 08 42.6 

Polaris .. 48 08 46.4 
Sun 12.0 

Mean.. 43 08 29.2 

Polaris .. 48 16 43.1 
Sun 18.3 

Mean.. 48 16 30.7 

Polaris .. 48 44 32.2 
Sun 02.5 

Mean.. 48 44 17.3 



398 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Reconnaissance from Little Eoclcy Crcclcto United States Astronomical Station No. 13, via 
Fort Turnay, by Lieut. F. V. Greene, 1874. 



Chr. 



1455 
953 



14.'55 
953 



1455 
953 



1455 
953 



Error on Wash- 
ington t.ime. 



li. VI. a. 
Slow 2 02 19. 9 
Slow 2 07 26.7 



2 02 31. 
2 07 24. 4 



2 02 25. 8 
2 07 25.5 



2 02 28.2 
2 07 25. 



Error on local 
time. 



Slow 3 26. 2 
Slow B 33. 



Slow 1 08.2 
Slow 6 01.6 



2 13.7 
7 14.5 



1 08.8 
6 06.5 



Longitude from 
Wushiugton. 



h. m. e. 
1 58 53.7 
53.7 



Mean I 58 53. 7 

2 01 22.8 
22.8 

Mean 2 01 22. 8 

2 00 12. 1 
11.0 

Mean 2 00 11.5 

2 01 10.4 
18.5 

Mean 2 01 19. 



Station and date. 



Little Rocky Creek, 
July 4.3. 



10C° 46' 31". 5 

U. S. Ast. Station 
No. 13, July 8.35. 

107° 23' 48". 2 

July 6.4. 

107° 06' 00" 
July 7.34. 

107° 22' 50" 



Remarks. 



Chr. 

1455 

953 



Eaiea. 
Losing... 2«.74 
Gaiuiug.. 0"..568 

Latitudes. 



o / // 

49 00 00 



49 00 00 



Polaris.. 48 45 20.5 
aOphinchi 44 39.5 



Mean.. 48 45 00 

Polaris.. 48 54 11.7 
aOphiucbi 05.5 



Mean.. 48 54 08.6 



Reconnaissance of Biplinger Road, hy Assistant G. L. Doolittle, 1874. 



Date. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Cemarks. 


September 2 
September 3 
September 4 
September 5 


/ // 
Polaris 48 39 32.1 




Cut Bank River. 
Birch Creek. 
Muddy Fork. 
Teton River. 


a Aquilas 07.7 

Mean 48 39 19.9 

Polaris 48 20 50 

AqniK-B 19 58 




Mean 48 20 24 

Polaris 47 59 46. 5 




a Aquila3 53 44.7 

Mean 47 59 15.0 

Polaris 47 47 25. 3 

a AquiK-o 46 35.2 




Mean 47 47 00.2 





KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMBE, APPENDIX B. 399 

Sextant latitudes on Shaw meridian, hy Lieut. F. V. Greene. 



Date. 


Latitude. 


Longitude. 


Kemarks. 


September 4 

September 2 
September 8 


Polaris 48 45 49.6 


o / /' 

111 46 

111 45 05. 1 

111 48 


On small lake. 

Initial point of Shaw meridian. 

About 1,500 feet east of flag-staff 
at Fort Shaw. 


oAquilaj 12.0 

Mean 48 45 30.8 

49 00 00 
Polaris 47 31 03.3 



Sextant latitude on trail near spring, about Jialf-icai/ between Fort Shato and Fort Benton, 

by Lieut. F. V. Greene. 



Date. 



September 10 



Latitude. 



o ' " 

Polaris 47 43 22.7 

oAguila) 10.2 

Mean 47 43 16.5 



Longitude. 



Remarks. 



MISSOURI RIVER. 
Longitudes and latitudes. 





Error on Wash- 


Error on local 


Longitude from 


Station and 


Remarks. 


Chr. 


ington time. 


time. 


Washington. 


date. 






h. m. s. 




h. m. 8. 


A. m. a. 






1319 
1514 

235 
1513 
1481 

188 


Slow 2 09 32. 4 
Slow 1 15 13.2 
Fast 9 56 12.0 
Slow 1 47 02.6 
Slow G 00 50. 4 
Fast 45. 3 


Fast 
Fast 


59 13.0 
27 24.2 


2 14 21\« 


Fort Benton, 
Sept. 10.4. 

110° 39' 48" 


Ckr. 
1319 
1514 
235 
1513 
1481 


Eates. 
Losing... 2'.70 
Gaining.. 0=.03 
Losing... K03 
Losing... 0^57 
Gaining.. e'.43 


1319 


Slow 2 10 28. 2 










188 


Losing... 0".42 


1514 


Slow 1 14 54.0 


Fast 


20 12 


1 35.06 


Bismarck, 




235 


Fast 9 55 50.9 








Oct. 1.0. 




1513 


Slow 1 47 14. 4 












1481 

188 


Slow 6 00 47. 5 
Fast 30. 








100° 49' 36". 


Latitudes. 


1319 
1.M4 


Slow 2 09 39. 4 
Slow 1 15 10.8 


Fast 

Fast 


2 12.9 
56 39. 1 


2 11 52.3 
49.9 


Sept. 13. 


Polaris . - 47 4^ 58'.'9 
aAquilaj.. 49 00.0 


235 
1513 


Fast 9 56 09. 3 
Slow 1 47 04. 1 










Mean.. 47 49 02.7 


1481 


Slow 6 00 55.3 












18- 


Fast 44. 2 


Fast 


2 12 40. 5 


56. 3 
Mean.. 2 11 52.8 


110° 01' 17". 8 





400 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Longitudes and latitudes — Continued. 



Chr. 



1319 
1514 

2:!5 
loi:! 
1481 

ISti 



i:?iy 

1514 

2:!.-! 

151.'? 

1481 

188 



1:?19 

1514 

235 

1513 

1481 

188 



1319 

1514 

235 

1513 

1481 
188 



Error on Wash- 
ington time. 



Error on local 
time. 



1319 

1514 

2::5 

1513 
14;1 

188 



7i m. s. 
Slow 2 09 42. t 
Slow 1 15 10. 
Fast 9 50 08. 3 
Slow 1 47 04.7 
Slow G 00 54.9 
Fast 43. 8 



Slow 2 09 47. 5 
Slow 1 15 03. 1 
Fast 9 56 06. 2 
Slow 1 47 05.8 
Slow 6 00 54. 
Fast 43. 



Slow 2 09 52. 9 
Slow 1 15 08. 2 
Fast 9 56 04. 2 
Slow 1 47 06.9 
Slow 6 00 53.2 
Fast 42. 1 



Slow 
Slo-sj- 
l^ast 
Slow 
Slow 
Fast 



2 09 55. 4 
1 15 05. 3 
9 .56 03.2 
1 47 07.5 
6 00 52. 8 
41.7 



1319 Slow 

1514 Slow 

235 I'ast 



2 09 58. 1 
1 15 04. 4 
9 5G 0-2.2 
1 47 08. 1 
Slow 6 00 52. 3 



15131 Slow 
1481 

188 



Fast 



41.3 



Slow 2 10 00.8 
Slow 1 15 03. 5 
Fast 9 56 01. 1 
Slow 1 47 03.6 
Slow 6 OU 51. 9 
Fast 40. 8 



1319 

1514 

2:5 
1513 

14.'1 



Slow 
Slow 
Fast 
Slow 
Slow 
18 Fast 



2 10 03.6 
1 15 02.5 
'.) .'.6 00. 1 
1 47 09. 2 
6 00 51. 5 
40.4 



/(. m, 8. 
Slow 1 19.2 
Fast 53 12.8 
Fast 12 04 34. 6 
Fast 21 20.7 
Slow 3 52 29. 5 
Fast 2 09 11. 9 



Slow 6 23. 9 
Fast 48 16. 
F.ist 11 59 31.3 
Fast 16 20. 4 
Slow 3 57 26. 8 
Fast 2 04 11.4 



Slow 11 31.0 
•F.ast 43 16.4 
Fast 11 54 25. 1 
Fast 11 16.9 
.slow 4 02 28.9 
Fast 1 59 09. 4 



Slow 13 13.9 
Fast 41 37.2 
Fast 11 52 43 
Fast 9 35.7 
Slow 4 04 09.5 
Fast 1 57 28. 3 



Slow 16 01.7 
Fast 33 53. 8 
Fast 11 49 .56.9 
Fast 6 49. 7 

Fast 1 54 43. 4 



Slow 18 30.6 
Fast 36 27. 7 
Fast 11 47 29.7 
Fast 4 21.6 

Fast 1 ,52 14.0 



Slow 
I'ast 
Ivist 
Fast 
Slow 
Fast 



21 33.2 

33 2;».( 

11 44 29. ( 

1 21.1 

4 12 18.8 

1 49 14.0 



Longitude from 
Washington. 



h. m. s. 

2 08 22. 9 
22.4 
20.3 
25.4 
25.4 
23.1 



Me.an.. 2 08 25.1 

2 03 23. 6 
24.1 
25. 1 
26.2 

27.2 
28.4 



Me.an.. 2 03 25.8 

1 58 21.9 
22.6 
20.9 
23.8 
24.3 
27.3 



Me.an.. 1 53 23.4 

1 56 41.5 
42. 5 
39.8 
43.2 
43.3 
46.6 



Mean.. 1 56 42.8 

1 53 56.4 

58.2 
54.7 
57.8 

62.1 



Mean.. 1 53 57.8 

1 51 30.2 
31.2 

23.6 
30.2 



Mean . 



33. 2 

1 51 30.7 

1 43 30. 4 
32.1 
29. 5 
31.1 
32. 7 

::3. 6 
Mean.. 1 48 31.6 



Station and 
date. 



Sept. 14. 



109° 09' 22". 3 
Sept. 16. 



107° 54' 32". 8 
Sept. 18. 



106° 33' 56". 8 
Sept. 19. 



106° 13' 47". 8 
Sept. 20. 



105° 32' 32". 8 
Sept. 21. 



104° 55' 46". 3 
Sept. 22. 



104° 10' 59". 8 



Bemarks. 



Polaris 
o Aquilffl 



47 46 53.2 
53.9 



Mean.. 47 46 53.5 



Polaris . 
a Aquilse . 



47 27 50.7 
28 01.6 



Mean.. 47 27 .56.1 



Polaris 
a Aqnilte 



47 47 07. 
46 56. 5 



Mean.. 47 47 01.' 



Polaris 
aAquilce 



48 01 37. 5 
36.2 



Mean.. 48 01 36.8 



Polaris . 
a Aquil® 



48 04 10.0 
13.7 



Mean.. 48 04 11.8 



Polaris 
a Aqiiilis 



48 06 09 
05 55 



Mean.. 48 06 02 



Polaris . 
a Aquila! 



43 02 52.5 
03 11.5 



Mean.. 43 03 02.5 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 

Longitudes and latitudes — Continued. 



401 



Chr. 



1319 
1514 

235 
1513 
1481 

188 

1319 
1514 

235 
1513 
1481 

18« 



1319 

1514 

235 

15l3 

1481 

188 



1319 
1514 

235 
1513 
1481 

188 



1514 



1319 
1514 

235 
1513 
1481 

188 



1319 
1514 

235 
1513 
1481 

188 



1319 



Error on Wash- 
ington time. 



ft. m. 8. 
Slow 2 10 00.3 
Slow 1 15 01.5 



Slow 
Slow 
F.ist 
Slow 



2 10 09. 1 
1 15 00.6 
9 55 58. 1 
1 47 10.4 



Slow 6 00 50.6 



Fast 



Slow 
Slow 
F.ast 
Slow 
Slow 
Fast 



Slow 
Slow 
Fast 
Slow 
Slow 
Fast 



39.6 



2 10 11.8 
1 14 59.6 
9 55 57. 1 
1 47 11.0 
6 00 50. 1 
39.1 



2 10 14.5 

1 14 58.7 
9 55 56. 1 
1 47 11.5 
6 00 49.7 
38.7 



Slow 1 14 57.8 



Slow 
Slow 
Fast 
Slow 
Slow 
Fast 



Slow 
Slow 
Fast 
Slow 
Slow 
Fast 



2 10 20. 1 

1 14 56.8 
9 55 54. 1 
1 47 12.7 

6 00 48. 8 
37.8 



10 22. 8 
14 5.5.9 
55 53. 1 
47 13.3 
00 48. 4 
37.4 



Slow 2 10 06.3 



Error on local 
time. 



h. m. 8. 
Slow 22 26. 8 
Fast 32 34. 6 



Slow 24 35. 1 
Fast 30 34.9 
Fast 11 41 31,8 
Slow 1 33.3 
Slow 4 15 13.8 
Fast 1 46 17.2 



Slow 27 27.5 
Fast 27 48.2 
Fast 11 38 42. 6 
Slow 4 21.2 
Slow 4 18 01.2 
Fast 1 43 27. 3 



Slow 29 26 
Fast 25 48.6 
Fast 11 36 45.9 
Slow 6 19. 1 
Slow 4 19 56. 9 
Fast 1 41 31.8 



Fast 23 53. 



Slow 33 09.9 
Fast 22 16.2 
Fast 11 33 05. 2 
Slow 10 01.0 
Slow 4 23 36. 5 
Fast 1 37 51.3 



Slow 34 52.7 
Fast 20 35. 2 
Fast 11 31 23. 6 
Slow 11 42.6 
Slow 4 25 17.2 
Fast 1 36 09.5 



Slow 22 26. 8 



Longitude from 
Washington. 



Mean. 



Mean . 



ft. m, 8. 
1 47 36. 1 



1 47 36. 1 

1 45 34.0 
35.5 
33.7 
37.1 
36.8 
37.6 

1 45 3.5. 8 

1 42 44. 3 

47.8 
45.5 
49.8 
48.9 
48.2 



Mean.. 1 42 47.4 

I 40 48. 6 
47.3 
49.8 
52.4 
52.8 
53.1 



1 40 50.7 
1 38 50.8 



1 38 50. 8 

1 37 10.2 
13.0 
U. 1 
11.7 
12.3 
13.5 



Mean.. 1 37 12.0 

1 35 30. 1 
31.1 
30. 5 
30.7 
31.2 
32.1 

1 35 31.0 
1 47 39. 5 



1 47 39.5 



Mean . . 



Station and 
date. 



Remarli^s. 



Near Fort Bn- 
ford,Sept.23. 



Sept. 21. 



103° 27' 02". 8 
Sept. 25. 



102° 44' 56". 8 
Sept. 26. 



102° 15' 40". 3 
Sept. 27. 



Sept. 28. 



101° 21' 05". 8 
Sept. 29. 



100° 55' 50". 8 
Fort Buford. 



Polaris . . 47 58 58. 8 
aAquila).. 59 20.8 



Mean.. 47 59 09.8 



Polaris .. 48 02 09.8 
aAquilte .. 01 12.8 



Mean.. 48 01 41.3 



Polaris .. 48 06 56.7 



Polaris .. 47 46 21 
aAquite .. 45 53.9 



Mean.. 47 46 07.5 



Polaris .. 47 31 33.3 
a AquilsB .. 21. 



Mean . 

Polaris . 
AquiliB . 


47 31 27.5 

47 20 58. 8 
21 16.8 



Mean.. 47 21 07.8 



Polaris .. 47 07 n 8 
a AquilsB .. ti5. 6 



Mean.. 47 07 08.7 



By zenith telescope, 
Capt. Gregory : , 

o / // 

47 59 22. 19 



N B- 



-2G 



402 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



STATION ERRORS ON THE 49TH PARALLEL OF LATITUDE, 

BETWEEN THE LAKE OF THE WOODS AND THE KOCKT MOUNTArNS. 





D. 


A. 


B. 


D-(A + B) 


Stations. 


Station errors, mean 


Computed deflec- 
tions 1 to 10 


C m p n t e d deflec- 


Unexplained deflec- 




liarallel = 0. 


tions 10 to 40 miles. 


tions. 




miea. 






1 


— 2.31 




— .007 


— 2.30 


2 


+ 1.52 







+ 1.52 


3 


+ 2. 33 







+ 2. 33 


4 


+ 3.28 




— .15 


4- 3. 43 


5 


+ 3.50 




— .23 


+ 3.73 


6 


+ 2.95 


— .42 


— .27 


+ 3.64 


7 


+ 2.22 


— .09 


— .46 


+ 2.77 


8 


+ 1.40 




— .36 


+ 1.76 


9 


— .21 




— .54 


+ .33 


10 


— 1.78 


— .09 


- 1.16 


— .53 


11 


— .78 


— . 15 


— .74 


+ .11 


Vi 


+ .06 




— .65 


+ .71 


13 


— .30 




— .46 


+ .16 


14 


— 1.91 




— .68 


— 1.23 


15 


— 2. 23 




— .83 


— 1.40 


16 


— .50 




— .92 


+ .42 


17 


— .31 




— 1.07 


+ .76 


18 


— .94 




— .99 


+ .05 


19 


+ 1.77 




- .38 


+ 2. 15 


'JO 


— 1.91 




-t- .10 


— 2.01 


21 


— .81 




-f .80 


— 1.60 


22 


+ .98 




+ 1.50 


— .52 


23 


- .76 




-f 1.90 


— 2.66 


24 


+ 1.54 




-f 3.29 


— 1.75 


25 


+ 2.00 




+ 2. 16 


— .16 


2fi 


+ .3. 55 




-f 2.85 


+ .70 


27 


+ 3.03 




+ 2.80 


+ .23 


28 


+ l.Cl 




-f 2.03 


— .42 


29 


+ .5.94 




+ 1.38 


+ 4.56 


30 


+ 4. 30 




+ .99 


+ 3.31 


31 


+ 2. 09 




+ .95 


+ 1.14 


32 


- .67 




— 1.43 


+ .76 


33 


— 5. 32 


— 2.31 


— 1.77 


— 1.24 


34 


— 7.95 


— 7. 25 


— 1.37 


+ .67 


35 


— .67 




— 1.04 


-f .37 


3G 


— . 52 




— 1.00 


-f .48 


37 


— 1.17 




? 




38 


— 3. 42 




? 




39 


— 6. 09 




? 




40 


— 2. 42 




f 




41 


— 1.00 
43". 97 43". 98 




? 




(T 






36 '. 09 15". 82 


Means. .. 


2".146 






1".442 



111 the preceeding table, the column D contains the "Station-errors", 
or the discrepancies between each astronomical determination of the paral- 
lel and the mean parallel. The mean parallel is that with reference to which 
the sum of the discrepancies north is equal to the sum of those south; its 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 403 

position is determined by referring- all the discrepancies to one station and 
dividing their algebraic sum by 41. 

It will be noticed that the first and last stations (Nos. 1 and 40) observed 
by this commission differ from each other by only 0".ll in latitude, although 
346 miles apart. The least discrepancy between adjacent stations is between 
Nos. 35 and 36, where at a distance of 24.6 miles from each other, the 
astronomical latitudes differ only 0".15; the largest discrepancy is near the 
Sweet Grass Hills between Nos. 34 and 35, where the latitudes differ by 
738 feet, or 7".28. The most northerly (No. 29) is nearly 14" north of the 
most southerly (No. 34). The mean deflection is 2". 146. 

These results are shown more clearly on the accompanying diagram. 
The upper figure represents a profile of the country constructed from 
observations with the mercurial barometer at the astronomical stations and 
from trigonometric leveling in the intermediate points; the lower figure 
shows the main features of the topography for a distance of forty miles on 
each side of the line. The middle figure is a representation (exaggerated 
more than 200 times) of the relative positions of the astronomical and 
mean parallels. The scales are given for each figure (pp. 267). 

Having given the actual deflections, it now becomes interesting to see 
how far these can be accounted for by the attraction of masses above the 
surface, and how many of them must be referred to some attracting force 
under ground, where, as Pratt says, "we seem to have an unlimited resource 
upon which to draw, to explain any anomalies of local attraction we may 
perceive on the surface." 

The formulae which I have used for calculating the deflections are 
those deduced by Lieut. Col. A. R Clarke, R. E., of the British Ordnance 
Survey. The whole discussion is found at length in his "Account of the 
Principal Triangulation", pp. 576-630, but I shall merely give an outline of 
the manner in which the deduction is made. 

"The plumb-line is acted upon by gravity G in a vertical direction, 
and by the disturbing force A acting in a horizontal direction ; the resultant 
of these forces — V A^ + G"^ acts in a direction which makes the angle 

tan"' — with the direction of gravity. When A is very small in comparison 



404 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 

with G, tills angle is identical with its tangent." Using Airy's expression 
for gravity, Clarke shows that 

^z=12".447^ (1) 

in w^hich ^ is the deflection caused by an attraction A, and S is the mean 
density of the earth. 

In order to find the value of A the ground in the vicinity of the station 
is divided into compartments by a series of radii and circles ; and the at- 
traction of one of these compartments is found to be: — 

A = p (}■' - r,) (sin a' - sin a,) ~ (2) 

in which: p is the mean density of the compartment. 
h the mean height of the compartment. 
/ and r, the bounding radii. 
a' and a, the azimuths of bounding radii. 

* - 2 

It would be extremely inconvenient to compute the attraction of each 
compartment separately, and the form of (2) immediately suggests a law of 
division of the lengths and direction of the radii, which will avoid this, and 
make the second member of the form, constant x h. Tiiis law evidently is 
to make the lengths of the radii in arithmetical progression, and their direc- 
tions such that their sines shall be in arithmetical progression. 

Denoting then by (r) and (.s) the common difference respectively of 
the lengths of the radii and the sines of their azimuths, and by i7„ the sum 
of the mean heights of all the compartments between the nth and n + 1th 
circles on the north, and by H'^ the same on the south, we have:— 



and consequently: 



H — H' 

^zz24".894g(.)2Sj^^ (4) 



^ may be taken at ^ since the average specific gravity of rocks varies 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX B. 405 

from 2.5 to 3.0, and the mean density of the earth is about 5.5. If the radii 
are so drawn that their azimuths are sin~^ ( Tn ) sin~* ( Ta )> ©tc, (s) be- 
comes Y()j ^^^ if H„, etc., be expressed in feet the formula becomes, for 
« + 1 circles : 
V- = 0".0002357 i ( ^' ~ ^'' + ^- ~ ^'^ + H„ - WA . . 

In order to use this formula contoured maps are necessary for finding 
the mean heights ; our stadia surveys supplied these maps in the immediate 
vicinity of the station, and for distant attractions I have used 200 feet 
contours on the diagram to which I have before referred. 

In the preceding table the system of deflections A was calculated with 
radii whose common difference was 1 mile, and which extended from 1 to 10 
miles, except at station 34, where the common difi'erence of the radii was 2,000 
feet. The system of deflections B was calculated with radii, whose common 
difference was 10 miles, and which extended from 10 to 60 miles Deflec- 
tions A have been calculated at only six stations — those, namely, in the 
vicinity of the Pembina and Turtle Mountains, and the Sweet Grass Hills. 
All the other stations from 1 to 36 are surrounded, in their immediate vicin- 
ity, by level plains, only broken here and there by the gorge of a stream ; 
the maximum deficiency of attraction of any one of these ravines is 0".3, 
and this is less than the estimated uncertainty of the numbers in column D. 

Beyond station 36, and in the Missomu Coteau, we have not sufficient 
data for contours. 

It may seem strange at first that the distant attractions should be so 
much larger than those nearer the station ; but this must always be so in a 
country like the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, where there ai-e few 
abrupt irregularities, but where large tracts of country have a gradual tilt 
in the direction of the drainage. For instance, let us suppose a tract of 
country with a radius of sixty miles, which has everywhere a uniform slope 
to the north of only 2 feet in a mile; the j^lumb-line at the center of this 
tract will be deflected less tlian 0".04 by the attraction within the 10-mile 
circle, but 0".36 by that between the 10 and 60 mile circles. 



406 UNITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

By inspecting the table given above, we see that some of the observed 
deflections are accounted for by the irregularities of the surface and some 
are not. 

The column D — {A-\- B) contains the unexplained deflections, the 
mean of which is 1".442, or about two-thirds the mean of the observed de- 
flections. Only one-third of these deflections is then accounted for by the 
irregularities of the surface. If we correct the latitudes by the deflections 
A-\- B, the mean parallel will be 0".39 north of its present position. * * * * 

The results of this investigation may then be summarized as follows : 
On the 49th parallel, between the 95th and 114th meridians, the average 
meridional deflection of the plumb-line is 2". 146. At 29 stations the deflec- 
tions calculated from the irregularities of the sui-face are in the same direc- 
tions as those observed, and at 12 stations they are in the opposite direction. 
The residual deflections, unexplained by the irregularities of the surface, 
have an average value of 1".442, or about two-thirds of the whole deflection. 

It is possible that these results might be modified by more extended 
and detailed topographical surveys than it was possible for us to make con- 
sistently with our prime duty of marking the parallel beyond the possibility 
of dispute and without imnecessary expense. 

F. V. GREENE, 
First Lieutenant of Engineers. 



APPENDIX H 



EEPORT OF CAPT. W. J. TWINING, 



CORPS OF ENGINEERS, 



CHIBF ASTRONOMER. 



407 



EErORT 



THE DECLINATIONS OF THE STARS EMPLOYED IN LATITUDE WORK WITH 
THE ZENITH TELESCOPE, EMBRACING SYSTEMATIC COHRECTIONS IN DE- 
CLINATION DEDUCED FOR VARIOUS AUTHORITIES. AND A CATALOGUE OF 
FIVE HUNDRED STARS FOR THE MEAN EPOCH 1875, 



ASSISTANT LEWIS BOSS, 

'I 

NOW DIKECTOU OF DUDLEY OBSKRVATORV. 



Dudley Obskrvatouy, 
Albany, iV. 1'., February 21, 1877. 
Dear Sir: After unexpected delay I have tbe honor to transmit, hcrewitli, my 
report on tbe accuracy of the declinations adopted by tbe United States Commission 
in tbe latitude work of tbe Northern Boundary Survey. In doing this, permit rae to 
thank you most cordially for the kind interest and generous support which you have 
throughout accorded to this undertaking. The sense of obligation is the more keenly 
felt, when I reflect upon tbe mauy imperfections and deficiencies of the work; but 
your intercourse with me has been uniformly such as to cause me to forget the debt, 
and leaves only the most pleasant recollections. 

I have tbe honor to be, very respectfully, your obedieut servant, 

LEWIS BOSS, 
Director of Dudley Observatory, and late Assistant 
Astronomer of the United States Northern Boundary Commission. 
Capt. William J. Twining, 

United States Unginccrs, Chief Astronomer and 

Surveyor of the United States Northern Boundary Commission. 



INTRODUCTOEY. 

The method of obtaining latitudes with the zenith telescojie, which was adopted 
by the United States Xorthern Boundary Commission, rendered it necessary, in IS72, 
to calculate the declinations of a large number of stars. The short time allowed lor 
preparation rendered a critical discussion of these star-places quite impracticable. 
The declinations adopted in tbe work of 1872 were, therefore, derived from a limited 
number of authorities; but were subsequently revised whenever additional material 

409 



410 TJXITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [4J 

could be secured. Tlius the catalogue for 1874 was compiled from nearly all tbe 
authorities wliicli could be obtained from tbe librarj' of tbe United States Naval 
Observatory. 

Tbe metbod of reduction was substantially that employed by Argelander in the 
seventh volume of Bonn observations.* The principal deviations from this plan con- 
sisted in tbe smaller weights given to declinations from tbe older authorities, and in 
applying no systematic corrections to those of a mean dute later than ISGO. 

Upon the accuracy of tbe adopted declinations depend the latitudes of twenty-two 
statioifs in the vicinity of tbe forty-ninth parallel. There is every reason to believe 
that for the majority of the stations tbe error in location due to instrumental causes 
is practically iusignilicant. and that if any considerable correction is needed it may 
sately be ascribed to systematic error in tbe values of declination assigned to tbe 
determining stars. 

To ascertain tbe numerical limits between which tbe value of such a correction is 
likely to exist, and, as far as practicable, to compute its actual amount, was the original 
l^urpose of this discussion. 

When the work was about half completed, it appeared tl:at tbe systematic correc- 
tions and tbe declinations of the p'rincipal stars, adopted as standard in this i)aper, 
might prove acceptable to others engaged in certain classes of astronomical reductions. 
This circumstance led to a considerable enlargement of tbe original scope of the work. 
Only stars of the northern hemisphere, with a few in tbe lirst ten degrees of south 
declination, bad hitherto been considered. Tbe list was now extended so as to include 
all tbe stars of the American Ei)bemeris. 

Quite recently, upon my appointment to tbe astronomical direction of Dudley 
Observatory, tbe work received an additional impulse from my determination, iu 
reducing observations made with the transit circle, to use a standard catalogue in 
declination as well as right ascension. This course was adopted for the reason that, 
whenever the places of the principal fixed stars can be predicted from observations 
already made, with greater accuracy than tbcy can be determined at any one observa- 
tory by a single series of a few years duration, a desire for the greatest economy of 
labor and accuracy iu results should dictate one of two courses: either a special and 
rigorous research, having in view the indepcudeut determination of tbe places of a 
small number of tbe brighter stars; or, tbe use of a standard catalogue, compiled from 
the best available sources, to which tbe observations of all other objects should bo 
essentially referred. 

It is much to be regretted that owing to unavoidable circumstances this change in 
))Ian was made too late for the most advantageous disposition of materials available 
for the purpose in view. On the other hand, tbe corrections and tbe resulting declin- 
ations are i)robably very near those which would have resulted from a more systematic 
and elaborate discussion, adopting tbe same general principles. 

This considerable extension of tbe original plan was determined upon at a time 
when it was out of the question that the computations should be completed during 
the existence of tbe boundary commission; so that in the performance of the work it 
has been necessary for mo to incur many obligations. For material assistance I am 
especially indebted to Prof. Simon Newcomb, of tbe United States Naval Observatory. 

* Uoiiii Ikob., Hand VH., Ablh. I., " UutersQchuugea iibtT die Eigeiibcwcgiuigeu von 200 Stenien." 



[5] KEPORT OF THE CEIEF ASTlfOXOMER, APPENDIX H. 411 

Without Lis generous intervention it would Lave been impossible for me to liave com- 
pleted the work in its present extent, within the prescribed limits of time. For further 
aid, I am under tlie greatest obligations to the office of the American Ephcmeris and 
Nautical Almanac; and to the Dudley Observatory, where the later computations have 
been carried on partly for the purpose of constructing a standard catalogue of declin- 
ations, for use with the transit circle, as already explained. 

The services of several computers have been engaged from time to time, generally 
for short periods. For such services, I am chiefly indebted to Assistant O. L. Doolittle, 
since Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in the Lehigh University, Pennsylvania, 
and to Assistant O. S.VVilson, who have labored on the work in a most disinterested 
and competent manner. My thanks are also due to Thomas I£, Featherstonhangh, 
A. M., iormerly assistant at the Dudley Observatory. 

The facilities of the Observatory at Washington were most kindly extended to me 
by Admiral B. F. Sands, Superintendent, and by his successor in oilice. Admiral (J. 11. 
Davis. To the various members of the astronomical cOrps at that institution I desire 
to express my acknowledgments; particularly to Professors Eastman, Earkuess, and 
Nourse, for special courtesies. 

PEELIMINAKY STATEMENT AND GENERAL PLAN OF THE WORK. 

It is well known that troublesome systematic discordances exist even among inde- 
pendent declination determinations of the highest rank, while the differences which 
were found between the earlier results of Bessel, Brinkley, and Pond, and even between 
difi'erent results by the same astronomer, were such as to provoke an acrimonious con 
troversy and to lead to most erroneous theories. The science of exact measurement of 
zenith distances was no doubt very much stimulated by the latter circumstances, for in 
the period extending Irom 1820 to 1S50 we have more than one-half the entire material 
now available for researches upon the absolute declinations of the fundamental stars. 

For the purpose here proposed, it will not be necessary to make any extensive 
enumeration of the attempts which have been made from time to time to ascertain and 
reconcile these differences. Since the appearau(;e of Bessel's reduction of Bradley's 
observations,* the uniform practice has been to consider these places for 1755 as abso- 
lute, and to compare them with the results of a single modern series, or with the mean 
of two or more. With the declinations and proper motions thus formed, the corrections 
necessary to reduce any given series to the standard could be ascertained. Miidler 
compared a number of modern catalogues with Pond's Catalogue of 1,112 stars, the 
proper motions being derived from the FundamentaA Dr. Gould reduced the star- 
places now adopted in the American Ephemeris in a si«iiilar manner, using for the 
modern catalogue the Abo Catalogue of the late Dr. Argelauder.f Dr. ^yolfers cor- 
rected the declinations of Bessel's Tahulcc Ec/jiomonfuncc, using lor that purpose eleven 
modern catalogues. Many series of observations were adai)ted to the system thus 
formed through the labors of Dr. Argelander and Dr. Auners.§ The latter has cou- 

* Fiiiidameula Asirojwmiai jiro anno 17C5, ex oburratwnihus J. Biadlcy, Jnclure F. W. Bessfl. Rtyio- 
monli, 1818. 

t Dcirpat observations, vol. xiv. J. IT. iliidler. 

t Dr. B. A. Gould's Stiinil<ird Places of Fundamental Stars, United Stales Coast Snrvet/, ISOG. 

§ Tabula; liedtictiovum, Anetore J. Ph. Wolfers. Berolini, I808. Dr. Auwere in Astionomischc A'iic/icicA- 
tcn. Dr. Argelander, Aslronomische Kachriehten, Bonn Beob. Hd. vii, etc. 



412 UNITED STATES NOKTHEKN BOUNDAKY COMMISSIONS^. [C] 

tributcd an csliaustive indepcndcut investigation of declination corrections in Astro- 
nomische Naclirkhten, Band 04 ([ip. 305 to 3S2). Taking the Abo Oatalogue, referred to 
tbe Fitndamcnta, as the medium of comparison, tbe corrections necessary to reduce the 
principal modern series of observed declinations to the system of tbe Abo are first 
ascertained and afterward corrected by the mean of fourteen catalogues judged most 
suitable for the purpose, in such a way that, for the epoch 1755, the system is that of 
the Fundamcnta as at first ; but for the mean modern date (about 1837) that of the mean 
of the fourteen catalogues. Shortly afterward (A. N., Bd. C4, p. 193) Dr. Auwers used 
these corrections in discussing the declinations of thirty-four fundamental and nine 
circumpolar stars. Similar discussions and compilations relating to star declinations 
have also been made by Baily,* Laugier,t Safiford,| Bruhns,§ and others. 

It is evident in the cases cited that, if we denote by J N the correction required 
by a normal system for the epoch T, which corresponds to the mean of the modern 
catalogues employed in its formation, and h^ A B the correction required for the same 
system — or what is the same thing, Eessel's Fundamcnta — at the epoch 1755, the cor- 
rection of the system for any other epoch T' will be, 

^ 'j'l 

If we pnt JN^G and T^ 1835, we shall have as the correction of the normal 
sj'stem, when T' = 1875, 

- J JJ?. 

Thus, if declinations are required for the epoch 1875, a single determination at that 
date having weight 5, when the unit of weight is the corresponding determination by 
Bradley, is worthy of more confidence than that which is derived from a discussion 
which assumes the Fundamcnta as absolute at the epoch 1755, even though modern 
determinations be absolutely without error for the epoch 1835. 

After the time of Bradley we meet with no important independent determination 
of declination until that of Piazzi for the mean epoch 1800. But the instrument used 
in this series was entirely inadequate for the purpose, and although all the elements of 
reduction — precession, nutation, and aberration excepted — were derived from the obser- 
vations themselves, the execution of the work is not such as to commaud our entire 
confidence. Passing over the circumpolar catalogue of Groombridge (epoch 1810), the 
first which ai)i)ears to answer oar requirements results from observations made witli 
the Pieichenbach circle, in 1820 and 1821, by Bessel {Koniyshcrg Beob., vol. vii). This 
may be regarded as the first example in the new era of declination determinations with 
meridian instruments. The fbrm of discus.sion there employed has, with slight modifi- 
cations, served as a model for similar independent researches of the highest order ever 
since that time; and since this epoch there is no lack of material for the formation of 
standard catalogues of declination. 

•Catalogue of the Royal Astronomical Society for 18.30. Britisb Association Catalogue cf 8,ri77 
stars for the epoch 1850, etc. 

t Memoire ■iiir la DdmHiiialioii (hs Distances Polaircs den FAoiUs roiuhimetilales par F.. I.aiigUr. Deiiz- 
ieme iic<ti(>ii, p. 75. 

t Annals of Harvard College Ohservatory ; Jlcnioirs American Academy, New Scries, vol. iii ; Mean 
declinations of 981 stars for l.-^To, Washington, 187;?, etc. 

^ GcHcralberieht dvr EuropUwchcit Oradiiicssune/, lo71. 



[7] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOJIER, APPENDIX H. 413 

It will be shown that the interval of time between the group of early determina- 
tions by Bessel (1821), Struve (1821), and Argelander (1829), and the later ones at 
Leiden, Melbourne, Greenwich, and Washington observatories (not to mention inter- 
mediate catalogues), is quite sufficient for an independent judgment as to the approxi- 
mate accuracy and consequent weight of Bradley's results, and that a reliable system 
of corrections to the various catalogues may be founded on a discussion of recent cat.i- 
logues alone, taking as the earliest that of Cessel for the mean epoch 1821. 

Having premised this much, for the purpose of a more exact understanding of the 
scope and contents of the succeeding pages, the successive steps and objective points 
will be indicated in brief. These are: — 

1. The selection of stars to form the catalogue, and particularly of a list of stars 
most frequently observed, which shall serve as the basis of the normal system and as 
a medium of comparison between the various series of observations. 

2. The formation of approximate positions and proper motions for the fictitious 
epoch 1875.0. These will be necessary for the computation of precession coefficients. 
Furthermore, the values of the assumed S and /i' should be fair approximations, for 
reasons which will appear in the proper place. 

3. The computation of precession coefhcients, and with the aid of these (and in the 
case of close circuinpolar stars by the rigorous formula;) the reduction of the individual 
declinations to the required epochs, in order that the assumed declinations may be cor- 
rected by comparison with the observed values. 

4. The selection of catalogues and series of observations, which shall serve in 
various stages of the work to correct the assumed declinations. These will be divided 
into three classes. 

5. The application to the declinations given by these catalogues of certain correc- 
tions deemed advisable from an inspection of the constants and methods of reduction, 
and numerous compilations of the results of several successive years at the same obser- 
vatory into single Cittalogues embracing convenient intervals of time. These correc- 
tions are such as can be determined without recourse to comparisons of the determina- 
tions of one instrument with those of another. The compilations are for the purpose 
of rendering available a large mass of material that would otherwise be inconvenient 
or unsuitable for the purpose hero proposed. Generally, published catalogues, which 
combine in one determination the results of several years, have been used without 
change. 

C. The collection of results and formation of the approximate normal system from 
a discussion of the declinations of the fundamental and principal circumpolar stars, 
using for this purpose only those series of observations which are supposed to give 
determinations of sufficient independence and weight. 

7. Ey the aid of the approximate corrections to the selected list of authorities to 
enlarge the number of standard declinations, and, in turn, with these to derive the 
systematic correction required by Bradley's observations as reduced by Bessel in the 
Fuuflamcnta Astronomice. 

8. With this correction together with tbose previously found, and with an increased 
list of stars, to ascertain corrections to tlie assumed declination and proper motion of 
each star; and taking them as a basis, to compute definitive corrections and weights 
for all the catalogues except those of the third class; with which final weights and 



414 UNITED STATES NORTDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [8J 

corrections, the definitive declinations are computed (as tbey appear in the cata- 
logue at the end of this paper), a few excepted which depend on a small number of 
authorities. 

V. The computation of a few systematic corrections to catalogues of the third 
class; and the formation of all remaining declinations for the final catalogue. 

10. A few deductions relative to the accuracy of the declinations formerly adopted 
in obtaining latitudes ou the Northern Boundary. 

SECTION I. 
SELECTION OF STARS. 

The preliminary catalogue necessarily embraces all the stars used in zenith tele- 
scope worli of the United States Northern Boundary Commission, 1S72-1S7.1. 

All of the stars of the American Ephemeris for which apparent places are given in 
that publication are added to this list, Sirius and Procyon excepted. The great 
rniijority of these stars are required for the purpose of constructing the normal system. 
These were supplemented by a considerable number of the Poulkova Uauptsterne, 
preference being given to those most frequently observed at Poulkova and elsewhere. 

At the suggestion of others a few stars were added which might serve for latitude 
determinations with zenith telescope on or near tfee parallel of .390 north latitude. 

Eflectively, the selection may be regarded, for convenience, as embracing at least 
five different classes of stars : 

a. The fundamental and principal circumpolar stars which have been by common 
consent quite universally observed. 

b. A class of stars less frequently observed, but with the cbservalions so distrib- 
uted in time, that reliable determinations of declination and i)roper motion can be had 
without recourse to Bradley's observations; and which, together with the fundamental 
stars, may serve to construct an approximate normal system for the epoch 1755. 

c. A class of stars similar to the last, but lacking in satisfactory authorities for 
the epochs included between 1S20 and 1840. After the systematic corrections of the 
older authorities are ascertained, these will serve equally with the preceding in deter- 
uiiuiug the systematic corrections required by the jjrincipal authorities. 

(/. A considerable number of stars, which do not furnish proper mateiial for ascer- 
taining systematic corrections to the principal authorities, but which will be found 
valuable for the purposes of perfecting the system of corrections adopted for a few 
catalogues of small weight, and for extending the system to catalogues deficient in 
observations of the first three classes of stars. 

e. The remaining declinations are such as depend on few authorities, and are prac- 
tically of no service in ascertaining systematic corrections. They belong to the class 
of stars selected and used for observation with the zenith telescope; and it is desirable 
to calculate their declinations with whatever precision can be attained by the use of 
all authorities that are conveniently accessible. 



[OJ 



EErOET OF TDE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, ARRENDIX H. 



415 



SECTION II. 
APPROXIMATE POSITIONS FOR 1S75.0. 

Our plan contemplates tbe assumption at a given epoch of approximate values of 
the right ascension and declination, and of proper motion in both co-ordinates. These 
will servo for the accurate computation of the precession coefQcients. For this pur- 
pose it is simply necessary to avoid errors which are large enough to introduce apjire- 
ciable errors in those terms of precession in declination that depend on the higher 
powers of the time, and in the geometrical part of the annual variation. It is, however, 
desirable in order to facilitate subsequent ecmpntations that the declination and its 
proper motion should be so determined that the corrections they may require will 
not be inconveniently large; and that the difference between the assumed and con- 
cluded proper motions will not bo so large, that the neglect of the small difference 
between the adopted mean epoch of observation for each catalogue and the [jarticular 
mean for a given star will seriously affect the final result for declination and proper 
motion, 

The epoch of reduction selected for the catalogue is tbe fictitious or Besseliau 
epoch 1S75.0. 

Eight ascension. 

For the fundamental stars this is copied from Professor Newcomb's paper, Appen- 
dix III., Washington Observations for 1870. The proper motions are from the same 
source. 

Except for stars south of declination — 30°, the remaining right ascensions are 
taken from the American Epbemeris for 1875, as far as possible. The following incon- 
siderable corrections are, however, applied in most cases. They are intended to reduce 
these right ascensions to the standard of Professor Newcomb's paper, above cited. 



Hour. 


Correction. 


Hour. 


Correct iou. 


Hour. 


Correction. 




8. 




s. 




s. 





+ .03 


8 


— .02 


10 


-f .01 


1 


+ .02 





— . 02 


17 


-f .02 


2 


-f .01 


10 


— .02 


18 


+ . 03 


3 


+ .01 


11 


— .02 


11) 


+ . 03 


4 


00 


12 


— .01 


-.0 


+ .03 


5 


— .01 


13 


— .01 


21 


+ .03 


G 


— .01 


14 


— .00 


22 


+ .03 


7 


— .02 


15 


+ .01 


23 


+ .03 


8 


— .02 


IG 


+ .01 


24 


+ .03 



The proper motions, in A. R., of these stars were taken from the Star Tables of 
American E[)hemeris (Wn., 18G9). They are mostly those of Dr. B. A. Gould's Stand- 
ard Places of Fundamental Stars, United States Coast Survey, second edition (Wu., 
ISGO). For other stars the A. R. and n were computed, if possible, from at least two 
good modern authorities compared with either Bradley, Piazzi, or Groombridge, and 



41 G UNITED STATES KORTHEEX BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [10] 

occasionally with all three. The authorities were first corrected by the tables of Pro- 
fessor Newcoinb's paper just lueiitioued. In a few cases where older authorities were 
wanting the assumed A. 11. and ix were computed with greater care. 

Declinations. 

In comjiuting assumed declination and proper motion in declination, the preference 
was given: flrst, to the Northern Boundary catalogue of latitude stars for the epoch 
ISTJr.O; second, to the decliuations for 1870.0 reduced by Bruhusfor the Gradtncssung, 
and contained in Generalbericht dcr Europilisclien Gradmessung fur 1871 ;* third, exclud- 
ing stars south of — 30° declination, to the declinations for 1875.0 of the American 
Ephemeris ; and fourth, in the failure of these three sources of supply, decliuations 
were computed in a manner entirely analogous to that adopted with right ascensions, 
except that no systematic corrections were applied. Nearly all the decliuations of 
stars south of — 30° declination were formed from the mean of Mr. Stone's recent 
catalogue of Maclear's observations at the Cape for ISGO, and the First Melbourne 
Catalogue for 1870, the assumed proper motions being copied from the latter. In 
"Details of Corrections to Assumed Places" the preliminary a and S with their 
assumed variatious are given at the head of the table for each star. 



SECTION III. 

COMPUTATION OF PKECES3I0N TERMS. 

The constants of Peters and Striive have been adopted. They aref: — 

m = 4G".0G23 + 0".0a02S19 [t — ISOO) 
n = 20".0G07 - C".C000SG3 [t — 1800), 

where t is expressed in years. These are now in very general use, and probably are 
not far from the correct values. f 

At any rate, since our object is not so much to ascertain the exact amount of 
proper motion as to know the total change produced by the annual movement, great 
ai:curacj' is requii'ed only in terms of precession involving higher powers of the time. 
The effect of proper motion has been considered in every case, and for this purpose 
the formula; given by Professor Hill iu Star Tables of the American Ephemeris (p. xix) 
have been adopted. The coefficient of <' has received a slight modification due to the 
neglect of small terms. So that, if the first and second differential coefficients in both 

* "Vic DccUnationoi ih-r hci dcr Gradmessung zu BrdlenheslimnuitKjen henutzten Fixstcrnc" C. linihiis. 
Tho <lecliuatiou autl it' of a Ccpbei there given appear to bo iu error. Taking the geometrical precession 
as computed on p. 14, tho seconds of (5 for Bradley's observations reduced to 1870, should be04".23 instead 
of 0G".26 as printed iu tho last column of p. 7. Tho corrected proper motion will be -f- ".024 instead of 
-f ".006, and the seconds of 6 for 1870, 7".13 instead of 7".03. 

t Xnmcrus Constans Kutationis, ]ip. CG, 71. Di'. C. A. V. Peters. 

t Dr. C. Bruhns in " Die IkcUiiationen der bci dtr Oradmasung," n. s. n., takes tho same course, * * * 
"dadiisclbe [precession of Struve] zwischen dem TTerlhc dcr JlesstTsclien und dcr Lcvcrrier'scheti Praiccssion 
lici/t ntid nach den ncueren licohaclilunyen die Varialio swcidaris von Strure uiid Lercrricr, die fast identisch ist, 
cnlschicdcn genauvr ah die Ik'sscVschc 1'a, iatio swcularia sichfmdtt," pp. 2 and 15 



[llj 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 417 



CO oi'diiiates are knowu, tbe compntation of -rp will be sufficiently rigorous, simple, 
and expeditious. In computing 






-^is usually witbout sensible influence on the result. Let 
(it 

a and o = respectively the right ascension and declination of a star, 
;j. and // = the corresponding proper motions, 
n and m = coefficients of precession, 

-7T and —rr = their respective annual variations. 



We shall have: — 
da 
(it 
d^ 
(it 
dfi 
(it 



= m + n sin a tan !i + ii 

= n cos a + ,".' 

— n IX cos a tan o -{■ n p.' sin a sec' o + 2 /i n' tan 5 

I !^ sin 25 

, dm , dn 1 /da \ , /da , \ i. » 

+ ^- + -7 — ( -T- — ,"- ) + n( -r- + ,'i ) cos a tan S 
dt (it n \(it J \dt J 

+ n(-^ + ij'j sin a sec' « + 2 // // tau d. 

(PS , dn 1 rd8 ,\ /da , \ . , 

-r-r = + -; ( — I'' ) — 'M -i- + /-t ) Sin a — i ,a 

dt' ^ dt n\dt J \dt^ J 



dpi 

-!— = — n fi SUl a 

at 






m dn 
n dt 



p.' sin -d 



(Pd 
dP 



n dn /da , p.\ . /d'a , d!i\ ■ /da , \ /da\ „„^ 

= — 2 — ( -;- + — ) sin a — « ( -j-^ + -^ ) sin a — j (-— + //.) ( — ) cos a. 
dt \dt 2/ \dt^ ^ (it J \dt ^ J \(tty 



If a, p. m, and -4^ are expressed in time, and the factor ^^supplied, when necessary, 
dt K 

we have the following tables of logarithmic values for the coefficients, the arguments 

being the year, and quantities depending on tbe place of the star, except for the first 

table, which simply gives the values of ni and n for various epochs: — 



Year. 


ni 


n. 


logJi 


^"="1^ 


1750 
1775 

1800 
1825 
1850 
1875 
1900 


3. 06987 
3. 07035 
3. 07082 
3. 07129 
3.07177 
3. 07225 
3. 07272 


1. 

20.0650 
20. 0629 
20. 0607 
20. 0585 
20. 0564 
20. 0542 
20. 0521 


1. 3024355 
1. :»23928 
1. 3023461 
1. 3022994 
1. 3022527 
1. 3022059 
1. 3021592 


0. 126348 
0. 126302 
0. 126255 
0. 126208 
0.126102 
0. 126115 
0. 126068 



W B- 



-_'V 



418 



UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[12J 






Year. 


Constant. 


Log. coefficients of— 














da 




/'''' , A • 








dt-'' 


( -j- -\- fJ- j cos a tau 6 


{ lu'^' " j^'" " ^^'^ '^ 


fi /i' tan (! 






( — 101 


(-10) 


(-10) 


(-10) 


1750 


+ . 0000 3220 


4. 63357 » 


5. 98801 


4.81192 


4. 9866 


1775 


3220 


4. 63302 m 


5. 98797 


4.81188 




1800 


3220 


4.633G6m 


5. 98792 


4.81183 




1825 


3221 


4.03371 re 


5. 98787 


4.81178 




1850 


3221 


4. G3376 n 


5. 98783 


4.81174 




1875 


3221 


4. 63380 n 


5. 98778 


4.81109 




1900 


+ . 0000 3222 


4. 63385 n 


5. 98773 


4.81164 








Year. 



1750 
1775 

1800 
1825 
1850 
1875 
1900 



Log. coefiScients of- 



/i- sin 2(5 



(-10) 
0. 73673 n 



(hi 



■) 



-10) 
4.63357)1 
4. 03362 n 
4. 63366 ra 
4. 63371 n 
4. 63376 re 
4. 63380 n 
4. 63385 re 



(^h + ;^sina 



-10) 
7. 104105 re 
7. 164059 re 
7. 164012 re 
7. 163965 n 
7. 163918 re 
7. 163872 re 
7. 163825 re 






Year. 


Log. coefficients of — 


/da iz\ . 

(^dr+2-J«'°° 




(^ + '')(S)*=«'^° 


1750 
1775 
1800 
1825 
1850 
1875 
1900 


(-10) 

2. 09871 


(-10) 

7. 10411 re 
7. 1040G re 
7. 10401 re 
7. 16390 re 
7. 16:'.02 re 
7. 10387 re 
7. 16383 re 


(-10) 

3. 02.".77 n 
3. 02.-)73 n 
3. n2.)08 re 
3. 0i-)03 re 
3. 02558 n 
3. 02554 re 
3. 02549 re 



[13] REPORT or THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 419 

With these tables, and with tbe assumed values of a, d, p., and //', — , ^'^'", — , ^I- 

' ' ' ' cit' dt'' at' di-' 

and —3- were computed for tbe epoch 1875 for every star. The values of all these will 

be found in the definitive catalogue (end of this Appendix), except that of _, for 

which the catalogue gives the corrected value. The assumed value of — and - " will 

dt dt 

be found with assumed values of a and <J at the head of the table for each star iu 

" Details of Corrections to Assumed Places." 

Having now assumed declinations and variations in precession for 1875.0, the 

position for any other date, T will be: — 

,5 + ^ (7-1875) + i£!^' (T- 1875)2 + 1^' (r_ 1875)3. 

By this formula the declinations of all the Nautical Almanac stars, with otbers 
most frequently observed, were computed for the dates 1755, 1800, ISIO, 1820, and for 
each succeeding year until 1875. Stars less frequently observed were computed only 
to those dates actually required. The computation iu every part was carefully scrutin- 
ized, and either checked by differences or duplicated. 

For stars within 5° of the pole, and for one or two others at [larticular dates, the 
above proceeding will not answer. These were rigorously reduced by the trigonomet- 
rical formulis to the required dates before and to every five years after 1820 from places 
and proper motions assumed for the epoch 1855. The following formulae, taken from 
Chauvenet's Spherical and Practical Astronomy (vol. i, p. 615), were used: — 

J) = sin (tan S + tan ^ cos A] 

I —J) cos A 

tan i (S' - S) =. tan J (^cos H^; + ^)^ 
^ ^ ^ Vcos 4 (A' — A) I 

in which 

A = a-\-z-\-&, and A' = a' — c' -f {^', 

a and a' being respectively the assumed and required right ascensions, & the planetary 
precession, and z, z', and are found from the formulae : — 

tan ^ [z' + z) = tan J (v' — '/') cos J (=/ + £1) 

^ (£/-£) 

J {z' -z) = j^^ ^^^^, _ ^^_j g,^j ^ ^^^, ^ .^) 
sin J <? = sin 4 (-a' — -/ ) sin ^ (e/ -f £,), 

where the symbols used have the same signification as in the place from which the 
formulae are cited. Reckoning from 1800, we have .? = + 7".581. For the other quan- 
tities I have computed the following table: — 



420 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[14] 



Table giving values ofn',z,z', J (7, log. tan h 0, and log. sin 0, in the formulce for reducing 

star places, from 1855, to other dates. 



Date. 


iJ' 




- 




~ 


+ 


log. tan 1 Q 


log sin 6 




// 




/ 




1 II 




/ ti 


(-10) 


(-10) 


1755 


— 7. 293 


— 


38 31.402 


— 


38 29. 890 


— 


16 42. 994 


7. G866706 n 


7. 9878963 n 


1790 


— 1. 536 


— 


25 05.201 


— 


24 58. 399 


— 


10 51.904 


7.4997603 71 


7. 8007864 n 


1600 


000 


■^ 


21 14.881 


— 


21 on. 507 


— 


9 11.001 


7. 4272008 n 


7. 7282277 n 


1S05 


+ 0.750 


— 


19 19.726 


— 


19 10.C56 


— 


8 21.450 


7. 3858037 n 


7. 6868312 n 


1810 


+ 1.488 


— 


17 24.574 


— 


17 14.748 


— 


7 31.301 


7. 3400421 n 


7. 6410700 n. 


1815 


+ 2. 213 


— 


15 29. 423 


— 


15 18.841 


— 


6 41. 1.52 


7. 2888849 n 


7. 5899133 n 


1820 


+ 2.927 


— . 


13 34.274 


— 


13 22.936 


— 


5 51.005 


7. 2308885 n 


7. 5319172 n 


1825 


+ 3. 629 


— 


11 .39. 131 


— 


11 27.037 


— . 


5 00. 858 


7. 1039373 n 


7. 4649665 n 


1830 


+ 4. 318 


— 


9 43. 989 


— 


9 31. 139 


— 


4 10.713 


7. 0847517 n 


7.3S57811n 


1835 


+ 4. 995 


— 


7 48. 849 


— 


7 35.243 


— 


3 20. 568 


6. 9878370 n 


7. 2888666 n 


1840 


+ 5.661 


— 


5 .53.712 


— 


5 39. 350 


— 


2 30. 424 


6. 8028935 n 


7. 1639233 n 


1845 


+ 6. 314 


— 


3 58. 577 


— 


3 43. 459 


— 


1 40.282 


6. 6867983 n 


6. 9878282 n 


1850 


+ 6.955 


— 


2 03. 448 


— 


1 47.568 


— 


50. 140 


6. 3857631 n 


6. 6867930 u 


1855 
18G0 




















'"'+"a2oi" 


"+ 


'ile.'si'y 


'"+ 


"'i'oi.'ios' 


" + ' 


'6 '50." 139' 


'6.3857.545'" 


""6.'686'7'8'44"" 


1805 


4- 8. 805 


+ 


3 41.937 


+ 


4 00.079 


+ 


1 40. 278 


6. 68(57794 


6. 9S78093 


1870 


+ 9.393 


+ 


5 37. 061 


+ 


5 Ua. 957 


+ 


2 30. 415 


6. 8628659 


7. 1638957 


1875 


+ 9.979 


+ 


7 32. 179 


+ 


7 51. 833 


+ 


3 20. 551 


6. 9877997 


7. 2888293 



SECTION IV. 



SELECTION OF AUTHORITIES. 

Nearly all authorities for declinatiou which were conveniently accessible have 
been selected for use. The scattered observations in astronomical journals, and zone 
observations, with a few others of small weight, have generally been neglected. For 
convenience I have divided them into three clas.ses, for reasons which will subse- 
quently appear. 

Class I. 

Embraces catalogues and series of observations which have been adopted in con- 
strnctioii of the normal .system. The designation of each catalogue is first given, 
the principle of nomenclature being that the letters usually indicate the first and final 
letters in the name of the observatory according to the English spelling, and the fig- 
ures the mean year of observation, roughly estimated. In designating the various 
annual catalogues (as well as compilations) in such series as those of Greenwich and 
Washington, this system is found to be very convenient. 

Kg 21. BessePs observations in 1820 and 1821 with the Reicheubach Circle, pub- 
lished in KiJn. Beoh. Bd. vii. Uollen's discussion has been adopted, however. Tbis is 
found in ^'■Recucil de 2Icmoin:s des Astronomes de V Ohservatoire Central de Eussie,'" vol. 
ii, p. 203 to 232. The seconds of declination are adopted from column headed "B2" in 
tables iii and iv. These differ from Bessel's own reduction [Eon. Beob. Bd. vii) by the 
quantity 

+ "M -f 0".yG sin Z + ".023 tan Z 

which must be applied as a correction to Bessel's declinations. The declinations so 
reduced adopt for the horizontal flexure + 0".5G, which is the mean between that found 
by Bessel in 1820-'21, from reflection observations, and afterward by horizontal colli- 



[15J EEPOr.T OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPEI^DIX H. 421 

inators. Tlie reduction of the observations in tbis manner is found to correspond 
closely witb Bessel's observations of the sun.* 

Gb 22. Olufseu's reduction of Pond's observations at Grecuwicb for the year 1822, 
printed in Ast. Nach. 422. 

Dt 24. Struve's declinations in " Caiahitjvs Prmarins, p. xxxxviii, Introductio,'" 
" Stcllarum Fixarum imprimis BtipUcium et MuUiplicium Positiones Mediw pro Epocha 
1830.0." 

Ao 29. The Abo Catalogue of Argelander, " DLX Sicllarnm Fixarum Positiones 
3ied!w, incunte Anno 1830." 

S. H. 31. Johnston's St. Helena catalogue. "A Catalogue of COG Principal Fixed 
Stars in the Southern Hemisphere, deduced from observations made at the observ- 
atory, St. Helena, from November, 1829, to April, 1833." The epoch of reduction 
is 1830. 

C. C H.33. Henderson's declinations derived from observations made at the Cape 
of Good Hope. The series extends from May IC, 1832, to May 24, 1833, and is reduced 
to the ujean epoch 1833. It is found in Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, 
vol. X, p. 80. 

Ce 34. Airy's observations at Cambridge, England, taken in the years 1833, '34, 
and '35, and printed in the annual volumes of the observatory for those years. 

Eh 37. Henderson's observations made at the Eoyal Observatory in Edinburgh, 
in the years 1834-'39, and printed in the annual volumes for those years. 

Kg 38. Bessel's declinations observed with the Keichenbacli circle in 1836-'40. 
These are reduced by Buscb, and the results are found iu Ast. Sack., 422. 

Gh 39. Greenwich observations, which form the first part of the Greenwich Twelve- 
year Catalogue. They are reduced to the epoch 1840, and embrace the results from 
two mural circles, for the period 1830-1841. 

Ce 40. These are the first observations made under the directorship of Rev. J. E. 
Challis. They extend from the year 1836 to 1844, both inclusive, and are taken from 
the annual catalogues of the Cambridge observatory. 

Eh 43. Henderson's Edinburgh results found in annual catalogues 1841-'44. They 
are reduced by Professor Smyth. 

Kg 43. There are three reductions of this series. I have used that found in Ast. 
Nach., 107G, made by Luther. The observations were made in years 1842-'44, by Bes- 
sel, at the Kouigsberg observatory, with Repsold circle. 

Gh 45. Second part of the Greenwich Twelve-year Catalogue, embracing Green- 
wich observations 1842-1847, reduced to the epoch 1845. 

Pa 45. The catalogue of declinations given for the epoch 1845.0 in the fourth vol- 
ume of " Observations de Poulkova" (p. 50). The observations were made with the ver- 
tical circle by Dr. Peters, in 1842-1849, and the reductions are partly made by him and 
partly by Dr. Gylden. 

Re 45. First " Eadcliffe Catalogue of 0317 Stars chiefly circumpolar, reduced to 
the Epoch 1845 0," Johnson. 

Wn 47. The annual catalogues of the "Washington observatory for the years 1845- 
1848 inclusive. The observations are made with the mural circle, by various observ- 
ers. (The results of the four succeeding years occasionally exhibit enormous discrep- 

* Vide Dolleu's Memoir, p. 221. 



422 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [IG] 

ancifs both among tbemselves and when compared with the approximate places above 
mentioned. No use is made of these four catalogues, 1849-1852.) 

Ce 48. (.'ambridge (Eiig.) annual catalogues, 1845-1851. 

Gh 51. Gieenwicb SIxjear Catalogue, epoch 1850. 

Ps 53. Laugiei's declinations with the Gambey circle at Paris observatory, princi- 
pally made in the years 1852 and 1853, and reduced to the epoch 1852. They are 
taken trom \)p. 72 to 74 of " Memoire snr la Determination des Distances Polaires des 
Etoilcs Fondamcntalcs, par E. Laugier," tome xxvii, 2" partie des Memoires dc F Academic 
des /Sciences. 

So 55. Moesta's declinations with the Pistor and Martin's circle at Santiago iu the 
jears 1853-1855, reduced to the epoch 1855, and printed iu " Observationes Astronomi- 
cas Iiechas en el Ohscrvatorio Nacional dc Santiago, en los alios de 1853, 1854, y 1855, por 
el Dr. Carlos Guillermo Mosta, director del observatoiio." Tomo I. Santiago de Chile 
1859. 

Wu 5f>. This series embraces observations with the Washington mural circle in 
the years 1853-1858. They are reduced and the results jtriuted in Appendix II., \Yash- 
ington observations for 1870. Prof. A. Hall has formed the declinations of the funda- 
mental stars into a single cittalogue, printed in Ast. Nach. 1947. I have taken tha 
declinalijus from the original source. 

Gh 57. The Greenwich Seven-year Catalogue of 2022 Stars reduced to the epoch 
18C0.0. The observations embrace the years 1854-1860 inclusive. 

C. G. U. 58. Observations made witli the Cape circle in the years 1856-'61 by Sir 
Thomas McClear, reduced to the epoch 18C0 by E. J. Stone, astronomer royal at the 
Cape of Good Hope, and printed in "The Cape Catalogue of 1159 Stars," etc.. Cape 
Town, 1873. 

Wn 04. Results of observations with Washington mural circle for the years 18G1- 
18C5, printed in the annual catalogues of the respective years. 

Gh 64. The new Seven year Catalogue of Greenwich, embracing the results of 
observations with the Greenwich transit circle, for the years 1861-1807, both inclusive. 

Ln 07. This series is taken from " Mitikrc Deelinationen von 57 Fundamentalsiernen, 
abgclcitit aus Leidcncr Meridiankreisbcohaehtunyen in den Jahrcn 1864-1868," W. Val- 
entine (Ast. Nach. N. 902 Bd. 80, s. 93); and from "Annalcn dcr Sternwarte in Leiden, 
heraitsgegtben von Dr. F. Kaiser.''^ 

Me 68. "The First Melbourne General Catalogue of 1227 Stars, for the Epoch 
1870. Deduced from Observations extending from 1863 to 1870, made at the Melbourne 
Observatory," etc. li. L. J. Ellery, Melbourne, 1874. 

Wn 68. Results of observations made with the Washington transit circle in the 
years 1866-1869, taken from the annual volumes. 

Re 68. Results of observations made with the Canington circle at the Radcliffo 
observatory in the years 1862-1873. These are taken from the annual catalogues of 
the Radcliffe observatory. They are finally divided into two scries— Re 66, including 
years 1862-1809; Re 72, including j^cars 1870-1873. 

Gh 70. Results of observations made with the Greenwich transit circle and printed 
iu the annual catalogues of the Greenwich observatory, 1808-1872. 

Wn 72. licsults of observations with the \Vashington transit circle 1870-1874, 
printed in annuiil v<ilnmes. The results of 1874 in manuscript were generously placed 
at my disposal by Prof. J. R. Eastman. 



[17] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 423 

Class II. 

This embraces catalogues supposed to be unsuitable for use in founding the normal 
system ; but excludes a few catalogues of small extent, or weight, which are used only 
with stars of class e. Many of these are the results of observations, which in turn 
depend on the places of a standard list of stars; others are independent, but of small 
weight; or their use for other reasons may be regarded as of doubtful propriety. 

Gh 1752 or Gh 1755. '■'■ Fimdamenta Astronomice i^ro Anno MDGCLV. dedueta ex 
Observationibus Viri IncomparabUis James Bradley in Specula Astronomica Grenovicensi 
per Annas 1750-1763 institutis, Auetorc Frederico Wilhelmo Bessel.^' Begiomontl 1818. 
This is in effect the result of two series of observations — the one of northern stars 
(stars north of Greenwich zenith), mean epoch about 1753; the other of southei'n 
stars, mean epoch 1755 or 175G. 

Po ISOO. ^' Precipuarum Stellarum Inerrantinm Positiones Mediae inucnte sceculo 
XIX. Ex observationibus habitis in Specula Panormiiana ah anno 1792 ad annum 
1813," Panormi 1814, by Joseph Piazzi. 

Bh 10. "A Catalogue of Circumpolar Stars, deduced Irom the Observations of Ste- 
phen Groombridge, Esq.", &c., at Blackhcath observatory. Reduced to January 1, 
1810, and edited by Sir G. B. Airy. Loud. 1838. 

Va 29. Professor Littrow's declinations of fundamental stars, from observations 
made at the Vienna observatory in the years 1837-'8-'9. They are reduced to 1830, 
and printed in Mem. Royal Ast. Sec. IV., p. 338. 

Dt30. Siravii's Positiones 3Iedi(c, above cited, Catalogus Generalis. These places 
are quite numerous and appear to be when correctiones ultimre are applied, systemati- 
cally the same as the results of Gatalogus Primarius. The observations from which the 
catalogue is constructed extend over the period 1822-1843, however, and there were 
consequently doubts whether Dt 24 and Dt 30 should be classed together. 

Gh 30. Pond's catalogue of 1113 stais reduced to 1830. These are the results of 
observations made with two mural circles from January 1, 1835, to January 1, 1833. 

C.G. H. 31. Results obtained by Fallows, in 1830 and 1831, at the Cape of Good 
Hope; reduced to 1830, and printed in Mem. R. A. S. vol. XIX. The catalogue con- 
tains but few declinations, and has only been used with a few stars south of — 30°. 

Mh 34. The results of Lamont's observations at Munich in the years 1839-1840. 
Most of the observations were made in 1833 and 1834, and are found in " Obserrationes 
AstromiccB in Specula Begin MonacMensi,'" etc., for those j ears. I have for convenience 
taken all from ^'Antialen der Konigliclten Stermcartc be.i MUnchen,'" Bd. XX., Miiucheii, 
1874; and from the detailed positions, commencing p. 204. 

Ah 41 and Ah 52. Robinson's Armagh catalogue of 5345 stars. Owing to the 
great period o: time embraced in the observations of this catalogue, I have divided 
them into two series— the lirst, for the years 1835-1846; the second, 1847-1854. This 
I have done by a method which will be explained (p. 39). 

So 51. The observations of Captain Gillis made at the observatory of Santiago, 
in Chili, in the years 1850-1852. The catalogue reduced to 1850 is printed in Appen- 
dix I., Washington Astronomical Observations for 18G8. 

Bs 56, Bs 60, Bs 05. These are to be found in -'Annalcs de VObservatoire Boyul de 
Bruxelles^\ tor yours 1S55-1867. The groups are: 1855-1856; 1857-1862; 1863-1867. 

Ps 56 and Ps GO. These are found in "-Annalcs dc VObservatoire Imperial de Paris." 



424 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [IS] 

TI;e first pronp covers tbe years 1854-1857, the second 185S-18C2; and both are the 
results of observations of the Gambey mural circle. 

I*s G-4 and Ps 66. These are in continuation of the series just mentioned, but the 
observations are prineii)ally made with the great meridian circle of Eichens and Secie- 
tan. The groups are 1863-1804, aud 1805-1807. 

Ce 56. This series embraces the annual catalogues in the volumes of the Cam- 
bridge (Eng.) observatory for the years 1852-1800. 

Re 58. " Second I'adclifle Catalogue containing 2380 stars; deduced from observa- 
tions, extending from 1854 to 1801, at the Radclifife observatory, Oxford; and reduced 
to the epoch 1860." 

Me 62. "Astronomical Observations made at the Williamstown Observatory in the 
years ISOl, 1802 and 1803, under the direction of Robert L. J. Ellery," etc. Reduced 
to 1800. Melbourne, 1809. 

Bu 66. Argelander's observations with the transit circle at Bonn observatory. 
These are found partly in AsL N^uch. No. 1719, and partly in JBonn Bcob. Bd. VI. 

Lo 67. ^^ Bcsnltata ans Beohachtungen avf der Leipziger Stcnncarle,'" Dr. Engle- 
mann, 1870; also "Die Beclinationen der bei Gradmessung,^' etc.. Dr. C, Bruhns. 

Class III. 

When an authority is of small weight, and especially when it has few declinations 
iu common with the standard stars of Section VIII, there is danger that the error in 
adopted systematic correction for computing the definitive declinations may work a 
disadvantage, which will more than counterbalance any benefit to be derived from 
supposed additional weight. This objection will be, iu a ujeasure, removed by the 
computation of a large number of definitive places, giving more and better standards 
for comparison. 

\n making up this list a few series of observations have been omitted, either 
because they were not at my disposal, or because it was believed that the labor of 
collating them aud ascertaining the proper redactions and corrections would not be 
repaid by the weight of new material thus acquired. Zone observations for the most 
part are neglected on account of their small weight iu a discussion of this kind. A 
very few of Lalande's and D'Agelet's observations were, however, used in extreme 
cases. 

Ms 35. >' General Catalogue of the Principal Fixed Stars, from Observations 
made at Madras, by T. G. Taylor." Madras, 1845. The declinations are reduced to 
the epoch 1845. 

Ms 50. Astronomical observations made at Madras for the years 1848-1852. Mad- 
ras, 1850. 

Wn 48. Declinations from the prime vertical transit at Washington, principally 
in the years 1847 and 1848. 

Eh 58, Eh 03, and Eh 07. Edinburgh astronomical observations. The groups are 
respectively 1854-1800; 1801-1864; and 1805-1800. The declinations are taken from 
the annual catalogues. 

Pa 02. " ObservatlonH faifcs a VListrument des Passages etabli dans le premier Verti- 
cal,^' volume iii, " Observations de Foiilkoca,'" pp. 224 to 237. The declinations are 
determined by Mr. F. A. Otim. 



[19] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 425 

Wu 70. Declinations by Prof. M. Yarnall with the mural circle of tbe Washington 
observatory, lSGG-1873, taken from the detailed results in annual volumes of Wash- 
ington Astronomical Observations. 

Pa 71. In the ninth volume of " Vierteljahrsschrift dcr Astronomischeu Gesellschaft 
(pp. 83 to 88), is giveu a catalogue of the ''■ Zusatzsterne" from observations of the 
Poulkova observatory. The declinations are undoubtedly of a high order of accuracy; 
but feeling some uncertainty about the proper manner of deducing systematic correc- 
tion from them, I have placed them in Class III. ; and in consequence use but one of 
the declinations for definitive purposes. 

SECTION V. 

EXPLANATION OF PEELIMINAEY COKEECTIONS AND COMPILATION OF RESULTS. 

Before proceeding to actual discussion of normal declinations, it will be necessary 
to examine each catalogue for tbe purpose of applying such corrections as shall appear 
advisable from inspection. These corrections may be regarded as of three classes : 

First. Those required on account of the reduction of tbe observations from appar- 
ent place to the true epoch of the catalogue. These are principally for nutation and 
proper motion actually employed. In a few cases small corrections have been applied 
to reduce from epoch "Jan. 1" (Greenwich), or = 281° to the fictitious epoch O = 
280°; and rarely, a correction for precession which is always practically insignificant. 

Modern researches appear to show that no considerable correction to Peters's 
nutation is needed; and that value is now universally used. This value for 1800 is 
{Numerus Constans Nutationis \). 37) : 

9".223 cos Q, sin a - 6".SC5 sin Q cos a. 

Among other'Yalues of nutation that have been used in reducing observations are 

these : — 

Value employed by Bessel in Fund. Ast 9".G48 

Bradley's (original value) 9".00 

Maskelyne's 9".55 

Groombridge's 9".G3 

Lindenau's • 8".977 

Baily's (A. S. C. and B. A. C.) 9".25. 

The individual corrections applied to each catalogue are for the principal terms, 
and are of the form 

5} sin a + r/ cos a, 

which appears to require no explanation. 

In most cases requiring it the correction for proper motion has been applied. If 
t denotes the epoch of reduction of the catalogue and t' the mean eiJoch of the obser- 
vations of a particular star in the same, /x', the assumed proper motion (Section III.), 
and n" the proper motion which was applied in the reductions of the catalogue, we 
shall have corrections for proper motion, where {t — (') is expressed in years : — 

(/.' - /.") {t - i'). 

Where the correction is practically insignificant, where the epoch of observation 



426 UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [20] 

is not conveniently ascertained, where reductions are inaccurate, or not carried beyond 
first decimal place of seconds, and, especially, in a few of the cases where proper 
motions have been determined by comparison with Bradley, this correction is com- 
monly neglected. 

The correction, for epoch, i.e., from sun's longitude 281° or from "Jan. 1" to O = 
280°, is applied to most of the English catalogues whose epoch is previous to 1857, and 
to Wn 47. 

The correction for precession is generally insignificant, and is often included in 
the form. An. Var. assumed — An. Var. of Catalogue. In case of catalogues which 
had been reduced by help of the Astronomical Society's Catalogue (Baily 1830) it was 
convenient to include a correction for precession with that for epoch and nutatiou. 

Scco)i(l. In many catalogues, corrections which have been derived by special exami- 
nation of the instrument, or discussions of the observations, are indicated in the intro- 
ductions, but not applied to the results. Similar corrections sometimes occur through 
the neglect of certain precautioUvS, and which, discovered too late for correction of the 
printed results, are in the nature of errata, to be applied by the reader. Gorrcctioncs 
Ultimcv, in Struve's Pos. Med., are of the former class ; certain corrections in the intro- 
ductions to the two Radcliffe catalogues are of the latter class. Finally, under this head 
come errata wherever found. 

Third. In a limited number of cases it has been thought advisable to examine cer- 
tain series of annual catalogues in order to reduce the discordances iu the results of 
separate years, and, if possible, to ascertain corrections which seem to be required by 
preliminary inspection. This is analogous to the work already done by the authors in 
many cases, where catalogues have been formed from those of several separate years. 

Under the designation of each catalogue will be enumerated all the corrections 
above specified which have actually been applied iu this discussion. Some of the 
peculiarities in methods of observation or reduction which appear to invite special 
attention will be noticed in the same connection. The reasons for grou])ing, and the 
methods of combining the results of partial catalogues, will be es])laiued. 

The corrected catalogue declinations are then compared with the assumed declina- 
tions of this i)aper (Sections II. and III.), and the residuals, in the sense Observed- 
Assumed Declinations are exhibited in column " C," in "Details of Corrections to 
Assumed Declinations". To facilitate comparisons of separate years iu the case of 
compilation, the subtraction, Observed— Assumed Declination is made at the out- 
set, by which means the various catalogues are effectively referred to a common mean 
eroch, with the assumed annual variations (Section II.)- These residuals are then com- 
bined with or without correction, as the case may require. 

Gh 17.3L'-17r)r). The coeflicient of nutation adopted by Bessel in the reductions 
is 9".G4S. Taking the mean epoch of observation for northern stars to be 1752, and 
for southern 1755, the corrections to the declinations will be: — 

N'orthern stars — ".34 sin (« — 53o.9) 
Southern stars — ".425 sin (« — 2^.1} 

Before discussing the systematic correction, the corrections applied by Bessel to 
Bradley's declinations between the parallels -f 14^ and — 14° are subtracted from the 
(catalogue places. No attempt was made to ascertain proper motion corrections on 



[31] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRON^OMER, APPENDIX H. 427 

account of the difficulty of linding the mean epochs of observatiou, aud also from the 
fact that Bessel has applied the correction, approximately, by comparison with Po ISOO. 

Ill Dr. Druhnu'' reduction of Gradmessimg stars is found a list of declinations 
which have been computed by Dr. Auwers from the observations of Bradley. But these 
are not definitive, nor are they at this stage of their redaction independeut, because 
Bessel's (Konigsberg) refractions have been employed. It will be seen that the weight 
of testimony is iu favor of refractions, on the average, at least as small as those which 
Bessei deduced from Bradley's observations. Professor Newcomb kindly placed at my 
disposal similar results for a limited list of stars which he was reducing. But both the 
lists combined embrace less than half the stars required iu this discussion, so that the 
old results were used. 

Po 1800. I have applied correction to this catalogue only for proper motion in a few 
cases where the latter is large. The effect of the nutation correction is included iu the 
A. R. term of the declination correction subsequently ascertained. 

Bh 10. The mean epochs of observatiou are secured from the first Radclifife cata- 
logue, and the proper motion correction applied in every case. As the catalogue was 
not included in Glass I., the application of nutation correction was not made, but it is 
included in the A. R. term subsequently found. 

In the use of this catalogue I have encountered a diiBculty which introduces some 
uncertainty in the results. For many of the stars most frequently observed two results 
for declination are given in the catalogue. In the introduction this is explained by say- 
ing that the first of the two results was originally reduced to 1807, and the second to 
1812. I have assumed that the observations are distinct, and that thee[ioch given for 
these stars iu Re 45 is the epoch of the first set. In all these cases the mean of the 
two results has been takeu, without correction for proper motion, as the mean epoch is 
probably veiy near 1810. 

The history of the reductions, for reasons partly unavoidable, is an unfortunate oue, 
aud this is the more to be regretted, for the editor says (p. ix, Int.), "There can be no 
doubt, I conceive, that this instrument at the time of its erection, and for several years 
afterward, was the finest in the world." It a[)pears to have been well handled, and was 
reversed ten times at least during the active period of the observations making up this 
catalogue. The materials were probably suited to the formation of an independent cat- 
alogue, which would have been no mean coutribution to the solution of the problem of 
absolute declinations. 

Kg 21. To the results as given by Dijllen has been applied the correction — ".24 
sin (a + 7°.5), due to the use of Lindenau's nutation. 

Gh 22. The correction — ".22 sin {a + 320.1) is applied for nutation. 

Dt 24. No correction is applied to this catalogue. 

Ao 29. Correction for Lindenau's nutation + ".24 sin (« — 9o.3), is adopted. 

Va 29. The same nutation correction as for Ao 29 is used. 

The observations are reduced with Bessel's Kouigsberg refractions, but no details 
are given whereby an independent judgment may be formed of the character and accu- 
racy of the declinations. 

Dt 30. To all the results have been applied " Corrcctiones UUimw" {Pos. Med., pp. 
351 to 371), which is considered as bringing them systematically in accordance with 
those of Dt 24. It may be doubted whether this is completely accomplished for the 



428 



Uis'ITED STATES NOETHEEX BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[22] 



entire series, aud so this catalogue has not been used in formatiou of Normal System. 
Wherever the proper motions have not beeu ascertained b,v comparison with Fund. 
Ast. this correction has beeu applied, using for the purpose the mean date of observa- 
tion, always supplied in such cases in the Catalogus Geiieralis. 

S. H. 31. The observations were reduced with Young's refractions. This table is 
given in the introduction, p. 22, for "adapting the St. Helena declinations to Bessel's 
refractions." 



<! 


Corroctiou. 


,i 


CorrectioD. 


O 


,; 


o 


// 


— 85 


0.0 


+ 5 


+ 1.4 


— 75 


+ .4 


+ 15 


+ 1.5 


— 65 


+ .0 


+ 25 


+ l.C 


— C5 


+ •« 


+ 35 


+ 1.8 


— 45 


+ .'.» 


+ 45 


+ 2.0 


~ 35 


+ 1.0 


+ 50 


+ 2.2 


— 25 


+ l.l 


+ 55 


+ 2.4 


— 15 


+ i.a 


+ eo 


+ 2.6 


— 5 


+ 1.;! 


+ 65 


+ 2.2 


+ S 


+ 1.4 


■ 





These corrections are applied at the outset to all the declinations. The position 
of the observatory (0 = — 15o 55') does not admit of a determination of the refraction 
by observations of circumpolar stars. A considerable number of catalogues of northern 
observatories, which are based upon Bessel's refractions, have beeu admitted into Class 
I. (see p. 14), and it is likely that errors arising from that course will be counteracted to 
some extent by the adoi)tiou of the same refractions for the ob.servatious of the southern 
Lemisi)here. The results are reduced to the nearest teuth of seconds, and when these 
are corrected for refraction the declinations may be in error, from neglect of hundredths, 
nearly a tenth of a second. I have, therefore, neglected the small nutation correc- 
tion, and, except iu a few extreme cases, that for proper motion. The effect of nutation 
correction is, however, included in the A. E. term found in the discussion of systematic 
correction. 

Gh 30. The employment of Bradley's refractions, the variety of practice iu reduc- 
tion of declinations from apparent to meau place, and the difQculty in searching out 
the meau epoch of observatiou for each star, have led me to neglect all corrections aud 
to use the catalogue places unchanged. Dr. Auwcr.s* has briefly and conclusively showu 
that a new reduction of this beautiful series of observations is desirable. 

0. G. H. 31. The nutation correction is + ".23 sin {a + 20O.3). The observations 
are reduced with the latitude subsequently found by Heuder.son. The results are few 
and of small weight, but their important bearing on the declinations of Stars in the 
southern hemisphere has led to their use. 

C. G. H. S3. The constant of nutation used iu this series is that of the A. S. C, 
9".25. The observations were reduced to 1833, © = 281°. The total correction for both 
causes is — ".07 sin (a + 810.5). The observations are very carefully reduced and 
discussed; and, as far as po.ssible, with a nonreversible instrument, the methods of 
Bessel (Ron. Beob. Bd. vii, and Ant. Xach. 73) were Ibllowed by Ileuderson. Strictly 
• Publicatious of tha Astronomiechv Gcecllsc-haft (II.). Dr. Auwevs's paper on tbo proper motion of Sirius. 



[23] 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



429 



speaking, however, tbi.s series does not give independent determinations; for the correc- 
tions for flexure from reflection observations, and for refraction from observations of 
circumpolar stars, arc rejected on the authorily of comparisons made with the results 
obtained by Bessel, Stiuve, and Airy, at northern observatories. A defect in the 
instrument by which the readings of separate microscopes are made to differ very 
greatly, is exhaustively discussed by Sir George B. Airy and others (vol. viii,Mem. R. 
A. S., etc.), and assurance is given that the mean of six microscopes is free from seri- 
ous error. This appears to be confirmed by the small probable error rt ".23 for mean 
of an infinite number of observations found by Henderson. The precision of the indi- 
vidual observations, all made by Henderson in person, has seldom been excelled in 
work of this kind. 

Mb 34. The nutation correction is + ".18 sin (a + 82°). The declinations as given 
in vol. XX, Munich Obs., are combined into single results according to the number of 
observations in each year from 1829 to 1840. lu deducing systematic corrections, the 
numbers in column "B — L"iQ the tables preceding the observations for 1833 and 
1834 (in Obs. Astr. in Spec. Reg. Mon.) are used. These are corrections to Bessel's 
declinations (Tab. Beg.) given by Lament's observations of fundamental stars; but 
I have not used them in discussing the places of the fundamental stars. 



CAMBEIDGE ANNUAL CATALOGUES. 

Ce 34. The annual catalogues at Cambridge for many years were constructed by 
the aid of the proper motions and constants of the Ast. Soc. Catalogue (Baily 1830), 
with the day numbers of Nautical Almanac. By use of Nautical Almanacs previous 
to 1857, stars are reduced with nutation 9".25, to "Jan. 1," instead of = 280°. Both 
corrections, with the small correction for precession of A. S. C, can be combined in 
one formula. The following list of corrections will serve for this and other series 
shortly to be mentioned. 



Year. 


Correction for nntation, 
epoch, and precession. 


Year. 


Correction for nntation, 
epoch, and precession. 


1633 
1834 
1835 
1836 
1837 
1838 
1839 
1840 


// o 

4- . 08 sin (a + 265) 
4- .07 sin (a + 272) 
4- .06 sin (n 4- a'6) 
+ .04 sin (a + 293) 
4- . 08 sin (a 4- 287 ) 
4-. 06 sin (a 4- 294) 
4- . 04 sin (a 4- 305) 
4- . 03 sin (a 4- 322) 


1841 
1842 
1843 
1844 
1845 
1846 
1847 


;/ 

4- . 05 sin (a 4- 288) 
-1- .04 sin (a 4- 284) 
4- .02 sin (a 4- 270) 
+ .01 sin (a 4- 227) 
-L .05 sin (rt 4- 254) 
+ .05 sin (n 4- 245) 
+ .05 sin (a + 237) 



These corrections are entirely unimportant, and the neglect of them would have 
produced no serious consequences. The correction for proper motion is, however, 
often considerable. But few proper motions are given in A. S. C, and some of these 
few are very far from the truth. The approximate mean epochs of observation f r all 
stars for which the latter correction is more than ".02 or ".03 were examined and the 
corrections carefully applied. The barometer used in 1833-1835 gave readings .1 in. 
too small. This error was disregarded in 1833 and 1834. 



Among the errata in the 



430 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[24J 



volume for 1835 a table is given, wbicli serves to correct uorfL polar distances to tlie 
values they would have had if the barometer had given the correct readings. The 
table with changed signs, to make it applicable to declinations, is here given: — 



J 


Correctiou. 


(i 


Correctiou. 


6 


Correction. 


o 


„ 


c 


/' 


o 


II 


50 S. P. 


— .73 


+ 80 


— .05 


+ 30 


— .23 


eo s. p. 


— .;w 


70 


— .09 


+ 20 


— .27 


70 S.P. 


— .16 


CO 


— . 13 


+ 10 


— .33 


80 S.P. 


— .oa 


50 


— . Hi 


— 00 


— .40 


+ 90 


00 


+ 40 


— . 19 


— 10 

— 20 

— 30 


— .52 

— .75 

— 1.50 



These corrections were applied to all declinations of 1833 and 1834. 

The peculiar feature of the entire Cambridge series is the frequency of reflection 
ob.scrvations. Within the limits of zenith distance where they are practicable, their 
number is generally equal to those taken directly, the practice being to observe both 
at the same transit. The discordance, which is large, is divided equally between the 
two classes of observations. The position of the telescope was frequently changed 
on the circle — two or three times each year in the first three years, afterward at the 
beginning of each year with considerable regularity until 1852, and less frequently 
after that. 

At this ob.servatory the experiment was tried of measuring flexure in different 
zenith distances with the help of movable collimators. An abstract of the results is 
printed in Gould's Astronomical Journal, vol. v, p. 28. The correction for flexure 
determined in this way is much smaller than one-half the discordance between direct 
and reflected observations, and its form bears little rei^emblance to the latter. There 
can be little doubt that a portion of the discordance is due to the unequally heated air 
of the observing-room ; a consideration which serves to modify the weight which this 
series might otherwise have had in forming the normal system. 

In the annual catalogues the results for declination are given separately for direct, 
reflected, above and below pole. In combining, I have given equal weight to the two 
classes of observations, direct and reflected, and have ;,used no observations of stars 
beyond 70° zenith distance below the pole. To €0° zenith distance equal weights are 
assigned ; provided in each case eight or more observations were given. In the few 
cases where the number of observations is smaller and quite unequal, weights nearly 
in proportion to the square root of the number of observations are given. At 05° 
zenith distance determinations below the pole receive weight % and at 70°, g. This 
practice is adhered to throughout the series. 

For the years 1833, '34, '35, in order to avoid errors which would arise from s\,s- 
tematic differences, the results of separate years are combined with equal weights, 
unless the discrepancy in the number of observations was great and the smaller num- 
ber less than 5, when arbitrary weights are assigned. 

These observations have been combined in a single catalogue* by Sir George B. 

* "A catalogue of 726 stars, deducetl from the observations made at the Cambridge observatory, 
from 1828 to 1835; reduced to ' Jau. 1,' 1830, by Geo. Biddell Airy," etc. 



[25] 



REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



431 



Airy, iii Mem. E. A. S., vol. ii. The proper motions of A. S. C. were nsed by him, and 
the determinations of different years combined with weights proportioned to the number 
of observations. The possible error from these sources may be considerable; and the 
labor of constructing anew the particular places desired, though much greater than 
would have arisen from the correction of the catalogue for proper motion, is probably 
worth the while. 

Ce 40. The corrections for nutation, epoch, and precession are given above under 
Ce 34. No proper motions were used in reduction except those of the Nautical Alma- 
nac, lu volume for 1838 a new co-latitude is given derived from observations of 
1837 and 1838. The correction to that used in previous years is + ".09; therefore to 
the declinations above pole of 183G and 1837 the constant correction — ".09 has been 
added, after which no correction is required. In order to form a judgment as to the 
individual accuracy of the declinations, the probable error is computed from a few 
of the stars most frequently observed within 40° zenith distance. 

In 1837 284 residuals (dir.) gave ± ".59 

283 residuals (ref.) gave ± ".GO 
In 1840-'43 511 (dir.) :t ".52 



509 (ret.) 



.{>£) 



The mean ± .56 is considered as the probable error of a single pointing. A com- 
parison of observations made in different years gives for the minimum error of a single 
position ± .20. The minimum for a single year for stars observed, both directly and 
by reflection, would be ± .14. These results are apparently too small. The argument 
for using the accompanying table of weights is one-half the total number of observa- 
tions in any one year; and it supposes that the probable error of any star, circumpo- 
lars excepted, cannot be less than i .14. It can only be considered a rough approx- 
imation to the true weights. 



Wt. 


Number of obser- 
vations. 


Wt. 


Number of obser- 
vations. 


Wt. 


Number of obser- 
vations. 


1 

2 
3 
4 
5 


1 

2 

3 and 4 

5 

6 and 7 


6 
7 
8 
9 
10 


8 and 9 
10 to 12 
13 to 15 
16 to 20 
21 to 25 


11 
12 
13 
14 


26 to 34 

35 to 44 

45 to 61 

03, or more. 



The probable error of the unit is thus supposed to be about ± .45, iu the average 
of cases. With these weights, the residuals formed by subtracting the assumed dec- 
lination from the corrected value for each year, are formed into a single correction to 
assumed place. 

The numeroias errata in these and subsequent years are carefully applied. 

Ce 48. In 1844 a few nadir observations had been taken lor practice; and the 
method was adopted for obtaining zenith points iu 1845 and subsequent years. It 
was, however, controlled by the results of direct and reflected observations. In 1840 
began the use of the a', b', c', and d' of the B. A. C. In other respects the observa- 
tions are not different from those of previous years. The long period of time, how- 
ever, rendered these somewhat arbitrary divisions necessary. 



432 



UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[2GJ 



These corrections for uutation, etc., arc applied iu respective years: — 



1845 + ".05 siu {a + 2540) 

1S4G + ".05 sin (a + 245°) 

1847 + ".05 siu (a + 237°) 

1848 + ".03 sin (a + 214°) 



1849 + ".07 siu (a + 251°) 

1850 + ".OG sin (a + 2530) 

1851 + ".05 sin (a + 25GO) 



Inspection of tlie observations of circumpolar stars indicate that a considerable 
correction for latitude is needed. Observations of a and d Ursse Minoris are aloue 
available for ascertaining this correction. The table of weights given under Ce 40 is 
used, and reflected as well as direct observations iuclnded. Following is the sum- 
mary : — 





Corrections to as- 
sumed latitudo. 


Weight. 




Corrections to as- 
sumed latitudo. 


Weight. 


1845 
1846 
ld47 
1848 
1849 
1850 


— .26 

— .32 

— .30 

— .76 

— .94 

— .73 


5 

8 

11 

4 

1 
G 


1851 

(Dir.)... 
(Ref.)... 

Me.in . . 


— .32 

— .52 

— .34 


6 

21 
20 


— . 43 ±. 04 



Probable error of unit of weight ± ".5G. 

The correction — ".43 is applied to all the declinations of this group. This steady 
diraiiiution in values of latitude obtained since 1833 with the same instrument, used 
substantially in the same method, is suggestive of an actual change in that element 
when it is taken in connection with the apparent existence of the like phenomenon at 
Greenwich, Washington, Poulkova, and elsewhere.* 

Ce 5G. During this period there is a marked falling off' both in the number and 
character of the observations. These corrections for nutation and epoch have been 
employed : — 

1853 + ".04 sin (a + 205°) 

1853 + ".08 sin (a + 274°) 

1854 + ".OG sin (a + 2S20) 

1855 + ".05 sin (a + 294°) 

1856 + ".04 sin (« + 3130) 

As in preceding years, only the proper motions of the Nautical Almanac were used 
in the annual catalogues. The position of the telescope on the circle was changed at 
irregular intervals, but the same relative weights and system of combining, as in Ce 
40 and Ce 48, are here employed. As this series is not used in forming the Normal 
System, no correction for error of assumed latitude is applied, nor do the observations 
themselves afford adequatb means for deducing such a correction independently. The 
erratum to reflected observations of 1854 is important. 

Ms 35. The results from this catalogue are used without charge. The proper 

* " Die Polhohe von Pulliowa. Von Dr. Magnus Nyr<Sn." St. Petersburg, 1873. See also pp. 36 
and 60 of this paper. 



[27] EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 433 

motion correction is often large, but it is not always easy to flutl out whether it ought 
to be apjiliecl, and the mean date of observation will often be very inexact. The weight 
of these observations is so small that I have not thought it worth wliile to coustrnct 
places anew from the special catalogues by the help of division corrections on pp. ccsix 
and ccxs, vol. v. 

Ms 50. The declinations require the full amount of the correction for proper 
motion, but this is usually small, owing to the small difl'erenco betweeu epoch of 
observation and that of reduction. 

EDINBUEGII ANNUAL CATALOGUES. 

Eh 37. The methods of reduction to apparent place are, with few exceptions, those 
employed at Cambridge iu the corresponding years, so that the same corrections have 
been applied. The position of the telescope on the circle was moved at tbr, beginning 
of 1839, and yearly, afterward, during the directorship of Henderson. Strictly speak- 
ing, oidy the observations of 1834-5, in volume I., are independent, and the succeeding 
catalogues as reduced by Henderson depend upon this first one. Ivorj 's refractions are 
employed thronghout the catalogues composing Eh 37, so that iu this respect the scries 
is not independent. The discordance in 1834-'35, between direct and reflected obser- 
vations, is quite large, and the latter are rejected by Henderson in making up the decli- 
nations. The corrections derived from sun observations in the diflereiit years are in 
the mean small, and furnish tolerable assurance that the declinations will be found 
quite free from systematic error. All determiuations of the same star, uj) to 1839, 
I have combined with weights proportional to the number of observations. This result 
is then combined with that for 1839, on the supposition that the minimum error in 
each case is equal, and one-half the error of a single pointing. This was an over- 
sight, for previous to 1837, in most observations, six microscopes were used ; after that 
only two, so that for the first series the minimum error might have been taken about 
one-fourth the error of pointing. However, no serious error has arisen from this cause. 

Henderson estimates (1839) the probable error of pointing at ± .5, and probable 
division error, when mean of two microscopes is taken, ± .3. For the former quantity 
I have found, from a rough trial, rt ".C. It will be seen in the latitude discussion of 
Eh 43 that, if error of pointing is assumed to be twice the minimum error, we have for 
the former ± ".59, and for the latter ± ".29, in close agreement with above estimates. 
It is difficult to believe that the minimum error, under the circumstances, can be so 
small, and doubtless a more rigorous determination of probable error of pointing would 
show that to be slightly smaller, and the minimum error would then result in a larger 
quantity. 

The catalogue for 1840 cannot properly be classed either with those preceding or 
following it, and no use is made of its declinations. 

Eh 43. The observations of this series were reduced by Professor Smyth. During 
the entire period the zenith points were derived from nadir observations, a practice 
begun iu 1841. The observations iu 1841-'2-'3 were reduced with Bessel's refractions, 
and the help of Nautical Almanac and A. S. C. In 1844 the Nautical Almanac was 
used with the constants and proper motions of British Association Catalogue. The 
correctious to first three years for nut., etc., are taken from the corresponding formulae 
for Cambridge. For 1844 the correction is insignificant. 

N B 28 



434 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[28] 



In retliicing from the mean of two microscopes to the mean of six, Professor Smyth 
continued to nse the results of the investigation made by Ilenderson (vol. I., p. vii, et 
seq.). As the telescope was clamped to a difierent part of the circle in each year, it is 
evident that any considerable error in the formuloe of correction would show itself in 
the difference between the declinations of the same star in different years, and also in 
the latitudes deduced from observations of circumpolar stars. Fortunately, in each of 
the years there are a considerable number of the latter well suited to the exarainatiou 
of this question. In Ant. Nach. Bd. G5, s. 195, by Dr. Auwers, and in Bonn. Bcob. 
Bd. VII., Theil II., s. 251, by Dr. Argelander, we Lave the results of such an examin- 
ation. They are exhibited in the following table: — 



Yea I'. 


Correction to assumed latitude given 
by observations of each year. 


Auwers. 


Argelander. 


1841 
1842 
184:! 
1844 


— .20 

— .95 
+ 1.44 

— .17 


— .20 

— .00 
+ 1.44 

— .15 



Both Auwers and Argelander use these as constant corrections to the declinations 
of respective years. The latter says, " Wie diese grossen Vershiedenheiten zu erklaren 
sind, weiss ich nicht zu deuteu. Theilungsfehler an dcm Orte des Sterns kounen es 
nnmiJglicb sein.; dagegen .streitet die nahe Uebereiustimmung bei alien vershiedenen 
Stcrncn, und besonders audi der Umstaud, dass die Untershiede auch bei dem Polar- 
sterue sich zeigen, bei deni die Piincte des Kreises (iir die OC. und UC. nur 3° ausein- 
ander liegen. Man erbiilt aber 1842 ans resp. 70 und 04 Beobachtungen UC. — OC. 
— 2".5, im Jahre 1843 aus 48 nud 42 Beobachtungen + 3".l. Man muss also den Feh- 
ler wohl in der Bestimmung des Nadirpunctes sucben, aber auch hier kann man ihn 
durch Theilungsfehler allein scbwerlich erklaren. Es hies.so dies voraussetzen, dass 
bei einem Ofussigen Kreisc von Troughtou und Simms der Theilungsfehler des Krei-ses 
an zwei Puucten desselben um 2".4 verschieden ware, was wohl Niemand, der die aus- 
gezeichneteu Leistungeu dieser Kiiustlcr kennt, liir moglich halten wird * * * * 
so kann man die grossen Unterschiede uur dem ungliicklichen Zusammentrefl'en meh- 
rcrer Ursachen zuschreiben." 

An exarainatiou of the declinations near the equator shows that to apply these 
constant differences will, lor this region, in some cases, produce greater systematic dis- 
cordance than existed before. In view of all the arguments so strongly put by Arge- 
lander, there appeared to bo but one available hypothesis by the adoption of which the 
diflQculty could be satisfactorily solved. The reduction for division error actually used 
is supposed to bo inapplicable, and an attempt is made to deduce a new one from a 
comparison of the observations of the same stars in different years. Granting the cor- 
rectness of the reduction from two microscopes to six, as found by Henderson (vol. i), 
we may easily conceive such changes to have taken place in the instrument that these, 
combined with small errors in zenithal divisions and the possible error of the mean 



[29] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 435 

reading of six microscopes, may bave caused tbe discrepancies actually found. The 
arrangement of the observations is tolerably favorable to this undertaking. The circle 
readings increase from the pole toward the equator, and for the zenith were: — 



1841 


69° 58' 


1842 


34° 08' 


1843 


790 05' 


1844 


1390 05' 



The effect of the corrections actually applied to nadirs and zenith distances of 
stars is first subtracted from the declinations. For that purpose the table of division 
corrections in the introduction to each volume is used. We now have the declina- 
tions as they would have resulted had no correction for division been applied. It is 
possible that an important part of the discrepancies may have been caused by flex- 
ure of the circle, but not likely. If such is the case, it cannot well be determined 
from the data furnished by the observations. It is therefore assumed that the diffi- 
culty is due to division error. The mean of two microscopes may be affected by errors 
requiring corrections of the form: — 

X sin 2 E + *•' cos 2 i^ + x" sin 4 E -f x'" cos 4 i2 + &c. 

The coefficients x and a/, only, have been determined ; which is perhaps to be regretted. 
The effect of accidental errors of the nadir divisions has also been included. The fol- 
lowing notation is adopted: — 

5 = Declination as printed in annual catalogues, but referred to 1843, and 

corrected by the requisite amounts for nutation and proper motion. 

iB = Circle reading for a given declination. 

R' = Nadir reading for the same. 

li and k' = Division corrections actually applied to B and R'. 

X and x' = Coefficients of division correctiou as explained above. 

Vi, I'j, ^3, Vf, — Correction to nadir divisions respectively of 1841, 1842, 1843, and 1844, 
for accidental error, or deviation from the law expressed by xsin 2 R 
+ a/ cos 2 R. 

A ip — Correction to assumed latitude, <p. 

The application of any of the above quantities is restricted to a given year by the 
use of subscript figures, 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively for 1841, 1842, 1843, and 1844. The 
declinations are referred to the common epoch 1843.0 by means of the reduction of 
assumed places (Section III). The corrected declination will then be: — 

(1) R' + A' -f 180° ■\- if-R-Ti-^ X (sin 2R' - sin 2 i?) -f .^;'(C08 2R> — cos2 E) 

+ r + zi <p 
We shall then have: — 

(2) = (oi - 7^'i + A:,) — (^2 - fc'2 + fcz) + X (sin 2 R\ - sin 2 R'^) 
-f ic' (cos 2 i?', - cos 2 R\) -f ri - t'2 -f a; (sin 2R^- sin 2 Ry) 

+ x' (cos 2 i^2 — cos 2 Ry). 

The comparison for any other years may be derived from this by the substitution 
of the required figures in subscript. For convenience, the comparison was confined to 
stars of the provisional catalogue and to those north of 10° south declination. 



436 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. f30| 

It is evident that Vi, V2, V3, and ^4, cannot be absolutely determined with the data 
proposed. It will be necessary to assume : — 

vi + ?'2 + ^'3 + i'4 = ; 

and to express tu in terms of the other three quantities. This will not affect the decli- 
nations ; but will produce an error in the latitude of one-fourth the sum of the quan- 
tities in question. 

Every combination of diiferences that could be made was used. Thus, a declina- 
tion observed in three years iurnished three differences; and four years, six. There 
were very few of the latter. The weights are assigned on the supposition that a dec- 
lination is subject to a constant probable error which is equal to one-half the error of 
pointing. 

Where a star has been observed iu three years there are but two independent com- 
parisons; and for four determinations we have three independent comparisons. In 
the former case, each of the three equations received two-thirds the weight it otherwise 
would have had, and in the latter, each of the six one-half. The unit of weight is 
that due to five observations in each of two years where there is but one comparison 
for a given star. It was found that the computation could be much simplified, without 
appreciable error, by assuming the simple scale of weights, 1.0, .G, and .3. 

The cocfQcients were computed to the nearest tenth only ; but the equations were 
not grouped in the solution. There were in all 307 equations of the total weight 188. 
Every part of the work was either rigorously checked or duplicated. The resulting 
normal equations are these : — 



+ 


257.4 r, 


+ 90.5 r., + 74.9 V3 


+ 152.2 X 


- 10.7 X' 


+ 107.2 


= 


+ 


90.5 ■*', 


+ 23C.4 n, + 103.5 v-, 


+ 134.3 X 


+ G2.5a.' 


+ 138.2 


= 


+ 


74.9 (', 


+ 103.5 v., + 187.0 ?•;, 


-f 81.4 a; 


- 57.7 a' 


+ 36.5 


= 


+ 


152.2 r, 


+ 134.3 V. + 81.4 r-i 


+ 257.1 X 


+ 4G.2a' 


+ 205.G 


= 


'he 


10.7 Vi 
solution 


+ G2.5 V2 - 57.7 V3 
gives, with ^'4 = — I'l — 


+ 40.2 X 

1'2 — ■I'S 


+ 2G0.2 a' 
Henderson 


+ 224.4 


= 






Vi = - ".11 X 


= - "Mi 


( - ".100 


) 








r. = - ".21 x' 


= - ".598 


( - ".388 


) 








V, = + ".40 














n = - ".14 











The differences are well represented, the error seldom rising as high as ".3 in the 
mean of a zone 10° wide. The probable error cannot be estimated from the residuals. 
If taken from tliem, it would be much too small. Assuming the in-obable error found 
from latitude discussion, that of the unit of weight would be ± ".56 ; and the probable 
errors of a; and x' would be ± ".04 each; and of t'j, r., etc., i ".00 each. But in refer- 
ence to the latter, it must be borne in mind that this probable error is that of the rela- 
tive values, and that their common probable error can be taken roughly at ± ".15; so 
that the actual probable error of the quantities in the absolute sense is about i ".IG. 

Thus the values of the zenithal division errors are reduced to quantities of not 
improbable magnitude. The diftiirence between the coeEBcients of x and a/ as here 
determined, and as determined by Uenderson, is important. 



[31] 



EEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 437 



The farther correction J 9; is required before the decliuations cau be regarded as 
definitive. The discussion of zJ ^ for the different years will also afford a good test of 
the corrections already deduced. 

The systematic corrections of the zenithal divisions are respectively — ".19, — ".80, 
+ ','.39 and + ".50 for 1841-2-3 and 4. These added to the respective corrections for 
accidental error, and it' for each year, give the following corrections to the declina- 
tions : — 

(1841) - ".38 + ".894 sin (2 22 + 48°) + h 

(1842) - ".90 + ".894 sin (2 B + 480) + h 

(1843) + ".72 + ".894 siu (2 E + 48°) + h 

(1844) + ".18 + "894 sin (2 E + 48°) + Ic^ 



(A) 



Where Tci etc., is to be taken for each star from the table p. 180, volume for 1841, or 
from the succeeding volumes. These corrections are, of course, lo be applied with 
opposite signs to results from observations of lower culmination. 

Each year furnishes a considerable number of observations suited to determina- 
tion of latitude. Except for « and S Ursae Minoris, with a few others, three observa- 
tions of the same star were generally made in each culmination. The computation is 
thus practically unaffected by the question of relative weights, and is greatly facilitated. 
Taking three observations in each culmination as the standard unit lor 2 J <p, weights 
were computed for the few that required it on the same assumption as in the preceding 
portion of the discussion. Tbo latitude observations are all on stars of declination 
greater than 74°, so that the refraction caunot be examined, and the observations may 
be assumed to be of equal accuracy in the small range of zenith distance. The results 
are these : — 



Year. 


A ^ 


Number of 

stars. 


Weight. 


1841 




.49 [± 


.1'21 


IS 


50 


1842 


— 


.15 L± 


.111 


32 


72 


1843 


+ 


.15 L± 


• 111 


31 


69 


1844 
Mean . . . 


+ 


.04 [± 


.12] 


27 


56 


— 


.09 [± 


.06] 


108 


247 



The differences are not much greater than the probable errors should lead us to 
expect. The probable error of the unit of weight calculated from the 108 residuals is 
± ".64. This gives for probable error of pointing ± ".59, and for minimum i)robable 
error i ".29; the latter is in close agreement with the value ± ".3 assumed by Hen- 
derson in 1839. The probable errors of J ^, as given above, take into account the 
probable error of the formulae derived for division correction. The probable error of 
the mean value of A <p computed from the residuals is ± ".04. All the values, how- 
ever, are subject to a common probable error of about rt ".15, besides tbe error in 
adopted refraction; so that, absolutely considered, the correction to the assumed lati- 
tude has a probable error uot far from ± ".2. Except for the uncertainty of retraction 
this increase of inobable error is without influence on tbe declinations. Tbe quan- 
tity — ".09 is therefore added to each of the corrections marked (A), and, since B = 



438 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[321 



li' + y — S, "we Lave by the proper substitutions, the following corrections to the decli- 
nations of Eh 43, as printed in the annual catalogues : — 

(1841) - ".47 + ".894 (280° -25)+ /.-, 

(1842) - 1".05 + ".894 (228° -25)+ A^ 
^^> (1843) + ".63 + ".894 (218° -25)+ kj 

(1844) + ".09 + ".894 ( 78° - 2 5) + I; 
where Ai, etc., are to be taken, as before, from the tables of division correction in the 
annual volumes. 

The following table exhibits in column I. the values of this expression, computea 
for every five degrees of declination (and includes fc). Column II. is the sam of column 
I. and the definitive correction found for Eh 43 in Table IX. at the end of this paper. 
To this is still to be added a small correction depending on right ascension. 

Table of corrections to Edinburgh, 1841-1844. 



(! 


1841. 


1842. 


1843. 


1844. 


I. 


II. 


I. 


II. 


I. 


II. 


I. 


II. 


S.P. 


































o 




II 




// 




II 




II 




/ 


/ 






II 




'/ 


75 


+ 


.13 


+ 


.13 


+ 


1.24 


+ 


1.24 


— 1 


37 


— 1 


37 


+ 


.34 


+ 


.34 


BO 


+ 


.01 


+ 


.01 


+ 


1.10 


+ 


1.10 


— 1 


39 


— 1 


39 


+ 


.37 


+ 


.37 


85 




.17 




.17 


+ 


1.06 


+ 


1.00 


— 1 


30 


— 1 


30 


+ 


.37 


+ 


.37 


90 


— 


.23 


— 


.23 


+ 


.94 


+ 


.94 


— 1 


29 


— 1 


29 


+ 


.36 


+ 


.36 


Abovo imlc. 


































+ 90 


+ 


.23 


+ 


.23 


— 


.94 


— 


.94 


+ 1 


29 


+ » 


29 


— 


.36 


— 


.36 


+ 85 


+ 


.28 


+ 


.28 


— 


.80 


— 


.80 


+ 1 


18 


+ I 


18 


— 


.34 


— 


.34 


+ 80 


+ 


.28 


+ 


.28 


— 


.67 


— 


.67 


+ 1 


04 


+ 1 


04 


— 


.31 


— 


.31 


+ 75 


+ 


.25 


+ 


.25 


— 


.56 





.50 


+ 


90 


+ 


90 


— 


.28 





.28 


+ 70 


+ 


. F) 


+ 


.16 


— 


.44 


— 


.44 


+ 


.75 


+ 


75 


— 


.26 


— 


.20 


+ 65 


+ 


.05 


+ 


.03 


— 


.30 


— 


.38 


+ 


59 


+ 


..57 


— 


.24 


— 


.26 


+ 60 





.08 





.13 





.31 


— 


.36 


+ 


.40 


+ 


.41 





.23 





.23 


+ 55 


— 


.23 


— 


.31 


— 


.30 


— 


.38 


+ 


35 


+ 


.27 


— 


.23 


— 


.31 


+ 50 


— 


.39 


— 


.47 


— 


.33 


— 


.41 


+ 


.26 


+ 


18 


— 


.23 


— 


.31 


+ 45 





.54 


. 


.00 


. . 


.40 





.46 


+ 


.20 


+ 


.14 


— 


.21 





.27 


+ 40 


— 


.07 


— 


.70 


— 


.51 


— 


.54 


+ 


.17 


+ 


.14 


— 


.20 


— 


,23 


+ 35 


— 


.78 


— 


.78 


— 


.05 


— 


.05 


+ 


.18 


+ 


.18 


— 


.10 


— 


.10 


+ 30 





.86 





.81 





.78 





.73 


+ 


.18 


+ 


.23 





.10 


— 


.05 


+ 25 


— 


.91 


— 


.79 


— 


.94 


— 


.82 


+ 


.20 


+ 


..32 


— 


.02 


+ 


.10 


+ 20 


— 


.93 


— 


.74 


— 


1.09 


— 


.90 


+ 


.23 


+ 


.42 


+ 


.09 


+ 


.28 


+ !•'. 





.93 





.00 





1.23 





.90 


+ 


.27 


+ 


.54 


+ 


.21 


^- 


.48 


+ 10 


— 


.92 


— 


.58 


— 


1.34 


— 


1.00 


+ 


.28 


+ 


.02 


+ 


.34 


+ 


.68 


+ 5 


— 


.89 


— 


.53 


— 


1.43 


— 


1.07 


+ 


.30 


+ 


.06 


+ 


.47 


+ 


.83 








.87 





.53 





1.48 





1.14 


+ 


.31 


+ 


.05 


+ 


.59 


+ 


.93 


— 5 


— 


.84 


— 


.59 


— 


1.51 


— 


1.26 


+ 


.31 


+ 


..56 


+ 


.71 


+ 


.93 


— 10 


— 


.82 


— 


.09 


— 


1.51 


— 


1.38 


+ 


.32 


+ 


.45 


+ 


.79 


+ 


.92 


— 15 





.80 





.78 





1. .'■.0 





1.48 


+ 


.33 


+ 


.35 


+ 


.83 


+ 


.85 


— 20 


— 


.80 


— 


.88 


— 


1.48 


— 


1.56 


+ 


.35 


+ 


.27 


+ 


.83 


+ 


.75 


— 25 


— 


.80 


— 


.95 


— 


1.46 


— 


1.01 


+ 


.38 


+ 


.23 


+ 


.81 


+ 


.08 


— 30 


— 


.79 


-I 


.00 


— 


1.44 


— 


1.C5 


+ 


.45 


+ 


.24 


+ 


.74 


+ 


.53 



[33] 



HEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTKONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



439 



With the corrections of column I. added to those for nutation and proper motion 
all the results for a given star were formed into a single mean, with the following table 
of weights : — 



Weigbts. 


Observations. 


1 

2 

2.5 

3 

4 

5 


1 
2 aud 3 

4 

5 to 9 

10 to 35 

36, or more. 



Eh 58, Eh G3 and Eh 67. There are few observations in this series ; but many of 
them relate to stars for which few observations are found elsewhere. The unimportant 
corrections for nutation applied to Cambridge annual catalogues of corresponding 
years previous to 1857 are used. The proper motion correction is generally neg- 
lected : the difference between those assumed in this paper and those of B. A. C. used 
in reduction of Edinburgh observations being usually sm;dl, for the short interval of 
time intervening between the mean epoch of observation and the beginning of the 
year. The grouping is determined by constancy of zenith circle readings, which, how- 
ever, were often changed during the period embraced in Eh 58. 

Kg 43. The reduction by Luther, in Ast. Nnvh. 1070, employs Bessel's refractions 
( 1821) and derives the latitude from a Urs. Miu., a Aurigse and a Cygni. I have followed 
the lead of Dr. Auwers {Ast. ]\^och. 1549), taking the latitude from a Urs. Miu. alone 
and applying the correction - ".17 to the declinations of all stars, except a Aungae 
and a Cygni, whose declinations are taken from upper culmination alone, and the cata- 
logue places corrected respectively by - ".44 and - ".41. The observations were 
originally reduced with Peters's nutation. 

GREENWICH CATALOGUES, 1836-1872. 

This long and valuable series of observations is remarkable for the uniformity of 
its plan and methods, the thoroughness and accuracy of its numerical reductions, 
and the vast amount of material it contains, chiefly relating to places of sun, moon, 
planets, and stars of the sixth magnitude, or brighter. The observations are made 
with non reversible instruments, and the problem of absolute declinations is rendered 
altogether subordinate to the requirements of routine work on a largo number of ob- 
jects.* This robs the series of an interest it might otherwise possess ; but when syste- 
matic corrections to its various catalogues are once ascertained, it becomes the richest 
mine of information on the declinations of the brighter stars. 

Two mural circles were used until March, 1839, then a single mural circlet until 
1851, when the great transit circle was mounted, and has been used until the present 
time. The position of the telescope on each of the mural circles was changed at the 
beginning of each year. The relation of tbe telescope and circle of the transit circle 
is invariable. 

• lu a crirical examiaation of Greenwicb polar distances for 1851-1854 Mr. A. Marth has pointed 
oat very conclusively the defects of the Greenwich transit circle, as applied to the problem of absolute 
declinations. (Ast. Kacli., 1200.) 

t In 1818, for a short time, the Jones Capo circle was used. 



440 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [34] 

The obscivations were reduced with Bessel's refractions (Tab. Keg.) until 18G8, 
when the retractions of the Fundamcnta multiplied by 0.99797 were adopted on the 
authority of a discussion by Mr. E. J. Stone (Mouth. Not., vol. I'S, j). 27), who uses for 
the purpo&e observations made with the transit circle of Greenwich 1857-1805. 

Gh o9 and Gh 45. The observations of separate years are usually reduced to the 
besinniug of the year with no proper motion, or with values of that element taken 
from A. S. C. Wherever the error from this is considerable, it has been carefully 
attended to in the cnata ol later catiilogues. 1 have not investigated any cases inde- 
pendently of these. The proper motions of the B. A. 0. were used in compiling the 
general from the special catalogues. Where the difference between these and those 
assumed in this paper is worth regarding the proper correction has been applied, 
using for the purpose the mean e[)ochs of the Twelve-year catalogue, which are only 
given to the nearest year. For reduction to apparent place the special catalogues de- 
pend upon the Nautical Almanac. The following mean corrections for nutation and 
epoch have been applied : — 

Gh 39. + "-04 sin (« + 305°) 
Gh 45. - ".02 siu (a + 01°) 

Gh 50. The nutation correction is : — 

- ".05 sin {a + 70°) 

The remarks under the preceding catalogues are generally applicable. A portion 
of the time the mural circle was used in a temporary observing-room, and the circum- 
stances under which much of the work was done were necessarily unfavorable. Some 
uncertainty in the systematic correction of this catalogue must arise from the fact that 
it combines results from two distinct instruments at different times. 

Gh 57. This catalogue may be regarded as containing the work of the transit circle 
in its best estate, when the observers had become accustomed to its peculiarities, and 
before any appreciable imperfection or wear had resulted from long use. Though the 
instrument was used in a single position during the entire period, the circle readings 
were made with sis microscopes. Furthermore, the error of division was carefully 
examined for every degree and for some si)ecial divisions, and the high reputation of 
the makers is a guarantee that the accidental errors of division are probably small. 
The proper motions of this and succeeding catalogues of Greenwich are generally in 
fair agreement with the assumed proper motions, so that this correction is seldom 
applied by me. The special catalogues, until 1857, require small corre<;tions for nuta- 
tion and epoch; after that year the observations were reduced with Peters's nutation, 
and to epoch = 280^. The resulting small correction was neglected. 

Gh 01. The series embraced in this catalogue is essentially a continuation of the 
preceding. No correction is needed save that for proper motion, which is usually insig- 
nificant. During the long period of its use the instrument underwent slow changes 
from wear, which might be quite sufficient to cause a real difference in the systematic 
correction required (see Gh 70). 

Gh 70. The slight corrections required by the annual variations of the special cat- 
alogues were sometimes regarded. The results of separate years were then combined 
with weights according to number of observations in each year. 1 became aware of the 



[35] KEPORT OF THE CHIEl^ ASTllONOMER, APPENDIX H. 441 

large error due to wear of the micrometer screws too late to make any use of a sijccial 
correction on that account. I have taken my information from Mr. Christie's paper 
in Month. Not. R. A. S., for November, 187G. 

The series of reflection observations made during the period 183G-1872, at Green- 
wich, has attracted wide attention, and has been the subject of some interesting 
memoirs. A brief consideration of the principal points involved will be of use in 
judging the value of the declinations in the absolute sense. During most of the i)eriod 

7? ^ T) 

occupied by observations with the mural circles, the correction — - — was found to be 

SO small and so irregular that it could not safely be applied.* The corrections of earlier 
years, and for 1850, were small. It may, therefore, be assumed that the declinations 
of that period (1S3C-1850) are practically uninfluenced by the discordance in question. 
On the introduction of the great transit circle in 1851 this discordance was at once 
noticeable, and a correction has always been a[>plied to all polar distances deduced 
from the observations of this instrument — this correction being assumed to be equal 
for the two classes of observations (direct and reflected), but a[)plied with opposite 
signs. The division error was discussed for every degree of pointer reading, first in 
1851-'2, again in 1856, and lastly in 1871. The results of the three investigations 
essentially confirm each other. The first table of corrections was used in the years 
1851-1856 ; tlie second, 1857-1867; the third, which is the mean of the first and second, 
1868 and later. The horizontal flexure was several times determined by the opi)osiug 
horizontal collimators. Until 1866 the telescope was raised from its bearings in order 
to render the collimators intervisible. In the latter part of 1865 the telescope cube 
was pierced in such a manner as to dispense with the raising. Owing to construction 
of the instrument a single circular opening could not be cut, but several radiatiug 
apertures in the form of sectors were made. This necessitated the use of very large 
collimators (aperture 7 inches). The value of the horizontal flexure suddenly changed 
at this time nearly one second, passing from a decided plus value to a minus value. In 
the table to be given it will be observed that there is a simultaneous change in the 
opposite direction of the sign of the coefiicient of sin ^cos^ Z. As Professor Newcomb 
suggested to me recently that the entire series of observations with the transit circle 
could be reconciled to the supposition of a uniform coefiicient of flexure, depending 
on sin Z, 1 have examined this question, not, however, in any very critical or conclu- 
sive manner. It is necessary to remark that the formula of correction was, nutil 1862, 

assumed to be 

(1) rt -f & sin Z; 
subsequentlv to that time 

(2) a + V sin Z cos^ Z. 

I have reduced V to make it comparable with &, by supposing that the mean Z, 
where D — R occurs, is effectively about 25°, and, therefore, that b would have been 
about .8 b', had the law expressed in (1) been used instead of (2). The groups arc 
partly determined by the periods during which the same coefficient determined from 
opposing collimators was used. The following table exhibits approximate results. 
The first column gives the year or period ; the second, adoi)ted value of flexure depend- 

*Airy says, p. xli, Int. Gh. Obs., 1840, " The values ot B — D are so siuall, and the existeuce of any 
law among theui so uncertain, that I have thought it best to adopt the circle-results without any correc- 
tion for M — D." This remark is substantially repeated in each volume until 1850. 



442 



UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAEY COMMISSION. 



[3G] 



ing on sin Z, obtained from observation of collimators; the third, the average value 
of b for the given period — for the first three groups directly derived — for all after 
18C2 from b' in the manner explained ; the fourth, the average value of the constant 
term a; the fifth, the sum of second and third columns; the sixth, the weight — the 
result of one jear being the unit. The spaces indicate eiiocbs of change in division 
correction used : — 



Period. 


Collimator 
flexure. 


b, or. Sb' 


a 


Re.sidual 
flexure. 


Weight. 


1851 

1852 

1853-1856 


+ .73 
+ .73 
+ .50 


— .24 
[- .241 

— .31 


" 
+ .10 
[+ -10] 
- .03 


-1- .49 
-1- .19 


1 

4 


1857-1861 
1862-1864 

1865 
1866-1670' 


+ .56 
+ .50 
+ .76 
— .37 


— .42 

— .43 

— .02 
+ .62 


+ .04 
-f .01 
— .04 
-1- .10 


+ .14 

-f .13 

+ .14 

- + .25 


5 
3 

I 
5 


1871 and 1872 


— .12 


+ .51 


- .01 


+ .39 


2 


+ .». 


21 











* The actaal change in division correction used took place iu 1866, and is uuimportant. 

Thus it appears that, if the uniform value of sine flexure, + ".21, had been employed 
throughout the series, we should have had sufficiently good agreement between direct 
and reflection ob.servatious. This appears to me to throw discredit upon the value of 
flexure derived from opposing collimators, and forces me to the belief that the change 
iu the collimator flexure between 1SG5 and 1860, if it has indeed any reality in fact, 
was much smaller than has been supposed. In this particular case, at least, the fore- 
going discussion appears to argue strongly for the utility of reflection observations. 

If there is a real residual discordance, R — D, it would appear from the discus- 
sions of Airy (Mem. E. A. S. xxxiii, and Seven-year Catalogue, \}. viii); Faye (Comptes 
Bendus, ^x\, ltl>. 401, 635, 757); and Van de Saude Backhuyzen* (Ast. Nacli. 1720), 
that it is probably due iu some measure to the efl'ect of variations of temperature at 
different altitudes in the observing room. It is quite likely, that the reflection obser- 
vations are principally aflected — as Ileuderson and others have supposed. 

It maj be interesting to note that, if we assume the latitude derived by Bessel 
from Bradley's observations {Fund. Astr.) to be near the truth — and there is good 
reason for believing it is — and if we suppose the mean latitude for the period 183G- 



, we shall have : — 



1860 to be that which is affected by the correction -^^ — 

1755: c = 51° 28' SO^.G 
1847 : ^=zolo 28' 3S".17, 

" " Ueber den i^ivflaaa dcr Strahlenbrechung im Beobachtungeaaah, auf die mit dem Meridiankreise bestim- 
ten Vedinationen." This paper treats, most thoroughly, the observations of Greenwich transit circle, 
1851-1864, with reference to discrepancies in polar distance, which are cotemporaneous with difference 
of readings of outer and inner thermometers. As a practical result, the form of an ideal surface of junc- 
tion between the outer and inner air is deduced, which appears to explain the discrepancies in a satis- 
factory manner. 



[37] 



REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



443 



Annual variation of latitude —".0155, or —".0139, if the latitudes are reduced to 
the same refractions. 

Comparing the results found by Airy (p. viii. Seven-year Catalogue), with 
<p = 51° 28' 38".17 - ".0139 t, we have :— 



Period. 


Latitude observed. 


From formula. 


1836-1841 
1842-1848 
1851-1860 


O / // 

51 28 3^.23 
38.17 
38.15 


O ' // 

51 28 38.23 
38.19 
38.04 



If, on the other hand, we consider the results for latitude as printed in the Green- 
wich Annual Catalogues later than 1860, we have seconds of latitude for 1861-C7, 
3S".25 ; and (after approximate reduction to the refractions previously used) for 1868- 
72, 38".18, results which contradict the theory of diminishing latitudes. 

EADCLIFFE CATALOGUES. 

Re 45. The nutation correction is neglected, because the period embraced in the 
observations is so great, that an error greater than the correction would often be intro- 
duced. The places were corrected, wherever necessary, for the difference between 
assumed proper motion and that found in the catalogue. An important correction is 
found in the Introduction, pp. viii to xi. This has been carefully applied, as well as 
that for error in reducing three stars specified, p. xii. Int. 

The refractions used in this catalogue are those of Bessel (1820) multiplied by 
.9967. A much smaller refraction was deduced by Johnson (Re Obs. xv, p. xxiv). The 
instrument was very imperfect, and was used in a single position. 

Re 58, This is essentially a continuation of the foregoing catalogue. The impor- 
tant correction p. xviii Introduction to second Radcliffo catalogue was applied before 
using the results. 

Re 06 and Re 72. The trifling correction for proper motion has been applied in a 
few instances. The telescope was shifted relatively to the circle at the beginning of 
1870 ; so that in the final discussion of declinations the series has been divided into 
two groups. In making up these groups the observations were given weights propor- 
tional to number of observations, the corrections of Table IX. being first applied. 
The results were then considered as agreeing with the Normal System and were used 
without further correction. But, for preliminary purposes, owing to the large system- 
atic difi'erences in polar distances of different years, stars were omitted which were not 
observed in at least four different j ears. Each year was given equal weight unless 
the number of observations was less than 4; two or three observations were given 
weight .7; and 1, weight .4. The following table exhibits corrections to assumed places 
thus derived : — 



Star. 


C. 


Star. 


C. 


star. 


C. 


a Andromedse 


— .26 
-1- .39 

— .04 

+ .08 
+ .28 


f Piscium ........ 


— .14 

— .12 

— .26 
-(- .04 

— .00 


51 Andromedas 


II 

— .59 

— .78 
+ .20 

— .12 
+ .57 


/? AndromedsB 

a UrsBB Minons 

0' Ceti 

I? Piscium 


a CassiopecB 

i; CassiopciB 

ii Audromedae 


e CassiopesB 

(i Avietis 


50 Cassiope.TB 



444 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[38J 



Star. 



Arietis 
Ceti.... 
Ceti ... 
Ceti.... 
Ceti.... 



Persei 

Persei 

Taiui 

B.A.C. 123.T ... 
Tauii 



/3 
n 

y 

6 



Tauri 

Taiiri 

Camelopardalis 

Aurigaj 

AurigiB 

OrioDis. 

Tauri 

Oi'ionis 

OrioDis 

Orionis 

Aurigae 

Geminorum 

Geuiinorum . . . . 

Geminorum 

B.A.C.2157 .... 

Geminorum 

Geminorum 

Can. ilinoris 

Geminorum 

Cancri 



UrscB Majoris . 

HvdrsB 

UrsjB Majoris . 

Cancri 

Hydras 

Leouis 

Leonis 

Ursae Majoris 

Leonis 

Leonis 

Leonis 

Leonis 



'^'i Leonis 



Urs» Maj jris . 
Ursae Majoris - 

Leonis 

Leonis 

Dracouis 

Leonis 

Urs» Majoris . 

Leonis 

Virginis 

Ursae Majoris . 
Uriie Majoris . 
Virginis ...:.. 



+ 
+ 
+ 



+ L-23 

— . 23 
+ .71 
+ .61 

— .28 

+ .06 

— .01 



+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 



+ 

+1 

+ 
+ 



+ .11 
+ .93 
+ .06 
+ .49 
— .54 
+ .91 



+ 
+1 



+ 

+ 
+ 



14 
25 

32 

09 

.10 

.21 
.27 
.19 

.03 
.57 

.54 
.OS 
.62 
.69 
.31 



.16 

.04 
+1.28 

— .05 
+ .37 

+ .16 

— .21 
+ .11 

— .54 

— .51 



Star. 



Draconis 

Can. Ven 

Virginis 

Virginis 

Urs» Majoris . 

Virgiois 

Ursso Slajoris . 

Boot is 

Dracouis 

Bootis 

Bootis 

Bootia 

Bootis 

Ursa) Slinoris . 
Bootis 



LibriB 

Urs» Minoris 

Dracouis 

Coiouae Borealis 
Serpcntis 

Serpent's 

Ursae Minoris . .. , 

Draconis 

Opbiuchi , 

Herculis 

Draconis ... 

Draconis 

Opbiuchi 

Herculis 

Herculis 

0()hiucbi 

Herculis 

Ursa3 Minoris 

Herculis 

Draconis 

Ophiuchi 

Herculis 

Dracouis 

Herculis 

Dracouis 

Ursae Mirforis. ... 

Serpeutis 

Draconis 

Lyra) 

Lyrao 



Aquila) 

AquilsB 

Aqiiilao 

t-'.Vgni , 

Aquila) 

Aquila) , 

AquiliC 

Ursas Minoris . 

Cepbei 

Delpbiui 



+ 1.08 
+ .21 

— .40 
+ .26 

— .43 

—1.02 

— . 12 

— .03 
+ .03 

— .55 

— .08 
+ .39 
+ .46 
+ .17 

— .80 

+ .37 

— .79 

— .80 

— .-iO 
+ .44 

+ .48 

— .31 
+ .27 

— .04 

+ .68 

— .45 
+ .Ii3 

— 1.07 
+ .07 
—1.53 

+ I.U 
+ .76 

— .38 
+ 1.10 
+ .13 



Star. 



6 Cepbei . . 

a Delpbiui 

a Cygni... 

II Aquarii . 
Oil Cygni.... 

C Cygni 

a Cepbei . . 

[i Aquarii ., 

Cepbei... 

e Aquarii .. 

e Pegasi 

16 Pegasi . . . 

a Aquarii .. 

Aquarii .. 

y Aquarii .. 

d- Cepbei . . 

V Aquarii .. 

f Pegasi . . . 

// Pegasi . . . 

( Cepbei . .. 

X Aquarii .. 

a Pegasi . . . 

Cepbei . . . 

i Piscinm .. 

y Cepbei 

(J Piscium . . 



+ 


.51 


— 


.34 


+ 


.47 




.02 





.03 


+ 


.74 


+ 


.03 


— 


.07 


+ 


.50 


+ 


.78 


+ 


..58 


+ 


.96 


+ 


.20 


+ 


.62 


+ 


52 


+ 


.27 


+ 


33 


+ 


74 


+ 


63 



Stars south of — 10=. 

/3 Ceti 

>■' Eridani 

a Leporis 

e Can. Majoris 

15 Argus 

S Crateris 

/J Corvi 

o- Librae 

/3' Scorpii 

a Scorpii 

44 Opbiuchi 

^' Sagittarii 

43 Sagittarii 

a- Capricornl 

a Pis. Aust 



+ .04 
+ .74 

— .24 
—1.74 

+1. 48 

— .04 
+ .10 
+ .06 

— .09 
—1.04 

+ .11 
+ .21 
+ .04 

— .62 
+ .59 

— .15 

— .33 
+ .05 
+ .43 
+ .10 

—1.27 
+ .21 
+1.57 
+ .02 
+ .16 

— .62 



— .08 

— .11 
+ .19 
+ .39 

— .07 

— .68 
+ .34 
+ .06 
+ 1.40 
+ .96 

— .48 
+ .02 
—3. 26 
+ .03 

— .77 



Note.— The catalogue for 1873 was not received in time 
but is used later in making up C'„ for Bt 72. 



to be used in forming the above correctiong, 



[391 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



445 



lu forming the corrections, a few polar distances marked in tbe catalogues as 
doubtfnl. or to be rejected, with a few which result solely from observations below the 
pole at great zenith distances, were not used. The weights of a few others were 
reduced in forming the means, on account of unusual discordance, or because the cat- 
alogue p. d. is made up partly of sub polo determinations at zenith distances over 70°. 

In general, the results are far less exact than we should have expected from the 
circumstances. Though the instrument is of the non-reversible pattern, the relation 
of the telescope to the divided circle can be altered at pleasure; yet this precaution 
was exercised but once, at the beginning of 1870. It would be impossible to detail the 
various systematic corrections which have been applied iu the reductions from time 
to time. The division error was determined on the assumption that the mean of 8 
microscopes is free from error, and a correction applied after 1862. The values of 
horizontal flexure as adopted in reductions have varied from + 1".13 to + 2".83. 
The dependence on the time is not marked, the adopted value iu 1802-'G3 being 
+ 2".5; and in lS71-'73, + 2".8, In 18C2-'G3-'64 and 'G7, corrections were applied 
E-D 



for 



Various corrections were applied for discordance of zenith points, deter- 



mined by nadirs and by reflection observations, etc. The refractions are those deduced 
by Johnson, and used in the Radcliffe general catalogues. To show the variety of 
practice in reducing the observations, we have the following table of latitudes adopted 
in reductions : — 



■ Year. 


Adopted latitude. 


Yeiir. 


Adopted latitude. 


1862 


o / // 
CI 45 35.85 


1869 


51 45 35.42 


1863 


35.73 






1864 


35. 50 


1S70 


36. 20 


1865 


35.28 


1871 


35. 81 


1866 


36. 55 


1872 


36.06 


1867 


35.96 


1873 


36.33 


1868 


36. 16 







The groups indicate periods for which the zenithal circle readings were the same. 

Pa 45. The catalogue results are used without change. The instrument used in 
these observations is of peculiar construction, and in many respects superior to any 
yet employed iu meridian observations for the purpose of deducing standard decli 
nations. The results like those of Kg 21, Dt 24, and Ao 29 are independent in every 
essential respect, and are such as to inspire the highest confidence. 

Ah 41 and Ah 52. It was decided to use the Armagh places for 1840 as two cata- 
logues. The tir.st includes the observations 1835-1840 ; the second, 1847-1854. 
Where a star had been observed in both periods, the separation was accomplished iu 
this manner. In the section entitled "Observed Places of Stars," pp. 1 to 040, the 
means, for each period, of corrections to the assumed polar distance (that of A. S. O., 
B. A. C, etc.), were taken. The mean of all the results was then subtracted from tbe 
separate means; the results are corrections to the catalogue i)clar distances for the 
respective periods. In the majority of instances all the observations of a given star 
are embraced in one or the other of the two periods. No correction for nutation was 



446 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[40] 



applied. The catalogue places are reduced without proper motion except in a few 
cases specified by Dr. Robinson in Ast. Nach. Ix, 75. The proper correction has been 
carefully applied. 

WASHINGTON MURAL CIRCLE, 1845-1873. 

The most of this series, together with observations of meridian circle, meridian 
transit, and prime vertical transit, have been compiled in a general catalogue* for the 
epoch 1860, by Professor Tarnall. For the present purpose it is desirable to separate 
the work of the various instruments, and to combine the work of the mural circle into 
such convenient gronps as ajipear to be advisable. The error of division of this 
instrument though not investigated is undoubtedly small, and to provide against 
error from this and other causes the position of the telescope on the circle was fre- 
quently changed. 

Wn 47. The declinations are reduced in 1846 with Liudenau's nutation; in the 
three following years with that of the B. A. C, and to epoch, © = 281°. The correc- 
tions are : — 

+ ".21 sin {a + 3150.2) 
+ ".05 sin (« + 244° ) 
+ "M sin (a + 2440 ) 
-f ".06 sin (a + 247° ) 

The proper motions employed in the reductions are those of N. A., 1848, and 
B. A. C. After 1845 the declinations are reduced to 1850, so that the correction is 
often considerable. 

The latitude which results from the observations of circumpolar stars in 1845, and 
which is adopted in subsequent years, is smaller by ".25 than that actually employed 
in the reductions of 1845. Accordingly, the correction — ".25 has been applied to the 
catalogue declinations of that year, reversing the sign where the declination results 
from o'oservations below the pole. 

The circle was used in thirty different positions, relative to the zenith, in 1845 ; 
in 1840 and 1847 the zenith reading remained the same, and was again changed at 
the beginning of 1848. The process of combination is as follows : The declinations 
of 1840 and 1847 are combined with weights ])roportional to the number of observa- 
tions ; to the resulting declinations for 1845, 1840-47 and 1848 weights are assigned 
according to this table : 



1845 
1846 

1847 

1848 



Weight. 


Number ob- 
servations. 


Weight. 


Number observa- 
tions. 


1 
2 

2.5 

3 

4 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 to 7 


5 
6 

7 
8 
9 


8 to 11. 
12 to 16. 
17 to 26. 
27 to 50. 
51 and upward. 



Wn 50. The simple mean of the separate results in all the years is taken without 
correction. Professor Ilall {Ast. Nach., 1047) finds the correction -f ".19 to the lati- 

* ' Catalogue of stars observed at the United States Naval Observatory during the years 1845 to 
1871." Appendix III., Washington Astronomical Observations for 1871. 



[41] 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 



447 



tude actually used in reductions (38° 53' 39".25). The resulting correction to decli- 
ations, I have not used. 

Wn Gi. All the declinations must be corrected for the full amount of proper 
motion — that of a Lyra in 1862 excepted. The latitude assumed in the reductions 
should be corrected by —".47, according to the discussion by Professor Newcomb.* 
I have applied to all declinations above the pole the correction — ".47 ; and to all 
below, 4- ".47. To all the declinations by direct observations in ISCl and 18G2, 1 have 
applied the correction, — ".21 for discordance of direct and reflected observations, on 
the authority of the discussion, p. xxx, Wash. Ast. Obs. 1863. In combination, the 
weights were taken from the table given in Wash. Obs., 1864, p. xli, which is here 
copied for reference : 



Weight. 


Number of observations in differ- 
eut years. 


1861-'62. 


18G3. 


1864. 


1 

2 

3 


1 or 2 .... 
Above 2 . . 


lor2 .... 
3 to .5 .... 
Above 5.. 


1. 

2 or 3. 
4 to 7. 
8 to 20. 
Above 20. 


4 




5 













Wn 70. All declinations are corrected for full amount of proper motion. In 1872 
and 1873 the assumed latitude is 38° 53' 38".8, and this is ".45 s-maller than that of 
previous years. +".45 is applied as a correction to the catalogue declinations of 
1872-'73. 

So 51. The declinations of the catalogue are used without alteration. 

So 55. Proper motions were employed by Mosta in a few cases only. These are 
specified on p. xli. Int. The nutation correction is that of Ce 55. 

Ps 53. The declinations of the catalogue are used without change. The position 
of the telescope on the circle was twice changed during the observations of this series. 
There is everj^ reason to believe that the observations are exceptionally free from errors 
due to the instrument (Garabey circle). The exror of division appears to have been 
small (vide Lauuier's catalogue, p. 55, and Compt. Rend., tome, xxvii, p. 633). 

No sensible flexure is indicated by the few reflection observations which were taken. 
Caillet's refrac ionsf were adopted in the reductions, and the numerous observations of 
circumpolar stars do not indicate any considerable correction to them. 

PARIS ANNUAL CATALOGUES, 18o4-'G7. 

The declinations of the annual catalogues require no sensible correction. Until 
1862 the Gambey mural circle was used alone. After that time the declinations depend 
principally upon observations made with the great meridian circle. The position of the 
telescope on the circle was changed in September, 1857. A comparison between results 
obtained before and after this time shows that there is a constant difference, amounting, 
approximately, to ".25. In 1863 and 1864 the transit circle was used without any cor- 
rection for flexiire; afterward the correction — ".77 sin Z was applied in the reductions. 

* Appendix to Washington Astronomical Observations for 1864. 
t Additions & la Conn, des temps, 1851. 



448 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [42] 

Comparison of the results obtained by the two circles, when r.sed in common, 
shows no appreciable systematic difference between them. 

The declinations are not independent — the polar points being derived from obser- 
vations of the stars of a standard catalogue, the i)laces of which are revised from time 
to time on the authority of the observations themselves. The process is analogous to 
that commonly adopted in the determination of right ascensions. 

The separate results making up each of the four groups — lS54-'t57, 1858-02, 1863- 
'04, and 1865-'67, are combined with weights proportional to the number of observa- 
tions. 

The observed declinations of stars, not included in the Taris standard catalogue, 
are not conveniently accessible, and the apparent places for the days of observation 
only are given. Consequently they have been used oidy in a few special cases. 

BRUSSELS ANNUAL CATALOGUES. 

The declinations of these catalogues are unaffected by the reduction for proper 
motion, except for stars of the British Nautical Almanac. I have applied the proper 
correction. The nutation correction ior 1855 and 1850 is identical with that of Cam- 
bridge for corresponding years. 

The correction for division was not ajiplied until 1857. Though there is no appre- 
ciable alteration in methods during the period 1857 to 1807, the observations were 
divided into two nearly equal groups — 1857-02, 1803-07 — by which means greater 
accuracy is secured in the solution of conditional equations according to the adopted 
method. This is the more to be desired because the Brussels series contains numerous 
observations of stars generally neglected, elsewhere, in recent times. 

Tbe combination of the separate years in each of tbe three groups was effected 
by means of weights strictly proportional to the number of observations. 

C G H 58. The proper motions employed in this catalogue are usually very near 
those assumed in this paper. Where this correction becomes sensible it has been 
a])pUed. Tiie instrument is a duplicate of the Greenwich transit circle, and is of course 
subject to the same theoretical objections. Mr. Stone suspects that the zenith distances 
given by this instrument require a considerable correction*, which is proportional to 
cos Z. This will tend to throw suspicion upon the results of the discussion of refraction 
correction in introduction to the Cape catalogue (p. s). This discussion indicates that 
Bessel's refractions should be multiplied by .9953 in order to correspond to the obser- 
vations of circumpolar stars, but r.o use is made of this result by Mr. Stone in forming 
the catalogue. 

Me 02. The small corrections for difference between assumed and catalogue (Plain's) 
proper motions have been applied, also the table of corrections for flexure, etc., given in 
the catalogue (p. xxi, int.). The instrument used in these, and subsequent meridian 
observations at Melbourne, is similar iu most respects to the Greenwich transit circle. 
It is much smaller, however, and there are only four circle microscopes. 

During tbe period embraced in Me 02 the instrument was used at Williamstown, 
a short distance from its present site. The instrumental reductions are very uncertain, 

• Montb. No*. R. A. S., vol. 33, p. 69. 



[43J 



EEPOKT OF THE CUIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



449 



aud the circamstances were unfavorable for accurate work. The decliDatious are prob- 
ably much inferior to those obtained with the same instrument at Melbourne. 

Me G8. The catalogue polar distances are reduced to 1870, with proper motions, 
which seldom differ much Irom those of Section II. However, the resulting small cor- 
rections have been carefully applied. Following the discussion by Mr. E. J. Stone 
(Month. Not., vol. 38, p. 27), the declinations are reduced by Mr. Ellery on the assump- 
tion that for stars culminating north of Melbourne zenith, Bessel's refractions should 
be multiplied by .9909, and for stars south by .9903. The latter number results from 
observations of circumpolar stars at Melbourne, the former from comparison with Greeu- 
wicli declinations, 1857-05. From circumpolar stars Dr. Gylden has found .99718 (V. 
J. S. Bd., iv, 102), and arguments derived from a consideration of Cape of Good Hope 
and St. Helena declinations, compared with those of northern observations, incline him 
to the belief that there may be a real difference in the refractions for the two sides of 
the zenith at Melbourne, though the question is much ob.scured by the uncertainty as 
to division error and flexui'e of the iustrument. The instrument being non-reversible 
we must remain in ignorance as to the amount of cosine flexure, and while this uncer- 
taintj' I'emains it will be difficult to draw decided conclusions about refraction, espe- 
cially when we consider the necessarily large probable error of refraction determina- 
tions at the latitude of Melbourne. The comparison of Washington and Melbourne 
(p. GG) throws some further light on the matter, 

Bn GG. The declinations taken iromAat. Nach., 1719, are used without change; those 
from the sixth volume of Bonn observations are corrected for the full amount of proper 
motion, and for the quantities (ajiplicable to decliuatious, clamp east) iu the following 
table, which is extracted from the introduction to the volume iu question (p. xiv): — 



(! 


Correction. 


(5 


Correctiou. 


o 


,/ 


c 




— 25 


— .51 


35 


+ -47 


— 15 


- .47 


45 


+ .52 


— 5 


— .38 


55 


+ . .'•.0 


+ 5 


— .20 


05 


+ .43 


+ 15 


+ .06 


75 


+ . 32 


+ 25 


-f .31 


85 


+ .13 



When the clamp is west the sign of tlie correction must be reversed. The decli- 
nations depend essentially upon those of the Berlin Jahrbuch (Wolfer's). 

Lc GG. The declinations must be corrected for the full amount of proper motion, 
none having been employed iu the reductions. The declinations are founded syste- 
matically upon the standard catalogue of the German Astronomical Society (V. J. S., 
iv, 324). 

Ln G7. A few small corrections for proper motion have been applied. In trans- 
cribing the declinations from this series, the order of prelerence has been — first, Ast. 
Nach.,l\)0'2; second, circumpolar stars, ]>. [141], second volume Leiden Obs.; third, 
from the catalogue of Gradmessiing stars, p. [125] ibid. 

The stars of the Gradme^'sung catalogue depend upon readings of circle B alone; for 
the others both circles were used. Exceptional care appear.s to have been exercised both 
N B 29 



450 UNITED STATES NOKTUERN UOUNDAKY COMMISSION. [44] 

ill the obscivatioiKs and their rt'ductions. The instrninent is of the reversible ])atteru, 
iiud, where practicable, equal numbers of observations have been taken in each of the 
four posiiioiis— clunii) east, (dir. and ret'.), clamp west (dir. and ref.). The error of division 
for every o' mark on both circles has been ascertained. The corrections for flexure, and 
to assumed latitude and refraction constant, are thoroughly discussed according to the 
methods of Bessel. The Gnulmcssunf/ stars were each observed .ixteen times — the 
others much more frequently. 

KESULT8 OF OBSERVATIONS FOR DECLINATION WADE WITH TIIF. WASHINGTON TRANSIT 

CIRCLE FOR YI:ARS ISGC-lSTl. 

These are printed in the annual volumes of the United States Naval Observatory 
for the resi)ective years, and have been taken from the sections entitled "Corrections 
to the star positions of the American Ephemeris,'" etc., ami " Positions of Miscellaneous 
Stars," etc. I have not used the results obtained by Professor Newcomb, from the 
observations of 1860 and 1807, and published in Appendix III. of the Washington 
volume for 18G7, nor the annual catalogues in the later volumes. 

Notwithstanding the large probable error of its single determinations, this series 
appears to be worthy of particular attention, both on account of the great variety of 
circumstances under which the observations were taken, and because the instrument 
under consideration is in latitude nearly 13° farther south than any other in the 
northern hemisphere which has been used for important independent determinations 
of declination in recent times. 

The instrument, one of the largest of its class, is easily reversed. It has two 
IJnely divided circles, denominated respectively A and P. Circle A was read in 1800 and 
B in subsequent years. In the Washington volume for 1805 will be found an elaborate 
and exhaustive treatise by Professor Newcomb relating to the theory of errors of the 
transit circle, and in the same connection a jjractical aiiplication of the principles 
derived, to the particular case of the Washington transit circle. The division correc- 
tion of each circle is ascertained with great care at intervals of single degrees; the 
corrections for llexnre of circles and telescope are examined, so far as the same was 
practicable without recourse to celestial observation. The reductions of subsequent 
years assume the accuracy of these investigations. The instrument is usually reversed 
at the beginning of each calendar year, and at various times the circle is shiltcd rela- 
tively to the telesco))e, so that a given polar distance will depend upon different 
divisious-in different years. The only exception is in the .\ears 1871 and 1873, which, 
for practical pur[)oses, may be regarded as the work of a single year. The zenith 
points until June, 1807, were mainly <lerived from observations of leveled collimators; 
after that jieriod from observations of the nadir. A few observations by retlection 
were taken, but after the first three years the number of tlie.se is so scanty that no 
reliable discussion of instrumental i)eculiarities can be based u])on iiieir testimony. 
Besides the corrections for division and flexure in each year, certain corrections derived 
from the observations for polar distance are applied \or discordance of direct and 
reflected observations and for error of assumed latitude, so that, in elfect, the results 
of sejiarate years are essentially independent and in a certain sense absolute. 

Perhi'ps the most remarkable feature in the method of leduction pursued tluough- 
out tills series is tiie assumption of a comparatively sudden change near the zenith 



f4oJ KEPOllT OV THE CHIEF ASTltONOMER, APPENDIX H. 451 

in tbe correctiou for discordance of direct and reflected observations. This correctiou 
is assumed to be constant from 90° to 5° northern zenitb distance, and from 5° to 90° 
southern zenith distance, different vahies of the correction being applied according as 
the object observed is nortli or south. Between the point 5° north and that which is 
5° south the value of tbe correction is interpolated. If we denote by — 
AZ the corrections actually applied to polar distances between 5° and 90° zenith dis- 
tance south, 
AZ' the corresponding correction for polar distances between tbe limits 5° and 90° 

zenith distance north, 
we have for separate years the following values of JZ—JZ'. 



1866 


- ".47 


1867 


- ".60 


1868 


- ".68 


1869 


— ".18 



1870 


+ ".31 


871-2 


[".OOJ 


1873 


- ".42 


1874 


— ".83 



Tbe difference for 1871-2 was actually found to be — 1".45, but its improbable 
magnitude led to its rejection. Consideration of the values of latitude derived from 
the observations of separate years, as well from reflected as direct observations,* 
strengthens the belief that too much reliance has been placed upon the results of the 
former. In view of the precautious which were taken, tbe adoption of a sudden varia- 
tion in the correctiou applicable to polar distances near the zenith is at least open to 
grave objections, while the persistence in the sign of AZ—JZ' danug the entire history 
of tbe circle thus far, renders it highly probable that the discordance in question has 
been produced mainly by causes which are independent of the instrument itself, and 
which affect, j)erhaps chiefly, if not entirely, observations by reflection. Moreover, tbe 
final results of separate years, as printed, exhibit considerable systematic discordances. 
I therefore resolved to investigate the relative accuracy of the results for separate 
years, and, with certain preliminary assumptions, to derive if possible from the obser- 
vations themselves systematic corrections, which should appear theoretically admis- 
sible, and which might at the same time produce a tolerable degree of harmony. It 
appeared to me that this would bo practicable only in the case of tbe earlier years, 
there being after 1808 few observations of stars at lower transit or by reflection. 

In 1869 the instrument was dismounted and placed in a new room especially 
designed for its use. In 1870 the object-glass was reground and other important 
chaLgcs accomplished. These and other considerations have led to a division of tbe 
entire series into two distinct portions, viz : 

Wn 68, embracing tbe years 18C6-1869. 
Wn 72, years 1870-1874. 
Wn 68. 
The following notation is adopted : 

Z= Zenitb distance, reckoned from 0° to 360° in usual direction. 
JZ= llcquired constant correction for a given year to direct zenith distances, as 
adopted and corrected fox division error. 
I) — Con ectlon for division error, taken from tables § 72 of description of transit 

circle, Wn. Ast. Q bs., 1865. 

" Seo p. Isxviii, Introduction to Washington Astronomical Observa'ious for 187.3. 



452 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [4G] 

F' = Pol.ar distauce of American Epbemeris. For direct observations counted 

from ()0 to 360O. 
Ap = Correction given toP' by a single observation of polar distance as printed 
in the column entitled "Miscellaneous Corrections," in tbe sections enti- 
tled "Observations witb the Transit Circle;" but this designation is also 
applied to the same quantity wheu corrected for errata aud certain cor- 
rections required by some of the zenith points of 18G7 and 1868. 
J P, — Mean of n values of Jp. Does not include division correction. 
J P ^ J P, + D. 
P and P, for stars not in Am. Eph, correspond to P' -f J P aud P' -f J P,. 
F = Horizontal, or sine flexure. 
F' = Zenithal, or cosine flexure. 

J u = Correction to assumed latitude, — 38° 53' 3S".80. 
/' and fj' = Computed refractions, respectively for the upper and lower culminations of 

a given star. 
(I — A) = Factor by which these must be multiplied to bring them in accordance 
with observation of clrcumj)olar stars. 
The true xirobable error of any final result for a given star in a single 

position of the circle, is supposed to be of the usual form l;^-{- i • 

V ' n ' 
where — 

£ = Probable error of a single pointing, or that part of the error which dimin- 
ishes according to the value of -7=; aud 

V n 

e, = Probable error for a single position of the instrument when n is infinite. 
s is supposed to increase with the zenith distance according to the law 
t' = J,/ 4- £„/ tan* Z; where 
t^, = value of ; when Z = 0; aud — 
e,,, = arbitrary constant. 
-' — Weight, the i)robabIe error of whose unit is E. 

Whenever it is necessary to limit the applicalion of the above quantities 
to a particular year or mode of observation it is effected by adding to the 
expres.sion for the quantity the designations C6, G7, 08, 09, or (Dir), (Ret), 
etc. These designations are omitted in many cases where no ambiguity 
can arise from that course. 
The change in method of obtaining zenith point, which took place in 1SG7, 
requires an examination of the determiuatious of north polar distance in that year, for 
the purpose of ascertaining whether there is any constant difiereuce between the 
results obtained before aud after June 1, when the change took place. To settle this 
point, the direct observations of 70 stars most frequently observed (and at least three 
times in each period) were selected. The observations previous to June 1 were 
grouped in a single mean, JP, ; and those subsequent, in another, J P„. Weights 
were assigned according to the usual formula : /. e., n, being the number of observa- 
tions making up J P, and «„ the number of observations making up J P,„ we have 

- = '"' "" . These weights were taken roughlv to tlie nearest unit. The resulting 



[47] 



REPORT OF TUE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



453 



value of the correction is 



- ".34 ± ".032 ; weight 294. 

e,, = ± ".55. 



All the polar distances subsequent to June 1 were consequently corrected by — ".34, 
to bring them into systematic accordance with those values of id p obtained previous 
to that date. Where the number of determinations for a given star is small, i)articular 
examination of observations made in May was instituted, and such observations in 
that month as appeared to depend on Nadirs were corrected. APc^ was then formed 
anew, respect being had for the list of errata (end of this Appendix). 

Even a superficial examination of the results for 1868 is sufhcient to show that 
the probable error, ecs is much larger than the corresponding quantity for any other 
year, and while it was found to be impracticable if not impossible to assign all the 
reasons for this, an examination leaves no doubt that it is partly due to constant errors 
in the determination of zenith puint correction. Some of these errors are quite large, 
and though extreme caution should be exercised, I have not hesitated to apply the 
more important corrections which seemed to be required. I have followed a method 
precisely like that adopted by Professor Newcomb in similar cases occurring in 1866.* 
The suspected periods were quite numerous, but only those in the subjoined table 
were adopted for treatment. J P„ for each star common to any one or more of these 
nights, was formed from all the remaining observations of the year; and then each 
comi>ared with the questionable values of its corresponding /i p. Thus xi series of 
values A Pi — dp were obtained for each date, and the mean of each set adopted as 
the correction to the results as printed. The column headed "No." shows the total 
number of values of J P, — Jj), which are used to form the corresponding correction. 
The corrections with reversed signs are applicable to the results of reflection obser- 
vations. 



Date. 


Observer. 


Correction. 


No. 


Eemarlcs. 


March 18 


H 


+ 1..5 


10 


Polaris to n Cancri. 


September 7.. 


F 


— 1.5 


19 




October 1 


T 


— 2.0 


1(3 




October 13 


F 


— 2.0 


19 




October 16 


F 


— 1.7 


16 




November 6. .. 


E 


— 0.9 


22 


f Cygni to Polaris. 


November 6. .. 


E 


— 2.3 


U 


6 Canis Majoris to a Hydrje. 


Decembers. .. 


F 


- 1.2 


14* 





* Tlie result from a Aquilae is excluded. 

The corrections on November 6, taken in connection with the corresponding 
"zenith point corrections," whicii for the first group was 13". 0, and for the second 
14".3, show that the Nadir determinations may indicate a considerable change in ttie 
zenith point without any real alteration. The "zenith point corrections" on November 
6, according to the above table, should have been 12".l and 12".0 respectively, for the 
first and second groups ; while they were found to be from Nadir observations on 

* Washington Astronon)ical Observations, 1866, p. xvii. Introduction. 



454 



UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[48] 



November 5, 11".9, on November 7, lo".2, aud on November 9, 10".C, each depending 
on two separate observations, — those on November 7 being respectively 14".58 and 
11".97. 

The only remaining corrections adopted to aid in forming J P in this aud in other 
years are for errata, which are to be found at the end of this Appendix. Twenty 
seven observations in 1868 -which differed more than 3".5 from the concluded means, 
were rejected. 

In 18GG the values of J P resulting from zenith points as corrected are adopted. 

Probable Error. 

Before combining the results of separate years, it is important to know their rela- 
tive weights ; especially as an examination, merely preliminary, shows that the accu- 
racy of a single determination varies greatly in different years. In getting probable 
error, the corrected results were used in 18CG ; and the results as printed and corrected 
for errata, in subsequent years ; except that the rejected observations of 18CS were not 
included. Each Ap was compared with its A P, aud the residuals arranged in groups 
according to zenith distance. The probable error e was supposed to follow the well- 
known law* 

Whatever the theoretical objections to this formula, they are nothing in com- 
parison with the uncertainty of the determination; because in this particular case 
there are few observations at great zenith distances. No distinction is made between 
observations north or south of the zenith, owing to the considerable number of bisec- 
tions taken at each pointing; aud these, for northern stars frequently observed, are 
more numerous on the average than for the southern ; so that the greater accuracy in 
a single bisection of an equatorial star is in this way assumed to give no marked 
advantage. In 1806 and 1807, stars observed twenty times or more were used, except 
at zenith distances greater than 55°, where the minimum was reduced to 7 observa- 
tions of the same star. In the two succeeding years the minimum for zenith distances 
less than 60° is 10. The results follow:— 

18(i6. 



Grouii. 


Meau Z 




o 


I 


G 


2 


20 


:i 


•>s 


4 


43 


•"i 


51 


(i 


58 



No. resid- 
uals. 



210 
'i()2 
104 

2ia 

251 
201 



Observed e 



± .54 
± .52 
± .58 
± .03 
± .71 
± .05 



e from 
formula. 






57 
57 
58 
GO 
(!3 
G7 



18G7. 



G 



10 
25 
49 
53 
59 
G9 



226 
232 
205 
127 
85 
31 



± .51 

4- .55 
±.53 
± .GO 
db .54 
±.74 



±.,51 

± .52 
± .55 
±..57 
±.59 
±.7l 



* Vide Laugier's Memoir ; Kaiser, Second Volume Leiden 01)fierv,ations, etc. 



[49] 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER. APPENDIX H. 



455 



186S. 



Groiiii. 


Mean Z 


No. resid- 
imI.s. 


Observed e 


e from 
formula. 




o 




II 


// 


1 


8 


liiy 


± .m 


i .76 


2 


21 


••)■)[} 


-- .71 


-- .76 


ii 


■S2 


205 


-- .76 


-- .77 


4 


50 


34:^ 


-- .77 


-- .7y 


5 


56 


ra 


-- .72 


-- .«1 


6 


65 


8?, 


-- .60 


-- .86 


4 


72 


45 


±1.00 


i .06 



Two Imndred and eighty-seven residuals of stars ujost frequently observed iu 1809 
give e = it .07. 

One hundred and sixty-five residuals of stars most frequently observed by reflec- 
tion in 1807 give £ — i ".50. 

The following formulie were adopted for the respective years : 

1800 £2_//303 ^ '/.04u0 taug^Z 

1807 £2 ^".201 + ".0333 taug^^ 

1808 £= = ".578 -f {".0333) taug^.^ 

1809 £« = (".455) -f (".0415) tang-.^ 

For 1808 the factor multiplied by tang^Z was assumed equal to that found by 
experiment in 1807 ; the result for 1SC8 being of extremely small weight. 

For 1809 the formula found from the observations of Wn 1870-1873 was adopted 
as being a close approximation. 

With the arguments Z and year, we have the following table of — 

Values of s 



z= 


0° 


20° 


30= 


40= 


50° 


55° 


60° 


65° 


70° 


7.5° 




II 


II 


11 


II 


II 


„ 


,, 


II 


II 


// 


1866 


.,57 


.,57 


.58 


.60 


.62 


.64 


.68 


.73 


.81 


.97 


1867* 


.51 


.52 


.52 


.53 


.55 


.57 


.60 


.64 


.72 


.85 


1868 


.76 


.76 


. 77 


.78 


.79 


.80 


.82 


.86 


.91 


1.02 


1869 


.68 


.08 


.68 


.70 


.72 


.74 


.76 


.80 


.88 


1.02 



The value of e, must be determined from a comparison of observations in different 
positions of the circle. 

It will now be assumed that the systematic corrections required by the adopted 
values of A P, are : a, a correction B for division error. This has been taken from 
tables in § 72 of the descriptiou of the transit circle, Washington Observations for 
1805. 

ft, a constant correction, — J Z, to all of the zenith points of a given year. The 
correction to /) P will be -f J 2'. 

* Tbe value of cs; at ^0°Z agrees precisely with that found in another way (see p. 47). The value 
there found corresponds to a zenith distance of about 40^. 



456 UNITED STATES NOKTHEltN UOUNDAKY COMMISSION. [50] 

c, a correction for flexure, arbitrarily assumed to bo of the form F sin Z + F' cos Z. 

d, a correction, — J c, to J P (1SC6-1S69) for error in the assumed latitude, 38° 53' 
3S".80. 

These corrections are of the forms usually adopted, aud stem to require no ex- 
planation on theoretical grounds. 

Accepting these, the final polar distance by direct observation will be — 

^' -^/ ^' \ + 1) + J Z + Fsin Z+ F'cosZ-J<p 

Of these corrections J Z will vary with the year; J « will be constant; and I), F 
and F' will dei)end upon the reading of the circle used. 

Values of J Z, F and P. 

During the years 1867 and 18GS circle B was used. It was reversed at the begin- 
ning of 1868, but was not shifted relatively to the telescoi)e. In each year there is 
a considerable number of reflection observations, both north and south. The neces- 
sary conditions are thus established for ascertaining the quantities JZ61, JZGS, F 
and F'. F and F' have been already investigated as stated above* (p. 44) ; but that 
portion of F' which depends upon the flexure of the telescope could only be roughly 
inferred, and was taken as .00. So far as this assumption is supported by the present 
investigation, it will be found to be substantially correct. However the discordance 
between the direct and reflected observations of these and other years may origiuate, 
if one of the possilile causes of error is known, and if the form of the diflerences can 
be reconciled, within a fair degree of probability, to represent the effect of that cause, 
we are bound to accept the latter, provisionally, as the most probable, or at least as an 
important source of the ditficulty. If other means of measuring the effect of the known 
disturbing agency exist and have been employed, the question then relates to the weight 
of each determination or method, aud, except for considerations of expediency, neither 
should be adopted to the exclusion of others, unless there is great disparity of 
weights. 

It is a priori possible that the whole or a part of the discordance in question may 
be produced by flexure. The horizontal flexure (-F) has been measured by opposing 
collimators and also by the aid of leveled collimators, in the manner detailed in the 
Washington volume for 186o.t The definitive result was taken from the former method. 
The values given by leveled collimators, for reasons stated, are justly regarded as of 
little weight, though it will be seen that their mean is very near the mean finally 
adopted in this discnssion. Professor Newcomb considers the flexure of the circles and 
of the telescope sei)arately. The former was ascertained by a method of comparing 
simultaneous readings of the two circles, combined with a systematic rotation in their 
relative positions. The flexure of the telescope in the horizontal position was deter- 
mined by subtracting from tlie value of F, found by opposing collimators, that pre- 
viously found for the circle read in the observation. A rough check on the zenithal 
flexure of telescope was obtained in an analogous manner by the aid of nadir observa- 
tions combined with readings on leveled collimators. The result is confessedly of small 

"Washington Astronomical Observations for 18W>, Appendix I, ij 60 to ^ 67. 
t ^ (0.''>) App. I., Wn. 01)S., 186,5. 



[51] 



EEPOET OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 457 



weight. Many of the detertninatious by opposing collimators were known to be iufln- 
enced by temperature in the room varying at different altitudes, and such were rejected. 
It is not altogether improbable that the measures accepted may have been affected 
injuriously by the same cause, though in a smaller degree. They are also liable to 
error from other causes, among which maj' be mentioned i)ersonal error, and the error 
possibly arising from the small aperture of the collimators.* It would bo difficult to 
estimate the i)robablo error in the determiuatiou of F and F' ; but perhaps enough has 
been said to show that a considerabla correction to the adopted values Is not altogether 
inadmissible. 

The reflection-observations of 1SG7 and 18G8 will iirst be examined to ascertain 
whether the differences J P(Eef) — /I Pt will tolerate the supposition that they are 
caused wholly or mainly by a constant error in adopted zenith point combined with an 
error in the assumed coefficient of sin Z in the formula for flexure. And for the purpose 
of assigning proper weights to /) P(Ref) — J P in each case s, will be ascertained by 
approximation. In 1867 there are a few observations of "miscellaneous stars" by 
reflection, and as tiiese are situated almost exclusively near the zenith they will afford 
additional evidence as to the character of the change near the zenith in the value of 
A P(Ref ) — J P. The following table exhibits the results from these stars arranged 
in order of zenith distance of stars observed directly, zenith distances being counted 
from 0° to 300°. The first column gives the name of the star; the second is P cor- 
rected wherever necessary by — ".34, to reduce to adopted zenith points ; the third 
is seconds of P (Ref ), reckoned from reflected pole through nadir, etc. ; the fourth 
gives the number of observations respectively for P and P (Ref), separated by a 
hyphen ; the fifth shows the respective weights on the unit whose probable error is 
1".00. These weights are deduced on the supposition that the value of e, is =t ".25. 
The sixth column shows the values of P(Ref) — P, and the last column shows the 
values of Z. 



Name. 


P 


P(Ref) 


Obs. 


77' 


P{Rei) — V 


Z 


B.A.C.1144 

h UrsiB Majoris 

fi Ursaj Majoris 

81 Ursse Majoris 

21 Ursaj Majoris 

1 Can.Ven 


o / /' 
24 52 46.60 
27 33 15. 02 

32 55 18.32 

33 .59 05.38 
35 25 36.07 

35 50 31. 17 

36 48 07.39 

40 14 03. 10 

41 29 61.03 
41 34 11.07 


46.16 

13. -18 
16. 99 
05. 73 
36.85 
30.97 
08.28 
02.81 
58.57 
11.36 


2-1 
1-1 
2-2 
2-1 
2-1 
3-1 
2-1 
2-1 
1-2 
4-1 


2 

1.5 

2.5 

2 
2 
2 
2 
2 


II 

— .44 

— 1. 54 

— 1.33 

4- .35 
+ .78 

— .20 
-f- .89 

— .29 

— 2.46 
-1- .29 




334 
337 
342 
343 
344 
345 
346 
349 
350 
350 




X Ursas Majoris 






Recapitulation ( 


itars north of zenitl 







20 


— .39 ± .23 


344 



* The apertnre of the collimators is only 2^ inches, while that of the telescope is 8.5 inches. 
\^P=^P,+D. 



458 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



Name. 


P 


P(Ref) 


Obs. 


n' 


P(Ref) 


Z 


B.A.C. 4962 

B.A.C. 4S09 

y Cor. Borealis 

d Bootia .......... 


O ' " 

62 24 32.79 

62 44 40.97 

63 17 29.45 

64 17 29. 63 

65 58 27.14 

67 19 60.:i9 

07 47 30.42 

08 .'JO 40.27 

68 56 22.20 
74 00 47. 13 
76 38 37.05 
79 37 07. 15 


33.74 
47.64 
28. 2S 
29. 70 
28.04 
59.80 
31.71 
40. 13 
22. 83 
46. 32 
36. 77 
07. 43 


2-1 
2-1 
2-1 
3-1 
3-1 
2-1 
2-1 
2-1 
2-1 
2-1 
2-1 
2-1 


2 
2 
o 

2 


+ .95 
+ .07 
— 1.17 
4- .07 


o 

11 

12 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

18 

IH 

23 

25 

28 


(J4 Tjponis ....... 


2 + .90 
2 — . £9 


^ti Bootis .......... 


B.A.C. 1970 

B. A. 0.2788 

C Tauri 


2 
2 
2 
2 
3 


+ 1.29 

— .14 

+ .63 

— .81 

— .28 
+ .28 


B.A.C. 5620 

30 Gemiiiorum 

I Onliiuchi ...... 








24 


+ . 15 ± . 14 


17 









The jirobable errors are deduced from the actual residuals; had they beeu e.<ti- 
inated from S tt' in each case, they would have been ± ".22 and ± ".20, respectively, tor 
the northern and southern groups. At about 18° zenith distance on each side there 
are gaps without stars observed, more than 5° wide in each instance. Taking only the 
stars nearest the zenith, we have: — 



Nortbern stars 

[Same, excluding x Ursje Majoris. 



P(Eef) — P 



16.5 
14.5 



Southern stars 18 



+ .03 
+ .15 



346 
345] 

15 



The evidence in favor of an abnormal change appears to be wanting. The result 

has, however, but small weight. Collecting now all the material which exists in 1867 

and 18G8 for determining AZ61, AZ G8, and F, and collecting the values of ziP (Ref ) 

— J P into groups, including in each group a zone nearly 5° wide, we have the fol- 

lowiug tables : — 

1867. 



No. 


Mean Z 


AP(Eef) — :iP 

+ ".losing 


„/ 


I. 


II. 


III. 




o 


// 






It 


// 


II 


(1) 


309 


— .54 


15 


— 


.49 


— .13 


+ -11 


C-J) 


315 


— .87 


17 


— 


.05 


+ .21 


+ .CO 


(3) 


323 


— .77 


31 




00 


+ .12 


+ .4H 


(4) 


329 


— .06 


34 


+ 


.02 


-f.02 


+ .43 


(5) 


334 


— .56 


31 


+ 


.03 


-.07 


+ .39 


(6) 


345 


— .29 


28 


+ 


.03 


— .32 


+ .20 


(7) 


350 


— .81 


22 


+ 


.07 


+ .-11 


+ .'"4 


(8) 


12 


+ .58 


40 





.15 


•+ .23 


— .26 


(9) 


18 


+ .48 


28 


+ 


.10 


+ .35 


— .08 


(10) 


25 


-t- .49 


50 


+ 


. 25 


+ .35 


.00 


(11) 


32 


-(-1.01 


46 


— 


.11 


— .10 


— .44 


(12) 


38 


-1-1.65 


15 


— 


.01 


— .79 


—1.02 


(13) 


46 


-1-1.49 


30 


— 


. 42 i — . 01 


— .78 


(14) 


49 


4- .78 


18 


+ 


.44 1 + .10 


— .05 


(15) 


53 


+ 1.13 


6 


+ 


.17 1 — .24 


— .36 



[53] 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



459 



The correction + ".IG sin Z, in column S P(Ref ) — J P, is the reduction for difier- 
ence of latitudes of instrument and reflecting surface in reflection observations. The 
weight, -', supposes ± 1".00 as the probable error of the unit. By successive trials it 
was found that, taking e^ = ± ".25, the assumed and concluded probable errors of unit of 
weight in 1868 were exactly alike; and the latter for 18G7 was ± 1".07, while from 
the assumption it should have been ± 1".00. The approximation is considered quite 
sufficient, especially when it is remembered that there is great uncertainty in the appli- 
cation of the law adopted to represent JP(Ref) — JP. We therefore have for any 
given number (m) of observations the weight 

1.00 



The table gives :— 



.0625 + L 



Values of n' with arguments e and n. 

E = ± 1.00 c, = ± .25 



n 


e = ".52 


".54 


".00 


".70 


".80 


'.90 


1".00 


1 


3.0 


2.8 


2.4 


1.8 


1.4 


1.1 


.9 


2 


5.2 


4.8 


4.1 


3.2 


2.6 


2.1 


1.8 


3 


6 6 


6.3 


5.5 


4.4 


3.6 


3.0 


2.6 


4 


7.7 


7.4 


6.6 


5.4 


4.5 


3.8 


3.2 


.5 


8.6 


8.3 


7.4 


6.2 


.5.3 


4.5 


3.8 


6 


9.3 


9.0 


8.2 


6.9 


.5.9 


5.1 


4.4 


7 


9.9 


9.6 


8.8 


7.5 


6.5 


5.6 


4.9 


8 


10.4 


10.1 


9.3 


8.1 


7.0 


6.1 


5.3 


9 


10.8 


10.5 


9.8 


8.6 


7.5 


6.6 


5.8 


10 


11.2 


10.9 


10.2 


9.0 


7.9 


7.0 


6.2 


15 


12.4 


12. 2 


11.7 


10.5 


9.5 


8.6 


7.7 


20 


13.2 


13.0 


12.4 


11.5 


10.6 


9.7 


8.9 


25 


13. G 


13.5 


13.0 


12. 2 


11.4 


10.6 


9.8 


30 
35 

40 
.-jO 


14.0 
14.2 
14.4 
14.7 


13.9 
14.1 
14.3 
14.6 


13.4 

13.7 

• 14.0 

14.3 


12.7 
13.1 
13.4 
13.8 


11.9 





























These can easily be converted into any other scale whose standard probable 
error is e, by means of the factor — . The value of e is found on p. 49. The weight 

^, ^ n' (Dir.) X n' (Eef.) j^ ^^^,^^ ^^ ^^^ nearest unit. 

:r'(Uir.) + -' (Ret.) 

Recurring again to the table of comparisons, ^P(Eef) — zlP, (1867), the numbers 
in column headed I. are the residuals (calc. — obs.), which result from the employment 
of the following values deduced directly from the observations of 1867, assuming that 
the differences A P (Ref ) — J P are due to constant error and flexure. 

zJ.^= + ".06±".027 
F=z + ".7i±"M2. 

The column marked II. is constructed on the supposition : — 

J Z> or J 7J' = -^^(Ref.)-JP ^ ,,_o6 sin Z; 



460 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



|64] 



i. e., assuming- JZ to be different for northern and sonthern stars, and excluding the 
supposed flexure, except that of + ".00 deduced from opposing collimators. We have 
for northern stars, JZ'=—".20; for southern stars, AZ" = + "AO. 
Professor Newcomb found*: — 

AZ' = — "A5 AZ"=+"Ab. 

The difference is mainly the efiect of the correction — ".34 to reduce systematically 
to zenith points derived from collimators. In the first solution the small value of J^ 
shows that the zenith points thus derived are practically free from constant error. 

While the numbers in column I. do not show that agreement of fact with hypoth- 
esis, which is desirable, they ought to have some preference over those of column II., 
especially when we consider that the manner of using the corrections dZ' and dZ", is 
at least highly questionable on a xwiori grounds. It may be noted that of the eight 
comparisons making up line (7), we have: — 





Stars. 


Z 


AP(Eef.)-AP, 

etc. 


■k' 


I. 


1st 
2(1 


4 

4 


o 
349 

353 


If 

— 1.51 
+ .23 


13 
9 


+ 1.3 
— .4 



Whatever the source of these anomalies it is undoubtedly quite irregular in its 
action, and is suggested with some probability by Faye's hypothesist as to columns 
of heated air in the observing-room, which may principally or solely affect observations 
by reflection. 

Explanation of column III. will follow later, (p. 57). 

We have a similar table for 1868: — 



No. 


Mean Z 


AP(Rpf.) — AP 
+ .10 Bin ^ 


t:' 


I. 


II. 


III. 




o 


// 




II 


II 


// 


(16) 


308 


— .73 


C 


-1.01 


— .69 


— .46 


(17) 


310 


— .70 


3 


— .83 


— .69 


— .41 


(18) 


333 


—1. 03 


14 


— ..}9 


— .34 


— .01 


(19) 


328 


—1.75 


20 


+ .42 


+ .40 


+ .77 


(30) 


335 


—1.40 


13 


+ .20 


+ .00 


+ .49 


(21) 


345 


-1.14 


10 


+ .13 


— . 10 


+ .37 


(23) 


351 


—1. 30 


10 


+ .43 


+ .02 


+ .01 


(23) 


11 


+ .38 


16 


— .74 


- .27 


— .71 


(24) 


18 


+ .33 


20 


— .55 


- .22 


— .57 


(25) 


34 


— .07 


21 


— .28 


+ .10 


— .21 


(2G) 


38 


— .10 


23 


— .03 


+ .15 


— .13 


(27) 
{38) 


33 


— .51 


23 


+ .47 


+ .58 


+ .35 


39 


00 


11 


+ .00 


+ .09 


— .10 


(29) 


48 


+ .54 


16 


— .34 


— .43 


— .55 



•P. six, Int. Wash. Ast. Ohs., 1867. 
tF.aye, f'oniptc^ Urndiis, xxi. 



[55J 



REPORT OF THE OHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 461 



The explanatious under 1867 apply. We bave for I. : — 

J Z = — ".35 ± ".035 

1^=4- ".GO ±".070 

For II. : JZ'=- ".03 and AZ"=- ".02. 

The difi'ereuce between these numbers and those deduced by Newcomb,* JZ'=— ".78 and 
J Z" = — ".10, is probably due to the changes in some of the zenith points (see p. 47,) 
and iu the changes and additions produced bj' errata. There is apparently not much to 
choose between I. and II. I shall, therefore, proceed on the hypothesis that a portion 
of the discordance in question is due to atmospheric, or causes other than flexure 
depending on sin^. Furthermore, the method of obtaining value of F by comparison 
of direct and reflected observations of Z will be considered asof equ.al weight with the 
method which employs opposing collimators. If we take the mean by weights of the 
two values of F, deduced from observations of 1867 and 18G8, we have +".69, which 
gives as the mean by the two methods :— 

F= + ".37. 

The observations of 1869 are too few to afibrd a practical contribution to this result, 
and those of 1866 were deduced with a difl'erent circle. 

By comparison of J P 68 — J P 67 we shall have an excellent determination of the 
quantities F' (or entire cosine flexure) and J Z68 — J^G7. To obtain most probable 
values of jF", F', J ZG7 and J ZGS, it will be best to comprise in one set of conditional 
equations all determinations which contribute to a knowledge of either of the required 
quantities, so that each may exert its proper influence upon all others. Each compar- 
ison JP68~ JP67 furnishes an equation of the form J Z67 — JZC)S + 2V' cos Z = 
JP6S — JP67, for direct observations, and J Z(>7 — J ZGS + 2 F cos Z ^ — J PiJS + 
A P67 for reflected observations. The results of 1867 and 1868 furnish 247t such equa- 
tions of the total weight 908. Arranging them in the order of zenith distance in zones 
about 5° ill width, we have 38 means or groups : — 

1868-1867. 







AF 68 — AP 67 








No. 


Mean Z 


oriiP67(Ref.) 
— AP68(Kef.) 


it' 


III 




(30) 




288 


— .40 


U 


+ 


.42 


(31) 


294 


— .57 


22 


+ 


.47 


(:i2) 


306 


— ..'•>o 


22 


+ 


.20 


(33) 


311 


— .33 


23 




.04 


(34) 


316 


— 1.20 


9 


+ 


.84 


(35) 


323 


— .86 


30 


+ 


.32 


(36) 


328 


— .60 


34 




00 


(37) 


332 


— .56 


19 


— 


.08 


(38) 


337 


+ .01 


10 


— 


.69 


(39) 


345 


— .f^S 


16 


+ 


.If 


(40) 


:,5l 


- .45 


22 




.31 


(41) 


360 


- .19 


33 





.58 



• p. XX, Int. Wash. Ast. Obs., 1868. 

t The comparisons of a C.issiop., S. P., and a Cephei, S. P., are rejected as of small weight. 



462 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



|56] 



186S-1S67— Coutiuued. 







AP68 — AP 67 








No. 


Mean Z 


orAP67(Ref.) 


^ 


III. 1 






— AP66Eef.) 








(42) 


o 
7 


— .e6 


20 


+ 


.10 


(43) 


11 


— 1.17 


40 


+ 


.42 


(44) 


17 


— .S3 


44 


+ 


.11 


(45) 


•21 


— .86 


26 


+ 


.17 


(46) 


54 


— .71 


50 


+ 


.04 ' 


(47) 


•29 


— .89 


60 


+ 


.•26 


(■18) 


x^ 


— .42 


72 




.16 


(49) 


40 


— .(16 


43 


— 


.44 ' 


(50) 


47 


— .42 


65 


+ 


.02 


(51) 


5:{ 


— .55 


•24 


+ 


.•24 


(5-') 


59 


+ .58 


2-3 




.79 


(*?) 


(i4 


— .05 


16 


— 


.08 


(.}4) 


69 


+ .92 


7 


— 


.96 




2M 


+ .66 


6 


+ 


.44 




•2-24 


+ .w 


3 


+ ] 


.17 




217 


+ 1.41 


18 




.12 


(5c) 


•210 


+ 1.8-2 


14 





.46 


(59) 


•205 


+ 1.31 


17 


+ 


.10 


,.;.■. 


195 


+ 1.63 


10 




.15 




i-g 


+ 1.-21 


12 


+ 


.29 




]r,s 


+ 1. 13 


13 


+ 


.36 






+ ^•2-2 


12 


+ 


.•24 




i- .1 


+ 1.34 


•20 


+ 


.03 


(U-.) 


14-5 


+ 1.86 


21 




.52 


(66) 


140 


+ 1.10 


G 


+ 


.15 


''"? ' 


132 


+ 1.21 


13 




.07 



Finally we have from opposiug collimators :— 

F -' " 

(68) +".06 620 +.32; 

where -' is determined a posteriori in such a manner that it shall be equal to one-half 
the weight of F in the solution of normal equations. 

Representing by — n, for convenience, the numbers in third column (in the three 
tables), we have the forms: — 

(1867) \2JZG-; + 2FsmZ+n^0\V^ 

(1868) {•2JZGi + 2FsmZ+n = 0\V-' 
(186S-1S67) J JZ 67 — J Z 68 + 2 1"' sin Z+n = 0\ y/-' 

\F—"m = 0\y/&H) 
The solution of numerical equations formed in accordance with the above, leads to 

these normal equations. 

// 

J -^ 6S + 904.6 F' + 100.0 F + 



2552.0 J Z 07 — 90S.0 
— 908.0 + 1756.0 



+ 904.6 - 

+ 100.0 + 

The solution gives, — 



904.0 
94.2 
JZ67 



- 904.6 
+ 2493.!t 

+ ".082 ± 



+ 94.2 

+ 1255.5 
■'.024 



5.71=4) 

+ 31.59 = 
+ 1088.08 = 
— 459.40 = 



J Z 68 = - ".290 ± ".030 
F' = - ".571 ± ".024 
F = + ".381[±".030J 

i:= i i".o7 



[57J REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 463 

It is hardly necessary to remark tluit the probable error as applied to F has no 
significance; but if we admit that the anomalous conditions aQecting J P(Ref) — AF 
acted with tolerable uniformity in 1SG7 and 18GS, then the probable error of the value 
of F' is quite real. The value of E is unlavorably influenced by the introduction of 
equation (68). Using (as in other cases) the separate residuals making up groups (30) 
to (54) inclusive, we have 

i; = ± ".994 ; 

and from groups (55) to (07) inclusive 

-B = ± 1".031. 

The agreement of E with assumed value is all that could be desired. 

The numbers in column III. are the residuals arising from the adoption of the 
above values in the individual equations. From groups (30) to (07) there are no 
evidences of large outstanding errors of a systematic nature ; nor, with one or two 
exceptions, of residuals larger than should be expected from the weight.s. Small errors 
in the division correction doubtless exist, aud it is to me matter of surprise that these 
groups are so well represented by the simple law assumed. So much cannot be said 
of the first 29 groups. The outstanding residuals in column III. may be attributed to 
atmospheric disturbances, to error in assumed value of F, and to other possible 
causes, whose existence is not clearly defined. 

It will be assumed that the difiiculty is mainly with the reflection observation ; 
aud these will accordingly be excluded from all further participation in the definitive 
results for 1807 and 1SG8. Assuming the correctness of F, the value of J Z 09 will be 
deduced from the comparison of direct and reflected observations of 1809, given on 
p. xxiii, Int. Wash. Ast. Obs. Reversing the signs in column "D — R", correcting 
by — .04 sin Z, and taking one-half the mean by weights of the outstanding residuals, 

we have: — 

J .Z 00 = + ".44 ± ".00. 

The circle was shifted at the beginning of the year 30' relatively to the telescope. 
In computing flexure, no account was taken of this circumstance. 

The observations of 1805 afi'ord no opportunity for independent determination of 
the cosine flexure of the circle used . d Z 66 and the sine flexure (F) were found by 
Professor Neweomb from comparison of direct and reflected observations.* The 
values were— 

JZ66 = -- ".72 
J' 06 =-".78 

The result of the investigation for 1^00 in the volume for 1805 is — 1".12 ; and this was 
adoi)ted in the reductions, I have adopted the mean of the two results 

P 60 = - ".95 

The mean by weights of J P 67 and J P 68 corrected for A Z, F and F' was then taken 

• lutroductioii to Washiugtan Astrouomical Obaervatious for 186fi, p. xsiii. 



464 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[58] 



as standard, with which A P CG, corrected by — ".72 — ".95 sin Z was compared. 
Arran{?ed in convenient groups the results are these : — 



Group. 


Mean Z 


A P j g^ 1 (corrected) 
— A p 66 (corrected). 


■K- 


Calc. — obs. 


(1) 


o 
293 


— .14 


24 


+ .06 


C^) 


307 


— .07 


32 


— .03 


(a) 


312 


+ .12 


44 


— .22 


(4) 


325 


+ .02 


70 


— .13 


(•'>) 


334 


- .25 


35 


+ .14 


(«) 


349 


— .02 


50 


— .10 


(7) 


2 


— .25 


67 


+ .13 


(«) 


13 


+ .02 


112 


— .14 


(9) 


23 


— .03 


150 


— .09 


(10) 


32 


+ .01 


1G6 


— .12 


(11) 


44 


— .35 


150 


+ .25 


(12) 


55 


-.37 


62 


+ .28 


(13) 


65 


— .30 


42 


+ .29 


(14) 


228 


Q'J 


21 


+ .20 


(15) 


214 


+ ■.19 


37 


— .20 


(IG) 


206 


+ .15 


28 


— .16 


(17) 


192 


+ .10 


35 


— .10 


(18) 


ICiS 


— .37 


30 


+ .37 


(19) 


153 


+ .20 


38 


— .21 


(20) 


140 


.00 


14 


— .01 


(21) 


132 


— .02 


22 


00 



The results from (14) to (21) are from reflection observations. The numbers in 
thii-d column are too small and too irregular to exhibit any decided preference for a 
given law. It will be assumed that the above value of J Z 6(5 requires correction, and 
that a term should be introduced for cosine flexure. I have found : — 

- ".00 [± .04] - ".OG [± .04] cos Z. 

The residuals in the last column are, on the whole, very satisfactox'y. Those in 
(11), (12), and (13), however, show a slight tendency to deviation from the assumed 
law. We have arrived at the following corrections to J P, which are adopted. 



Irregular correction for error of zenith 



1SC6. — .78 — .U5 sin Z — .00 cos Z 

18G7. +.08 + .38.siuZ-.57cosZ+^ ^^^j^^.^^ 

18C8. — .29 + .3-i sin Z + .57 cos Z + {Irregular corrections.} 

18G9. +.44 + .38 sin Z — .m cos Z 



or more conveniently : 



(A) 



18GG. 
18G7. 
1SC8. 
18C9. 



-.78 -.95 sin J 312.5 + P\ 

+ .08 + .G9 sin \ 252.G + P j + etc. 



.29 + .G9 .sin \ 



'.+ P| + etc. 



+ .44 + .09 sin \ 2.52.G + P \ 
These corrections are applicalth' to ])ol:ir distances from direct observation. 



[591 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



465 



Latitude and Refraction. 

In this series of observations, there is no materia! for cxaminiu,£f the correctness 
of the adopted temperature coefQcient of attnosphetic expansion. Owing to the low 
elevation of the pole and the deficiency of observations at low nltitudes of .stais at 
lower transit, the determination of an independent constant of refraction is likewise 
out of the question. The process of obtaining A <p may be briefly summarized. 

All polar distances by direct observation in each of the years were corrected by 
(A); and supposing the differences between corrected polar distances of the same star 
from upper and lower culmination to be due to error of assumed latitude and refrac- 
tion constant, we have — 



JP(U. C.) corrected 
+ J P (L. (J.) corrected 



j = 2 J c, - (/, + 



The results of all the years combined in one set of equations, and arranged in con- 
venient groups following the order of polar distance, are these : 



No. 




■k' 


Calc- 


-obs. 


Stars' name, or num- 
ber of stars. 


(1) 


2 


A{i — 143i;+ .09 = 


14 




.07 


?, UrsfB Miuoris. 


(••i) 


2 


— 14:5 -f .60 


29 


— 


.16 


o Ursa3 Miuoris. 


(3) 


2 


— 144 -f .75 


15 


. — 


.01 


51 (H) Cei>bci. 


(4) 


2 


— 144 -f 1.09 


23 


4 


.33 


<5 Ursai Minoris. 


(5) 


2 


— IGO -I-1.P8 


10 


-f 


.32 


3 


(6) 


2 


— 102 + .66 


29 




.10 


5 


(7) 


2 


— 171 -f . 85 


31 


+ 


.09 


7 


(^) 


2 


— 185 + .78 


13 


+ 


.01 


3 


(9) 


2 


— 202 + . 30 


21 




.47 


4 


(10) 


2 


— 210 + .72 


8 


— 


.05 


5 


(11) 


2 


— 227 -f . 91 


16 


+ 


.14 


4 


(12) 


2 


— 236 + . 95 


5 


+ 


.18 


1 


(13) 


2 


— 256 -1-1.23 


4 


+ 


.45 


2 


(14) 


2 


— 320 -1- .88 


4 


+ 


.09 


1 



The coefiQcients of Ic are taken at their mean values for the mean temperature at 
Washington, those from (11) to (14) excepted, which are for lower culmination taken 
from the detailed observations. From the above equations result — 



Aip = - ".309 i 
fc = -t- .00014 i 



".105 ; or - ".38 -Y 8C".9 7.- 
.00119 



fBcssel's refractions} x .99980 = Washington. 



The probable error of h is thus nearly 10 times the quantity itself, and as the 
change in refraction would bo practically insignificant, no use is made of it. The 
probable error of zJ ^ is with respect to the uncertainty of fc. Assuming li to be with- 
out error the probable error of A o becomes ± ".03. To get the deviations from A <f the 
N B 30 



466 UNITED STATES NOIiTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [CO] 

numbers in column "Calc. — obs." must be divided by 2. Excluding all observations 
where Z > 75°, the results of separate years, for latitude are : 

// // 

1866 — .46 ± .08 

1867 - .26 ± .06 

1868 - .46 i .06 

1869 - .22 ± .12 
Mean by weights — Ml 

The differences are not much greater thau the probable errors would lead us to 
expect, especially when we consider the uncertainty of J Z fcr each year. 

The adopted latitude, 38° 53' 3S".43, is more than 0".8 less than that found in 
1845,* with the mural circle, and ".35 less than the result with the same instrument in 
1861-2-3-4.t The difference between the earliest and latest determination is appar- 
ently greater than the sum of auy probable instrumental errors in the two -series. If 
the flexure from opposing collimators had beeu adopted, the seconds of latitude would 
have been 3S".66 very nearly. If, on the other hand, we take the results of comparison 
of Me 6S with Wn 68, and suppo.se, accordingly, that the refractions of the latter ought 
to be multiplied by .9953 the seconds of latitude are 38".S3; leaviug a difference not 
accounted for of ".42 ; and this, too, under the extreme supposition that the refractions 
of 1845 are correct, while the same refractions for 1868 n^ed to be multiplied by .9953. 

Combining with table (A) the correction + ".37, for — J (p already determined, we 
arrive at the following definitive correction to P and J P: 



II II 

1866 - .41 - ,95 sin (312.5 + P) 

1867 + .45 + .69 sin (252.6 + P) + \- ".34 to nadir values of P and J P. \ 

1868 + .08 + .69 sin ( 5.2 + P) + ^ Irregular corrections for error , 
^ ^ ^ ' ( zenith points. See p. 47. 

1869 + .81 -f .69 sin (252.6 + P) 



Column (P) of the subjoined table is constructed from these. In column "Final" 
are found the systematic corrections necessary to reduce the North Polar Distances, after 
they are first corrected for division error and error of certain zenith points, to the Nor- 
mal System of this paper. It is formed by subtracting from (B) the declination cor- 
rection of Wn 68, taken from Table IX. 

"Appendix to Wasbington Astronomical Observations for 1845. 
1 Appendix to Wasbington Astronomical Observations for 1864. 



[Gl] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 467 

Wn 66- Wn GO. Table of corrections to Polar Distances by direct obscrvatiov* 



335 

340 

345 

350 

355 

300 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

CO 

05 

70 

75 

80 

85 

90 

95 

100 

105 

110 

115 

120 

1-25 



186G. 



(«) 



+ .50 
+ -47 
+ .43 
+ .39 
+ .34 
+ .29 
+ .23 



f -17 
f .10 
f .03 

- .04 

- .12 

- .20 

- .28 

- .37 

- .45 

- .53 

- .02 

- .70 

- .77 

- .85 

- .92 

- .99 
— 1. 05 
—1.11 
—1.16 
—1.21 
— 1. 25 
—1.29 
— 1. 32 
—1.34 



Filial. 



+ .70 
+ .02 
+ .53 
+ .44 
+ .36 
+ .29 
+ .21 

+ -l-^ 

CO 

— .12 

— .24 

— .38 

— ..52 

— .04 

— .76 

— 87 

— .93 
—1.09 

— 1.20 
—1.30 
—1.40 
—1.49 
—1.57 
—1.64 
—1.70 
—1.76 

— 1.84 
—1.95 
-2.09 
—2.25 
—2.43 



1867. 



(C) 



— .05 

— .09 

— .13 

— .16 

— .18 

— .20 

— .21 

— .23 

— .23 

— .23 

— .23 
_o2 

— !20 

— .18 

— .16 

— .13 

— .09 

— .05 

— .01 
+ .03 
-1- .08 
+ .14 

,19 



.30 



+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ .42 
+ .48 
+ ..54 
+ .00 
+ .00 



Fiual. 



.15 
.06 
.03 
.11 
.16 
.20 
.23 
.23 
.33 
.38 
.43 
.48 
..52 
..'.4 



— . 54 

— ..52 

— .51 

— ..50 

— .47 

— .43 

— .39 

— .34 

— .29 

— .24 

— .21 
■)■) 



. 26 
.33 
.43 



1863. 



(i') 



— .15 

— .10 

— .04 
4- .02 
+ .00 
+ .14 



+ .20 
+ .20 
+ .32 
+ .37 
+ .43 
+ .48 
+ .52 
+ .57 
+ .61 
+ .04 
+ .CS 
+ .70 
+ .73 
4- .74 
+ .76 
+ .70 
+ ."7 
-f .76 
+ .70 
+ .74 
-I- .72 
-h .70 
+ .67 
+ .64 
+ .60 



Fiual. 



+ .05 
+ .05 
+ .00 
+ .07 
+ .10 
+ .14 
4- .18 



1869. 



(«) 



+ .30 
+ .-6 
+ .23 
+ .20 
+ .17 
+ .15 
4- .14 



+ 


21 


+ • 


13 


+ 


22 


4- . 


12 


+ 


22 


+ 


12 


+ 


23 


4- 


13 


+ 


22 


+ 


14 


+ 


20 


+ 


lb 


+ 


.21 


4- 


17 


4- 


.22 


+ 


iO 


4- 


.22 


+ 


22 


4- 


.23 


+ 


20 


4- 


. 23 


+ 


.30 


4- 


.23 


+ 


.34 


4- 


.21 


+ 


.39 


4- 


.21 


+ 


.44 


4- 


.19 


H- 


.49 


+ 


.19 


+ 


. 55 


4- 


.19 


+ 


.60 


4- 


.19 


+ 


.6() 


4- 


.14 


+ 


.72 


4- 


.09 


+ 


.78 




00 


4- 


.W4 


— 


.13 


+ 


.90 


— 


.29 


+ 


.96 


— 


.49 


+ 


.01 



Final. 



+ 
+ 

"I" 

4- 
+ 
+ 
4- 
4- 
4- 



4- 
4- 
4- 
+ 
4- 
4- 
4- 



,r.o 

,41 

.33 

.25 

.19 

.15 

.12 

.08 

.02 

.03 

.07 

.12 

. 17 

.19 

.19 

.ai 

. 19 
.17 
.16 
.14 
.11 
.08 
.03 
.01 
.07 
.12 
.15 
.14 
10 
03 
03 



* Au explanation of tbe dilTerenco between the corresponding i.nnibers contained in columns "(B)" 
and " Fiual" is suggested in the co iip.arison of Washington and Melbourne polar d.stancee. (See pp. 
60 to 68.) 



468 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOONDARY COMMISSION. 



[621 



With the corrections in column (B), and the table of weights, on p. 53 the follow- 
ing catalogue is constructed, which appears to require no explanation, except that the 
deliuitive declinations converted Irora N. P. D. are first given, followed by their 
respective weights; and after these the seconds of declination converted in like man- 
ner for separate years : 

Wn OS Catalogue. 



Star's name. 



a Andromedffl 

y Pegasi 

a Cassiopeas 

/? Coli 

'Zl CassiopesB 

21 CassioppjB, S. P ... 

e Piscium 

V Pisoiam 

a Ui>aB Minoris 

a UisiB Minoris S. P. 

D Ceti 

A CassiopejB 



I? Piscium 

Piscium 

/3 Ariel is 

50 Cassiopeae 

GO Cassiopeae.S. P. 

<i Arietis 

f Ceti 

1 Cai^siopem 

y Ceti 

T Persei 

1 Ceti 



C<phoi(48H) 

Cei)bei (.18 H.) S. P- 

Arietis 

Persei 

Persei 

Tauri 

Persei 

Eridani 

Tauri 

Tauri 



I Tanri 

a. Cauiclopardalis 

( Aurifjffi 

II Orionis 

a Auri^ae 

Ononis 

/3 Tauri 

Groombridge 936 

Groombridge 966, S P 

6 Orionis 

a Leporis 



Orionis... 
ColumbiB. 
Orionis... 



(I 186S.0. 



5>8 21 
14 26 
fi5 48 
18 42 
74 15 



41.36 

57. 84 
45. 69 
42. 44 
57.51 



7 10 
26 34 

88 36 



42. 72 

08.94 
20.33 



+ 



8 51 
69 35 



-f 14 39 
+ 8 29 
+ 20 09 
+ 71 46 



55.48 
02.07 

51.18 
31. 44 
41.09 
49.78 



+ 22 50 
+ 8 13 
+ 66 48 
+ 2 40 
+ 52 13 
+ 3 34 



12. 29 

33. 38 
22. 85 
39. 92 
12. 48 
12. 14 



-f 77 14 42.20 



-f 20 33 
+ 49 23 
+ 47 21 
+ 23 41 
+ 31 29 
— 13 53 
-f 15 18 
+ 18 53 



+ 16 
-f 66 
-f 32 
+ 15 
+ 45 
— 8 
+ 28 
-f 74 



11.28 
18. 20 
43. 94 
39. 92 
19. 16 
10. 10 
22. 20 
05. 69 

28.12 
49. 30 
13. 72 
02. 29 
36. 35 
23.54 
33. 98 
58.71 



23 

17 55 



r,8. 43 
0.>. 93 



— 1 17 20. 12 

— 34 m 47. 58 
+ 7 22 46. 37 



44 
45 
23 
34 

38 



35 
112 



28 
3 

39 
37 
41 
31 



47 
32 
17 
31 
3 
38 

41 



27 
24 
8 
36 
18 
25 
30 
32 

45 
19 
36 
26 
16 
35 
44 
5 



34 



36 
42 



1836. 



1S67. 



41.6 

58.4 
45.9 
42.1 
57.6 
58.3 
43.0 



20.7 
20.4 
55.6 



51.3 
32. 3 
41.4 
50.6 
48.6 
12.5 
33.9 
23. 4 
40.0 



12.7 

41.8 
42.8 
11.6 
18.5 



40.1 
18.8 
10. 5 
21.8 
05.7 

28.1 
49. 4 
13.8 
02.9 
3(;. 5 
23.4 
34.2 



■58. 6 



19.7 
47.8 
46. 6 



10 



41.4 
58.0 
45.9 
42.2 
56.2 
57.3 
42.6 
08.9 
20.2 
20.3 
55.4 



40.1 
17.9 
10.3 
22.1 

05. 7 

23.2 
49. 
13.8 
02.0 
36. 
23. 8 
34.0 



50.7 
30.9 
40.3 
49.1 
49.9 
12.1 
33.3 
22. 2 
40.1 
12.5 
12.2 

42.0 
42.1 
11.0 
18.4 



12 



58. 11 



1868. 



41.7 
56.9 
45.6 
43.1 
57.5 
57.1 
42.4 



20.3 11 



46. 3 13 



20.2 
20.2 
55. 4 
02.1 

51.3 
31.2 
41.2 
51.0 
49.4 
12.1 
33. 3 
22.6 
39.9 



12. 2 

42.5 
41.5 
11.3 
17.5 
43.3 
39.9 
20.4 
09.6 
22. 5 
06.9 

28.4 
49.4 
14.1 
01.6 
35.8 
22.9 
33.9 
57.7 
60.3 
58.3 



20.4 
48.0 
46.6 



1869. 



40.7 
57.9 
44.6 
42.9 



58.1 



19.9 

20.7 



7 
6 
7 
5 
6 
9 
7 
7 
7 
13 

10 

5 

8 

6 

5 

7 
11 

3 

2 

7 



52.6 
31 5 
42.0 
49.5 
49.5 
12.5 
33.0 
23.0 
38.8 



10.5 



43.5 
11.3 
17. 6 
46.0 
39.1 



09.1 
23. 7 
05.4 

27.7 
49.5 
13.0 
03.0 
38.3 
24.4 
33.7 



59.0 

09.9 

20. 1 
47.0 
45.9 



103] 



EEPORT OF THE CDIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



469 



TT'h GS Catalogue — Continued. 



ytai's name. 



Camelopardalis (22 H) 

Geiuinorum 

Geiuinorum 

CepbeiCGl II) 

Cepbei (r.lH.)S.P 

Caiiis Ma.joris 

Cauis Majuris 

Geminorum 



(i Geminorum 

Pi. VII 07 

a' Geminorum 

/i Geminorum 

{> Geminorum 

Ursfe Majoris (3 H). 

15 Argua 

e Hydrfe 

i Urs» Majoris 

it' UisiB Slajoris 



K Cancri 

a Lvneis 

Draconis (1 II) 

Draconis(lH.)S.P . 

a Hydrae 

24 Uisai Majoris 

Ursa? Majoris 

e Leouis 

li Leonis 

a Leouis 

32 UrssB Majoris 



Leonis 

Draconis (9 H) 

Draconis (9 H.) S. P. 

Leonis 

Leonis 

UrsoB Majoris 

Ursa} Majoris 

Leonis 

Crateris 

Leonis 

Draconis 



Leonis 

UrssB Majoris 

Leonis 

Ursaj Majoris 

Virginis 

Draconis (4 II) 

Draconis (4H.)S. P 

Virginis 

Corvi 

Draconis 

Camelopardalis (32 II) 

Camelopardalis (32 H.) S.P. 



6 1H63.0. 



+ C9 21 
+ 22 34 
+ 16 30 
+ 87 14 



38.95 
41.09 
32. C3 

28.83 



28 47 
20 11 
IG 40 



+ 22 
•f OS 
+ 32 

+ 28 
+ 27 
4- C8 
— 23 

+ e 

+ 48 
+ 67 



+ 11 11 

+ 34 50 
+ 81 54 



40.55 
08. 42 
30.87 

20. C2 
CO. 22 
£0.41 
32. 07 
1G.71 
30.47 
32. 28 
03. 44 
27. 00 
02. 77 

50.00 
55. 34 
20.17 



— 8 05 
+ 70 24 
+ 52 10 
+ 24 22 
4- 20 37 
+ 12 36 
4- 65 45 



17.06 
27. 02 
30. 96 
49.38 
37. 42 
39.55 
54.91 



+ 20 30 28. 05 
+ 70 23 29.48 



+ 9 59 04.99 
+ 11 14 34.02 
+ 57 05 20. 30 
+ 02 27 40. 23 
+ 21 14 40.61 

— 14 03 53. 33 
+ 3 34 57.95 
+ 70 03 33. 15 

— 05 43.50 
+ 48 31 39. 10 
+ 15 18 34.72 
+ 54 25 42.87 
+ 9 27 57. 92 
+ 78 20 59.70 



Canum Venaticorum 
Virginis 



+ 04 00. 19 
— 22 39 59. 66 
+ 70 30 58. 53 
+ 84 07 50.03 



+ 39 01 54. 03 
— 4 50 01. 45 



12 

20 
40 

68 



32 

15 

3 

42 
8 
41 
48 
35 
2 
30 
39 
23 
21 

37 

8 
20 



1806. 



39 
3 
5 
36 
32 
45 
10 

42 
32 



35 
36 
5 
30 
41 
29 
31 
28 

34 
3 
44 
31 
35 
37 



36 
33 
14 

27 



46 
34 



41.7 
32.7 

29.0 
28.8 
40.3 
07.8 
30.9 

20.7 



23.9 
31.9 
10.4 



32.9 
03. 3 

27.7 
02.8 

50.0 



17.2 



49.4 
38.2 
39.7 



29.1 
29.1 



05.1 
34.1 



45.1 
40.8 
53.2 
.=^7. 5 
32.6 

44.5 

'si'f 

42.8 
58.0 
59.7 
60.3 
59.6 
59.7 
58.7 
51.6 



54.1 
01.3 



10 



1867 



<i TT' 



41.6 
32.3 

28.5 
29.4 
40.3 



20.4 
51.4 
29.7 
32.2 
10.2 



32.4 

03.7 
28.1 
02.9 

.50.9 
55.3 
19.6 
19.9 
16.6 



37.0 
49.3 
.37.4 
39.6 



28.2 
29.4 
29.8 



43.3 
39.1 
34.8 
42 5 
57.6 
59.4 
59.8 
00.3 
59.0 
58.2 
49.4 



54.0 

01.8 



1868. 



6 77' 



39.7 
41.6 
33.0 
29.4 
28.5 
41.2 
08.9 



20.2 
49.8 
29.4 
32.2 
17.3 



31.5 
03.5 
27.4 
02.8 

50.7 



21.8 
20.3 
17.4 
27.6 



48.4 
38.0 
39.1 
55.0 



29.9 
29.3 
05.3 
34.6 



47.1 
47.0 
52.3 
59.5 
34.0 

42.5 



,34.7 
43.6 
58.4 
59.9 
59.1 
61.4 
59.4 
58.8 
50.5 
49.6 

53.8 
01.3 



1869. 



38.2 
41.9 
32.7 

28.4 



40.7 
09.2 



21.1 



29.8 
32.0 
17.0 
30.5 
32.3 
03.3 
27.4 
02.6 

50.9 



17.3 



49.8 
36.0 
39.7 
54.8 

28.9 
29.3 



04.4 
34.0 



46.9 
46.3 
54.2 
57.5 
32.7 

43.3 



34.8 
42.7 

57.8 
59.7 



00.2 
59.9 
58.7 
49.9 



54.0 
01.3 



6 

4 

11 

7 



10 



9 
10 
2 
9 
11 
6 
6 

10 



9 
10 
10 

6 

10 
6 



470 U2s'ITED STATES NOETDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [G4J 

Wn OS Catalogue — Continued. 



Star's name. 



a Virginis 

Q Urs£B Majoris 

f Virginis , 

81 UrciB Majoris 
B. A. 0.4596 . 

7) Bootis 

t) Ursffi Majoris 
11 Bootis 



a2 



/3 
f' 

y- 

y 

a 

<p 

7 



Draconis 

Bootis 

Boo is 

Bootis 

Bootis 

UrsiB Minoris 

Ur.?£B Minoris, S. P. 

B.A.C.4827 

Bootis 

LibrjB 

B.A.C.4C!97 



Urs^ Minoris 

UrsDB Minoris, S. P. 

Bootis 



Bootis 

Libra 

Bootis 

Urs oe Minoris 

Urbs Minoris, S. P. 
Coronte Boreal is .. 

B.A. C. 5157 

Bootis 

Coronse Borealis .. 



1st.. 
2d .. 



Serpentis 

Serpent is 

Ursre Minoris 

UrsiB Minoris, S. P. 
Coronas Borealis.. 

Scorpii 

B.A.C.5313 

Scorpii 

Groombriilge 2320. 
Ophiiichi 



16 Herculis. 



T Hercnlis 

23 Herculis 

a Scorpii 

7 Draconis . ... 
15 Draconis (A). 



Ophuicbi 

Herculis 

OiJbiucbi 

Herculis 

UisiB Minoris . ... 
Ursx Minoris, S. P. 



6 1S68.0. 



— 10 28 
+ 55 36 
+ 04 
+ 56 01 
+ 41 45 
+ 19 03 
+ 49 58 
+ 28 01 

+ 05 00 
+ 25 43 
+ 19 52 
+ 52 27 
+ 38 53 
+ 70 16 



17. 23 
56. 49 
47. 43 
31.96 

05.79 
37. 23 
22. 2.5 
31." 09 

26. 27 
04.59 
14. 46 
41.90 
13. 10 
57.98 



+ 47 21 
+ 27 37 
— 15 29 

+ 38 21 



50.77 
r^b. 24 
29.70 
22. 96 



+ 74 41 41.58 



+ 41 

+ 40 
— 8 
+ 37 
4- 72 



(04. 
50 09. 
54 44. 
53 38. 
50 29. 
18 13. 



+ 27 
+ 43 
+ 40 
+ 26 



09 37. 
36 20. 
47 04. 
42 54. 



6 50 

4 52 

78 11 



33. 37 
36. 73 
57.04 



27 15 
22 14 
55 07 
19 26 
08 09 
3 21 
19 08 



+ 46 37 

+ 32 38 

— 26 08 
+ 61 4i 
+ 69 03 

— 10 17 
+ 39 10 
+ 9 34 
+ 33 45 
+ 82 14 



41. .54 
37.14 
25. 31 
30. 28 
29. 24 
08. 86 
33.21 

44. 02 
33. 47 
11.30 

48. 77 
12.81 
50. 81 
28.74 
56. 06 
.39. 30 
59. 46 



^ 



48 
7 

42 
5 
8 

44 

32 
7 

26 

7 
43 
22 

5 
38 



45 
38 

7 

48 



(5) 
8 
24 
40 
34 
22 



46 

7 



43 
35 

27 



4 
20 

8 
32 

3 
36 

7 

33 
7 
32 
14 
17 
30 
29 
37 
9 
36 



1806. 



1867. 



(5 5r' (5 



17.4 



47.2 



37.0 

22.7 



25.6 



14.8 
41.6 

57.' i" 



55.3 
29.8 



42.4 

40.8 



38.3 
29. 2 
14.8 



37.5 



33.5 
36.5 



.37.9 



31.2 

'os.'g 



41.1 



11.5 



13. 6 

50.7 

28.8 
55.8 



59.6 



14 



13 



14 



10 



10 



10 



10 



11 



17.5 
56.5 
48.6 
32.0 
0.5.8 
37.1 
22.0 
31.1 

20.6 
04.6 
14.5 
42. 1 
U.l 
58.3 
58.7 
56.8 
55.2 
29.6 
23.0 

41.6 
40.9 
(04.7) 
09.0 
45. 1 
39.7 
29.8 
13.4 



36.9 
21.0 
04.5 
54.0 

33.5 

36.8 
56. 9 



37.1 
25.3 

28. 9 



08.5 
35.2 

44.4 
33.5 
11.0 

49.0 
12.4 
50.9 
29.5 
57.0 



59.3 



14 

7 
12 

5 

8 
13 
12 

7 

9 

7 
13 

9 

5 

9 

2 

8 
14 
11 

7 

11 

5 
(5) 

8 
10 
12 
11 



14 



10 



1868. 



d tt' 



16.7 
47.'6' 



37.6 
23.0 



26.9 



14.3 
41.4 



59.3 
58.4 



55.7 
29.6 



41.8 
41.7 



45.2 
38.3 
29.4 
13.6 
12.2 
37.9 



32.2 
36.9 
56.3 
57.3 



36.2 
"OH.Q 



43.8 



11.8 
48.5 
12.5 
50. 7 
27. 5 
,55. 7 
39.0 
59. 3 
.59. 9 



10 



1809. 



(5 TT 



17.1 
40.'6' 



37.5 
21.3 



26.0 



14.1 

42.7 



.56.8 



54.6 
29.8 



41.4 



44.1 

38.7 
28.8 
11.7 



37.1 



33.1 

36.8 
56.4 



41.5 
36.4 



30.9 
29. 2 
09.5 



43.6 



11.0 



13. 3 
51.2 
28.1 
55. 5 
40.5 
59.2 



[05J REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 471 

Wn 68 Catalogue — Contiuued. 



Star's name. 



(! 1868.0. 



186G. 



(! -K' 



1867. 



1868. 



<i -' 



1869. 



B. A. C. 5801 , 

a' Herculis 

f Herculis 

B. A. C. 5874 . 
44 Ophiucbi. ... 

X Herculis 

P Draconis 

a Ophiucbi . .. , 

u Driiconis 

u Herculis 



^' Draconis 

z Herculis 

y Draconis 

y" Sagittarii 

iu' Sagittarii 

(! Vvi-m Minoris 

(! Ursse M i uoris, S. P . 

71 Serpeutis 

1 AquilaJ 

a LvriB 

110 Herculis 



/3 Lyrae 

a Sagittarii 

50 Draconis 

50 Draconis, S. P. 

f Aquilje 

17 LyriB 

55 Draconis 

d Sagittarii 

(5 Draconis 

T Draconis 

r Draconis, SP.. 
S Aquilffi 



Cygni 

Aquilfe 

B.A.G.6748 

AqniliB 

Aquila) 

Draconis 

AqnihB 

Ursa; Minoris 

Ursije Minoris, S. P. 

AquilcB 

Caprieomi 



K Cepbei .. .. 
K Cepbei, S. P. 
IT Caprieomi . 

40 Cygni 

42 Cygni 

c Delphini ... 

a Cygni 

II Aquarii 

V Cygni 

01' Cygni 

f Cygni 



+ 



55 56 
14 3-2 

37 25 
4- 40 00 
— 24 03 
+ 48 22 
+ 52 23 
+ 12 39 
+ 68 49 
+ 27 47 



+ 



+ 



11.70 
34.23 
52. 74 
21.28 
03. 52 
19. 83 
.59. 44 
29. 50 
07. 42 
58.50 

45. 74 
51.15 
19.41 
21. 12 
25. 63 
18.64 



5 

38 

7 

5 

30 

7 

4 

41 

23 

38 

15 

8 
27 

9 
2S 
90 



34.1 

os.'g 



28.8 
07.0 

58.5 



+ 38 
+ 20 



+ 



33 12 
26 97 
75 16 



50.64 
01.75 
44. 05 

18.77 

39.63 
27.97 
36.67 



18 
30 
49 



34 
22 
27 



19.1 

20.9 
26.3 
18.8 
18.2 
51.4 
01.5 
44.4 



39.6 
27.8 
36.3 



13 40 
32 17 
65 45 
19 11 
67 25 
73 06 



09.63 
42. 44 
27.66 
06. 82 
45.74 
34. 66 



31 
7 
8 
7 

23 
11 



09. 



+ 2 51 13. 44 



+ 34 10 
— 7 19 
+ 54 40 
+ 10 17 
+ 8 31 
+ 69 55 
+ 6 04 
+ 83 54 



25. 39 

07.38 
54.77 
3(;. 26 
17.88 
53.81 
44.04 
44.93 



28 

7 
29 

7 
41 
42 
14 
32 
72 



45.2 
13.7 



+ e 54 
— 12 57 



26. 07 
06.64 



+ 77 18 44. 85 



25 
33 

25 



07.2 

'36.'2' 
18.1 

44.4 
44.6 
45.2 
26.0 
06.9 



— 18 38 
+ 38 00 
+ 36 00 
+ 10 51 
-}- 44 48 

— 9 28 
+ 40 39 
+ 38 06 
+ 29 41 



82.68 
28.51 
.55. 14 
22.68 
34.59 
36. 60 
35. 75 
0.5.91 
11.90 



28 
8 
7 
28 
35 
27 
30 
30 
38 



32.9 



22. 3 
34.9 
36.4 
35. 4 
05. 8 
11.9 



11.7 

33.8 
.52. 7 
21.3 
03.0 
19. 8 



34.6 



03. 



29.0 

07.8 
58.3 

46.0 
51.1 
19.4 

25.0 
19.1 

18.7 
50.1 
01.8 
43.9 

18.8 

39.9 

28.0 
36.6 



59.4 
30.4 
07.0 

58.8 

45.3 



19.7 
21.2 
26. 
18.5 
18.6 
50.3 
01.9 
43.6 



09.8 
42.4 
27.7 



39.3 

28.1 
37.4 
36. 5 
10.0 



46.0 
34.5 



06.8 
4.5. 3 
35. 4 



13.5 

2,5.4 
07.2 
.54.8 
36.3 
17.5 
.54. 1 
44.2 

4.5. 1 
44.9 
26.6 
06.7 

4.5. 2 
44.9 
32.1 
28.5 
55.1 
23.3 
34.9 
37.1 
36. 4 
0(i. 2 
12. 2 



13 



13.1 



07. 



37.0 
18.7 
53.4 
43.8 
44.9 
44.8 
2.5.6 
06.3 

44.8 
44.6 
33.2 



22.3 
34.0 
3(). 3 
3.5. 2 
05. 6 
11.7 



35.0 



01.5 



29.4 

58.'7 



24.7 

18.9 
18.5 



02.1 
44.2 



39.5 



36.9 
07.7 



47.7 
33.6 



10 



3.5. 2 
16.4 



42.6 
45.1 



44. 5 



34.4 



11.5 



472 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [66J 

Wn 68 Catalogue — Contiuaed. 



Star's uame. 



Ccphei 

Pc<jasi 

Acjuarii 

CV'pliei 

Cygiii 

Aqiiarii 

IVgasi 

11 Ceplifi 

/< CapiK'orni 

79 Dnuonis 

79 Diaconis, S. P. 



Aqiiarii 

A<|narii 

Aquarii 

Pej;asi 

Lacerta3 

Aqiiarii 

Ccphei (i-Jfi B) 

Cepbci. (^26 B), S. P. 

I'l'K'isi 

Ccphei 

Aquarii 



Piscis Anstralis 

Pegasi 

Audromedie 

Ccphei 

Pisciniu 

Pisciiim 

Cephei 

Cephei.S.P 

Groomliridge 4163. 
Pisciura 



d lecao. 



o ' 
+ 62 01 
+ 19 14 
— G 09 
+ 69 58 
o7 5(i 

8 26 

9 16 
70 4i> 
14 10 
73 04 



+ 

+ 
+ 



+ 



:i6. 47 
27.54 
01.83 
53.06 
35.91 
41.59 
15.44 
14. 27 
19. 12 
40. 94 



— 

— 8 
+ 
-f 31 
+ 49 

— 
+ 75 



36. 59 
23. 01 
30.17 
51. 40 
15.38 
50. 03 
47.16 



-f 10 
+ 65 

— 8 

— 30 
+ 14 
■4- 49 
+ 67 
+ 5 

— 4 
+ 76 



34.33 
24. 08 
53.20 

16.74 

43. 51 
05. 40 
22. 58 
14. 32 
39. 27 

44. 68 



+ 
+ 



40 
07 



32. 42 

56.46 



35 

27 
33 
22 
7 
22 
41 
20 
27 
25 



1866. 



26 
30 
28 
6 
3 
30 



29 
17 
24 

21 
43 

7 

18 
28 
30 
32 



36. 5 
27.8 
02.0 
53.7 

4i.'9" 
1.5. 6 
14.4 
19.1 



1867. 



7 
30 



34.0 
23.6 
53.6 

16.8 
43.7 

05.2 

13.9 
39.2 
45.3 
41.9 



56.8 



10 



37.0 
27. 3 
01.4 
53. 6 
35. 9 
41.1 
15.6 
14.1 
1H.4 
41.2 
42.2 

35.8 
22. 5 
30.2 



1868. 



49. 



34.0 
24. 1 
52.5 

16.2 
43.4 
0.5.6 
23.0 
14.6 
39. 6 
44.8 
44.8 



56.1 



34.9 
27.5 
02.2 
53.5 



10 



12 



41.8 
15.1 
14.3 

•:o.3 

40.2 
40.4 

37.0 
23. 5 
29.6 



50.7 
47.1 
47.3 
35.3 
24.6 
53.5 

17.2 
43. 1 



22.2 
14.5 
38.5 
44.5 
44.2 
32.4 
56.6 



1869. 



37.2 



02.0 
53.9 



15. 3 



40.3 
36.8 



50.2 
34.1 



44.0 



41.4 



The value of " C" in "DetaiLs of Corrections," etc., is computed from these declina- 
tions; and in column "obs." the values of -' are given instead of the number of obser- 
vations. 

A comparison of this catalogue with the polar distances of the Melbourne General 
Catalogue (Me OS) may not be devoid of interest. The mean epochs of observation 
in each are nearly identical, so that erroneous proper motions will be practically with- 
out intluence in the comparison. In the comparison* by E. J. Stone, of Greenwich and 
Melbourne (to which reference is elsewhere made), the refraction at the latter place 
is supposed to be different for equal zenith distances north and south. From circum- 
polar stars observed at Melbourne, with a correction of -|- ".15 to o, it was found that 
the adopted refractions should be multiplied by .99628. From comparisons of stars 
common to Grecnwicli and Melbourne the latter quantity was found to be .99086. 
Tiiese results were adopted in formation of Me (IS. Though possible on a priori 
grounds, this hypothesis is open to serious objections, when we consider the difficulty 

* £. J. Sloue, .Moulb. .Vol., 28, p. 27 



[67] 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



473 



of determining ( 1— Ic) independently, at the latitude of Melbourne, and the small weight 
of the actual determination, with a circle which was throughout used in a single 
position. Before comparing I have, therefore, reduced the polar distances of Me 08 
to those which would have resulted from circumpolar stars alone. This I have accom- 
plished by the application of the correction — .00543/) to all polar distances less than 
327° 50'. The individual weights are so uniform that to each comparison I have 
assigned weight 1, these excepted, — aAurigie, a Cygni, S Scorpii, tr Sagittarii, and 
a ColumboB, which received weight 0.5; and a Persei and : Ursse ilajoris, which were 
rejected for obvious reasons. 

If P be the computed and (1 — A) p the required mean refractions at Washington for 
a given star, / and (1 — Ic') p', the corresponding quantities for the same star at Mel- 
bourne, and if — II = P (Wn) — P(Me), we shall have from each comparison {n), -' 



being the weight : 



{ P + 72.") 7; + (/ + 75.") /y + n = } V^' 



The two catalogues furnish 87 such equations which, though separately formed, 
are combined for convenience of solution in the following groups : 



+ C5A; 


+ 53S h' 


72 


314 


79 


2J4 


83 


205 


90 


175 


95 


159 


100 


148 


105 


138 


109 


132 


117 


122 


124 


115 


130 


107 


151 


100 


1G5 


95 


170 


91 


191 


88 


219 


f^4 


200 


70 







Eesiduals after 






substitution. 


// 


TZ' 






n 


3.31 = 


1 




-1 


.06 


.90 


3 




+ 


.51 


.73 


4 




+ 


.49 


1.01 







+ 


.12 


1.02 


9 




+ 


.03 


l.GO 


5 




— 


.58 


1.21 


8 




— 


.21 


1.15 







— 


.16 


.98 


8 




+ 


.01 


.80 


7 




+ 


.18 


1.05 







— 


.05 


.87 


6 




+ 


.15 


1.13 


5 




— 


.00 


.72 


2 




■f 


.40 


1.00 


o 


5 


+ 


.15 


1.29 


3. 


5 


— 


.08 


1.47 


*> 




— 


.14 


1.79 


0. 


5 


— 


.29 



The solution gives 
Probable error (when 



/.- = -f .00468 ± .00061 
I' = + .00302 ± .00045 
' = 1) = ± ".41 



The refractions at Melbourne are already (as assumed), Bessel's (Tab. Beg.) x 
.99028. They now become 0.99028 X (1 — .00302), or .99207 x (Bessel's). Those at 
Washington become .99532 x (Bessel's). Admitting that e, for Melbourne is only ± .20, 
the probable error of an average single P, (wherj k' = 1) for Me 08 is roughly ± ".37. 



474 



UNITED STATES NOETHEUN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[OS] 



Judgiug iVom this, tbe hypotbesis adopted to explain the differences Wn CS — Me 08 
is not repugnant, to tbe facts, especially when we bear in mind that tbe Melbourne 
circle has remained in an invariable position during the period for which the com- 
parison holdy good. But, on the other hand, this very circumstance throws a doubt 
u])ou the whole discussion ; for we cau form but an imperfect idea of the degree to which 
our work may be affected by errors in adopted division and flexure correction, and by 
uncorrected flexure, such as has been suspected in the Cape circle. (Month. Not., vol. 
33, p. 09.) 

I have formed the following table of — 



Corrections to j^olar distances of Wn 08 and Me 08. 



P. 


Wn 63. 


Me 68. 


P 


Wu 68. 


Me 68. 


I. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


I. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


o 

5 
10 
15 
20 
25 
30 
35 
40 
45 
50 
55 
CO 
05 
70 
75 
80 
85 
90 


// 

00 

— .06 

— .10 

— .14 

— .17 

— .21 

— .23 

— .26 

— .29 

— .31 

— .33 

— .30 

— .38 

— .40 

— .43 

— .40 

— .49 

— . 51 

— .50 


00 

— .02 

— .05 

— .10 

— .15 

— .20 

— . 26 

— .32 

— .30 

— .39 

— .42 

— .45 

— .47 

— . 50 

— .53 

— .55 

— . 57 

— ..58 

— .59 


// 


// 


o 
90 
95 
100 
105 
110 
115 
120 
125 
13U 
135 
140 
145 

iro 

1.^,5 
100 
105 
170 
175 
180 


— ..50 

— .00 

— .05 

— .71 

— .79 

— .89 

— 1.04 

— 1.27 


// 

— . 59 

— .59 

— .00 

— .03 

— .70 

— .80 

— .93 
--1.09 


+ .19 
+ .M 
+ . 22 
+ .23 
+ .24 
+ .25 

t-M 

+ .26 
+ .25 
+ .23 
+ .21 
+ . 19 
+ .16 
+ .14 
+ .11 
+ .08 
+ .04 
.00 


+ .16 
+ .18 
+ .21 
+ .26 
+ .30 
+ .32 
+ .36 
+ .38 
+ .40 

+ .34 

+ .22 

+ .12 

+ .05 

.00 




















] 


1 






— .20 

— .00 
+ .02 
+ .07 
+ .11 
+ .1! 
+ .10 
+ .17 
+ .19 


— . (i7 

— .48 

— .11 
-h .03 
+ . 15 

+ . 1"' 
+ . 15 
+ . 15 
+ .16 





































Column I. exhibits the results of the correction (/> + 72") x — .00408 for Wn 08. 
Column II., for purposes of comparison, gives the final correction of Wn 08 to Normal 
System. Column III. shows the correction just established for Me OS by comparison 
with Washington. For stars of north polar distance less than 127° 50', this coriectioa 
is ".27 — .0018/); for the remainder it is, (/9 + 75") x .00362. These corrections are 
applicable to the results as iiriiited in the ''General Catalogue." Column IV. gives 
the adopted correction of Me 08 to Normal System. Tbe agreement between I. and II., 
as well as between III. and IV., is such as to strengthen the belief that a great part 
of the difi'erence Wn 08 — Me 08 is due to error in the adopted refractions at each 
observatory. 

Wn 72. The mean corrections to polar distance of American Ephemeris, or simply 
polar distance, with the correction for "Div. Flex., etc.," are taken as printed from sec- 
tions entitled "Corrections to tbe Star Positions of the American Ephemeris," etc., and 
"Mean Places of Miscellaneous Stars," etc., without change for stars of polar distance 
less than 40°. From polar distance 50° southward certain corrections, which are in- 



[GO] 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX II. 475 



eluded iu the reductions on account of discordance between direct and reflected obser- 
vations, are rejected. Tlie eflect of this is to apply the followin<T: corrections to polar 
distances, or what is the same thing, to the correction for "Div. Flex, etc.," before 
adding the latter to the polar distance: — 



Year. 


Correction. 


1870 
1871-2 

1873 
1874 


+ .31 

00 

— .42 

— .82 



Between the limits 56° and 40° (P. D.) Ihese corrections are interpolated so as to 
become zero at the northern limit. By some accident the correction —".82 for 1874 
was neglected for stars between polar distance.s 102° and 125°. The effect of this 
has been, quite insignificant, however, since the preliminary systematic corrections 
depend chiefly on residuals of stars whose polar distance is less than 102°. 

Proper motion has not been applied in the rednctioiis of " Miscellaneous Stars." 
These, I have corrected accordingly. 

As the results of separate years so taken exhibit considerable systematic discord- 
ances, for use iu the discussion of systematic corrections I have pursued a course 
entirely analogous to that explained under Re CO and 72. Following is a list of correc- 
tions to assumed places, thus resulting: — 



a Andromedae . 

■) Pefjasi 

a CassiopeiB ... 

/3 Ceti 

£ Piscium 

a Urs£B Minoris 

Ccti 

ri Piscium 

Piscium 

/3 Ariel is 

GO CassiopeaB . . . 

n Aiietis 

f Ceti 

V Ce4i 

a Ceti 

a Persei 

6 Persei 

T) Tauri 

y' Eridani 

e Tauri 

a Tauri 

a Camelopardi. 

L AuligOB 

a Aurig^ne 

/3 Oriouis 



— .19 

— .43 

— .68 

— .41 

— .46 

+ .02 

— .32 
—1.14 

— .:i5 

— .54 

-1-1.60 

— .34 
-I- .18 

— .17 

— .34 

— .12 
-1-1.49 
+ .12 
—1.04 

— .04 

— .30 

— .45 

— .56 

— .12 



(i Tauri 

6 Oriouis 

a Leporis 

f Orionis 

a Columbffi.... 

a Orionis 

77 Geminorum.. 

jj. (I'eniinorum.. 

y GemiDorum.. 

E Canis Majoris 

i! Canis Majoris 

(! Geminorum. . 

j3 Geminorum.. 

(i Geminorum. . 

p Argus 

f Hydrte 

L Ursas Majoris 

a^ Ursaj Majoris 

li Cancri , 

" Hydros 

e Leonis 

ft Leonis 

a Leonis 

y' Leonis , 

p Leonis 



— .26 

4- .20 

— .21 
-f .21 

— .52 

— .12 

-fl.23 

— .41 

— .bl 

— .41 

—1.11 

— .85 
4- .04 

— .25 
—1.10 

— .72 
-h .10 
-1-1.84 

— .72 
-I- -41 

-I- .49 

— ..'•jO 
-t- .18 

— .94 

— .16 



53 Leonis 

a Ursa} Majoris . 

S Leonis 

I" c5 Crateris 

T Leonis 



Draconis 

Leonis 

Leonis 

Urs^e Majoris . 
Virjrinis 



Virginia 

Corvi 

Draconis . .. 
Canum Ven. 
Virginis 



Virgiuis 

Virgiiiis , 

Ursa3 Majoris 

Coot is 

Draconis 



Bootis 

Bootis 

UrsiB Minoris . 

Bootis 

Libra 



— .61 
-f 1.00 

— .20 

— .17 

— .31 

4-2. 08 

— .27 

— .24 
-f .53 

— .49 

— .91 

— . 50 

-f-i.:!8 

— .50 

— ..55 

-f .13 

— 1.25 

— . 17 

— .67 
+ .09 

— .74 

— .50 
-fl.35 
+ .27 

— .67 



476 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



70J 



P Ursaj Minoris ... 

3 Boot is 

13 Libra} 

ft Boot is 

y'' Ursa) Minoris ... 

a CorousB Borealis 

a Seqjentis 

e Serpentis 

C UrstB Minoris . .. 

(5 Scorpii 

;J' Scorpii 

(! Opbiucbi 

T lierculis 

(I Scorpii 

)] Dracouis 

i; Herculis 

K Opbiucbi 

a Herculis 

44 Opbiucbi 

i3 Dracouis 

a Opbiucbi 

fi Draconis 

/x Herculis 

ip' Draconis 

y Draconis 



+ .31 
+ .13 

— .34 

— .07 

— .77 

— .19 

— .21 

— .76 

— .43 

— .22 

— .13 
-lo 

— '.ll 

— .34 

— .57 

—1.01 
+ .23 
+ .81 

— .72 
+ .86 



+ 



.34 
.73 
.04 
.46 

.08 



y"- Sagittarii 

u' Sagittaiii 

(i UrtoB Minoris 

7/ Serpeutia 

a Lyroe 

/? Lyraj 

<T Saorittarii 

C Aquilaj 

43 Sagittarii 

r Draconis 

(5 AquilsB 

K Aquilaj 

7 Aquilai 

a AquiliE 

3 Aquilaj 

o- Capricorni 

K Cepbci 

IT Capricorni 

a Cygui 

ft Aquarii 

" Cygni 

61 Cygni 

f Cygni 

a Cepbei 

jS Aquarii 



— ..51 

— .68 

+ .28 

— ..58 
+ .20 

— .33 

— .58 

— .02 
—3. 82 
H- .19 

+ .31 
—1.81 

+ .09 
+ ..55 

— .92 

— .11 

+ 1.57 

— 1. 55 
+ .44 
—1. 19 

+ .11 

+ .SO 

— .45 
+ .10 
+ .13 



P Cepbei 

e Pegasi 

/I Cai)ricorni 

a Acjuarii 

AurigiB 

!/ Aquarii 

C Pegasi 

( Ci'iibei 

A Aquarii 

a Piscis Australis 

a Pegasi 

Cepbei 

y Cepbei 



+ . 53 
+ .21 

— 1.05 
+ .32 

— .81 

+ .07 
+ .18 
+ .27 

— .81 

— .28 

— .28 
+1. 33 
+1.17 



Discussion of 36G9 residuals of stars most frequently ob.served in the years 187 1-'73 
gives for the probable error of pointing : — 



e = V Arjbi ( ± M'SJ) + .0415 { ± .t)07U) tau^ Z. 
The values tabulated according to zenith distance are these: — 



z 


e 


2, 


£■ 


Z 


f 





II 


o 


// 


o 


'/ 





. 675 


40 


.696 


60 


. 762 


10 


.076 


45 


.705 


65 


,804 


20 


.679 


50 


.717 


70 


.877 


30 


.685 


55 


.735 


75 


1.02 



In the Qnal reductions, separate systematic corrections have been deduced for each 
year. These are shown in Table IX. With these corrections and the following system 
of weights, the definitive values of C,, [vide "Details of Corrections to Assumed Dec- 
linations") have been computed : — 

Weights for combination of Wn 70-74. 



Number of 
observations. 


Weight. 


Number of 
observations. 


Weight. 


1 
2 
3 
4 
5 to 7 


1 

2 

2.5 
3 
4 


8 to 11 
12 to 16 
17 to 27 

28 to 51 
52, or more 


5 
6 
7 
8 
9 



[71] REPORT OP THE CniEP ASTRONOMER, APPEI^DIX H. 477 

Section VI. 

FIRST APPROXIMATION TO NORMAL SYSTEM. 

It will be assumed that tbe catalogues to be used in tbe formation of the Normal 
System have received all the corrections which can be applied solely on the authority 
of the observations composing each of them. It will also be taken for granted that the 
correction furnished by a given catalogue to the assumed declination is of the form : — 

where zl 5 is the correction of 5 for a given epoch, T (T' being the mean epoch of each 

catalogue), and -— the correction to the assumed annual variation. This course is 

only proper when the path oF proper motion does not deviate sensibly from the arc of 
a great circle. That there is such deviation in the cases of Sirius and Procyon has 
been pretty well established by Dr. Auwers and others; but these stars are omitted in 
our catalogue. It is possible that variable proper motion may ultimately be found in 
the large majority of cases, but, a few binary systems excepted, the evidence of such 
variability at present appears to be wanting. 

If now no discrepancies of a constau t character were found to exist between the 
determinations of different observatories, nothing further would remain except to deter- 
mine the relative weights, and by means of conditional equations, derive a correction 
for each assumed declination. On the other hand, granting the existence of these dif- 
ferences, we should be justified in adopting the same cour&e, if the declination of every 
star in a given catalogue were made with equal weight, and if each of the stars under 
consideration had been determined in each of the alithorities. This, however, is by no 
means the case, and in order to prevent the undue iriflncnce of large systematic errors 
in case of stars for whose decliuations there are lew authorities, it remains to bo ascer- 
tained what corrections of a constant and periodic character can be applied to each 
catalogue. This can be accomplished by means of comparison with standard declina- 
tions, which are free from any such error. 

From the nature of the case this standard can never be attained. The best that 
can be done is to consider the combined testimony of all independent determinations 
available for the purpose. To take any two determinations as standard, to the exclu- 
sion of all others, would be manifestly an error, for it would be assuming that the weight 
of these selected catalogues in comparison with the remainder is as infinity to zero, 
whi'e all experience teaches that the best independent determinations of declination 
are subject to comparatively large errors. 

There is, however, great difference in the quality of these so-called independent 
determinations, which vary from such special investigations as those of Kg 21, Dt 24, 
Ao 30, and Pa 45, where every precaution has been exercised to remedy the inevitable 
defects of instruments by variety in the circumstances of observation, and the utmost 
skill and rigor iu the computations, with determination of the various elements of atmos- 
pheric refraction, — to those which assume their refractions from alien authority, which 
are made with nonreversible instruments, and with little attention to those details of ob- 
servation and reduction so essential in the delicate problem of measuring absolute decli- 
nation. It seems but reasonable to suppose that declinations of the former class are 



478 



UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



'2J 



entitled to much greater confidence tban those of the latter. This I have endeavored 
to express through the followiug system of weights to be employed in the preliminary 
discussion: — 

Weioht^. 



Authority. 


Weight. 


Authority. 


Weight. 


Authority. 


Weight. 


Kg 21 


4 


Kg 43 


2 


Gh .57 


2 


Gb22 


I 


Eh 43 


1 


CGH 58 


1 


Dt24 


5 


Gh45 


2 


WnG4 


1 


Ao2i) 


5 


Pa 45 


10 


GhGl 


2 


SU31 


1 


Re 45 


1 


LiiG7 


8 


CGH :i3 


2 


Wu 47 


1 


Me 68 


2 


Ce34 


1 


Ce 48 


1 


Wn (i8 


3 


Eh 37 


1 


Gh 51 


1 


EeG8 


2 


Kg 38 


2 


Ps53 


3 


Gh70 


2 


Gh39 


2 


So 55 


1 


Wu 72 


1 


Ce40 


1 


Wu56 


1 







For the purpose proposed in this section, weight zero was assigned to all other 
catalogues. A few are excluded on the ground that, although independent, their 
weight is so small that they would merely encumber the computation with useless 
material. 

These weights are not those which might seem to be required by comparisons with 
an approximate mean system, but are derived from an independent study of each cat- 
alogue, considered solely on the basis of internal evidence, with the assistance of such 
critical reviews as have been found conveniently accessible. 

They result from careful study, but are necessarily arbitrary, and can only bo 
regarded as mere expres.sions of opfnion concerning the relative contribution made by 
each determination to the problem of finding an absolute system of declinations. It 
would therefore be superQuons, and at all events a tedious task to mention in detail 
the facts and arguments relied upon in support of each individual weight. 

It will be sufficient to notice some of the principles adopted, which are of general 
application and tolerably definite and well established. 

An investigation, founded on a series of ob.servations for declination, will be 
regarded as independent, or absolute, in proportion to its freedom from any assumption 
whatever founded upon results from other series of observations, having in view the 
same or any other purpose. Practically, however, the determination of aberration, 
nutation, and precession can be left to special investigations. On the other hand, it 
may be doubted whether the constant of refraction or of atmospheric expansion is 
sensibly the same for different regions and climates; even if it were, in practical influ- 
ence on observations, much would still depend upon local conditions and upon the 
character and situation of the meteorological instruments. Add to this the uncertainty 
of any existing single determination, and it will hardly be maintained that any series of 
declination observations is strictly independent, which does not include the determina- 
tion of refraction constant and coefficient of expansion for atmospheric air, by proper 
methods and adequate means, from the observations themselves. 

Every series of observations professing to give independent declinations should 
contain satisfactory evidence as to the character and amount of its instrumental cor- 
rections. In this connection the excellence of the mechanical construction of the 



[73] 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPElfTDIX H. 



479 



instrnment becomes an important consideration. Thus the work of tbe older instru- 
ments labors under disadvantage. It is plain tbat tbe greater the variety of circum- 
stances under which an instrnment may be used, other things being equal, the greater 
will be I he freedom from constant errors due to instrumental causes. Therefore, results 
from instruments which admit of reversal have received the preference over others. 
Furthermore, when the relation of the circle to the telescope is so altered that its read- 
ings for a given zenith distance vary from year to year, this has been regarded as a 
decided advantage. This consideration becomes of less importance, however, with 
finely graduated instruments read by a large number of microscopes. The real advan- 
tage of reflection observations is supposed to be an open question. It has been ably 
debated by Bessel, Faye, Dollen, Airy, Kaiser, and others. In cases where tbe dis- 
cordance 7b — D is large, and not accounted for by special investigations of tbe instru- 
ment, this circumstance has been regarded as just cause for suspicion. 

Where we have a long series of observations made at the same observatory, or 
with the same instrument, tbe weight of each group is considerably reduced from that 
which would have been assigned to it when standing as the sole representative of tbe 
particular series. 

Thoroughness and skill in the methods of reduction were allowed to have an 
important bearing upon the decision of these weights. 

Lastly, the degree of liability to fortuitous errors is an element which has been 
considered. With the older catalogues it is a highly important one. Tbe catalogue 
of Piazzi, for instance, is essentially independent, but its chance errors are such tbat 
had we been assured of its entire freedom from systematic error, it would still have 
received a weight practically insignificant by comparison with the determinations 
actually used in the present discussion. In a less degree tbe same is true of Bradley's 
declinations for 1755. 

These weights were applied, without alteration, to all the declinations of the respect- 
ive authorities, where tbe star was observed at least four times at a zenith distance of 
70° or less; beyond 70°, weights were diminished by the use of empirical lactors, 
diminishing nearly in proportion to tbe reci[)rocal of the square of the refraction; 
being zero for all zenith distances greater than 80°, and in cases where tbe weight 
multiplied by tbe factor is less than .5. 

Tbe results of the various series of determinations made by observatories in tbe 
southern hemisphere, were never used beyond 70° zenith distance; so tbat from the 
pole down to and including a Virginis, there was no diminution of weights for this 
cause. 

The factors are these : 



z 


Factor 


Z 


Factor. 


o 


// 


o 


It 


70 


1.0 


7() 


.5 


71 


.9 


77 


.4 


72 


.8 


7.-t 


.3 


73 


.7 


7'J 


.:{ 


74 


.6 


60 


o 


75 


.6 







480 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



74] 



Two or three observations received half- weight ; a single observatiou, weight zero. 

Now while there is great disparity in the number of authorities relating to differ- 
ent stars, fortunately a considerable number of stars have been quite universally 
observed. They are known as the fundamental stars, to which may be added a Persei, 
Ti Ursffi Majoris, y Draconis, /? Draconis, y UrsfB Mnjoris, a Cassiopea^, a Cephei, a Ui sre 
Majoris, (5 Cephei, ,J Ursae Miuoris, y Cephei, f Ursae Minoris, <J Ursae Minoris, and 
a Ursse Minoris. Tt 3se have each been frequently observed in a majority of the series 
of observations enumerated above (Class I). It will be possible, therefore, in the case 
of these stars, without the intervention ot systematic corrections, to compute declina- 
tions which shall be measurably free from error, and thus answer the purpose of an 
approximate normal system, to be subsequently revised and imi^rovcd. 

The results of this preliminary discussion are exhibited in Table I. The first 
column contains the name of the star; the second and third, respectively, values of 
\A oj and [J //] determined in the following manner. For each catalogue an equation 
of condition was constructed of the form : 

^ 100 

The values of Care those given in column Cof Table A, "Details of Corrections to 
Assumed Declinations." The epoch 1845 is selected to facilitate the solution of the 
equations. T' is the designat'oa for mean epoch and is sufficiently indicated in the 
numerical part of the designation of the catalogues concerned. These values of [J <5] 
and [J //'] are those which result from the use of Gh 175.5, without final correction and 
with weii-ht 1. The fourth and fifth columns contain J o and J//, with Bradley's 
declinations excluded ; and these values are used in forming the preliminary system 
of corrections. The sixth and seventh columns contain, respect iv^ely, the probable 
errors of the adopted J <J and A iJ. The eighth contains the probable error of the unit 
of weight. The last column contains the approximate declination for 1845. 

Table I. 



Name of star. 



a Virp;ini3 . 

ji 0r.0Qi.s . . 

a HydroB . . 

a Aqnarii . 

a C'eti 

\i AqnilaB.. 

a Seriientis 

a Orionis.. 

a Aquihe . . 

y Aquilto.. 

u Ll'OUjs . . 

u OpLincbi 

>' l'('c;asi .. 

n P.fiasi . . 

n' Ilerculis . 

3 Leoui3 . . 

a Tauii ... 



[■i<5] 



+ .043 
-t- .193 
-f .111 



. 02-2 

.178 
.1)9 
. 00-2 
. 0->-2 
. 0-22 



+ 



+ 



+ .'2. 
+ 
+ 
+ 



(105 
0.>2 
I0.-> 
•2-JS 
2c5 

1?;! 

•229 
032 



CV] 



AJ 



— .848 

— . i.-.o 

— .430 

— .148 

— .106 

— .493 
+ .023 

— .075 
+ .248 

— .102 

— .r,94 

— .217 

— .22f; 

— . 914 
-f .141 
—1. 844 

— .219 



-f .052 
+ .187 
-I- .128 

— .009 

— .207 

— .136 
+ .028 
+ .019 
+ .040 

+ .003 
+ .056 
-f .111 

— .231 
-f .330 
-[- .197 
+ .259 
+ .060 



^y! 



—1. 003 

— .014 

— .784 

— .405 
+ .467 

— .740 

— . .569 

— .020 

— . 104 

— . 251 
—1.177 
— 1.04G 

— . KM 
—1. 825 

— . 336 
—2.441 

— .790 



M 



.055 
. 062 
.062 

.071 
. 055 
. 055 
, 059 
.056 
. 051 

. 05(i 
. 062 
.063 

.oi;i 

. 0;!8 
. 060 
.047 
.067 



^A/ 



.345 
.390 
.387 

.441 
.340 
. 345 

. 3CG 
.349 
.319 

. 343 
. 385 
. 394 
. 373 
.268 
. 372 
.288 
.415 



.47 
.53 



.60 
.46 
.47 
.."0 
.47 
.43 

.46 
. .52 
.53 
.51 
.33 
.51 
.39 
.56 



—10.4 

— 8.4 

— 8.0 

— 1.1 

+ 3. 5 
+ 6.0 
+ 6.9 
-f 7.4 

-h 8. 5 

+10.2 
+ 12.7 
+12.7 
+14. 3 
+ 11.4 
+14. 6 
+15.4 
+10. 2 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 
Table I— Gontiuued. 



481 



Name of star. 



a Bootis 

a Arietis 

a Coiouao Borealis . . . 

a AndrouiecIjB 

p Geminonim 

/9 Tauri 



[A<5] 



a Ly rcB 

a Cygni 

a AurigBE 

a Persci 

7) Ursce Majoris . 

y Draconis 

/J Diaconis 

y Urs® Majoris . 

a Cassiopea3 



a Cephei 

a Urs» Majoris . 



ij Cephei 

fi Ursai Minoris . 

y Cephei 

f Ursaj Minoris . 

(5 Urs* Minoris 

a Ursaj Minoris . 



a- Capricorni 

a2 Librae 

a Scorpii 

a Piscis Australis . 



— .265 

— .138 

— .067 

— .164 

— .S20 

— .■>97 

+ .345 
+ .0-37 

— .006 

— .223 
+ .090 

— .031 
+ .134 
-I- . 192 
+ .024 

— .024 
+ .042 

+ .000 

— .009 
4- .041 

— .146 



[V] 



—1. 378 

— .459 

— .016 

— .420 

— . 164 

— .182 

—1. 258 

— .800 

— .241 
.098 
.899 
, 058 

+ .343 

— .164 

— . 452 

.321 
.775 



A<5 



+ 



+ 



— .088 

— ,099 
+1. 196 

— .071 



— .234 

— . 128 

— .018 

— .144 

— .206 

— .247 

+ .362 
+ .0:51 



A/i' 



+ 



010 
S35 
+ .098 

— .051 
+ .129 
+ .196 
+ .023 

— .067 
+ .025 

— .014 

— .070 
+ .045 

— . 127 

+ .009 
+ .087 

— .314 

+ .063 

— . 020 

— .505 



—2. 020 

— .649 

— .996 

— .904 

— . 430 
+ .349 

—1. 627 

— .860 

— .579 
+ .333 
—1.013 
+ .347 
+ .411 

— .2.51 

— .428 

+1. 682 

— .454 

+1. 326 
+1. 050 
+1. 122 

— .393 



^AJ 



+ 



+ 
o 



.6,59 
. 258 

.593 
.133 
. 353 

.380 



.048 
.047 
. 052 
. 056 
.041 
.047 

.044 
. 049 
.063 
.063 
.045 
.059 
.067 
.049 
.059 

.0.57 
.053 

.038 
.043 
.045 

.041 

.06 
.03 

.072 
.084 
.086 
.126 



C A / 



.297 
.293 
.345 

.377 
. 254 
.292 

. 273 
.309 
.393 
.396 
.276 
.361 
. 428 
.301 
.366 

. 355 
. .327 

.2.33 
.263 
.279 
.247 

.20 
.10 

.449 
.524 
.541 

.782 



.40 
.40 
.43 
.46 
.34 
.39 

.36 
.40 
.51 
.50 
.35 
.46 
.47 
.38 
.46 

.45 
.41 

.29 
.33 
.35 
.31 



.61 
.71 
.45 
.49 



+20.0 
+22. 7 
+27. 2 
+28. 2 
+28. 4 
+28. 5 

+38. 6 
+44.7 
+45. 8 
+49. 3 
+50.1 
+51. 5 
+52. 4 
+54. 
+55.7 

+61. 9 
+62.6 

+69.9 
+74.8 
+76. 8 
+78. 3 

+86.6 

+88.5 

—13. 
—1.5. 4 
—26.1 
—30. 4 



The weights assigned iu the case of the two polar stars « and 5 Ursse Miuoris, are 
not those of the table, since the relative weights here depend on principles entirely 
dift'ereut from those which have governed in the selections of weights to be used with 
equatorial stars. The weights are those given iu column tt of the tables for these two 
stars. 

The four stars o? Capriconi, a^ Librae, a Scorpii and a Piscis Australis are not found 
in "table A," since the subsequent process with these is exactly the same as for other 
stars iu the same region. 

The formation of normal places for the limits — 30° to — 90° declination is re- 
served for a later period of the discussion, and the manner will be hereafter explained. 

By the substitution iu the equations of condition of the values of J <5 and J// cou- 
tained in columns four and five, we derive the numbers in column "r", table A, 
"Details of Corrections," etc. These are the corrections to the catalogue declinations 
given by the approximate Normal System. These are arranged for each catalogue iu 
the order of declination, and from them systematic corrections derived, which are 
exhibiteil in Table II 
N B 31 



•18: 



rxiTF.D sr.\rK8 noutukkn hoinuakv ci^mmission 



I7«l 



Tablk 11. 



IWlimiHiirj/ sj/stfmatic c«rreeiioHS to fumlanKHial itUaloffUts, derirtti through ivmparison 
icith the tMinatioHS o/forttt-foHr fuHdamtHtal and chvumpitlar stars. 















« 


d 
























a 


s 


ij 




;^ 


3 


a5 


Si 


;s 


R 


s 


S 




>.■ 


•5 


is 


9 


5 


^x 




^ 


A 
O 




s 


< 


c 


i^ 


S 


^ 




5 


^ 


S 


,S3 


£ 


S 




— J» 

-»! 1 


IV 


- 


f 


^ 

+1.05 

4-1. OT 

4-1. os> 

|l.U 

4-1. IS 

4-1. 15 


IV 
00 
00 


** 

-,40 

-.40 

40 


m 


•• 


1 .^4 


w 

-,40 
-.40 
— 40 


w 

00 
00 


" 


M 

m 

00 
0(1 


N 


M 


-SO 
-9S 
—96 


., .... ...... .I 


""i ■ 








t 






— « 


-KSJ 




- : 


(V 
0(.> 


-.40 
-.40 






\ s.< 
, 1- 


-.40 
-.40 


IV 


o« 

00 


00 
IX> 






-34 


- 


.w 




+.■!» 


-*> 


-i^SJ 


w 


_ 


.SH -»,« 


00 


-.40 


^ 




1-lH 


-.40 


00 


00 


IV 


+,".M 


-Kf¥ 


-SO 


->!! 


-;^*"i 


IK> 


_ 


• SJ -l.M 


+I.K 


IV 


-.40 






.'o -.40 


IV 


00 


W ■ -: , fO 


k» 


-US 


-1« 


-;^«. 


IV 


_ 


.■N - .!><.> 


+1.1S1 


IV 


-.40 






. 40 


w> 


IV 




"1 


-1« 


-u 


-T^'^* 


w 


_ 


.(«> - ,^1 -fl.Sl 


>v 


-.40 






,40 


IV 


—.10 

+,4i 




. ■« 


-u 


-«3 


-K*< 


IV 


- 


.w - ,ra U-1.SS 


(V 


-.40 






.40 


00 




■" 


-14 


-10 


-K'N 


»v 


_ 


.M - .S!>!+.SH 


-K» 


—.40 


■^-'' 




.65 l-,40 


00 


-K40 


-K16|+,49|+,,M 


-10 


- S 


4v*< 


w 


_ 


,M - -W ' .^1" 


' -.v 


- il . , 




1x1 -.41 


^« 


-:-,.-%i 


--. If. -.*) 


..:.i 




- « 


-f^d< 


»v 


— . 


,« .- .\' 














- 


j> 


— 6 


- S 


-KSS 


(V 


« 


.« - ..V 




















- 5 


— 4 


•'; 


.\1 


_ 


.« - ..M 
















- 


4'.' 


— 4 


_ 








.41 - .■!> 










.4,< ,-,44 


-4-. 10 


-t-..*^ 


-r^ Ip 1 -1^4; 


4^*4 


- a 










.SI - .4.- 










.44 !-,45 


-Ks; 


-KIO |+s47 





., 








.ST - .♦; 










i\ -, .Ji^ 


. u 


- . ,x» 


- , 17 --.. H< 


-. u 


- 4 


4-s 


-f-.*J 


iV 


_ 


.» - ,-10 




















4 


-K 43 


iV 


— 


.S< - .S:> 






















-".iM 


IV 


_ 


,ss — ,ss 






















H 


-+- # 


+.S« 


IV 


_ 


.s« - .s« , 


-rl.Sl 


-.SI ;-.;<d 


-,« 


T- •■*; 


M- •»< 


-.;>s 


-r-i;> 


-r.is' 


-r^ i!> -TN 44 


— la 


-T-S 


+u> 


-i-.ai 


IV 




.A) - .S-l I 


+1.44 


-.so -,.\s 


--OS 


+ .4S 


+ .SI 


-.SJ 


-1^16 


+.3T 


—so 


+10 


+15 


+-1!> 


IV 




.:j: - ,Sl U-l.Sl 


-,S1 _,\t! 


-.06 


^.«= 


M-.se 


-.« 


-KIS 


-f.40 


-K41 -K41 


— S4 


4-15 


-1^1 


il? 


w 


_ 


.44 - .*t -ia.44 


— OS !-.<« 


_ 


iV 


-;- .14 


; ,v» 


-.■w 


4^« 


-p. 14 


-K44 -KS9 


— 47 


-1 


-A» 


+« 


«< 


_ 


.« - .s> • ■ 


lo 


— W 


_ 


V. 




- .IS 


— ."i^ 


+,41 


_,- IT .^ ;7 


_ ;.*, 




-■:-^ 


-tJ» 


-K«s 


I.V 


« 


.^ — .^.' 




TS 


_ 






.14 


— f^ 


-SSS 


W 








4» 


-KU 


IXI 


_ 


.!# - .Sv- 


■,^ 


•:5 


— 






. 11 


-,A> 


-;-4l 


-.«. 









+*' 


-KIS 


(.V 


_ 


.18 - .IS . .i 


..0 


— W 


— 








- 


,*■ 


— 10 








I«,\ 






_ 


.14 _ .«« .^'..W 




-.ei 


— 










.ST 


-IS 


— . Ct 






Xw 


...,, 


_ 


.IS - .15 rK.SM 


.... — .NS 


— 










.a> 


— 10 


-. >i' 














_ 


• Jl - .IS -^- .Sk< 


'— , J^ 










.so 


— »» 


— . 0.- 






-1 








_ 


,u> - .n 


-^1. o; 


,^,^..' . ,. 












w 


VV 














_ 


.l,X! - .IV 


+1.31 


...,.r , ■■ 










IV 


IV 








-i~W 


V V 




_ 


,07 - .0^ , 


l-.»r. 


— . i.> 


— . u- 


V\' 


i\. 




IV 


IV 














— 


.l» - .OS 
.<>4 - .(M 






-,1S 

-,iv 


-.10 
—.IS 


— .IW 

(V 


"■V 
IV 






IV 


IV 
Ov' 






^;i 






+*> 


w 


IV 









IV 


w 


. ^^' 


1 '^' 


IV 




iV 


IV 

1 


1 ' 1 


^^» 



1 «v S. H. SI is »p\>lk\«No ttf ifco docliuatioiis *s i>riu*iN.1 iu tlw canUi^jpux 



Xv^TK, — TKt>st> oorrwtiivus ,-»ro amxlioaWo, ot iviirs»\ to tho cittaloguts as aflV>ct«.Hl by tUo prvHiuinary 



I'^l 



iJKi'oiM' oi' rill-: <jiiij;i' ASTitoNOftii'iit, aim'icndix ir. 



4K] 



Taiii.i; IJ — Goiitiuuecl. 



i 


a 


♦ 
« 






!8 




K 

JS 


6 



I 


c 

II 


B 

5 


?! 
II 


t 
b" 


2i 


C 


pi 


i 





„ 


„ 


II 


II 


II 


„ 


II 


II 


II 


II 


II 





-:io 

-•iA 


00 

-. on 


"66' 


"oo 


+ .72 
+ .50 


+.28 
+ .28 


00 
-.05 


+ .■36 


-.'.'0 

-.20 


-.24 
-.24 


'"66 


"66' 


-.27 
-. 20 


1-1.04 
- .97 






00 
CO 


-30 
-28 


-"'iV 


~\.'m 


-S« 


-.10 


00 


00 


+.i:'i 


-(-. 28 


-.10 


+.;,o 


-.■-0 


-.24 


00 


00 


-. 20 


+ .02 


-. 25 


-1.37 


00 


-20 


-14 


-.13 


00 


00 


+. in 


+. 2H 


-. 1.5 


+.;ki 


-.M 


-.24 


00 


00 


-.25 


+ .67 


-.25 


-1.34 


00 


-24 


-as! 


-.20 


00 


00 


+ .02 


+ .28 


-. 20 


i-.ao 


-.20 


-.24 


00 


00 


-.24 


+ .83 


-.2;) 


-1.31 


00 


-22 


-•.0 


-.25 


00 


00 


-.03 


+.28 


— . 2."^ 


1-.31) 


-.20 


-. 24 


00 


00 


-.24 


+ .79 


-. 25 


-1.28 


00 


-20 


-18 


-.30 


00 


00 


-.00 


+.28 


-. 30 


+ .30 


-.20 


-.24 


00 


00 


-. 23 


+ .75 


-. 23 


-1.24 


00 


-18 


-10 


-..(5 


oil 


00 


-.17 


H-. 28 


-. 35 


(-.30 


-.20 


—.24 


00 


00 


-. 23 


-1- .72 


-.25 




00 


-10 


-14 


-.40 


00 


00 


-.24 


-).. 213 


-.40 


I-. 30 


-.™ 


-.21 


-.00 


0;) 


-. 22 


-1- .70 


-. 25 


-i!7o 


00 


-11 


-ii 


-. 4.-J 


00 


00 


-.29 


+.28 


-. 4.5 


+.30 


-.20 


-.24 


-.12 


00 


-.22 


+ .07 


-.25 


-1.12 


-.03 


-12 


-10 


-..■JO 


-.30 


+ .05 


-.34 


■f.28 


-.:« 


I-.30 


-.20 


-. 24 


-.18 


+ .13 


— 22 


+ .05 


-.20 


-1.08 


-. 10 


-10 


- s 


-.41) 


-.20 


+ .00 


-. 32 


+.28 


-. .52 


I-. :/j 


-. i.0 


-. 25 


-.14 


y. 10 


-.21 


+ .03 


-. 29 


-1.03 


-. 10 


- 8 


- 


-.4S 


-.2lH 


+ .08 


-.,10 


+.28 


-.50 


\.-M 


-.20 


-. 25 


-.11 


+.07 


-. 20 


+ .01 


-.32 


- .98 


-. 10 


- II 


- 5 


-.47 


-.27 


+ .08 


-.20 


+.28 


-.4» 


[-.-M 


-.'M 


-.25 


-.00 


+ .05 


-.20 


+ .00 


-.34 


- .90 


-. 10 


- 5 


- 4 


-.47 


-.27 


+ .09 


-.28 


+.28 
+. 2-1 


-.40 


+ ..30 


-.20 


-.20 


-.07 


f.04 


-.20 


+ .59 


-. 30 


- .94 


-. 10 


- 4 


- 2 


-.40 


-.20 


+.11 


-.21) 


-.47 


+ . 30 


-. 'i« 


-.20 


-.04 


+ 01 


-.20 


•1- ..57 


-. 39 


- .89 


-.10 


- 2 





-. 4.'. 


-. 2.J 


+ .12 


-.24 


+.28 


-.411 


+ ..■» 


-.20 


-.27 


00 


-.02 


-.19 


+ ..50 


-.42 


- .84 


-. 10 





+ 2 


-.44 


-.20 


+.14 


-.22 


+. 28 


-.45 


+.30 


-.20 


-.28 


+ .03 


-.05 


-.18 


+ .54 


-.44 


- .80 


-.11 


■1- 8 


+ 4 


-.42 


-.ir> 


+ .10 


-.20 


-I-.28 


-.4* 


|..30 


-. 19 


-.28 


•(•. 00 


-.08 


-.18 


+ .53 


-.40 


- .75 


-. 13 


+ 4 


-|. 5 


-.41 


— . 25 


+.17 


-.19 


+ .28 


-.42 


I-.30 


-. 19 


-.28 


+ .08 


-.10 


-.17 


+ ..52 


-.40 


- .73 


-. 13 


-)- 5 


+ (i 


-.41 


-.25 


+.17 


-.18 


+ .28 


-.41 


I-.30 


-. 1!) 


-.29 


+ .10 


-. 12 


-.17 


+ . 51 


-.40 


- .71 


-.14 


+ fl 


+ 8 


-. 3'J 


-.25 


+.18 


-.10 


+ .28 


-. 3i) 


(-.30 


-.17 


-.29 


+ .13 


-.lis 


-.10 


+ .50 


-.48 


- .00 


-. 10 


■V 8 


+ 10 


-.38 


-.25 


+.18 


.-.14 


+ .29 


-..38 


+-.30 


— .15 


-.30 


+ .10 


-.18 


-.10 


+ .49 


-.00 


- .02 


-.17 


+ 10 


15 


-. .34 


-.32 


+.17 


-.09 


+ .28 


-.34 


+.30 


-.10 


-.29 


+.18 


-.20 


-.13 


+ .40 


-. .50 


- ..53 


-.18 


13 


20 


-.30 


-.40 


+ .10 


-.01 


+ .28 


-.30 


+ .30 


-.00 


-.20 


+.20 


-.29 


-. 11 


+ .43 


-.40 


- .45 


-.20 


20 


25 


-.20 


-. ,')0 


+.01 


+.01 


+ .28 


— . 25 


I-. 31) 


-. '■'.) 


-.21 


+.17 


-. 30 


-.07 


+ .40 


-.37 


- .38 


-.20 


25 


30 


-.22 


-.00 


-.0>j 


+.00 


+ .28 


-.21 


+. 30 


-. 12 


-.1(1 


+. 14 


-.30 


-.02 


+ .38 


-. 20 


- .34 


-.20 


30 


33 


-.18 


-. 05 


-.11 


+.11 


+.28 


-. 17 


+.30 


-.22 


-.08 


+.09 


-.30 


I-. 00 


+ .30 


-. 15 


- .31 


-.20 


:'5 


40 


- 14 


-.70 


-. 15 


+. 1« 


+.28 


-. 13 


+.30 




00 


+ .04 


-.30 


+.20 


+ .33 


-.04 


- .29 


-. 20 


40 


4.'5 


-.10 


-.fill 


-. 14 


+ .22 




-.07 


+. 20 




00 


00 


-.30 




+ ..31 


+ .00 


- .28 


-. 20 


45 


50 


-.00 


-.02 


— . 13 


+.28 




-.02 


f.28 




00 


00 


-.28 




+ .29 


+ . 13 


- .28 


-. 20 


50 


M 


-.01 


-. 51 


-.11 


+.30 




+ .07 


I-.20 




00 


00 


-.25 




-1- .20 


+ .17 


- .28 


-.18 


95 


eo 


+ .04 


-.40 


-.10 


+.33 





+ .17 


+.25 




00 


00 


— . 21 




+ .23 


+ .21 


- .18 


-.17 


00 


or, 


+.12 


-.27 


-.08 


+.31 




+ .20 


+ .23 




00 


00 


-.10 




+ .21 


+ .22 


- .20 


-.13 


05 


■;o 


+ .20 


-. 15 


-.00 


+ .30 




+.21) 


+ .22 




00 


00 


-.10 




+ .17 


+.18 


- .25 


-. 10 


70 


7.') 


+ .20 


-.07 


-.04 


+.22 




+.28 


+.10 




00 


00 


00 




+ .14 


+ .09 


- .20 


-.05 


73 


80 


+ .2.'. 


00 


-.03 


+.15 




+. 2(1 


+.11 




00 


00 


00 




+ .10 


00 


- .10 


00 


eo 


He 


+ .10 


00 


00 


00 




+ .20 


00 




00 


00 


00 




+ 00 


00 


00 


00 


90 



• Tho correction (ictually UHorl by miDtrtko Tor Co 48 Ijntwncn tlio liinltH of — KP and —30'-' wah +".13. 
t An uctually used, tho correction from — 13'-' to —30^ wan about — ".20. Hco oxpluntitlon (p. 00). 

The following explaiiatioim will servo to show the manner of computing these 
corrections. As tho points of coinjiarisou were relatively few, sudden fluctuations in 
the values of tho correclioii are to be avoided, unless they seem to be conijiletely 
justKiiMl by the testimony of the observations. Wlienever a general expression such 
as a (sin Z + sin ^'), or, a (tan Z + tan Z')^ (where Z' is the zenith distance of the 
pole), was found to represent, approximately, the residuals, r, it was adopted. In the 
derivation of the corrections from —10° to +90° declination, only stars within those 
limits were used. From —10^ to —M'^, tlu; corrections are very rough a[)proxima- 
tioiis, there being but four standard declinations within these limits to control the 
curves. In fact, the curves were continued, in many cases, according to the law 
adopted for them within the limits +90° to —10°, where this course was not too 
strongly opposed to the residuals given by the four southern stars.* 

We proceed to notice such peculiarities in the individual corrections as appear to 
be worthy of remark. 

" Tho met 1)0(18 iited in deducing Koinoof the corrections of Table Il.aro not entirely tatiHlacloiy to 
the writer, but were rendered practically unavoidable for reanoiiM which are given in the introductory. 
(See].. [41.) 



484 



UNITED STATES IsOllTUEKN BOUNDAltY COMMISSION. 



[78] 



Kg 21. I have supposed that the systematic error in this catalogue is more likelj' 
to be due to error ia the constant of flexure employed than to anything else. This is 
found to correspond well with the residuals. Assuming the correction to be of the 
Ibrm, a (sin Z + sin Z'), we have for a + ".16, The use of this formula was continued 
to the extreme southern limit. 

Gh L'2. The correction is so small and so uncertain, that zero has been adopted for 
all declinations. 

Dt 24. The correction is assumed to bo of the form x ^IL^ilJ where p and />' are 

respectively the mean refractions foi a given star and the pole. We have : 

X = - .299 

The Dorpat observations are reduced with a refraction constant which is Bessel's 
multiplied by .99545.* From the formula we shall have as the true factor, .99545 X 
1.00299 = .99843. The following table shows the agreement of the formula with the 
means of the several groups of residuals. 



Mean d of 
group. 


Number 
ofstars. 


Meanvalne j,^^^ 


ala. 


Residual. 


— 8.9 


3 


— . 49 — 


53 


— .04 


+ 5.2 


6 


— .53 — 


34 


+ .19 


+ 13.8 


8 


— .21 — 


27 


— .00 


+ 25. 8 


6 


— .03 — 


22 


— .19 


+ 43. 


3 


— .17 — 


15 


+ .02 


+ 52.3 


o 


— .25 — 


13 


+ .12 


+ 62.3 


o 


— .18 — 


10 


+ .08 


+ 75.0 


4 


— .08 — 


OG 


+ .02 



Ao 29. The process with this correction was exactly similar to that pursued with 
Dt24. We have:— 

y. = - .333 
and the following comparison : — 



Mean 6 of 
group. 


Number 
ofstars. 


Mean value ^i 
ofr. ^°™ 


jla. 


Residual. 


o 
— 8. 9 


3 


5S 


02 


// 
- .04 


+ .5.2 


6 


— .34 — 


39 


- .05 


+ 13.8 


,s 


— .36 — 


'.'2 


+ .04 


+ 25. 8 


6 


— . 33 — 


25 


+ .08 


+ 43.0 


3 


— .28 — 


17 


+ .11 


+ 52. 3 





— .03 — 


14 


— .11 


+ 62. 3 


•1 


— .02 — 


10 


- .07 


+ 7.1.0 


4 


+ .00 — 


00 


— .11 



a. H. 31. From declination +00° to —10°, the curve was formed by adding to the 
numbers given by Dr. Auwers for S, U. 31 {Ast. Nach. Bd. G4, /S. 378), the difference 



" Pos. Med. (Struve), p. xxxii, Int. 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



485 



between tbe correction just deduced for Ao 29 and that given by Dr. Auwers (ibid.), the 
difference being taken in tbe sense Normal — Auwcrs. For tbe limits —10° to — 3(P, 
the catalogue places corrected to Bessel's retraction, were taken without change. 

0. G. H. 33. The correction for this catalogue was formed in precisely tLe same 
manner as that of S. H. 31, and between the limits —10° and —30°, correction zero is 
arbitrarily adopted. 

Ce 34. The residuals were plotted on a convenient scale as ordinates, both singly 
aud in groups, with the mean declinations as abscissa*. A curve of the simplest form 
was then drawn by hand, passing as nearly as possible through the mean of the i^oints. 

Eh 37 and Eh 43. Constructed on similar principles to that of Ce 34. 

Kg 38. A band-curve was drawn, but was found to be very uncertain. 

Gh 39. In the interval + 90° to + 52°, the correction zero was assumed. The 
remaining interval is well represented by the formula, — ".61 tan Z, which is adopted. 

Ce 40 and Ce 48. Process same as for Ce 34. 

Kg 43. The formula of correction assumed is : — 



K + 



P 
100* 



The values derived are these : K= + ".30 ± ".09 ; x = — .24 ± .15. The correc- 
tion zero is assumed between the limits — 10° and — 30°, though from the formula a 
small minus correction would result. 

Pa 45. The adopted form of correction is a (sin Z + .503), the decimal number being 
the approximate sine of the co-latitude. This would closely represent the effect of an 
error in the adopted coefficient of sine flexure. There is room for reasonable doubt 
whether the constancy of the coefficient of flexure can be relied upon where the ocular 
and objective are interchanged as at Poulkova. At any rate, as will appear from the 
subjoined table of comparison, this formula accounts very accurately for the diifereuce, 
Normal — Poulkova. The value of the constant is + ".341 i ".015:— 



Mean 6 of 


Number of 


Mean value 


Formula. 


Residual. 


group. 


stars. 


of r. 






— 8.9 


3 


// 
+ .49 


+ .49 


.00 


+ 5.2 


6 


+ .43 


+ .45 


+ .03 


+ i:!.8 


8 


+ .48 


+ .42 


— .06 


+ 25.8 


6 


+ .31 


+ .36 


+ .05 


+ 43.0 


3 


-f .'25 


+ .27 


+ .02 


+ 52. 3 


6 


+ .16 


+ .'21 


+ .05 


+ 62. 3 


2 


+ .38 


+ .16 


— .'22 


+ 75.0 


4 


— .02 


+ .08 


+ .10 



The use of this formula is continued to the southern limit. 

Gh 45. A simple hand curve is drawn. 

Re 45. Owing to the large probable error of this authority, and the uncertainty of 
the curve, a comparison with Pa 45 and Gh 45 is instituted for every star in common 
with these catalogues and that at the end of this paper. The comparisons are included 
within the limits +90° and —10° declination, and are in the sense of corrections to 



486 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[sr; 



Re 45. The weights were adopted without reference to the iiuinber of observations in 
Pa 45 or Gh 45, unless the number in the former is less than 4 and in the latter less 
than 5. With this exception, the weights are these: — 



Observatious 
ill Re 4.'). 


Wei-ht. 


1 

■2 

3 or 4 

5 or more 


.4 

.0 

. 8 
1.0 



These were multiplied by .5 when the number of observations in either of the other 
catalogues is 1, by .7 when in Gh 45 the number is 2, by .8 when in Pa 45 the number 
is either 2 or 3, and in Gh 45, 3 or 4. It was seldom necessary to use these factors. 
The following table contains in the first column the mean declinations of the groups 
Fa — Re; in the second, the mean residual Pa — Re for each group; in the third, the 
weight; in the fourth, the probable error of the unit of this weight determined from 
each group. 

The fifth, .sixth, and seventh columns contain corresponding particulars for Gh 45 — 
Re 45, omitting the probable errors, which were not determined. The eighth and ninth 
columns show respectively the sums of numbers in columns two and six added to the 
corresponding corrections of Pa 45 and Gh 45, taken from Table II. The tenth columu 
contains the means of columns eight and nine, giving the numbers in column eight 
double weight except for the first group. From this last column the curve of correc- 
tion is constructed graphically by the usual method. 



1. 


o^ 


3. 


4. 


5. 


G. 


7. 


8. 


9. 


10. 


^^., 


,., 




// 


o 








fj 




,, 


// 


— 8.4 


- .33 


G 


± .00 


— 8.G 


+ 


.40 


8 


+ .16 


+ 


.56 


+ . 36 


— 0.8 


+ .15 


G 


.45 


— 1.3 


+ 


.53 


9 


+ .02 


+ 


.09 


+ .(i4 


+ :?.5 


— .78 


5 


.41 


+ 3.G 




.60 


6 


— .32 




.43 


— . 36 


+ 8.1 


— .»)() 


15 


.31 


+ 8.0 


— 


.18 


15 


— . -22 




CO 


— .15 


+ i:!.7 


— . 77 


<) 


.43 


+ 13. G 


— 


.41 


10 


— .36 


— 


.•20 


— .31 


+ 18. 1 


— .42 


C 


.46 


+ 18.3 


— 


.•23 


6 


— .02 


— 


.01 


— .02 


+ 21 8 


—1.10 


9 


.48 


+ 2-2.9 


— 


.89 


9 


— .72 


— 


.70 


— .71 


+ -2^. 


- .87 


/ 


.40 


+ 28.1 


. — 


. 57 


6 


— . ('^2 


— 


.43 


— .49 


+ :i5. 1 


—1.34 


.5 


.46 


+ 35. 1 


— 


.81 


3 


— l!o3 


— 


.76 


— .94 


+ 41.1 


— .08 


•20 


.45 


+ 41.4 


— 


.03 


2*2 


— .40 


— 


.06 


— .29 


+ 47. a 


— .34 


19 


.44 


+ 47.2 


+ 


.22 


'24 


— .09 


+ 


.14 


— .01 


+ r.-2. 


— .-24 


1-2 


. 35 


+ 51.8 


+ 


.1-2 


15 


— .02 


+ 


.04 


00 


+ ,-(i.8 


— .07 


10 


.01 


+ .56. 7 


+ 


.15 


14 


+ .12 


+ 


.12 


+ .12 


+ Gl.O 


— .07 


13 


.•21 


-t- 60. G 


+ 


.06 


•21 


+ .09 


+ 


. 06 


+ .08 


+ (;;i. 1) 


+ .01 


G 


.13 


+ GG. 1 


+ 


.'2o 


9 


+ .14 


+ 


.26 


+ .18 


-1- 70.1) 


+ .0(1 


11 


.3-2 


+ 70. 1 


+ 


.04 


10 


+ .76 


+ 


. (i6 


+ .73 


+ 7(i. r. 


+1. 0,-. 


7 


.33 


H- 76.8 


+ 


. 5^2 


9 


+1. 1-2 


+ 


.52 


+ .92 


L8:..8] 


[- . 1-2] 


[7] 





[85.7] 


[+ 


.32] 


['] 

















The correction of the table is not considered apt)licable between the limits 80° and 
OOo declination when stars are observed both above and below the pole. Between 
the limits — 10^ and —22^ the curve was constructed by the help of Dr. Auwers's 
table {Aat. yach., Bd. (i4). Search for terms in the declination correction of Re 45, 
which dejiend upou tlie right ascension of the star for tlieir magnitude, failed to dis- 



[81] 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 487 



cover any whi,;h it was thought sate to apply- Dr. Gould finds a considerable cor- 
rection of this kind {Ast. Nach., Bd, G5, s. 182), and Dr. Auwers {Ant. Nach., Bd. G4, 
s. 335) finds by comparison with Ac 29: + ".285 sin a — ".14G cos a. Jly comi)arison 
includes stars between — 10° and + 74° declination, and, after subtracting the difler- 
ence of declination corrections from the separate differences Pa — Re and Gh — Re, I 
find:— 



Pa 45 — Ke 45. 


Gh45 — Ee45. 


Mean a 
of group. 


Weight. 


Difference. 


Mean a 
ot group. 


Weight. 


Difference. 


h. 

0.2 
2.2 
4.2 

.5.8 
8.1 
10.1 
12.1 
14.0 
ICO 
18.0 
19.9 
22. 


14 
17 
13 
11 

10 

15 

,s 

11 
15 

8 
15 
15 


// 

— .11 

+ .10 
+ .13 

— .12 
+ .01 

— ..'iS 

— .01 
.00 

— .30 

— .34 
+ .02 

— .OG 


h. 

0.1 

2.2 

4.2 

.5.8 
8.1 
10.1 
12.2 
14.1 
IC. 
18. 
19.9 
22.0 


17 
18 
13 
13 
11 
14 
14 
14 
IG 
12 
18 
24 


— .02 
+ .21 
+ .21 

— .18 
+ .OG 

— .52 
+ .01 

+ ■:" 

+ '. 15 
+ .20 
+ .20 



Wn 47, Wn 50, Wn G4. The corrections were derived by the graphical process. 
None of these curves are very certain for declinations north of 40o. 

Gh 51, Gh 57, and Gh G4, Ps 63, C. G. H. 58, Lu 67, Re C8, and Wu 72 were also 
discussed by means of hand curves. 

So 55. A uniform value of the correction was adopted, since sufficient material for 
drawing the cu^ve with requisite certainty was not available. 

Me G8 and Wn G8. Gom[)arison with the residuals r shows that the results of the 
discussion of Washington and Melbourne declinations (p. G8) answer sufiiciently well 
for the first approximation to their respective corrections. This opinion is supported 
by the final discussions. 

Gh 70. The empirical formula a (sin' .^+ sin' Z'), which diflers little in practical 
effect from that employed with Dt 24 and Ao 'JO, though it does not very closely rep- 
resent the mean values of r, is adopted. Discu.<sion of the separate residuals gives for 
a — 1".17. The comparison with means is as follows : — 



Mean <! of 


Number 


Mean r. 


Formula. 


C — 0. 


group. 


of stars. 








o 
— 8.9 


3 


— 1.12 


— 1.05 


+ .07 


+ .5.2 


C 


— .74 


— .73 


+ .01 


+ 13.8 


8 


— .33 


— . 55 


— .22 


-f 2.5.8 


6 


— .35 


— .39 


— .04 


+ 43.0 


3 


— .38 


— .29 


+ .09 


+ 52.3 





— .50 


— .28 


4- .22 


+ 62. 3 


2 


— .37 


— .27 


+ .10 


+ 75.0 


4 


— .4B 


— 'ZO 


-f .2G 1 

1 



488 



UNITED STATES NOETHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



If, for instance, observations bave been corrected by the formula a sin ^cos* Z, 
when the true formula is a sin Z, then the correction a sin' ^ would be required for the 
polar distances, as published. The average correction to zenith distances by direct 
observation during the years lSCS-'72 for li — J) m 

+ ".75 sin Zco^^ Z. 

If we suppose that this correction should bave been approximately + ".75 sin Z, then 
declinations would require the correction — ".75 sin^ Z + (the proper correction for lat- 
itude). 

It is, however, probable that a great part of the correction is due to error in the 
adopted constant of refraction. 

SECTION VII. 



CORRECTlUN OF BESSEL'S FUNDAMENTA ASTRONOMIC. 

With the systematic corrections of Table II., and with the system of weights 
already used, we proceed to correct the assumed declinations of stars of class "i" (p. 
8). The object of this is to secure a greater number of points with which to compare 
Bradley's declinations, and even this additional number is insufficient for the satisfac- 
tory solution of the pioblem. The criterion of selection of these additional stars is 
that there shall be none for which the weight of J// is less than .5. The formation and 
solution of conditional equations was conducted on precisely the same i)rinciples as for 
the fundamental stars. The same authorities were used (Gh 1752 and 1755 being of 
course excluded), but they were first corrected by Table II. in order to diminish the 
efi'ect of uneven distribution of systematic errors in the series of corrections for a given 
star. 

The results are shown in Table III. where the adopted corrections of fundamental 
and circumpolar stars (Section VI.) are repeated for convenience. The explanation 
follows: 

Table III. 



Name of star. 



1755. 



UrscT Miuoris 319.6 

Urs:e Wiuoris j 10.9 

Urs^ae Miuoris 282.7 

Camflop. (32 H.) .... I 192. 

UrsiP iliuoris 25W. 



f IJrste Miuoris 

y Cepliei 

.'■> UrsiE Miuoris 

/3 Utshs Miuoris 

X Draconis 



y'' ljrs;t?, Jliuoris 

i/)' Draconis 

X Draconis 

/} (.'I'pboi 

<j Dracoois 



2.33. 3 
3,-)2. 4 
217. 1 
2'22. 9 
27(1 4 

230. 3 
2Gri. G 
109. 1 
321. 4 
204. 6 



+8?. 5 
+f8.0 
+80.5 
+84.7 
+82. 4 

+78. 5 
+7(i. 3 
+70. S 
+75.2 
+7-2. 



+72. 3 
+70.7 
+(i9. 5 
+08. 9 



^^ 



+ 

+ 

+ 



+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 



. 258 
.0--i7 
.009 
. 509 
.189 

.127 
. 045 
. 005 

. o;o 

. 4.')0 



— .073 
+ .0-1) 
+ .450 

— .014 

— .402 



■'M 



57.9 
G1.4 
27.0 
GO. 4 
20. 3 

43.4 
15. 9 

40. 
01.0 

18.8 



+1.18 

— .26 
+ .66 
+3. 83 

— .63 

— .39 

+ 1. 12 
-(-4.07 
+ 1. 05 
—1.28 

— 1.,57 

— .30 
+4. 17 
+ 1.33 
42.90 



"^/ 


Cor. to 




Bradley- 






11 
—1.1 


. 7 




—1.9 


2.0 


.... 


—4.1 


1.0 


.... 


— .2 


1.0 




— .0 


.4 


1. .56 


—1.2 


1.0 


1. 0(» 


+ .5 


1.0 


.S3 


-3.2 


1.0 


1..59 


-3.1 


.4 


. 59 


+ 1.3 


1.0 


1.18 


+4.0 


1.0 


..54 




1.0 


.90 


—3. 5 


1.0 


1.00 


-3.7 


1.0 


. 52 




1.0 



Residual. 



+ .^ 
+ •:« 

') ;; 

+ '•7 



+ .6 
+2. 2 

— 1.3 
—2. 

— 1.8 

+3. 8 
+ 1.0 
-3. 1 
—2.0 

— 1.2 



[83] EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 489 

Table III— Coutinued. 



Name of star. 



Ursae Majoris... 

Draconis 

Cepbei 

Draconis 

Cassiopeia} 



n UrsiD Majoris. 

a Cepcei 

I? Draconis 

71 Cephei 

UrssB Majoris . 



Cephei 

Urste Miijoris.- 

Draconis 

Draconis 

UrsfB Majoris.. 



Cepbei 

Cephei 

UrsiB Majoris . . . 
Camelopardalis. 
Catsiopeiaj 



Ursa5 Majoris.. 
Ursie Majoris.. 

CassiopeisB 

Cygui 

Bootis 



Draconis 

Ursse Majoris. 

Draconis 

Cygni 

Ursse Majoris. 



f)l Andromedae. .. 

(S Per.iei .. 

A lioolis 

n Auriga? 

i/) UrsiE Majoris.. 

,? AurigjB 

1 C.vgni 

Tt, llrsre Majoris.. 

f Anrigse 

a Herculis 



II Ursie Majoris. 

y AndromediB. . 

7 Anrigse 

ii Porsei 

y Cygni 



1755. 



Cygni 

« Laeertffl 

a Persei 

1 UrsreMajoris 

X UrsEe Majoris 



132. 1 

288.1 

340. 3 

209.4 

24.3 

1C2. 1 
318.2 

245. 2 
310. 1 
122. 4 

324. G 
143. 3 
281.9 

239. 3 
97.2 

335. 
330. G 
161.7 

66,9 
6.7 

198. 5 
175.2 
5.9 
287.9 
214.2 

261.2 

139. 1 

267. 7 
290. 9 
204. 5 

292. 5 
335. 3 

46.7 
130. 6 
173. 3 

20.8 
51.4 

211.8 
74.7 

1G3. 9 

85.4 
308. 3 

150. G 
71.1 

246. 6 

151. 9 
27.2 
72. 3 
43.1 

303.4 



+68.1 
+67.2 
+G4.9 
+65. 6 
+G2. 4 

+G3. 1 
+01. G 
+62.1 
+G0. 9 
+61.5 

+60.0 
+60. 2 
+59. 1 
+59.2 
+58.4 

+57.2 
+57.0 
+57.7 
+5G.3 
+55. 2 

+56.2 
+55. 1 
+52. 5 
+52. 9 
+53.0 

+52.5 

+52.8 
+51.5 
+51. 2 
+50.5 

+49.7 
+49. 
+41). 
+49. 
+49. 1 

+47.4 
+47.0 
+47. 2 
+4.-). 7 
+4.5.8 

+4). 9 
+44.4 
+44.1 
+43.4 
+43. 

+42. 7 
+41. 1 
+40. 9 
+40. 
+39. 5 



A(5 



.778 
+ .076 
+ .073 



+ 

+ 



242 

201 



+ .025 

— . 0(i7 
+ .203 

— .381 
+ .067 

— . 154 
+ .328 
+ . 1.54 
+ .019 

— .242 

+ .009 
+ .227 
+ .444 
+ .175 
+ .023 



— 


.004 


+ 


.196 




.082 


__ 


. 352 


— 


.125 


+ 


.129 




. 34G 


— 


. 051 


— 


.056 


+ 


.098 



+ 



.445 
.101 
. 235 

.278 
.056 



— .397 

— .264 

— .431 
+ .010 

— .234 



+ 

+ 



.079 
.030 
.594 
.166 
.142 



+ .304 
+ .262 
+ .242 
+ .461 
+ .428 



'^M 



16.9 
47.5 
41. G 
48.2 
40.6 

61.4 
G1.4 
49.2 
32. 8 
31.0 

29. 
43.3 
21.2 
44.0 
37.2 

30. 2 
41.3 
35.9 
16.0 
62.7 

42.0 
61.1 
27.7 
32.6 
41.4 

50. 3 
4.5. 4 
GO. 2 
31.5 
61.3 

31.8 
27.3 
62. 7 
44.8 
40.1 

29.6 
39.3 
27.8 
64.9 
32.1 

44.1 

66. 1 

38. 3 
32. 
28.1 

29. 4 
30. 6 
37.4 
39.8 
45.3 



^n' 



+4.46 
+ 1.01 
+ 1.18 
+ .12 

— .07 

— .45 
+1.68 
—1.06 
+1.64 
+ 1.61 

+1..52 

— .08 
+ .27 
+1.02 
+1.37 

+2.41 

— .68 
—4.25 
+ .>-2 

— .43 

+ .53 

— .25 

— .24 

+ .87 

— .90 

+ .41 
+ .94 
+ .35 

— .02 
—1.01 

+1.85 

— .73 
+ ..33 
+ .06 

— .68 

+ .GO 
+ .33 
+1.03 

— ..58 
+ .52 

— .08 

— .88 
+1.77 
— 1..59 
+ .06 

—1.69 
+1.14 
—1.40 
—1.31 
—2.67 






..52 
1.14 

.90 
1.25 
1.00 

1.60 

1.60 

\35 

.75 



.95 
1.05 

.68 
1.21 

.82 

.54 
.97 
.87 
.60 
1.63 

1.08 

1.59 

.70 

.78 

1.19 

1.23 
1.04 
l.GO 
.74 
1.60 

.96 

.69 

1.63 

.85 
.97 

.70 
.97 
.59 
1.66 
.71 

l.OG 

1.69 

.91 

.91 

.70 

.74 

.73 

1.05 

1.12 

1.14 



Cor. to 
Bradley. 



—3.8 
—2.0 
—1.5 

— .2 

— .2 

— .8 
—3.6 
—1.6 
—2.0 
—1.7 

—2.2 

— .5 
—2.6 
—1.6 
—4.2 

—2. 5 
—2.3 
+4.0 

—1.8 

— .1 

— .4 

+ .2 

+ .9 
—1.2 

+ .7 

— .1 

+ .2 
—1.1 
+ .4 
+ .3 



+ .0 
— .6 
—1.7 



— 1.5 

— .5 

— .7 

+ .9 
—2.4 

— .7 
+ .2 
—1.6 
+1.9 

+ 1.8 

+1.8 

— .2 

+ -9 
+ 1.G 
+2.4 



.4 
1.0 
1.0 



1.0 
1.0 

.7 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 
0.4 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.5 

1.5 
1.0 
1.0 
2.0 
1.0 

2.0 
1.0 
2.0 
2.0 
1.5 

.4 

1.0 
1.5 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 

1.5 

.4 

2.0 

.7 

.7 
2.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 

1.0 j 
1.0 i 
1.5 i 



Resdnal. 



—4.3 

—1.1 

0.0 

+ .2 

+ .7 

— .6 
—2.3 
—1.7 

— .5 



— .6 

— .3 
-1.5 

— .8 
—2.6 

— .8 

— .8 
+1.9 

— !9 
o 

o!o 

+ 1.0 

— .2 
+ .5 

+ .3 

— .4 

— .6 
+1.6 
+ .4 

—1. 5 
+ .3 

— .6 

— .7 
+ .9 

— 1.4 

— .3 

— .5 
+ 1.1 
—1.6 

— .6 

— .5 
—1.0 

— 1.3 
+ 1.0 

+ 1.5 

— .5 
+ .6 
+ .9 
+ .9 



490 UNITED STATES NOETDEIIN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [84] 

Table III— Continued. 



Name of star. 



'/ 



/3 



f' Lyr» 

I? Hercnlis 

n CamimVenaticoium. 

a Lyra? 

01 Cvgni 



l3 AtdromedsB. 

3 Tdanguli . . . 

c Cygni 

rf Lyras 

I Aurigaj 



f Herculis .. .. 

." Cygui 

,3 Tauri 

3 Geniinorum . 

a ADtlromedas. 



/i Herculis . 

c Boot is .. . 

(I Coronje . . 

ft Leonis... 

f Lf ouis . . . 



7/ Tauri 

a Arietis 

/t Gt^miuonim . 

(S Geminoruiu . 

(i Leouis 



' Leonis.. 
Boot is .. 
Boot is .. 
Tauri . . . 
Leonis . . 



a' Herculis , 

a Pegasi... 

>' Pegasi... 

i Aquilae . . 

a Opbiuehi 



a Leonis... 

7 AquiUe . . 

C Pegasi . . . 

K Oiihiucbi 

r Pegasi . . . 



o Aquite . .. 

n Orionis . .. 

f Pisciuin .. 

f Hyclrte 

a Scrjientis . 



Piscium 

Aiiiiila; . 
Piscium 
Ccti .... 
.\i|iiiUe . 



1755. 



o 
i>79. 1 
248. G 
I'Jl. 1 
277. 2 
314.0 

14.0 

28.8 
30S). 1 
2.S0. ;? 

70.3 

248. 
315. G 

77.7 
112.G 
358. y 

264.2 
218. G 
231.1 
144.7 
143. 

53.2 

2^.4 

92.0 

106. 4 

1G5. 3 

151. G 
211.1 

205.8 

G5. 5 

174.1 

255. 9 

343. 1 

0.2 
283. 5 
2G0.9 

148. 8 
293. 7 
337. 3 
251.5 

323. 

294. 7 
8;>. 5 
12. G 

128.4 

233. 1 

356. 7 

295. 8 
351.8 

42.4 
288.3 



+39.4 
+39.4 
+39. G 
+38.6 
+37. 6 

+34. 3 
+33. 8 
+33. 1 
+33. 1 



+32.1 

+29. 2 
+28.4 
+28. 6 
+27.7 

+27. 9 
+2-1. 1 
+27. G 
+27.1 
+24. 9 

+23.3 
4-22. 3 
+22. G 
+22. 4 
+21. 9 

+2L1 
H-20.5 
+19.6 
+ 16.0 
+15.9 

+14.7 
+13.9 

+13.8 
+13.5 
+12. 8 

+13. 2 
+ 10.0 
+ 9.G 
+ 9.8 

+ 8.8 

+ 8.2 
+ 7.3 
+ G. G 
+ 7.3 
+ 7.2 

+ 5.5 

+ .5.8 

+ 4.3 

+ 3.1 

+ 2. G 



^^ 



+ 
+ 

+ 

+1 

+ 

+ 



+ 



.731 

.G85 
. 055 
. 3G2 
.607 

. 254 
.284 
.897 
.140 
.448 

.039 
.517 
. 242 
. 206 
.144 

.094 
.121 

— .018 

— . 495 
+ .046 

— .190 

— .128 

— . 5.5.5 

— . 172 
+ . 142 

— .331 

— .234 

— .229 
+ .060 
+ .259 

+ .197 
+ .330 

— .231 
+ . 149 
+ .111 

+ .056 
+ .003 

— .4411 

— .011 
+ .037 

+ .040 
+ .019 

— . 343 

— . 189 
+ .028 

— ..515 

— . 136 

— .572 

— .2117 
+ . IIMI 



■'M 



28. 
42.4 
49.1 
G6. 1 
36.9 

36.0 
20.9 
29. 4 
46.2 
33.3 

29. G 
29. 2 
69.4 
70.3 
70.4 

18.2 
32. 4 
69. 7 
30.8 
30.1 

30. C 
70.7 
31.7 
30. 5 
43. 2 

35.7 
70.7 
43.4 
71.5 
69.7 

70. 5 
70.7 

69. 1 
30. 9 
70.3 

71.5 

70.0 
29.7 
29.8 
29.6 

71.5 
71.5 
2G. 1 

28.2 
71.5 

35. 1 
71.5 
42. 
71.5 
45. 8 



A/^' 



+1.G7 
—3. 20 

— .87 
— 1.G3 
+ .15 

-2. 17 

— .68 
—2. Gl 
—2. 10 
—1.05 



+ 

+ 



.18 
.65 
. 35 
.43 

.90 



— 1. 94 
+ .53 

—1.00 
+1.23 
—1.68 

— .18 

— . 65 

— . 03 
—2. 38 
— 1. 61 

—3. 11 

—2. 02 
—1. 22 

— .79 
—2. 44 

— .34 
—1. 82 

— .16 

— .67 
—1. 05 

—1.18 

— .25 
+ 1.85 

— .39 

— .61 

— .10 

— .02 
+ .32 
—3.46 



— .41 

— .74 

+1. .58 
+ .49 

— .11 



"A/i' 



Cor. to 
Bradley. 



.60 
1.12 
1.24 

1.G9 
.83 

.71 

.59 

.93 

1.08 

. 77 

.78 

.55 

1.80 

1.83 

1.52 

.67 

.76 

1.83 

.C4 

.70 

.57 

1.83 

,.59 

.59 

1.01 

.76 
1. 83 
1.03 
1.84 
1.84 

1.84 

1.83 

1.82 

.72 

1.82 

1.84 
1.77 

.C)S 
.83 
.68 

1.84 

1.84 

. 63 

.55 
1.84 

.69 
1.84 

. 9G 
1.84 
LOG 



—1.5 
+1.7 
+ .4 
+H 

+ .8 

+2.6 
+1.2 
+L9 
—1.7 
+1.1 

+L5 

— .9 

— .4 
+ .8 
+1.1 

+2.4 
+ .3 
+2.9 
—2. 5 
+1.1 

— .7 
+ .5 
—1.2 
+ .6 

— .3 

+L1 

+1.8 

+ .r. 

+1.7 
+L8 

+L4 
+2.8 

— .1 

+2.1 
+3.0 

+1.9 

+1.5 
+ 1.9 
+1.1 

+L7 
+L0 
—1. 5 
+3.3 

+2.9 



+ L5 

— .2 

— .4 
+3.3 I 



1.0 

. 7 

.7 

2.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

. 7 

1.0 

1.0 



1.0 
1.5 
2.0 
1.0 

1.0 
. 7 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 



1.0 
1.0 
1.5 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
2.0 
1.0 
2.0 
L5 

1.0 
1.0 
1.5 
1.0 
1.0 

1.5 
1.5 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

2.0 
2.0 
.7 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.5 
1.0 
I.O 
1.0 



Residual. 



—1.6 

+ .8 

+ -a 

+ .2 

— .1 

+1.7 
+ .3 
+ .6 
—2.1 
+ .5 

+ .3 
—1.4 
—2.0 
+ .3 
+ .2 

+ .0 

— .G 
— l.G 

— L8 
+ .1 

— .8 

— .3 

— !i 

—1.0 


+ .3 

— .8 
+ .9 
+ .3 

— .3 
+1.7 
— 1. 1 
+ .3 
+L3 

+ .4 

— .4 
+ .3 



— .1 

+ .2 
+ .1 
—l.G 
+ 1.0 
+1.0 

— .9 



— LO 
+ 1.2 



[85] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 491 

Table III — Continued. 



Name of etar. 



7 Ceti 

J3 Virginis 

f Viigiuis 

ly Virginis 

li Orionis 

I? Aqnani 

a Aquarii 

e Orionis 

71 Serpentis 

i Opbiuchi 

/3 Aquarii 

12 Hydra; 

f) Orionis 

01 Ceti 

(3 Libraj 

a Virginis 

n' Cai)ricorni 

(5 Crateris 

y' Eridaui 

fi^ Libr* 

a Leporis 

/3 Ceti , 

IS' Scorpii 

^' Sagittarii 

(5 Scorpii 

(3 Corvi 

15 Argus 

a Scorpii 

t Canis Majoris . 
a Piscis Australis 





! 


l7'o-o. 


a 


6 








37. - 


+ 2.2 


174.5 


+ 3.1 


200. 6 


+ 0.7 


181.8 


+ 0.7 


79.9 


— 0.5 


335.7 


— 1.4 


328. 3 


— 1.5 


80.9 


— 1.4 


272.2 


— 2.9 


240.4 


— 3.0 


319.7 


— C.6 


138.9 


— 7.6 


75.7 


— 8.5 


17. 9 


— 9.5 


226. 


— 8.5 


198.1 


- 9.9 


301.1 


—13.0 


106. 8 


—13.9 


56.7 


—14.0 


219. 3 


—15.4 


80.5 


—17.9 


.07.8 


—18.8 


237. 8 


—19. 4 


270.2 


—21.1 


2.36. 5 


-22.2 


185.4 


—22. 5 


119. 3 


—23.9 


243. 


—26.1 


102. 2 


—28.8 


341. 


—30.4 



A<5 



— . 390 

— .019 

— .249 

— .425 

— .515 

— . 603 

— .009 

— .221 
+ .366 

— .329 

+ .198 
+ .128 
+ .187 
+ .187 
+ .066 

+ .052 

— .310 

— .641 
—0.417 
+ .050 

— .098 

— .301 
+1. 620 

— ..%7 
+ .796 

— .404 
+ .033 

— .071 

— .663 

— .609 



"^li 



37.4 

.58. 4 
33.0 
25.5 
26. C 

17.9 
71.5 
24.9 
29.5 
32.7 

28.3 
69.9 
71.5 
22.1 
34.6 

71.5 



Am' 



—1.25 

— .89 

— .37 
— 1. 42 
+1.51 

+1.82 

— .40 
—1.51 
—2.04 

+ .48 

—1.39 

— .78 

— .01 

— .87 
—1.23 

—1.00 
+ .75 
+1.00 



+ 
— 1 



— .13 
+1. 43 
—5.84 
+1.63 
—4.14 

+ .45 
—1.69 
-1.06 
+1.62 
+1.34 



-A^' 



Cor. to 
Bradley. 



.80 
1.41 
.72 
.50 
.69 

.54 

1.84 
..50 
.02 



.74 

1.81 

1.84 

.63 

.79 

1.84 



+ .8 
+ 1.0 
+ 1.0 
+1.3 
+ .0 

+1.0 
+2.8 
+3.5 
+1.7 
+2. 3 

+3.5 
^-1.6 

— .0 
+1.2 

+2.7 

+ .9 

— .2 



+ 
+1 



+1.2 
— .8 
+1.7 
—1.2 
+3.8 

+ .6 
+3.2 
+1.2 
+1.1 



1.0 
1.5 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 

.7 

1.0 
1.0 
2.0 
1.0 
1.0 

1.5 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
0.5 
1.0 



Residual. 



+ .1 

— .2 
+ 1.0 

— .4 

— .4 

+ .4 
+ 1.0 
+ 1.4 

+ .3 

+1.0 

+ .1 

— .(■) 
+ .0 
+ .4 

-1.2 
—1.4 
—1. 3 
+ .3 






—1.0 

+ .8 



+1.3 



+ .5 

+ -1 



Columns one, two, and three require no explanation. Columns four and five con- 
tain the correction to the assumed declination for the epoch 1845, with the weight as 
determined from the equations of condition. Colnmu sis contains one hundred times 
the correctiou to the annual variation assumed, and column seven its weight. In 
reference to the weights, it should be remarked, that for the first five stars the weights 
were assumed on different princii)les from those which prevail with other stars. The 
manner of assigning weights to the stars from a^ Capricorni to a Piscis Australis has 
been already explained. As they are not, therefore, strictly comparable with the pro- 
ceding they are omitted. Column eight contains the correction to Gh 1752 and Gh 
1755, resulting from the preceding values of J S and J jj.'. The process of obttiiniug 
these corrections was this: The catalogue declinations were corrected for nutation as 
explained (p. 2i)). The declinations between + 14° and — 14°, have been corrected by 



492 



UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[86] 



Bessel for certain quantities necessary to make tbem agree with Bradley's observations 
of the siui. Tbe following table is given in Fundamenta Astronomice (p. 62). 



(! 


Correction. 


<5 


Correction. 


6 


Correction. 


o 

— 13 

— 11 

— 9 

— 5 


+ ."1 
+ .63 
+ .24 
+ .72 
— .06 


o 

— 3 

— 1 
+ 1 
+ 3 
+ 5 


+ .67 
+ 2.36 
+ 1.03 
+ 1.46 
+ .42 


o 

+ - 
+ 9 

+ u 

+ 13 


+ 1.22 
+ .47 
+ .93 

+ .49 



These corrections I have subtracted from tbe catalogue declinations ; by which 
means we are able to assume tbe same system for all stars south of Greenwich zenith. 
Tbe standard declinatiou for 1752 is equal to the assumed declination + J //' — .93 J y. 
From the standard so formed is sul)traclcd the corrected declination of tbe catalogue. 
Tbe result is the "Correction to Bradley." For the .stars enumerated below the correc- 
tions to declinations from lower culmination are given with reversed sign, as the above 
table deals with upper culmination only. 

Stars observed sub polo. 



Name. 


a + 180° 


Corr. to 
Bradley. 


Weight. 


Name. 


a + 180° 


Cor. to 
Bradley. 


Weight. 


1 Ureaa Minoris ... 
a UrssB Minoris - - . 
d UrssB Minoris . .. 
Camelop.(32H). 
f Urate Minoris ... 
f UrssB Minoris . .. 




139.6 

190.9 

102.7 

12.0 

78.0 

58.3 


+ .24 
—1.55 
+1.13 
—2.74 
— .27 
—2.85 


.4 

2.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 




o 
172.4 

86.6 
108.1 

65.2 
101.9 
319.1 


+ .89 
—2. 24 
+1. 17 
— 5. 64 
+2.04 
— .24 


.4 

i!o 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 


Tp Draconis 

'5 Draconis 

7! Draconis 

Draconis 

6 Ursae Majoris . .. 



Tbe ninth column gives the we igbt used in solving tbe equations of condition, 
following is tbe scale : 



Tbe 



Obs. 


Weight, j 


1 
2 

3-9 

10-25 

over 25 


.4 

.7 

1.0 

1.5 

2.0 



In estimating these weights, no account is taken of tbe uncertainty of the standard 
places. Their probable error seldom exceeds ".45, and for the fundamental stars 
averages about ".3. The probable error of the unit of weight for tbe additional stars 
is approximately ".35. 

Owing to the uncertain character of tbe residuals I did not think it safe to attempt 
the drawing of a curve. Careful preliminary examination showed that the error varies 



[87 1 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



493 



greatly with the Right Ascension, according to what law it is difBcult to conjecture. 
I assumed at first the simple i^eriodic formula of correction, 

X sin a + y cos a. 
The form of the declination correction (order of declination) especially for southern 
stars, api>ears to be tolerably well represented by the expression — 

V + ic s,m2 Z + u tan Z. 
For southern stars alone the normal equations are these : 

+ 109.2 v + 77.2 «7 - O.Cx+ CO y + 111.0 w - 100.0 = 
+ 77.2 V + 03.5 iv - 3.3 ^ + 3.9 y + 82.3 u - 85.7 = 
— O.Gv— 3.3 «p + 59.G a; + 1.8 y- 9.2 ?« + 30.1 = 
+ 5.9 » + 3.9 to + 1.8 a; + 49.G »/ + 4.3 « -f 8.5 = 
+ 111.0 V + 82.3 w - 9.2 x+ 4.2 7/ + 245.2 u - 121.8 = 

From which — 

v= - 21 
«' = + 1..50 
x= - .41 
y = - .25 
w = + .08 

Arranged in four nearly equal groups, we have the following values of v, x, and 
y, the residuals being first corrected for + 1".50 sin 2 ^ + ".OS tan Z. 



Mean <5 


I) 


X 


.'/ 


Weight 
of tj. 


Adopted y. 


o 


// 


// 


II 




n 


— 13.0 


- .20 


— .17 


— .88 


10 


— .98 


+ 08.3 


— .07 


— .r>2 


— .72 


16 


— .48 


+ 25.6 


— .42 


— .49 


+ .09 


11 


— .06 


+ 43.4 


— .19 


— .29 


+ .36 


10 


+ .37 



The constancy of v and x is as good as we might expect, but such is not the case 
with y. In the uncertainty, I have supposed y to vary directly with the declination, 
and find — 






The equations for northern stars are : 



+ C0.9 V - 27.6 w — 13.1 j; + 

- 27.0 y + 20.3 H' + 1.3 j; + 

- 13.1 V + 1.3 w + 31.1 x - 
+ ,5i;+ 0.2w- 1.8 a; + 29.8 2/ - 2.8 m + 17.2 = 

- 29.0 <) + 21 .5 IV — 3.9 x - 2.8 y + 43.9 « - 31.5 = 



0.5 y — 28.9 n + 63.8 = 
0.2 ;)/ + 21.5 u - 35.2 = 
1.8 2/ - 3.9 ?f - 13.7 = 



494 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[88J 



Wheuce — ' 

t; = - .63 

w = + 1.25 

x=+ .04 

y = - .01 

u = — .35 
The number of stars ,au(l the weights are too small to admit of auy valid argument 
from the process of grouping ; the residuals, however, are not remarkably well repre- 
sented by the formula. The real correction is probably much more variable. The 
equality of the two values of «c derived from northern and southern stars is quite 
striking. The smallness of u in each case is an argument that the refraction deduced 
by Bessel corresponds well with Bradley's observations. For the definitive correction 
I have dropped m and combined the equations for both northern and southern stars. 
Two sets of coefiScients for sin a and cos a are separately determined. For northern 
stars these are denoted by x' and y'. y is introduced into the equations in order to 
eliminate its mean influence on the determination of the remaining quantities. 
The equations follow. 



+ 170.1 » + 49.0 (P - 13.1 a;' + 0.5?/'- 0.6 x + 

+ 49.6 V + S3.S w + 1.3 x' + 0.2 y' - 3.3 a; + 

- 13,1 V + 1.3 ic + 31.1 x' - 1.8 y' 0.0 .r 

+ 



+ 



5.9 y - 36.2 = 
3.9?/- 121.0 = 
0.0 y - 13.7 = 



0.5 V + 0.2 ?() - 


1.8.1'+ 29.8?/' 0.0 a' 0.0?/ + 


17.2 = 


0.0 V — 3.3 (r 


0.0 a:' 0.0 ?/' + 59.0 a; + 1.8 y + 


30.1 = 


5.9 y+ 3.9 H' 


0.0 a;' 0.0 y' + 1.8 x + 49.6 y + 


8.5 = 


ion gives: 


V = - .21 ± .06 
?P = + 1.56 ± .10 
a' = + .25 ± .16 
?/' = - .57 ± .16 
*• = - .41 ± .10 





y =- .25 
The probable error of the unit of weight is ± ".79. For northern stars it is 
+ 1".03 ; and for southern ± ".05. These probable errors are somewhat larger than 
can fairly be ascribed to Bradley's declinations, since they include the eflect of the 
prebable error of the normal places themselves. In order to be on the safe side I have 
adopted the following weights in final discussion, the supposed probable error of the 
unit being ± ".30, as will be explained hereafter. 



W.M^Ilt. 


Number of observations. 


Northern stars. 


Southern stars. 


00 
.05 
.1 
.•i 
.3 


1 

2 to S 
9, or more. 


1 


2, or 3 

4 to 20 

21, or more. 







[89J 



KBPORT OF THE OHIEP ASTRONOMEH, APPENDIX U. 



495 



lu computing Table V., weight .5 is assigned to 4 or more observations, and weight 
.3 to less than that number. Declinations of Gh 1752-55, from one observation are 
rejected. If the corrections above determined are combined with those for nutation 
we liave — 

For uortheru stars (north of 51*3.5 S) 

— ".21 + 1".56 sin Z + ".05 sin a - ".29 cos a. 
For southern stars (south of 510.5 3) 

— .21 + 1.56 sin Z — ".82 sin a — .24 ^5^^^^^^^ cos «. 

Z is reckoned in the usual direction from 0° to 360°. 

For convenience the following tables have been constructetl : 

Table IV. 

Definitive corrections for BesseVs Fundamenta Astronomice. 

Northern stars, + 51o.5 to + 90°. 



A 





Coi 


rectioD. 


iS 


Above 


Below 




pole. 


pole. 


o 


II 


// 


fSO 


- .13 


+ .82 


55 


- .40 


+ 1.06 


60 


- .66 


+ 1.27 


65 


- .92 


+ 1.46 


70 


- 1.15 


+ 1.60 


75 


- 1. 35 


+ 1.70 


80 


- 1. 52 


+ 1.76 


85 


- 1.05 


+ 1.77 


90 


-1.73 


+ 1.73 



Note. — The corrections are .applicable to declina- 
tious directly, whether observed above or below 
piilc. The entire correction for northern stars is 

J + n. 



Corr. a 



B 



b 






.29 


h 

12 


1 


— 


.27 


13 


•> 


— 


.23 


14 


3 


— 


.17 


15 


4 


— 


.10 


IG 


5 


— 


.03 


17 


6 


+ 


.05 


18 


7 


4- 


.12 


19 


8 


+ 


.19 


20 


9 


+ 


.24 


21 


10 


+ 


.28 


22 


11 


+ 


.30 


23 


12 


+ 


.29 


24 



From IS"" to 24'' the correction has the opposite 
sign. 



496 



UNlTliD STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMJVIISSION. 



[90] 



0*. 
For stars south of 51°, 5 S. 



-E. 



DECLINATION. 



+50° -f45° +40O +33° +30° +25° +20° +15° +10° +05° +00° -05° -10° -15° -20° -25° -30° 



+ .42'+. 50 
4-. 18 4-. 34 

- . 071-1- . 03 

- . 33 - .15 



- .58 

- .79 

- .96 

-1.08 
-1.13 
-1.10 

-1.02 

- .87 

- .68 



- .3' 

- .55 

- .69 



.63 
.49 
.29 



. 44 - .06 

. 19 + . 19 
. 07 + . 43 

+ .32+ .65 
-I- .534- .83 
+ .70 +.97 

+ . 82+1. 05 
4- . 87|4-a. 07 
+ . 84J-1-1. 03 

+ . 76 + . 93 

-1- . 42 + . 57 



+ .71 

.48 



-- .82 
60 



5 + . 39 
+ . 03 + . 19 



.17 
.32 

- .43 

.48 
.48 
.41 

.28 

- .11 
+ .09 

+ .32 
-I- .55 

+ -r 



1.12 
1.23 



i 



i 



-1.28 
-1.28 
-1.21 

+1.08 

-[-.71 



+ .92 
4-. 70 
+ .49 
+ .31 



+ .01 

- .11 

- .19 

- .21 

- .18 

- .08 



I 



+ .68 
4- .89 
+1.09 



1.27 
1..39 
1.47 



I 



t: 



+ .21 



+ .03 

-t- .09 
+ .21 

+ .37 
57 

+ .78 

+1.00 
1.21 
1.3'J 



1:- 



52 
1.C4 

+1.68 



+1. 49 +1. 07 
1.4G-+-1.61 
1.30+1.49 



+1.22 
4-1.04 
4- .83 



+1.33 
4-1.13 
4-0.92 



+1.01 
+ .80 
-(-.61 
4-. 47 



I 



I 



+ .42 

-^.54 
4-. 71 



.91 
1.13 
1.35 



li 



+ .99 



+1. 36 +1. 71 
4-1.7,5 4-1.9; 
+1.89+2.0' 



-J-.41 
+ .40 
+ .45 

-1- .70 
+ .90 

+1.12 
+1.34 
+1.57 



+1.99 
+2.03 
+2.01 



+2.15 
+2.16 
+2.11 

01 



+1.94+2. 

+1. 82+1. 86 
+1.65+1.66 

+1. 45+1. 44 

■ 1. 23+1. 2'J 

1.01 4- .99 



ti 



+ . 93 + . 82 
4- . 73 4- . 62 
4-. 57 +.48 
+ . 40 + . 39 

+ . 41 + . 36 
4- .43 4- -41 
4- . 50,+ . 32 



+ .69 
4- .89 
4-1.14 



+ .04 
+ .8i 
+1.04 



+1.28+1.39 
4-1.52 4-1.63 
4-1. 75+1. 88 

+1. 95'+2. _. 
-1-2. ll!-}-2.22 
+2. 22'4-2. 31 

+2. 27+2. 34 
4-2. 25 4-2. 29 
4-2. 19j4-2. 18 

+2. 04+2. 01 
+1. 60+1. 81 
4-1. 64'-j-l. 56 

+1. 40+1. 31 
-hi. IC- -1.05 
+0.93-1-0.8! 



+ .te 

4- .46 
4- .33 
4- .20 

+ .26 
4-. 34 

+ .48 

+ .66 
-t- .91 
+l.lt 

+1. ii 
-1-1.72 
+1.96 

+2. 1," 
+2. 2? 
4-2! 3C 

+2.3C 

+2. 

+2.14 

1. o."- 

■1.71 
1.44 

■I.IC 

■ .90 
• .66 



.46 



I... 

+ .10 



i 



+ .62 

■ .89 

1. 19 



t 



+1.48 
+1.76 
4-2.00 



■2.19 
■2. 32 
2.36 



2. 34 

23 

2. 00 



I 

+1.84 
4-1.59 
4-1.27 



+ .08 
+ .70 
+ .46 



+ .21 
+ .0 

- .09 

- .1: 



+ !06 
4- ••27 



i 



+1.45 

4-1.77 
+1.99 

-4-2. 18 
-f2. 29 
+2.32 

+2.27 
4-2.13 
+1.93 



1.6' 
1.36 
1. 06 



I 



+ .75 



- .08 

- .26 

- .36 

- .37 

- .30 

- .14 

- .10 

+ .39 
+ -71 
+1.06 



1.39 
1.69 
1.94 



i 



+2.12 

-f-2. 2r 

4-2! 23 



16 

00 

1.76 



1.47 
1.15 



- .08 



- .40 

- .58 

- .67 

- .60 

- .50 

- .37 

- .10 

+ .22 
+ .57 
+ .94 

+1.29 
+1.61 
-1-1.80 

--2. 04 

--2. 13 

2. 12 

2.02 

■1.83 

--1.50 

+1.24 

+ .89 
4-. 52 

+ .17 

- .15 

- .40 



- .75 

- .92 
-1.00 

- .9' 

- .85 

- .03 

- .33 



i 



+1.1 

+1.49 
+1.75 

+1.92 
+2.00 
+1.9' 

+1.83 
+I.C3 
+1.33 



i 



- .17 

- .49 

- .75 



I 



-1. 13 
-1.29 
-1.35 
-1.31 

-1.16 

- .91 

- .58 

- .20 

+ !63 

+1.02 
4-1. 3G 
4-1.62 

+1.79 
+1.85 
+1.81 

■1.66 
■1.41 
1.08 

+ .70 
+ .29 

- .13 

- .52 

- .85 
-1.12 



* Between -[-14° and 
table, p. 63, Fund. Ast. 



-14°, (5, the entire correction is, C+- correction taken with opposite sign from 



SECTION VIII. 



DISCUSSION OF FINAL COEKECTIONS AND WEIGHTS. 

With the correction just deducecl, we shall be able to add a cousiderable number 
of standard stars to the list embraced in Table III. The places of the four extieuie 
southern stars of Table I., as well as the additional stars of Table III., will be revi.sed 
by the addition of Gh, 1753 or '55, as an authority. Forty fundamental and circum- 
polar stars of Table I. would not be materially affected by this addition. For the 
present, their declinations as already corrected, will be regarded as standard. 

Two or three stars, which should have been included in the list, were omitted by 
accident. 

The manner of deducing J d and J // has been sufficiently explained under sections 
VI. and VII. Their values will be found to be not materially different from those 
finally deduced. 



[91] EBPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX U. 

Table V. 



497 



Values of AS and J,a' adopted in computing final systematic corrections for the principal 

catalogues. 



Star's name. 



a. AndromedEB 

CassiopeEB 

7 Pegasi 

f Cassiopea) 

a Cassiopeffl 

Ceti 

7j CassiopeK 

7 CassioiesB 

c Pisciiim 

Andromedae 

a Ursas Minoris . . 

(5 Cassiopem . 

01 Ceti 

jy Piscium 

51 AudromedsB 

54 Andromod» 

Piscium 

£ CassiopesB 

Arietis 

50 CassiopeiB 

y AndromedjB 

a Arietis 

Trianguli . 

f Ceti 

f= Ceti 

7 Ceti 

a Ceti 

Persei 

a Persei 

f Tauri 

5 Persei 

T] Tauri 

7 Eridani 

e Tauri 

a Tauri 

4 Camelopardalis 

a Camelopardalis 

1 Auriga) 

Camelopardalis 

£ Auri^aj 

ri Aurigse . . 

a Auriga) 

Orionis 

Tauri 

6 Orionis 



1845. 



A() 



— .14 

— .31 

— .2:! 

— .i:i 

+ .02 

— .23 
—1.20 

— .39 

— .26 
+ .24 

+ .09 
+ .08 
+ .13 

— .,'i2 

— .35 



4- 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 



.43 
.13 
.18 
.04 
.44 

.26 
.13 
.31 
.04 
.13 



— .40 

— .21 
+ .44 

— .23 
+1.37 

— .25 

— .13 

— .44 

+ .18 
+ .06 

+ .25 
+ .36 

— .47 
+ .23 
+ .13 

+ .23 
+ .01 
+ .19 

— .24 

— .48 



Au' 



— .90 
+ 1.11 

— .16 
+ .47 

— .43 

+1.20 
+ 1.02 
+2. 63 

— .39 

— 1.97 

— .26 

±:i 

—2. 36 
+ .06 

o_92 

— 1!59 
+ .25 
-1.76 
+2. 02 

+ .96 

— .65 

— .33 

— .57 
+ .40 

—1.14 

+ .49 

— .92 
+ .33 

+ .58 

+ .04 

— .84 
+ .66 
—1. 35 

— .79 

+ .20 
—2. 12 

— .76 

— .12 

— .91 

—1.14 

— .53 

— .01 
+ .35 
—1.18 



Star's name. 



n. Leporis 

e Oriouis 

a Orionis 

Auriga) 

ri Geminorum . . 

/i Gemiuoruci.. 

7 Geminorum . . 
Cepliel, (51 II) 

c Canis Majoris 

f Geminorum - . 

6 Geminorum . . 

Canis Minoris 

K Geminorum .. 

Geminorum . . 

(i Geminorum . . 

p Argus 

Caneri 

Ursae Majoris. 

<S Caucri 

£ Hydra) 

L Urs£8 Majoris., 

c- Ursa) JIajoris . 

jc Cancri 

a Lyncis 

a ITydra) 

Ursa) Majoris. 

Leonis 

£ Leonis 

V Urs® Majoris. 

II Leonis 

a Leonis 

X Ursa) Majoris. 

7I Leouis 

fi Ursa) Majoris. 

p Leonis 

53 Leonis 

(3 Ursa) Majoris. 

a UrsiB Majoris. 

i/j Ursa) Majoris - 

S Leonis 

d Crateris 

r Leonis 

X Draconis 



1845. 



M 



&/,' 



— 


.14 


+ .17 


— 


.35 


— .24 


+ 


.02 


— .02 




.05 


- .60 


_ 


.02 


+ .21 


— 


.46 


—1.15 


+ 


.22 


—1. ^.0 


+ 


.12 


— .07 




.67 


+2.00 


+ 


.72 


—1. .54 




.17 


—2.48 


+ 


.09 


— .73 


+ 


.81 


—1. 51 




.21 


— .43 


+ 


.01 


—1.49 




.10 


— .62 


— 


.31 


+ .04 


+ 


.06 


+ .95 


+ 


.03 


—1.08 





.27 


—2.54 


— 


.27 


— .22 


+ 


.78 


+4.46 




.12 


—2.72 


— 


.12 


— .20 


+ 


.13 


— .78 




.33 


+ .60 


+ 


.47 


— .60 


+ 


.03 


— L57 


+ 


.33 


— .20 





.39 


— .15 


+ 


.06 


—1.18 




.58 


+1.46 


— 


. 33 


—3.10 


+ 


.26 


— LU 


_ 


.23 


— l.ll 


— 


.36 


—2. 26 


+ 


.29 


—2. 16 


+ 


.02 


— .45 




.15 


— .54 


+ 


.19 


—2.09 




,59 


+ .30 


— 


.14 


—1.80 


+ 


.42 


+3.23 



N B- 



-32 



498 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [92] 

Table V — Continued. 



Star's name. 



V Leonis 

X Ursao Majoria 

/i Leonis 

(} Virginis 

y Ursje Majoria 

Vir<Tinis 

(5 Urs-iB Miijoris 

Tf Virj^iuis ...... 

ii Corvi 

K Draconia 

B.A.C.4:m 

f Urste Majoiis 

1 CauiimVeoaticorum 

Virginia 

a Virginia 

C Tlisro Majoria 

C Virginia 

Tj Urtse M.ijoria 

>! Bootia 

a Draconia 

a Bootia 

\ Bootia 

Bootia 

p Bootia 

y Bootia 

.'> UrsoB Slinoria 

f ' Bootia 

a- Librre 

iS Ursa) Minoris 

/3 Bootia 

l3 Librto 

/t Bootia 

/' IJrsie Minoria 

1 Draconia 

a CoroniB Borealia 

a Serpentis 

e Serpentia 

i Ursoe Minoria 

6 Scorpii 

,3' Scorjiii 

6 Draconia 

6 Opbinohi 

T Herrulis 

a Scorpii 

i; Draconia 

1.5 Draconia 

(7 llcrcnlis 

i Herciilia 

1} llercnlia 

K Opbiiiolii 



18-)5. 



A,I 



— .G3 
+ .04 
+ .20 

— .01 
+ .20 

— .40 

— .14 

— .39 

— .34 

— .03 



+ 

+ 



+ 
+ 
+ 



+1 



.57 
.31 

.00 
.08 
.05 

.00 
.33 
.10 
.21 
.23 

.23 
.43 
.14 
.22 

'02 



+ .03 

— .01) 



+ 



.05 
.07 
.02 



+ .04 

— .30 

— .10 
+ .12 

— .02 

+ .03 

— .23 

— .13 
+ .01 
+1.02 

+ .03 

— .34 

— .30 

— .05 
+ .10 

+ .01 

— .17 
+ .03 

— .09 

— .01 



^n' 



Star'a name. 



+1.08 
— .43 
—2. 44 
—LOO 



.54 
.10 
.70 

.00 

.80 



+5 



+3.83 
+3. 43 

— . 83 
—2. 54 
—1.00 

+ .35 
—2. 70 
— LOl 

— 1.45 

+ .22 

—2.02 
+1.03 

— .70 
-1.14 
—1.41 

+3. 32 
+ .28 
-1.87 
+1.05 

— .70 

— .97 

— .57 

— .13 

— .28 
—1.00 

— ..'.7 
—1.85 

— .39 
—2. 74 

—5.77 

+ .73 

+ ..59 

— .30 

—1.20 

— .48 

+ .84 
+ .45 
+ .28 
—3.00 

— .39 



e Herculia 

f Ursffi Minoris 

o' Herculia 

p' Herculia 

j} Draconia..... 

a Ophiucbi 

o Draconia 

ft Herculia 

1^' Draconia 

Y Draconia 

/I Sagittarii ... . 

6 Ur^ao Minoria 

ij Serpentis . ... 

X Draconia 

a LyrsB 

f ' LyrsB 

/? LyrsB 

(7 Sagittarii.... 

o Draconia 

f AquiliB 

A AquilsB 

f Aquiloe 

(5 Draconia 

K Cygni 

T Draconia 

(5 Aqnilte 

t' Cygni 

« Aquilaa 

6 Cygni 

Y AquUte 

<5 Cygni 

(I AquilfB , 

,3 Aquiloe 

A Ursa) Minoria 

o' Cygni 

q' Capricorni . . 

K Cephei 

Y Cygni 

Cepbei 

a Delpbini 

a Cygni 

e Cygni 

ri Cepbei 

H Aquarii , 

Y Cygni 

Ol'Cygni 

f Cygni 

II Cepbei 

(3 Aqii.arii , 

|3 Cepbei 



1845. 



A<5 



+ .35 
+ .19 



+ 
+ 



.20 
.11 
.13 



+ .11 

— .31 

+ .02 

— .01 

— .05 

— .42 
+ .01 
+ .30 
+ .40 
+ .30 

— .68 
+ .21 

— .02 
+ .25 

— .23 

+ .13 
+ .13 
+ .11 

— .33 

+ .42 

+ .05 

— .03 
— L27 

— .45 

+ .00 

+ .20 
+ .04 

— .14 
+ .20 

— .21 

— .30 
+ .30 
+ .42 
+ .10 
+ .01 

+ .03 
+1.69 

— .39 

— .08 
—2. 57 

+ .01 

— .45 

— .07 
+ .07 

— .01 



A/x' 



—2.31 
— .63 
34 
14 
41 



— 1 

+ 



—1.05 
+1.70 
— L47 
+ .59 
+ .35 

+ .34 
+ .00 
—2. 02 
+ .03 
-1.03 

+ .91 
—2.85 

— .05 

— .84 
+ .35 

— .73 

— .47 
+ .81 
+ .00 
+L17 

+ .45 

— .43 
—2.84 
+1.85 

— .25 

—2.01 

— .10 

— .74 
13 
40 



+1 

+ 



+ 
+2. 
—1. 
+ .74 
—1.70 



53 
50 

.97 



— .83 
—2.41 
+1.37 
—2. 81 
+1.41 

+ .10 
—1.39 
+1. 03 

— .34 
+1.33 



[93J 



EEPORT OF THE OHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



499 



Table V — Coutiuued. 



Star's name. 



c Pegasi .. 

V Cephei.. 
IC Pegasi.. 

a Aquarii . 

{ Cephei.. 

Aquarii . 

y Aquarii. 

d^ Cepliei.. 

a Lacertia 

71 Aquarii . 



1845. 



+ .04 

— .13 
+ .06 

— .10 
+ .24 

— .30 

— .16 
+ .00 
4- .08 

— .06 



A,y 



— .65 
+1.20 

— .72 

— .40 
—1.09 

—1.53 
+ .49 
+1.77 

— .43 
+2. 20 



Star's name. 



i Pegasi 

A Pegasi 

I Cephei 

A Aquarii 

a Piscis Australis 

a Pegasi 

Cephei 

1 Piscium 

■y Cephei 

u Piscium 



1845. 


A(5 


Am' 


// 


U 


— .46 


+2.01 


— .10 


— .01 


+ .07 


+1.20 


— .37 


—2. 07 


— .66 


+1.75 


+ .33 


—1.62 


+ .53 


+4. 63 


— . 54 


+ 1.21 


+ .04 


+ 1. 12 


— .47 


—1.04 



The general condition in the selection of the stars of Table V. is, that the weight of 
A y! as determined by the adopted weights (p. 72) shall be at least .5. In two or three 
instances it fell below this amount by trifling quantities. Column 0„ "Details of Cor- 
rections to Assumed Declinations," contains the values of 0, corrected for the proper 
quantities taken from Tables II. and IV. From these A d and A /i' are computed. 
With the help of A 3 and A /j.', the correction to the assumed declination was computed 
for every epoch required. Denoting these corrections by A d', we have: 

r= A S' — C. 

These are the corrections* to various catalogues given by the standard declina- 
tions of Table V; and from these, arranged by catalogues and successively in the 
order of declination and right ascension, the definitive systematic corrections are 
derived for all catalogues ; a few excepted which were of small weight, or which con- 
tained few observations of standard stars. 

Determination of Definitive Systematic Corrections and tceifjJits. 

For convenience the residuals were combined in groups embracing generally not 
more than 5°, when discussed in order of declination, and two hours in order of right 
ascension. To effect these combinations, weights are assigned in each particular case, 
which are based either on special investigations made in this paper, or elsewhere; or 
upon an empirical law derived from a consideration of the circumstances surrounding 
the observations, or their reduction. The usual form of this law has been : 

^2 



^', + - 

n 



Where E is the probable error of a single observation, or of the unit of weight, and 
the other quantities have the same signification as in the discussion of Washington 



* For the values of r consult " Details of Corrections," etc. 



500 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [94] 



£ 



declinations (p. 4G). For the ratio — , an integer was always used, since it must nec- 

essarily be a mere approximation. The weights attached to means of groups were 
ciade use of in the graphic process, by means of which the corrections in order of 
declination are invariably deduced. The choice of scale in plotting the residuals, 
depends upon the accuracy of the catalogue places under consideration, and was 
always such, that the relative weights could be clearly represented by circles drawn 
about the points to which they respectively belong. 

It was my original intention to investigate nearly all the corrections by the use of 
periodic formulae; but the time at my disposal proved too limited for the purpose, and 
it may be doubted whether such a course is really desirable for the corrections which 
depend upon the order of declination. 

Extreme accuracy is not to be expected in the corrections derived from graphic 
process. The temptation to make abrupt changes in direction of the curve, in order 
to represent what may be mere accidental accumulation of errors, has been ste.idily 
resisted. On the other hand, where even a slight peculiarity is found to be persistent 
for a number of catalogues under the same cixcumstances {i. e., at the same observa- 
tory or with the same instrument), it has been respected. Such peculiarities have been 
noticed in the later Greenwich and Radclitfo catalogues, and in others. Theoretical 
considerations have sometimes received weight in deciding the general directio7i of 
curves, especially where refraction exerts an important influence. 

Corrections depending on right ascension have generally been viewed with suspi- 
cion. In many cases, however, they are important and clearly indicated, and in others 
they might have been safely expected. Where the correction appears to follow 
approximately the same law in successive catalogues of the same series we may adopt 
it without hesitation. The separation of the residuals into two or more zones hns 
always been made before accepting a correction as definitive. 

The adopted form, — 

a; sin a + y cos a, 

has some support in theory, and is here invariably adopted in corrections of this class. 

Corrections to Declinations froin— 30'^ to —90°. 

The continuation of the curves of correction from —30° to —90° offers only a 
rough approximation. 

The corrections to C. G. H. 31, S. H. 31, C. G. H. 33, So 51, So of), C. G. H. 58, Me 62, 
and Me 08, were iirst approximately determined between the limits — 10° and— 30°. 
These approximations are almost identically those of the final table, and are formed 
on the same basis — the only diflerence being that the general direction of the curve 
of correction was better ascertained after its approximate character was known for 
the southern limit. A value of the correction being assumed for declination — 30°, 
the remaining values were directly interpolated from this point, so as to have the value 
zero at declination — 90°. These preliminary values are in some cases quite different 
from those of the definitive table (IX.). The following table contains these prelimi- 
nary corrections as actually used. Under the designation of each authority, is also 
given the weight assigned to it in the discussion of J S and A til. When the number 
of observations is three or four, the weight is one-half that which otherwise would 



[95] 



REPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 501 



have been assigned; -n-ben it is two, the weight is three-tenths, and one observation is 
always rejected. 

Table VI. 



(5 


C.G.n.31. 


S. H. 31. 


C.G.H.33. 


So 51 


So 55 


C.G.H..58. 


Me G2. 


Me 68. 




— 30 


00 


+ .50* 


+ .yo 




— .50 


00 


-f. .87 


— .57 


— 40 


00 


+ .42 


+ .75 


+ .G7 


— .42 


00 


+ .73 


— .48 


— 00 


00 


+ .34 


-f .GO 


+ .53 


— .34 


00 


+ .58 


— .38 


— eo 


00 


+ .yo 


+ .45 


+ .40 


— .25 


00 


+ .44 


— .29 


— 70 


00 


+ .17 


+ .30 


+ .26 


— .17 


00 


+ .29 


— .19 


— 80 


00 


4- .08 


+ .15 


+ .13 


— .08 


00 


+ .15 


— .10 


— 90 


00 


+ 00 


00 


00 


00 


00 


00 


00 


Weight.. 


1 


2 


2 


2 


2 


4 


2 


3 



• The corrections S. H. 31 are aiJj)] icahle directly to catalogue places. 

For convenience, the epoch of zl 5 is taken for these few stars at 1850. The values 
of A d and J p.' thus determined, are shown in Table VII., which contains only stars 
whose declinations are given both in S. H. 31 and C. G. H. 33. 



Table VII. 
First approximation to Ad and A, a' for stars between — 30° atid 90°. 



Star's name. 



/? Hyelri 

y PtKBuicis 

a EriJani 

e' Eridani 

n Columbae 

/3 Columba) 

a Argua 

f Argus 

X Argus 

I Argus 

?1 Argus 

(3 Chameleontis . .. 

o' Cruois 

/3 Centauri 

o'' Centauri 

a Triang. Australia 

Ti Scorpii 

a Octautis 

a Pavonis 

a Gruis 



Ad 1850. 



— .02 
+ .27 
+ .33 

— .13 

— .34 
07 
43 
05 
32 
33 
08 
31 
15 
13 
51 
72 
42 

11] 
4G 

37 



+ • 



+ . 



+1. 



[+ 
+ 



'A6 



17.7 
7.1 
15.9 
10.5 
1.5.9 
11.3 
17.7 
^5 
10.5 
12.9 
16.2 
16. 1 
19.6 
16.4 
13.0 
14.4 
9.4 



11.7 
12.7 



Afi' 



+ ..57 
—2.71 
—1. 13 

— .81 

— .27 

— .85 
+1.32 

— .70 
—2. 13 

30 
43 
+ .04 
—2.69 
—5. 27 
—8.28 
—4.58 
+ .23 
[- .76] 
—2. 29 
+2. 06 



+1 



^A/i' 



.32 
.18 
.32 
.22 
.32 
.25 
.32 
.21 
.22 
.25 
.28 
.27 
.29 
.32 
.22 
.27 
.20 



.26 

.28 



I estimate the probable error of the unit of weight to be ± A. This would give 
for average probable error of A d ± .1, and for A n' ± .8. 

In discussing the probable error of the unit of weight for each catalogue, the stars 
from — 30<^ to — 90° were not used in any case. 



502 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [96J 

Discussion of Individual Catalogues. 

Tbe examinatioa of the systematic corrections and i)robable errors of each catalogue 
will now be presented. A brief explanation will probably suifice to make tbe process 
easily understood. Tbe relative weights of tbe individual values of r for a given 

catalogue, were first assigned, usually, by deciding upon a value for -. The following 

^/ 

table is constructed with tbe arguments, number of observations, and i-, where s is that 

1 
part of the probable error, which is supposed to diminish in proportion to--==,n 

being number of observations, and e, the minimum probable error, or probable error 
■when n. is a maximum. 

Table VIII. 



£=2 


^- = 3 


?^4 


n 


t' 


n 


'^ 


n 


ff' 


1 

2 and 3 
4 

5 to 9 

10 to 35 

36, or more. 

1 


1 

2 

2.5 

3 

4 

5 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 to 7 

8 to 11 

12 to 16 

17 to 27 

28 to 51 

52, or more. 


1 
2 

2.5 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 


1 

2 
3 and 4 

5 
6 and 7 
8 and 9 
10 to 12 
13 to 16 
17 to 20 
21 to 25 
26 to 33 
34 to 44 
45 to 62 
C3 to 92 
93, or more. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 



"With the chosen weights, tbe values of r were combined in order of declination 
into convenient groups, >-o, embracing generally not more than 5° of declination. From 
these the curve is carefully drawn. The values in column Co are taken from this curve. 

The outstanding residuals r' (formed by subtracting from tbe individual values of 
»• the correction from the curve) are then arranged in order of right ascension and in 
groups, embracing each about two hours. Mean a is usually given to nearest hour, 
unless the fractional difference is more than two or three tenths. In discussion, the 
nearest degree of a was taken. In order to fiicilitate examination, the corrections in 
order of a have beeu in all cases arranged in two or more zones of declination, but 
where such an arrangement is of no particular interest it is here omitted. 

In a few cases the correction in order of declination has been rediscussed after 
subtracting from r the respective values of a; sin a + ?/ cos a, but this has not usually 
beeu considered necessary. 

FcUowiug the discussion of correction of each catalogue is a statement of tbe 
probable error, derived from the outstanding residuals alter subtracting the proper 



[97] 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



503 



systematic correction from the separate values of r. The result of no star was taken, 
which at the given observatory culminates at a zenith distance greater than 70°. 
These probable errors are somewhat too small for the catalogues used in forming Table 
v., and slightly too large for all others. The former difiSculty is remedied in a few 
instances by the adoption of probable errors f junded on special discussions. Kg 21, 
Dt 24, Pa 45, Wn 68, and Wn 72, are examples of this kind. These probable errors 
are, of course, not the absolute probable errors ; they express simply liability to fortu- 
itous errors, after systematic corrections have been applied. They are required for 
the purpose of constructing a table of relative weights to be used in the discussion of 
definitive places. 

In deriving the probable error {E) of a single observation, a quantity m was always 
subtracted from the number of residuals before dividing the sum of squares multiplied 
by weights — that is, the probable error of the unit is derived on the estimate that an 
equal degree of accordance could have been secured with a formula of correction con- 
taining 1)1 terms. 

Po 1800. 



Each declination is supposed to be entitled to the same weight, 
embrace each about 2° of 5. 

Bcsiduals in order of declination. 



The groups 



Meau i 


jr' 


ro 


Co 


Meau (I 


jr' 


ro 


Co 







ft 


'i 


o 


// 


II 


+ 86.7 


5 


— .23 


.00 


+ 23.9 


4 


— 1.70 


— 1.22 


+ 76.3 


6 


+ .90 


.00 


+ 22. 1 


6 


— .88 


— 1.27 


+ 7-2.0 


5 


— .71 


.00 


+ 19. (i 


6 


— .94 


— 1.41 


+ 69.5 


4 


- .54 


.00 


+ 15.3 


8 


— 2. 02 


— 1.83 


-f 67.2 


4 


+ .26 


.00 


+ 1.3.5 


5 


— 2. 17 


— 1.85 


+ C5.3 


2 


+ .15 


.00 


+ 10.3 


9 


— 1.79 


— 1.01 


-f 62.0 


7 


+ .35 


.00 


+ 8.4 


8 


— 1.35 


— 1.36 


+ 59.7 


8 


— .11 


.00 


+ 6.6 


5 


— .20 


— 1.20 


-f 57.3 


8 


— .24 


— .05 


+ 3.6 


7 


— .71 


— 1.13 


+ 55.3 


3 


+ .12 


— .05 


— 0.5 


* 


— 2.04 


— 1.59 


-f 52. 4 


7 


+ .19 


— .15 


— 3.6 


5 


- 2.72 


— 2. 04 


+ 49.4 


7 


— .60 


— .22 


— 7.2 


3 


— 2. 20 


— 2.24 


+ 46.8 


5 


— .30 


— .40 


— 9.1 


7 


— 1.76 


— 2.22 


+ 44.5 


6 


— .82 


— .54 


— 14.1 


4 


— 2.40 


- 1.79 


+ 41.7 


5 


— .24 


— .90 


— 18.7 


3 


— .80 


— 1.25 


-f 39.5 


7 


—1.19 


—1.04 


— 22. 4 


4 


— 1.12 


— 1.05 


-f 37.7 


3 


—3. 33 


-1.19 


— 27.1 


3 


— 1.08 


— 1.00 


-f 34.0 


6 


-2. 05 


—1.44 


— 30.0 


I 


— 1.40 


- 1.00 


+ 31. 4 


3 


—1.19 


—1.45 


— 35.0 


2 


+ .08 


— 1. 00 


+ 28.4 


6 


— .77 


—1. 30 


— 42. 1 


5 


- 2.21 


- 1.00 


-f 26. 6 


4 


—1. 33 


-1.23 











In drawing the curve much assistance was derived from the comparison of Ao 29 
and Po 1800, made by Argelander (Abo Catalogue, p. xi). If we denote by i3 the cor- 
rection to Gh 1755, and by §' the definitive correction to Ao29 (Table IX.), we shall have 
oq oo 

— . (|9 — ;S') + ;?' for Stars south of 610.5 declination, and ^ (i^ — /5') + /5' for theremain- 
^4 77 

der, as the correction to be applied to the comparison. The drawing of the curve 
proved to be extremely difficult, but its values are adopted in the discussion of all 
stars except the few reserved for treatment with catalogues of Class III. 
The separate outstanding residuals, grouped in the order of a, give: — 



504 



UNITED STATES ^'OETnEEN BOUND AEY COMMISSION. 
Residuals in order of right ascension. 



[98] 





Dccliuation limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




— 30= to + 40° 


— 30° to + 0° 




— 30= to + 90= 


Mean a 










„/ 


'o' 


-' 


'o' 


„/ 


ro' 


Co' 


h. 

1 


11 


+ .73 


2 


+ .90 


23 


II 

+ .35 


— .04 


3 


/ 


+ .54 


3 


+ .47 


10 


+ .42 


+ .25 


.'•) 


10 


+ .03 


4 


+ .90 


16 


+ .40 


+ .46 


7 


12 


+ .44 


2 


— .80 


13 


+ .29 


+ .56 


9 


9 


+ .67 


1 


+1.00 


14 


+ .71 


+ .50 


11 


10 


— .41 


4 


— .75 


19 


— .16 


+ .31 


13 


7 


+ .79 


5 


+ .72 


12 


+ .42 


+ .04 


ir> 


12 


+ .40 


5 


+ .50 


20 


+ .52 


— .25 


17 


10 


— .91 


o 


— .50 


19 


- .89 


— .46 


19 


13 


— .99 


5 


_ g-j 


21 


— .89 


— ..56 


21 


11 


— .91 


4 


— .90 


21 


— .39 


— .50 


23 


10 


— .93 


5 


— .74 


16 


— .47 


— .31 



The values of r^ taken betweeu tbe limits 
the foUowiu": correction: — 



30° and + 90° of declination give 



_ ".04 + (".53 ± ".0S5) sin a — (".IS ± ".OSj) cos a. 

The formula reduces the sums of squares from 351" to 312". With m = 10, 

JS = ± ".S5. 

To derive the final curve (order of o) for use with stars of Section X., the resid- 
uals resulting from the defiuitive'places of 380 stars were first diminished by the value 
of the periodic term + ".53 sin a — ".18 cos a. The result of no star is accepted where 
the probable error of J/^' is estimated to be greater than ".8, and where the same is 
betweeu ".G and ".8 the corresponding residual is given half weight. 

Never more than 5°, and generally not more than 4°, of declination were included 
in a single group. The results follow : — 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean (S 


;;■' 


o 




+ 80 


7* 


+ 78 


9 


+ 73 


12 


+ 69 


Ui 


+ 64 


12 


+ 59 


20 


+ 51 


15 


+ 49 


23 


+ 44 


19 


+ 39 


30 


+ :i4 


10 


+ 30 


20 


+ 20 


22 



+ 



15 
71 
30 
44 
+ .85 
+ .31 
+ .35 
+ .17 
— .23 
—1.23 
—1.4.! 

— l! 30 



Co 



+ 



+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 



— 1 
— 1 
— 1 



13 
36 
47 
52 
51 
45 
30 
02 
40 
85 
04 
10 
41 



Mean <S 


^ 


o 




+ 21 


25 


+ 16 


19 


+ 11 


14 


+ c 


20 


+ 1 


12 


— o 


o 


— ;) 


11 


— 14 


5 


— 19 


5 


— 23 


5 


— 23 





— 35 


.) 


— 42 


5 



1.22 
2.03 
1.84 

.86 
1.43 
2.17 

2.05 

2.18 

.70 

1.70 

.78 

.70 

2. 08 



Co 



1.57 
1.62 
1.40 
1.30 
1.51 
1.86 
1.94 
1.65 
1.56 
1.30 
1.11 
1.21 
1.5 



* Polaris is sivcu wciifUt 2. 



r99j 



EEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMEK, APPENDIX H. 



505 



Of the 380 stars employed, 50 received weight .5, The curve is still very uncertain. 
From 0° to 40° declination it is particularly unsatisfactory. By making abrupt changes 
in the direction of the curve at + 36°, + 30°, + 15°, and + 5°, the observations would 
be much better represented. I did not, however, feel justified in taking this course. 
The plus residuals from 40° to 90° average much larger than in the former discussion. 
This appears to be almost solely duo to accidental causes. Had ro" been constructed 
without correction for terms in a, the plus residuals would have been reduced less than 
one-tenth of a second. The probable error of the unit of weight, using only the 329 
residuals with weight 1, north of — 30°, is ± ".78, and considerably smaller than before. 
For stars from + 40° to + 90=- it is ± ".88, + 30° to + 40° ± 1".02, and from — 30° to 
+ 30° ± ".CG. I did not think it worth while to repeat the investigation of terms in a. 

Bh 1810. 

From To a preliminary correction was derived and used before discussing terms in 
a. Column Vo" is formed, taking into account the effect of these terms. Co contains 
values derived from the definitive curve. 





Residuals in 


■}rder of declination. 




Mean 6 


tt' 


'■o 


ro" 


Co 




o 
86.5 


24 


u 
+ . 35 


+ .07 


+ .10 


s 


76.2 


21 ■ 


-f .00 


+ . :!8 


+ .36 


1,= ^ 


70.8 


33 


+ .57 


+ .:!3 


+ .31 




66. .5 


22 


— .O'' 


+ .25 


+ .10 




60.8 


58 


+ .16 


.00 


+ .01 




56.7 


50 


— .04 


— .08 


— .02 




50.9 


05 


+ .25 


+ .18 


+ .10 




45.6 


55 


+ .03 


+ .08 


+ .10 




40.2 


57 


+ .06 


— .01 


.00 





The residuals are arranged in order of a without separation into zones of S. As 

has been stated, they result from the use of a preliminary correction derived from 

column Vq. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Mean a 


tt' 


To' 


h. 




II 


0.99 


49 


— .10 


3.22 


13 


— .00 


5. 09 


34 


- .13 


9.34 


30 


—1.20 


11.78 


48 


— .30 


14.48 


49 


— .10 


16.79 


52 


+ .10 


19.63 


73 


+ .73 


23. 30 


37 


+ .57 



The discussion gives, in fair accordance with those of Argelander and Auwers, this 
correction : 

— ".080 ± ".054 - (".534 ± ".077) siu a + (".404 ± ".073) cos a. 



506 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [lOOj 

With m = 7, we have: — 

U = ± 1".03.* 

Kg 21. 

Withiu the groups the variation in precision is small. Each r is therefore given 
weight 1. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean ^ 


TT- 


ro 


Co 


II 
+ 87.6 


2 


— .13 


+ .01 


+ 76. 6 


3 


— .09 


+ .08 


+ 70.8 


4 


+ .37 


+ .12 


+ 60.9 


7 


+ .03 


+ .18 


+ 56. 3 


4 


+ .39 


+ .17 


+ 51.1 


/ 


— .03 


+ .14 


+ 44.7 


3 


— .07 


+ .09 


+ 40.0 


7 


+ .12 


+ .06 


+ 28.1 


4 


+ .29 


+ .06 


+ 21.3 


2 


— .08 


+ .10 


+ 14.5 


7 


+ .07 


+ .13 


+ 8.2 


4 


+ .16 


+ .17 


+ 4.0 


3 


+ .36 


+ .20 


— 1.1 


1 


+ .44 


+ .27 


— y.i 


3 


+ .29 


+ .41 


— 14.2 


2 


+ .36 


+ .53 


— 27.6 


2 


+1.25 


+ .84 



With catalogue probable errors as an argument, and with the probable error of 
unit of weight ± .30, taking m = 4, we have from the outstanding residuals U = ± .30. 
The probable errors given in the catalogue are therefore adopted in the construction of 
definitive weights. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declin.ation limits. 

— 30° to +90° 


Declination limits. 
— 30^ to +90° 


Mean a 


y 


'•o' 


Mean a 


■k' 


i-o' 


1 
3 
5 
7 
9 
11 


6 
3 
7 
1 
2 
5 


+ .15 

— .13 

— .21 
+ .10 

— .03 
+ .26 


13 
15 
17 
19 
21 
23 


3 

8 
8 
8 
8 
4 


II 

— .03 

— .26 

— .08 

— .17 
+ .14 
+ .08 



' In fornjing an opinion as to tho precision of the declination tleterminations of varions catalognea 

it is, of course, necessary to consider tho value of E in connection with the ratio -. In many cases the 

valuo of E does not refer at all to tho probahle error of a single observation ; and when it can be so con- 
strued, it is often and necessarily a rough approximation. The most that can be said is that the adopted 
law of probable errors for a Riven catalogue is calculated to give with tolerable fidelity the probable 
errors due to the numbers of observation most frequently occnrring with the stars ot Table V. 



[101] 



REPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 507 



Gh22. 

The use of the correction zero adopted in Section VI. is continued, since no further 
material is available. The correction — ".ll'actually results. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Mean a 


k' 


ro' 


Mean a 


•jt' 


ro' 






// 






11 


1 


3 


- .06 


13 


1 


— .10 


3 


1 


— .70 


15 


4 


+ .10 


5 


4 


+ .08 


17 


3 


— .12 


7 


1 


.00 


19 


3 


+ .08 


9 


2 


— .65 


21 


3 


— .22 


11 


1 


— .20 


23 


2 


— .35 



Dt 24. 

The weights correspond to the probable errors of the catalogue, and the unit of 
weight, to a probable error of ± ".25. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean S 


n' 


'•o 


Co 


o 




// 


// 


+ 86.5 


10 


— .07 


- .04 


+ 76.3 


11 


— .04 


— .16 


+ 71.1 


13 


- .27 


— .20 


+ 66.1 


U 


- .19 


— .23 


+ 61.4 


16 


— .32 




+ 56.4 


16 


— .29 


— .27 


+ 50.4 


18 


— .25 


— .25 


+ 45.2 


12 


— .23 


— .22 


+ 40.0 


13 


— .23 


— .19 


+ 32.1 


3 


— .74 


— .14 


+ 28.1 


8 


— .09 


— .13 


+ 21.3 


4 


+ .14 


— .14 


+ 14.6 


14 


- .19 


— .22 


+ 8.2 


8 


— .48 


— .32 


+ 4.0 


6 


— ,66 


— .40 


- l.l 


2 


— .to 


— .51 


— 9.1 


6 


— .49 


— .70 


— 14.0 


1 


— . E9 


— .82 


— 26.1 


2 


-1.32 







Excluding a and S Urs£e Minoris, and with m = 4, we have:— 

17 = ± ".26. 
The catalogue probable errors are adopted. 



508 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAEY COMMISSION. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



[102] 



Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 90° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


jr' 


'■o' 


Mean a 


5r' 


rd 


1 

3 
5 

7 

9 
11 


13 

7 
17 

2 

11 

19 


— .OG 
+ .06 

— .10 
+ .:>0 
+ .11 

— .03 


13 
15 
17 
19 
21 
23 


IG 
24 
19 

18 
18 
11 


n 

+ .03 
+ .10 

— .53 

— .03 

— .07 
+ .12 



Va 29. 
Each r receives weight 1. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


7t' 


»-o 


Co 


o 




„ 


// 


+ 7.1. 8 


1 


+ ..50 


+ .40 


+ 09.9 


1 


+ .81 


+ .40 


+ &i.2 


2 


— .39 


+ .40 


+ 55.1 


2 


+ .80 


+ .33 


+ .50.3 


3 


+ .(U 


+ .31 


+ 45.2 


2 


— .03 


+ .24 


+ 38.7 


1 


+ .HI 


+ .14 


+ 28.1 


4 


— .19 


— .03 


+ 21. 3 


2 


— .31 


- .19 


+ 14.3 


7 


+ .05 


— .15 


+ 8.2 


4 


— .14 


— .13 


+ 4.8 


2 


— . 08 


- .10 


— 1.1 


1 


— . 53 


— .06 


— 9.1 


3 


— .13 


— .01 



No attempt is made to discuss terms in a. With in = 4, we have: 

J5 = ± ".47. 



[103] 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX E. 



Ao29. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



509 



Mean S 


_/ 


'•o 


Co 




o 




// 


// 




+ 88.9 


7 


+ .20 


00 


e 


+ 76.6 


33 


+ .00 


00 


e,= ^ 


+ 71.6 


34 


— .01 


00 




+ 09.3 


33 


+ .02 


00 




+ 61.2 


eo 


— .05 


00 




+ 56..') 


58 


— .02 


00 




+ 50.6 


74 


+ .09 


— .02 




+ 45. 


77 


— .13 


— .07 




+ 39. 3 


60 


— .15 


— .14 




+ 34.0 


46 


— .21 


— .17 




+ 27.4 


47 


— .20 


— .24 




+ 20. 9 


43 


— .30 


— .28 




+ 14.4 


68 


— .33 


— .33 




+ 8.4 


41 


- .32 


— .33 




+ 4.6 


53 


— .47 


— .44 




— 1.5 


25 


— .67 


— .54 




— 9.1 


27 


— .58 


— .66 




— 14.0 


21 


— .83 


— .70 




— 18.8 


5 


— .30 


— .70 




— 26.1 


9 


- .70 









With m = 4, we have : — 



17 = ± ".46. 
Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 

— 30° to + 90° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


it' 


r,/ 


Mean a 


n' 


'o' 


li. 
1 

:i 

7 

9 

11 


119 

32 
09 
9 
71 
79 


- .10 

- .05 

- .02 
.00 

+ .34 
.00 


h. 
13 
15 
17 
19 
21 
23 


49 
90 
80 
88 
93 
56 


11 

+ .08 
+ .02 
+ .06 

— .09 
+ .07 

— .05 



510 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Gh 30. 
Each r is given equal weigbt. 

Residuals in order of declinatioji. 



[104] 



Mean 6 


V 


'•o 


Co 


o 




// 


// 


+ 86.3 


6 


+ .55 


+ .11 


+ 76.7 


5 


- .18 


+ .15 


+ 70.8 


9 


+ .22 


+ .13 


-f- 66.0 


4 


— .17 


+ .09 


+ 60.8 


15 


— .05 


+ .03 


+ r>7. 5 


10 


— .18 


— .06 


+ 50.9 


14 


+ .03 


— .28 


+ 45.7 


1-2 


— .47 


— .50 


+ 39.9 


16 


—1.00 


— .76 


+ 33. 1 


9 


—1.14 


—1.02 


+ 27. 2 


11 


—1.29 


—1.19 


+ 21.2 


14 


—1. 09 


—1.29 


+ 14.6 


13 


-1.51 


—1.31 


+ 9.0 


19 


—1. 36 


-1.31 


+ 4.1 


9 


—1.11 


—1.34 


— 1.8 


12 


—1. 51 


—1.41 


— H.5 


10 


—1.23 


—1.62 


— 14.1 


4 


—2.00 


—1.91 


— IS. 7 


3 


—2.10 


—2. 36 


— 23. 4 


4 


—2.75 


—2. (.7 


— 27.9 


4 


—2.9 


-2.9 


— 34.1 


1 


+9.3 







With m = 5, we have;- 



J3 = ± ".33. 
Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination 


limits. 


Declination limit.M. 


Declination limits. 


— 30° to +5° 


+ 40° to— 30*^ 


— 80° to +90° 


Meaij a 


y 


»o' 




'o' 


tt' 


'•o' 


h. 




// 




// 




// 


1 


2 


— .25 


11 


+ .15 


21 


+ .20 


3 


3 


+ .43 


7 


+ .24 


10 


+ .18 


5 


4 


+ .57 


10 


+ .12 


16 


— .04 


7 


2 


+ .50 


12 


+ .13 


13 


+ .33 


9 


1 


- .30 


9 


— .16 


13 


+ .06 


11 


4 


- .10 


10 


— .14 


19 


— .07 


13 


5 


+ .12 


7 


+ .09 


13 


.00 


15 


5 


+ .32 


12 


+ .03 


20 


— .04 


17 


2 


— .80 


10 


— .45 


20 


— .35 


19 


5 


— .06 


13 


— .15 


21 


— .03 


21 


4 


— .17 


10 


— .18 


20 


— .16 


23 


5 


+ .30 


9 


+ .17 


14 


+ .08 



A small correctiou, depeiuliiig on the right ascension, may be indicated. The 
discussion was not, however, undertaken. 



[105] 



EEPORT OP THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 

C. G. H. 31. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



511 



Mean S 


tt' 


To ■ 


Co 









// 


// 




+ 12.7 


2 


— .88 


+ .35 


Tr'- 


+ 8.2 


9 


+ .00 


+ .35 


+ 3.3 


3 


+ .61 


+ .35 




— 0.7 


7 


+ .55 


+ .35 


For the last five groups 


— 8.4 


11 


+ .27 


+ .35 


the weights are estimated. 


— 17.9 


2 


+1.02 


+ .35 




— 21.1 


4 


— .60 


+ .35 




— 26.5 


3 


+ .61 


+ .35 




— 35.0 


2 


+1.03 


+ .17 




— 41.4 


2 


— .51 


+ .03 




— 52.6 


1 


+ .33 


.00 




— 59.9 


5 


— .40 


.00 




— 78.1 


1 


+ .90 


.00 





The correction is extremely uncertain, owing to the small number of observations, 
as well as large probable error. The value of E is estimated to be ± 1".2. 

The declinations have not been employed in the reduction of any stars between the 
limits of declination + 90° and — 30.° 

S. H. 31. 

The values of r are applicable to the catalogue places as reduced with Young's 

refractions. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


n' 


>'o 


Co 




o 
+ 73.1 
+ 65.1 


15 
4 


11 
+ 1.0 
+ .1 


+ 1.30 
+ 1.30 


^=2 

5; 


+ 62.4 


10 


+ 1.37 


+ 1.30 




+ 56. 2 


11 


+ 1.20 


+ 1.30 




+ 51.0 


19 


+ 1.76 


+ 1.30 




+ 44.7 


7 


+ 1.20 


+ 1.30 




+ 38.7 


8 


+ .90 


+ 1.30 




+ 33.2 


6 


+ 1.21 


+ 1.30 




+ 27.9 


33 


+ 1.18 


+ 1.30 




+ 21.3 


18 


+ 1.85 


+ 1.30 




+ 14.6 


53 


+ 1.26 


+ 1.30 




+ 82 


35 


+ l.CO 


+ 1.26 




+ 4.1 


24 


+ 1.35 


+ 1.21 




- 2.4 


55 


+ .79 


+ 1.13 




— 8.5 


-0 


+ 1.22 


+ 1.00 




— 14.1 


30 


+ 1.32 


+ .86 




— 18.5 


18 


+ .24 


+ .74 




22 9 


17 


— 1.09 


+ .05 




- -ii^. 1 


31 


+ .n 


+ .61 




— 35.0 


2 


— .13 


+ .60 




— 42.1 


5 


+ .69 


+ .60 


— 50.4 


2 


+ 1.41 


+ .60 




— 59.2 


6 


+ .66 


+ .41 




— 74.8 


3 


+ .14 


+ .35 





512 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [106] 

There appears to be a welliuarked correction depending on a, as is sbowu in the 
following table: — 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declinatiou limits. 
— 30° to + 5° 


Declin.atiou limits. 
+ 5° to +60° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to +00° 


Mean a 


it' 


ra 


Mejin a 


tt' 


I'o' 


Mean a 


7r' 


I'o' 


h. 
1.0 
3.3 

5.H 
7.4 
9.3 
11.2 
13.0 
15.0 
18. 9 
21.8 


16 
16 

25 
11 

<) 

7 
23 
44 
28 
56 


II 

+ .25 
+ .73 
+ .20 

— .89 

— .10 
+ .50 

— .39 

— .01 

— .28 
+ .18 


h. 

23.8 
2.5 
5.2 
7.6 

11.2 


29 
16 
18 
9 
24 


// 
+ ..58 
+ .98 
+ .30 
+ .10 
— .75 


h. 

0.7 

3.6 

5.7 

8.3 

11.3 

13.2 

15. 5 

18.2 

19.9 

22.3 


46 
32 
42 
24 
31 
31 
09 
52 
56 
52 


II 

+ .46 
+ .86 
+ .02 

— .25 

— .46 

— .10 

— .00 

— .23 

— .16 
+ .38 


14.9 
18.0 
19.9 


34 
30 
32 


— .38 

— .12 

— .10 









ro' in limits — 30° to + 60° gives tbe correction + ".27 sin a + ".47 cos a. The 

probable error of each coefficient is ± ".OD. 

With TO = C, we have: — 

j; = ± i".;u. 



C. G. H. 33. 
Each )• is given weight 1. 

'Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean fi 


it' 


'0 


Co 


o 




// 


II 


+ 33.2 


1 


+ .35 


+ .31 


+ 27.7 


7 


+ .41 


+ .54 


+ 21.7 


i 


+ .09 


+ .48 


+ 14. 2 


8 


— .25 


+ .11 


+ 8.4 


/ 


02 


— .09 


+ 3.7 





+ .29 


- .14 


— 2.2 


5 


— .10 


- .10 


— 8.0 





— .02 


+ .10 


— 14.1 


4 


+ .32 


+ .40 


— 18.7 


3 


+ .70 


+ .05 


— 22. 4 


4 


+1.05 


+ .79 


— 27.9 


4 


+ .92 


+ .89 


— 35.0 


2 


+ 1.15 


+ .71 


— 4J. 1 


5 


+ .04 


+ .32 


— 55. 1 


o 


— .00 


+ .05 


— .59.2 


t 


+ .04 


+ .01 


— 75.1 


3 


— .11 


— .09 



With in = 6, we have: — 



U = + ".30. 



[1071 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



513 



Declination limits. 
+ 40° to — 30^ 


Declination limits. 
4-400 to— 30° 


Mean a 


7r' 


ro' 


Mean a 


7^ 


'•o' 


h. 
0.35 
3.00 
5.41 
7.C6 
10.67 


5 
5 
8 
5 
7 


n 

+ .10 

— .12 

+ .19 

— .34 
+ .09 


h. 
13.40 
15.53 
18.31 
19.72 
22.06 


4 
9 
7 
5 

7 


+ .25 
+ .02 
+ .09 

— .04 

— .33 



Ce 34. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


tt' 


'o 


Co 




o 




„ 


If 




+ 87.3 


25 


— .08 


.00 


1=3 


+ 75.5 


14 


+ .06 


— .04 


+ 69.7 


14 


— .25 


— .14 




+ 66. 2 


17 


— .18 


— .24 




+ 01.2 


31 


— ..59 


— .38 




+ ,56.6 


43 


— . 28 


— .52 




+ 50.3 


23 


— .71 


— .70 




+ 45.0 


21 


— .87 


— .78 




+ 39 4 


15 


— .79 


— .83 




+ 33.2 


8 


— .57 


— .82 




+ 27.8 


48 


— .83 


— .86 




+ 20.4 


50 


— .40 


— .56 




+ 14.3 


52 


— .47 


— .39 




+ 8.5 


57 


— .25 


— .36 




+ 4.1 


24 


— .46 


— .40 




- 0.8 


22 


— .19 


— .49 




- 8.4 


36 


— .85 


— .70 




— 14.0 


12 


—1.22 


— .85 




— 19.2 


10 


— .62 


— .96 




— 21.7 


9 


— .79 


— .99 




— 28.4 


13 


—1. 25 


—1.00 




— 31. 1 


2 


—1.4 









With m = 5, we have : — 



jE7 ± ".70. 



N B- 



-33 



514 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Besiduals in order of right ascension. 



[108] 



Declination limits. 
+ 40°t.o — 30^^ 


Declination limits. 
+ 40° to + 90° 


Declinntion limits. 
— 30° to + 5° 


Declination limits 
— 30° to + 90° 


Jlean « 


_/ 


)-o' 


tt' 


»-o' 


it' 


'■u' 


-' 


)-u' 


h. 

1 

3 

5 

7 

9 

U 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 


35 
22 
31 
24 
•J2 
32 
20 
50 
22 
49 
25 
21 


+ .16 
+ .53 

— .21 
+ .04 
+ .39 
+ .03 
+ .11 

— .00 
+ . 03 

— .13 

— .12 

— . 45 


32 
10 
11 


— .23 

— .44 

— . 35 


3 

8 
5 


— .70 
+ .30 

— .20 


07 
32 
42 

24 

27 
06 
51 
59 
31 
GO 
58 
28 


— .01 
+ .20 

— .25 
+ .04 
+ .23 
+ .09 
+ .17 

— .02 
+ .06 

— .11 
.00 

— .35 


.5 
34 
25 

9 

9 
17 
33 

7 


-.50 
+ .14 
+ .23 
+ .20 
+ .12 

— .05 
+ .10 

— .06 


8 

8 

20 

14 

7 

7 

25 

4 


+ .40 
+ .05 
+ .20 
+ .42 
+ .48 

— .54 

— .12 

— .25 



No certain correctiou following a appears to be indicated. 

Mb 34. 

In Observationcs Astronomicic, lSo;j and 1834, Lainont compares his decliuations of 
fundamental .stars with those of liessel and Struve. The compaiisons are used in 
finding the curve of correction, but no use is made of Ihe declinations of the stars so 
compared. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean c! 


-' 


r„ 


'■o 






+ 74. 4 


12 


— . 29 


" 
— .29 


^ ;S 


+ 02. 6 


14 


— .36 


— .49 


f, 


+ .^.7. 


7 


— .08 


— .56 




+ 49.0 


27 


— .74 


— .02 




+ 40. 1 


30 


— .55 


— .54 




+ 32.0 


15 


— .28 


— .24 




+ 27. 7 


50 


+ .01 


+ .01 




+ 21.0 


00 


+ .27 


+ .29 




+ M-O 


72 


+ .43 


+ .47 




+ 9.1 


79 


+ .63 


+ .50 




+ 4.3 


42 


+ .94 


+ .49 




— 1.5 


49 


— .14 


+ . 38 




— 9. 


43 


+ ..58 


+ .17 




— 14.2 


19 


+ .70 


— .01 




- 19.7 


;» 


— .43 


— .19 




— 20. 2 


20 


— .61 


— .5 





flOOJ 



I?EPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 



515 



Inadvertently the nutation correction was not applied to the values of r previous 
to tlie above discussion. The outstanding residuals are: — 

Eesiduals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




— 25° to +5° 


+ 5° to +75° 


+ 75° to— 25= 


Mean a 


-' 


)-o' 


1 


^/ 


ro' 


h. 




„ 






II 


1 


i) 


+ 1.70 


42 + .49 


44 


+ .53 


3 


10 


+ .82 


9 + .01 


19 


+ .44 


5 


17 


— .11 


2K + . 11 


45 


+ .03 


7 


4 


— 1.50 


45 — . 32 


49 


— . 42 


9 


1!) 


+ .10 


28 + .IG 


37 


+ .14 


11 


20 


— . 45 


55 — .40 


75 


— .41 


13 


SiO 


— .04 


7 


— .03 


27 


— .04 


1.5 


17 


+ .34 


55 


+ .17 


72 


+ .21 


17 


4 


— .40 


44 


— .17 


48 


— .19 


19 


i:i 


+ .05 


31 


+ .20 


44 


+ .17 


21 


Id 


- .07 


20 


+ .17 


38 


+ . m 


23 


19 


+ .41 


11 


+ .03 


30 


+ .49 



Discussed for terms in a, the last column (+ 75° to — 25°) gives: — 
^ 4- ".03 sin a + ".27 cos «, 

which agrees well with the uutation correction + ".02 sin « + .18 cos «. 
therefore adopted. 

With m = 5, we have : — 

E= ± 1".05. 

Eh 37. 



The latter is 




With m = 8, we have: — 



7? = J- ".52. 



516 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [110 1 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Decl ination limits. 


Declination limits. 


— 30° to + 5° 


+ 5° to +40° 


+ 40° to + 90° 


— 30° to +90° 


Mean n 


7t' 


ro' 


tt' 


ro' 


it' 


ro' 


^1 


rj 


h. 




// 




II 




II 




II 


1 





—1.05 


26 


+ .14 


15 


+ .16 


47 


.00 


I! 


10 


+ .25 


10 


+ .08 


5 


— .04 


25 


+ .12 


5 


14 


+ .16 


20 


— .m 


12 


+ .30 


46 


— .11 








24 


+ .08 
— .17 


5 


— .02 


29 


+ .06 


9 


4 


+ .20 


18 


11 


+ .14 


33 


— .02 


11 


13 


+ .02 


20 


+ .11 


16 


— .05 


49 


+ .03 


13 


15 


+ .19 


8 


— .15 


W 


.00 


.33 


+ .03 


15 


14 


+ .66 


18 


— .43 


;» 


— .32 


41 


+ .34 


17 


(i 


— .15 


n 


- .04 


19 


.00 


36 


— .01 


19 


7 


— .42 


27 


— . 01 


7 


+ .11 


41 


— .06 


21 


15 


— .23 


17 


+ .09 


23 


— .11 


55 


— .08 


23 


13 


— .31 


18 


+ .'.il 


10 


— .06 


41 


— .02 



A correction i.s indicated, sucli as might be due to an error in the adopted temper- 
iiture coefficient in refraction. Very little correction i.s shown in the summary. I have 
thought it safest to neglect the discussion of terms in a. {Tide Eh 43). 

Kg 38. 

Each r was given equal weight. The numbers iu column V result from a redis 
cussion adopting the value of the periodic formula deduced below for terms in «. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean c5 


tt' 


)-o 


Co 


To" 


o 




II 


// 


II 


+ 87.5 


^t 


— .05 


- .05 


— . 07 


+ 75. 8 


.J 


— .21 


— .26 


— .11 


+ 71. 2 


»> 


— . i't 


— .32 


— . 54 


+ 62.2 


2 


— .69 


— .24 


— . (iO 


+ 55. 1 


■> 


+ .44 


+ .10 


+ .40 


+ 51.1 


1 


+ .65 


+ .24 


+ .84 


+ 45.9 


3 


+ 1.03 


+ .30 


+ .80 


+ 39.8 


6 


— .08 


+ .22 


— .01 


+ 28.1 


4 


— .07 


+ .08 


— .17 


+ 21. 3 


2 


— .01 


+ .13 


— . 01 


+ 14.3 


7 


+ .39 


+ .27 


+ .42 


+ 8.2 


4 


+ .29 


-- .46 


+ .41 


+ 4. 


3 


+ 1.10 


-- .59 


+ 1.10 


— 1.1 


1 


+ 1.10 


+ .77 


+ 1.05 


— 9.1 


3 


+ . 99 


+ 1.09 


+ .97 


— 14.2 


o 


+ 1.36 


+ 1.31 


+ 1.62 


— 26. 1 


1 


+ 2.8 


+ 1.8 


+ 3. 16 



The declination curve founded on ro i-s adopted. 



[Ill] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 517 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 90° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to-f 90° 


Mean i 


tt' 


'•o' 


Mean 6 


■k' 


H' 


h. 
0.9 
3.1 
5.2 
7.0 
9.7 
11.5 


6 
4 
5 
1 

2 
4 


+ .27 
+ .75 
+ .50 
+ .20 

— .05 

— .30 


h. 
13.3 
14.9 
17.1 
19.3 
20.9 
23.3 


2 
7 
5 
8 
5 
2 


ti 

— .45 

— .44 

+ .4a 

+ .13 

+ .04 
+ .15 



The correction depending on a is qnite marked. The result is + ".14 + ".24 sin 
a + ".32 cos a. The probable errors of the terms in a are each ± .07. The formula 
of correction is adopted. 

With }» = 8, we have : — 



E 



'.39. 



Gh 39. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean d 


n' 


ra 


Co 









It 


II 




+ 86.5 


79 


+ .07 


+ .01 


f 


+ 76.7 


71 


+ .05 


+ .04 


- = 4 


+ 70.5 


67 


+ .10 


+ .08 




+ 66.2 


62 


— .10 


+ .09 




+ 60.9 


176 


+ .06 


+ .10 




+ 56.8 


147 


+ .07 


+ .11 




+ 50.9 


138 


+ .20 


+ .12 




+ 45.5 


136 


+ .02 


+ .12 




+ 39.7 


98 


+ .07 


+ .13 




+ 32.9 


54 


+ .22 


+ .14 




+ 27.4 


114 


+ .19 


+ .16 




+ 21.1 


134 


+ .15 


+ .19 




+ 14.5 


130 


+ .26 


+ .24 




+ 8.9 


135 


+ .29 


+ .29 




+ 3.9 


85 


+ .37 


+ .35 




— 1.6 


90 


+ .40 


+ .43 




— 8.6 


97 


+ .53 


+ ..56 




— 14.1 


51 


+ .71 


+ .68 




— 18.7 


36 


+ .53 


+ .80 




— 22. 5 


44 


+1.04 


+ .90 




— 28. 1 


44 


+1.24 


+1.05 





With m = 4, we have: 



IJ=Az ".71. 



518 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



1112J 





Residuals in 


ordar of right ascension. 




Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




-30° to +5° 


+ 40° to — 30° 


— 30<: 


to +90° 


Moan a 


77' 


>-o' 


, 


111' 


-' 


»'o' 


h. 




„ 




,, 




// 


1 


25 


— .21 


96 


— .15 


212 


— .13 


3 


39 


— .13 


57 


— .24 


95 


— .13 


5 


48 


— .41 


107 


— .20 


174 


— .18 


7 


25 


•f .31 


89 


+ .11 


103 


+ .10 


9 


13 


— . 30 


73 


— .11 


127 


— .11 


11 


33 


+ .01 


89 


+ .13 


207 


+ .13 


13 


48 


+ .17 


74 


+ .08 


1,52 


+ .09 


15 


45 


+ -n 


108 


+ .20 


202 


+ .12 


17 


25 


— .04 


72 


+ .09 


168 


+ .05 


19 


26 


+ .20 


119 


— . n 


201 


+ .05 


21 


45 


+ .27 


89 


— .21 


212 


— .06- 


23 


36 


— .13 


84 


— .10 


144 


— .11 



A tolerably wellmarked correctioa depeudiug ou a is indicated. No discnssion is 
uudertakeu, bowever, as the correction would in any ca.se be very small. 

Ce 40. 
The weigbt.s formed in the manner explained in Section V. evidently increase too 
rapidly with the number of observation.s. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean (5 


7r 


'■o 


Co 


«' is tberefore 


formed 










in this ni.auner : 


o 
+ 86.6 


75 


+ .02 


.00 


Weight com- 




+ 76.6 


55 


+ .12 


.00 


puted .ac- 


J 


+ 70.2 


33 


— .11 


— .07 


cording to 


" 


+ 65.8 


34 


— .08 


— .16 


Section V. 




+ 61.2 
+ 56.2 


134 
65 


— .38 

— .37 


— .29 

— .40 










+ 49.6 


57 


— .54 


— .55 


1 to 5 


1 to 5 


+ 45. 3 


91 


— .62 


— .65 





6 


+ 39.0 


74 


— .75 


— .77 




6 


+ 32.9 


24 


— .63 


— .85 


8 and 9 


7 


+ 27.7 


85 


— .83 


— .89 


10 and 11 


8 


+ 21.2 


113 


— .78 


— .82 


12 to 14 


9 


+ 14.4 


118 


— .57 


— .58 


15 to 17 


10 


+ 8.9 


116 


— .37 


— .47 


18 to 21 


11 


+ 3.7 


56 


— .51 


— .54 


22 to 25 


12 


— 1.3 


57 


— .78 


— .64 


26 to 30 


13 


— 8.6 


70 


— .65 


— .70 


31 to 35 


14 


— 14.1 


25 


— .93 


— .68 


3() to 40 


15 


— 19.4 


11 


— .35 


— .56 


41 to 46 


16 


— 21.9 


8 


— .43 


— .,50 


47 to 52 


17 


— 26.3 


7 


— .07 


— .4 


5:{ to 58 
59 to 65 
66 to 72 


18 
19 
20 


















73 to 80 


21 










81 to 88 


22 










89 to 96 


23 










97 to 105 


24 










1 06, or more 


25 



[1131 REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDI.X H. 519 

ResiduaU in order of right ascension. 



Dcclin.ation 


limits. 


Declin.ation limits. 


Decliuation limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declin.a 


ion limits. 


— 


30° to + 5° 


+ 5° to + 40° 


+ 40" to — 30° 


+ 40= 


to + 90= 


— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


tt' 


'o' 


tt' j ro' 


^' 


ro' 


tt' 


To 


it' 


rj 


h. 




// 




II 




// 




1, 




II 


1 


6 


+ .45 


62 


— .09 


68 


— .04 


79 


+ .or. 


147 


+ .01 


3 


20 


+ .16 


13 


— .15 


33 


+ .04 


30 


— .07 


03 


— .01 


5 


16 


+ .23 


43 


+ .09 


59 


+ .13 


44 


— .11 


103 


+ .03 


7 






54 


+ .26 
+ .34 


54 


+ .26 
+ .35 






54 


+ .26 

+ .u 


9 


9 


+ .40 


44 


53 


32 


— .28 


85 


11 


13 


+ .39 


48 


+ .04 


61 


+ .12 


78 


— .12 


i;!9 


— .02 


13 


20 


+ -14 


24 


— .03 


44 


+ .05 


46 


+ .19 


90 


+ .12 


15 


29 


+ .02 


63 


+ .14 


92 


+ .10 


46 


— .02 


138 


+ .06 


17 


10 


+ .06 


42 


— .02 


52 


— .01 


45 


— .02 


97 


— .01 


19 


14 


— .06 


86 


— .04 


100 


— .04 


50 


— .11 


150 


- .07 


21 


41 


— .30 


32 


— .19 


73 


— .25 


76 


+ .01 


149 


— .12 


23 


24 


— .13 


30 


— .28 


54 


— .21 


32 


+ .25 


86 


— .04 



A correction varying with the right ascension is well marljcd in the zone + 40° 
to — 30° (and is supported in some degree by Ce 34). I find + (".15 ± .025) siu « — 
(".15 + .025) cos a. 

With m = 8, we have: — 

jB = ± ".46, Ce 48 gives ± ".62, and Ce 56 i ".60. I have adopted J5J = ± 60. 

Ah 41 and Ah 52. 

Tbese were at first treated as separate catalognes, bnt the experiment proved that 
there exists between them no difl'erence, whicli can be, safely jn-edicated from the 
material. Ooms's very thorough comparison of Robinson's Armagh Catalogue {Ast. 
Nach. Bd. .59, p. 248), after the proper correction, has been relied upon to a great extent 
in drawing the curve. 



520 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, [114] 

Ecsiduals in order of declination. 





Direct 


comparison. 






, Through Ao 29. 
















Difference 




Mean <5 


tt' 


ro 


Co 




Mean <J 


Number of 
stars. 


uncorrected, 
applicable to 
Armagh dec- 
lination. 


Difference 
corrected. 


o 




II 


II 


o 




// 


// 


+ 76.2 


11 


+ .21 


+ 


.20 


+ 81.2 


4 


+ .52 


+ .88 


+ 71.2 


20 


+ .05 


+ 


.20 


+ 77.1 


6 


+ .23 


+ .56 


+ 66.4 


17 


— .06 


+ 


.20 


+ 72.4 


8 


+ .34 


+ .63 


+ 61.0 


38 


+ .11 


+ 


.17 


+ 66.7 


8 


— .39 


- .16 


+ 56.5 


32 


+ .08 


+ 


.05 


+ 62.4 


11 


+ .38 


+ .56 


+ 51.4 


38 


+ .07 




.10 


+ .57. 5 


15 


— .35 


— .23 


+ 45.5 


46 


— 1.13 


— 


.71 


+ 51.6 


15 


— .31 


— .27 


+ 40.1 


49 


- .40 


— 


81 


+ 47.5 


15 


— .69 


— .75 


+ 32.9 


20 


— .66 


— 


54 


+ 42.9 


22 


— .85 


— 1.02 


+ 26. 5 


24 


— .20 


— 


30 


+ 37.5 


32 


— .18 


— .49 


+ 21.0 


25 


— .16 


— 


27 


+ 32.7 


17 


— .10 


— .52 


+ 15.1 


16 


— .83 


— 


47 


+ 27.4 


29 


+ .04 


— .47 


+ 9.3 


41 


— .61 


_^ 


78 


+ 22. 3 


23 


+ .41 


— .18 


+ 3.7 


15 


— .24 


— 1 


08 


+ 17.7 


31 


+ .30 


— .36 


— 1.7 


22 


— 1.14 


— 1 


21 


+ 12.4 


18 


+ .08 


— .56 


— 8.2 


14 


— .54 


— 1 


15 


+ 7.6 
+ 3.0 
— 2.5 


22 
31 
17 


— .45 

— .46 

— 1.21 


— 1.05 

— 1.07 

— 1.98 






















— 7.7 


14 


+ .38 


— .58 


TT- 


is form 


ed with- = 


J. 




— 13.1 


19 


— .21 


— 1.24 






«; 






— 16.8 

— 23.6 


24 
2 


+ .58 
— 2.05 


— .47 

— 3.0 



With m = 6, we have: — 



i? = rt I'M. 



Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Mean a 


7/ 


ro' 


Mean a 


tt' 


>-o' 


h. 




II 


h. 




If 


1 


48 


- .03 


13 


27 


- .16 


3 


19 


+ .05 


15 


40 


+ .05 


5 


33 


— .34 


17 


35 


— .37 


7 


20 


— .02 


19 


35 


+ .18 


9 


34 


+ .64 


21 


48 


+ .01 


11 


59 


+ .03 


23 


38 


+ .26 



[115] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 521 



Kg 43. 

The correction in order of declination is adopted as it results from the discussion 
in Section VI. (Table II.). In the following table, each value of r' is supposed to have 
an equal degree of precision. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 42° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 42° 


Mean a 


jr' 


»-o' 


Mean a 


tt' 


To' 


h. 
0.7 
2.9 
5.4 
7.6 
9.7 
11.7 


3 
1 
5 
1 
2 
1 


— .40 

— .40 
+ .14 

— .30 

— .20 

— .30 


h. 
13.3 
15.0 
17.0 
19.4 
20.9 
22.9 


1 

4 
3 
4 
3 

1 


.1 

— .20 

— .12 
+ .10 
+ .40 
+ .40 
+ .20 



The division into two zones, which was made, is of no interest, owing to the small 
number of stars. From the above is found as a correction: — 

- (".la ± ".06) sin a + (".13 ± ".07) cos a ; 

and this is adopted. 

Dr. Auwers found {Ast. N'ach., Bd 65, S. 230):— 

— ".139 sin (a - 250 38') - ".239 (sin 2 « + 65° 27'). 

The term depending on 2 a is indeed indicated, but I have preferred to neglect it, 
since the number of residuals is small. 
With m = 4, we have : — 

-EJ = ± ".26. 



522 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[1161 



Eb 43. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Me.in 6 


^f 


'■o 


( 


'o 




+ 86.8 


156 


+ .06 




It 
.00 


The weights (tt') are 


+ 76.5 


85 


+ .14 




.00 


coustructetl according 


+ 70.5 


24 


— .44 




.00 


to Section V., which 


+ 66.5 


7 


— .20 


— 


.01 


supposes: 


+ 61.3 


33 


— .08 


— 


.04 


f 2 


+ 56. 5 


54 


— .14 


— 


.07 


e, 


+ 50.6 


54 


+ .07 


■ — 


.08 


The argument for form- 


+ 4.5.5 


38 


— .19 


— 


.06 


iug -' is not therefore 


+ 39. 4 


42 


+ .03 


— 


.03 


the total number of ob- 


+ 33. 3 


18 


+ .33 


+ 


.02 


servations, but the sum 


+ 27.4 


66 


+ .14 


+ 


.09 


of the values of v' in 


+ 21.3 


66 


— .10 


+ 


.17 


each year. 


+ 14.2 


68 


+ .18 


+ 


.28 




+ 8.6 


66 


+ .40 


+ 


.35 




i +4.1 


42 


+ .10 


+ 


.36 




— 1.4 


52 


+ .40 


+ 


.31 




— 8.7 


65 


+ .20 


+ 


.16 




— 14.1 


31 


— .07 


+ 


.04 ■ 




— 18.8 


21 


— .50 




.06 




— 22.0 


17 


— .38 


— 


.12 




— 27. 


10 


+ .0 


— 


.02 





Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination 


limits. 


Declinat 


ion limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declina 


ion limits. 


Declln.ation limits. 


— .30° to +5° 


+ 5° to + 40° 


+ 40° to — 30° 


+ 40° 


to + 90° 


— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


^ 


'•o' 


tt' 


rd 


-' 


'■o' 


it' 


'V 


-' ' J'o' 


J, 




/' 




1^ 




1, 




// 




// 


1 


15 


— .54 


40 


— .35 


5.5 


— .40 


75 


— .11 


130 


— .24 


3 


19 


— .40 


6 


— .10 


25 


- .54 


15 


— .13 


40 


— .39 


5 


30 


+ .01 


24 


+ .12 


54 


+ .61 


21 


+ .04 


75 


+ .05 


7 


6 


+ ..^.0 


40 


+ . 03 


40 


+ .09 


24 


.00 


70 


+ .06 


9 i 9 


+ .60 


37 


+ . 09 


40 


+ .19 


14 


+ .23 


60 


+ .20 


11 


16 


— . 39 


25 


+ .20 


41 


- .03 


37 


+ .05 


78 


+ .01 


13 


14 


— .30 


17 


+ .64 


31 


+ .22 


31 


+ .06 


62 


+ .14 


15 


28 


— .07 


3() 


+ .24 


64 


+ .10 


63 


+ .30 


127 


+ .20 


17 12 


— .05 


27 


+ .02 


39 


— .01 


54 


+ .22 


93 


+ .13 


19 


21 


+ -M 


42 


— .07 


63 


.00 


43 


+ .06 


106 


+ .02 


21 


33 


— .1)-^ 


20 


— .15 


53 


— .11 


• X 


— . 09 


110 


- .10 


23 


20 


+ .03 


IS 


- .22 


38 


— .09 


31 


— .27 


69 


— .17 



A cori'ection dependiug on a is quite well marked in all tbe zones. 

gives : — 

— (".05 ± ".(13) .sin a — (".19 ± ".0-3) cos «. 



The discussion 



Dr. Auwers found {Ast. 2\h(ch., Bd 64, S. 343) - ".002 .sin « -".310 cos a lor the 
Edinburgh declinations, 1835-1<S;5',), assuming Ao 29 and Gb 17-55 to require no correc. 
tion. This corresponds tolerably well with Eli 37, between tbe declination limits — 30'= 



[117] 



EEPORT OF TDE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



523 



to + 50, as exhibited above. L;iter {Ant. Xavh., Bd 65, p. 227), Dr. Auwers finds tbat 
two-tbirds of tbe correction best corresponds with residuals derived from ids discussion 
of fundamental stars. This accords almost perfectly with the formula given above for 
Eh 43. But Dr. Auwers supposes this formula not to be applicable to the later obser- 
vations of Henderson. 

With m = 8, we have: — 

^J = ± ".67. 

rt ".6G results from the discussion in Section V. The former is adopted. 

Gh d5. 

Eesulvals in order of declination. 



Mean d 


tt' 


'0 


Co 





+ 86.8 


75 


— .17 


II 

.00 




+ 76.7 


54 


+ .10 


+ .01 


f 


+ 70.2 


37 


— . 16 


+ .04 


f, 


+ CO. 2 


49 


+ .07 


+ .05 




+ 60.9 


1.00 


+ .11 


+ .08 




+ 56.7 


116 


+ .21 


+ .07 




+ 50. 6 


123 


— .15 


+ .01 




+ 45.3 


94 


— .01 


— .04 




+ :!9.9 


107 


— .11 


— .02 




+ 32. 8 


25 


+ .27 


+ .08 




+ 27.5 


111 


+ .28 


+ .14 




+ 21.3 


U8 


+ .14 


+ .14 




+ 14.5 


120 


+ .12 


+ .09 




+ 8.9 


162 


— .04 


+ .05 




+ 4.0 


83 


+ .28 


+ .06 




— 1.5 


83 


+ .14 


+ .09 




— 8.6 


87 


+ .19 


+ . 14 




— 14.0 


47 


+ .18 


+ .17 




- 18.7 


35 


+ .08 


+ .21 




- 22. 4 


31 


+ .24 


+ .24 




— 28.1 


39 


+ .28 


+ .28 




— 34. 1 


10 


+1.98 









From the equator to the pole it is a matter of indifference whether any correction 

-ry T^ 

be applied or not. The correction — ^ — at Greenwich was neglected as insensible 



during this period. 

With VI = 5, we have:- 



2 



E=Az ".65. 



524 



UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 
Residuals in order of right ascension. 



[118J 



Decliuation limits. 
— :'.0o to + 90° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


tt' 


ro' 


Mean a 


-' 


r„' 


h. 
1 
3 
5 
7 
9 
11 


179 
87 
146 
101 
116 
164 


„ 

+ .06 
+ .01 
+ .05 
+ .02 
+ .12 
+ .12 


h. 
13 
15 
17 
19 
21 
23 


130 
185 
152 
200 
181 
120 


+ .03 
+ .12 

— .03 

— .10 

— .12 

— .13 



A slight correction following the right ascension is indicated. It differs, however, 
quite sensibly from that shown in Gh 39, and I have, therefore, undertaken no discussion. 

Pa 45. 

In forming ::', one observation is given weight 1; two to five, weight 2; six or 

more, weight 3. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean <i 


-' 


'o 


Form. 


Co 


o 
+ 86.6 


13 


// 

— .02 


fi 
+ .03 


.00 


+ 76.0 


12 


+ .04 


+ .07 


.00 


+ 70.9 


21 


.00 


+ .10 


+ .05 


+ 66.0 


12 


+ .18 


+ .13 


+ .11 


+ 60.7 


41 


+ .18 


+ .16 


+ .17 


+ 56.8 


29 


+ .21 


+ .19 


+ .21 


+ 50. 8 


39 


+ .27 


+ .23 


+ .25 


+ 45.6 


31 


+ .24 


+ .26 


+ .29 


+ 39.9 


44 


+ .36 


+ .29 


+ .33 


+ 33.0 


21 


+ .40 


+ .32 


+ .36 


+ 26. 9 


28 


+ .29 


+ .36 


+ .36 


+ 21.0 


35 


+ .34 


+ .39 


+ .39 


+ 14.5 


38 


+ .45 


+ .41 


+ .42 


+ 9.1 


46 


+ .42 


+ .43 


+ .44 


+ 4.3 


19 


+ .59 


+ .46 


+ .47 


— 1.9 


22 


+ .60 


+ .47 


+ .51 


— 8.4 


17 


+ .54 


+ .49 


+ .57 


— 14.1 


10 


+ .59 


+ .50 


+ .66 


19 4 


3 


+ .as 

[+1.04] 
[+1.7 ] 




+ .82 
[+1.0 ] 
[+1.3 ] 


— 23. 9 


3 




— 26.1 


3 







Column " J'orw" is derived from the expression (Section VI.) 

+ ".34 (sin Z + .503) 

Had the constant + ".34 been increased to + ".37, the accord with Co would have 
been almost perfect down to — 8o.4. The curve from which Co is taken was drawn 
without the slightest reference to the previous correction. 



[119J 



EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



525 



The value of E, taken from the outstanding residuals, is of no interest, since, on 
account of the great weight given to Pa 45 in the discussion of standard places, it 
would be entirely too small. In the introduction to the fourth volume of Poulkova 
observations, we have a thoroughly reliable discussion of the probable error of the 
declinations. The final weights were founded on these probable errors, which increase 
rapidly with the zenith distance. 

From the final residuals {r,) of 37 fundamental and circumpolar stars (excluding 
a and 8 TJrssB Minoris), I derive ± ".273 as the probable error of the unit of adopted 
weights. Supposing the average weight of a Poulkova declination 4, and of the final 
A for 1845, 80, we should have approximately ± ".29 as the probable error of the unit 
corresponding to a probable error of ± ".30, as given in the introduction of volume iv. 
A like discussion of the residuals (r,) of 59 other stars, for which the weight of a posi- 
tion for 1845 is 40, or greater (averaging about 50), gives ± ".285, or about ± ".305 for 
the corrected probable error, which should correspond to the ± ".30 assumed. It may 
therefore be assumed that the weights for Pa 45, constructed in the manner explained 
above, are entirely reliable, and correspond well with the general system adopted in 
the definitive discussion of J <5 and J //. 



Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


— aO° to + 90° 


— '20° to + 90° 


Mean a 


■k' 


»-o' 


Mean a 


jt' 


To' 


h. 




n 


h. 




1 


1 


56 


+ .11 


13 


30 


+ .03 


:h 


20 


— .11 


15 


51 


— .04 


5 


37 


+ .01 


17 


50 


.00 


7 


33 


-.06 


19 


50 


+ .10 


9 


33 


— .06 


21 


45 


— .09 


11 


47 


- .02 


23 


31 


+ .05 



526 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[IL'O] 



Re 45. 

Residuals in order of deeUnation. 



Mean <J 


^' 


'0 


Co 




o 
+ 86. (i 


[271 


[+ .18] 


[+ •!'] 




+ 76.3 


22 


+ .53 


-t .62 




+ 70. « 


28 


+ .72 


+ . 61 


7=^ 


+ 66.4 


21 


+ .23 


+ .47 


+ 60.8 


45 


+ .05 


+ .30 




+ 56.8 


36 


+ .30 


+ .16 




+ 50.8 


45 


+ .02 


— .04 




+ 45.6 


38 


— .00 


— .18 




+ 40.0 


42 


— .47 


— .34 




+ 33.4 


10 


— .31 


— .51 




+ 27.4 


27 


- .44 


— .58 




+ 21.1 


33 


— .68 


— .59 




+ 14.3 


32 


— .22 


— .41 




+ 8.8 


53 


— .22 


-.14 




+ 3.9 


25 


— .03 


+ .08 




— 1.4 


26 


+ .63 


+ .31 




— 8.6 


27 


+ .29 


+ .49 




— 14.0 


10 


+ .95 


+ .48 




- 19.0 


3 


+ .18 


+ .36 




— 22. 3 


9 


+ .36 


+ .25 




-- 28.1 


13 


— .31 


+ .06 





There is some doubt about the correction from + 75° to + 90o. 
both above aud below the pole, it i.s probably quite small. 
With ni — 5, we have: — 

li] = ± ".73 

I adopt ± ".77, the mean between this determination and that for Re 58. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



For stars ob&eivc'd 



Declinatiou limits 




Dfcliuatiou limits. 


Declinatiou limits. 


Ueilination liniit.s. 


— 30'= to + 6° 




+ 40'= to — 30^^ 


+ 40^ 


•- to + 90° 


— 3lio to +90 J 


Mean a 


tt' 


To' 


n' 


ro' 


^' 


■'o' 


^' 


fu' 


h. 
1 


3 


+ 


/ 

10 


29 


+ .31 


37 


+ .05 


66 


// 
+ .16 


3 


/ 





44 


17 


— . 03 


8 


+ .22 


25 


+ .06 


u 


9 





10 


26 


+ .11 


20 


— . 12 


46 


+ .01 


; 


6 





47 


26 


+ .06 


5 


- .17 


31 


+ .03 


9 


4 


— 1 


70 


30 


— .42 


16 


— .34 


46 — .39 1 


11 


!0 


+ 


16 


00 


— .05 


30 


— .22 


52 


- . 15 


13 


13 


+ 


.33 


17 


+ .45 


21 


+ .40 


38 


+ .42 


15 


9 


+ 


.66 


26 


— . 06 


24 


— .33 


50 


— .19 


17 


6 


+ 


.03 


16 


+ .09 


34 


- .11 


ro — . 05 1 


19 


/ 




.53 


26 


+ .11 


2(i 


+ .20 


52 


+ . 15 


21 


12 


+ 


60 


22 


+ .07 


32 


+ .14 


54 


+ .11 


23 


14 


" 


.21 


28 


— .19 


19 


— .04 


47 


— .13 



Tlie i)revious discussion (Section VI.) is substantially confirmed. 



fl21|" REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 527 



Wii 47. 
The weights are adopted as they result from the combiuation of separate years in 
the mauner explained in Section V. This supposes ^ =: 3. 

Besidmls in order of declination. 







Mean 6 


^1 


'n 


Cu 






o 




„ 


li 








+ 86.9 


72 


+ . 10 


+ .13 








+ 76.6 


51 


+ .46 


+ .14 








+ 69. 9 


19 


+ .24 


+ .10 








+ 62.3 


35 


+ .07 


+ .02 








+ 55.3 


31 


— .14 


— .05 








+ 50.6 


73 


— .16 


— .05 








+ 45.1 

+ 38. 5 


31 

58 


— .23 

— . 05 


— .05 

— .05 








+ 33.2 


20 


+ .66 


— .U6 








+ 27. 8 


89 


— .01 


— .11 








+ 21. 6 


83 


— .24 


— .19 








+ 14.2 


122 


— .35 


— .28 








+ 8.6 


111 


— .35 


— .34 








+ 3.9 


74 


. — .37 


— .35 








— 1.6 


49 


— .51 


— .33 








— 8.5 


03 


— .16 


— .28 








— 14.1 


54 


— .30 


— .24 








- 19.1 


22 


+ .06 


— .19 








- 22.3 


36 


— . 35 


— .15 








— 28.5 


49 


— .05 


— .05 






■ 


Residuals in order of right ascension. 




Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 5° 


Douliuation limits. 
+ 40^ to — 303 


Declination limit 
+ 40° to + 90° 


s. 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to +90° 


Mean u 




lo' 


■-' J'o' 


1 

77- 'o' 




t'- 


ro' 


ft. 
1 
3 
5 
7 
9 


10 
49 
24 
2.) 
10 


+ .02 
+ .01 

— .33 

— .13 

— .oO 


56 
56 
70 
58 
46 


+ .19 

— .08 

— .56 

— . 20 . 

— .20 


43 
18 
12 
10 
11 


— .10 

— .70 

— .40 
+ .10 
+ .21 


99 
74 

82 
68 
57 


II 

+ .06 
_ .23 

— . 53 

— .16 

— .12 

— .18 
+ .06 


IX 


11 


— .60 


37 


— .34 


29 


+ .02 


66 


13 


18 


— .02 


37 


— .10 


14 


+ .50 


51 


15 
17 


43 
31 


+ .34 

+ . 15 


100 
58 


+ .30 
+ .25 


28 
35 


+ .65 
+ .16 


130 
93 


+ .3/ 

+ .21 

+ .2J 
+ .02 
— .08 


19 
21 
23 


30 
44 

27 


+ . 1.5 

— .01 

- .04 


149 
95 
60 


+ .25 
+ .06 
— .08 


13 
66 
23 


.00 

— .04 

— .10 


162 

161 

83 



From discussion of the values ot V iu the final grouping (-30O to +90°), I 

derive: — 

— ".27 sin a — ".08 cos «. 

Examination of Wu 5G and Wn 64 shows that they are in need of a similar cor- 
rection; and the separation into zones renders it highly probable that this correction 
is almost equally applicable to all limits of declination. 



528 



UNITED STATES NOKTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



1122 



For Wu 56, we have :- 
and for Wn 64, 



— ".16siua — ".lOcosa; 

— ".22 sin a — ".12 cos a. 



The same form of correction is indicated in Wn 70. 

It is undoubtedly real and sensibly constant for the Washington mural circle 
throughout the period of its use. From the combined residuals (— 30° to + 90°) of 
Wn 47, 56, and 64, we have: — 

- (".21 ± ".03) sin a — (".12 i ".03) cos a 

as the correction ; and it is adopted. 

It reduces the sums of squares as follows: — 



Year. 


Before. 


After. 


1847 
1856 
1864 


144 

258 
179 


101 
236 
165 



From the final residuals for 1847, with m = 7, we have: — 

£ = ± ".74. 

Oe48. 
The weights are derived in the manner explained under Ce 40. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean i5 


tt' 


J-o 


Co 


o 




// 


// 


+ 87.9 


35 


+ .28 


.00 


+ 76.9 


15 


— . 15 


.00 


+ 70.2 


19 


— .01 


.00 


+ 65.6 


20 


+ .03 


— .09 


+ 61.0 


62 


— .21 


— .23 


+ 56.6 


36 


— .44 


— .37 1 


+ 49.5 


49 


— .51 


— .58 


+ 45.4 


64 


— .58 


— .68 


+ 39.0 


35 


-1.19 


— .82 


+ 32.6 


16 


- .71 


— .66 


+ 27. S 


5S 


— .78 


— .75 


+ 21. 3 


60 


— .42 


— .41 


+ 14.5 


82 


— .02 


— .09 


+ 9.1 


63 


— .02 


— .05 


+ 4.2 


29 


— .22 


— .05 


— 1.0 


27 


— .02 


— .08 


— 8.6 


38 


— .15 


— .12 


— 14.1 


15 


+ .13 


— .12 


— 18.5 


<» 


+ .20 


— .09 


— 21. 5 


6 


— .9 


— .09 


— 26. 2 


:? 


— .8 


— .03 



With m = 5, we have : — 

£ = ± ".62 

± .60 is adopted, as exiilaiiied under Ce 40. 



[123 J 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



529 



Declination limits. 


Declnation limits. 


— 30° to +90° 


— 30° to +90° 


Mean a 


77- 


ro' 


Mean a 


n' 


ro 


h. 




n 


h. 




n 


1 


84 


+ .07 


13 


52 


+ .10 


3 


29 


- .19 


15 


00 


— .08 


5 


74 


+ .06 


17 


47 


— .09 




47 


-.03 


19 


119 


— .09 


9 


53 


— .04 


21 


79 


— .02 


11 


73 


+ .01 


23 


35 


+ .21 



Gh 51. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean <5 


tt' 


ro 


Co 


o 




11 


// 




+ 86.6 
+ 76.4 


77 
55 


— .16 

— .07 


— .13 

— .14 


1=" 


+ 70.6 


56 


— .25 


— .15 




+ 66.4 


23 


— .22 


— .16 




+ 61. 1 


95 


— .14 


— .17 




+ 56.7 


78 


— .17 


— .19 




+ 50.9 


102 


— .15 


- .21 




+ 45.6 


62 


— .26 


— .20 




+ 39.4 


98 


— .17 


— .15 




+ 32. 5 


82 


+ .05 


— .03 




+ 27.3 


147 


— .04 


+ .06 




+ 21.2 


147 


+ . 15 


+ .16 




+ 14.5 


165 


+ .28 


+ .18 




+ 9.0 


218 


+ .23 


+ .15 




+ 4.1 


102 


.00 


+ .10 




- 1.7 


129 


— .01 


+ .03 




— 8.5 


110 


— .07 


.00 




— 14.1 


52 


+ .01 


+ .03 




— 18.8 


36 


+ .17 


+ .11 




— 22.4 


48 


+ .31 


+ .16 




— 28:2 


43 


— .03 


+ .22 





With m — 5, we have : — 



U = ± ".70. 



Tbere is a trace of the same peculiarity in the vahies of »•„•, as has appeared with 
Gh 45. In any case, the required correction is .so small that its neglect is of little 
consequence to the final result. 



N B- 



-.34 



530 UNITED STATES NOKTUEKN BOUJSDAEY COMMISSION. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



|ll'4i 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




— 30° to +5° 


— 30° to +90° 


Mean a 


n' 


'■u 


7r' 


fo' 


h. 




II 




// 


1 


27 


- .04 


214 


— .15 


3 


38 


— .14 


94 


+ .04 


5 


47 


+ .01 


157 


+ .06 


7 


25 


— .15 


131 


— .11 


9 


14 


— .20 


129 


4- .01 


11 


39 


+ .06 


177 


+ -14 


13 


60 


+ .10 


12G 


+ .13 


15 


54 


+ .01 


195 


+ .03 


17 


27 


- .20 


169 


— .06 


19 


52 


+ .05 


183 


+ .03 


21 


40 


— .31 


174 


— .02 


23 


54 


— .06 


139 


— .01 



So .51. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean li 




'o 


Co 




+ 45.8 


4 


+ 1.06 


// 




+ 38. 6 


13 


— .03 


+ .44 


e 2 


+ 33.2 


4 


— .04 


+ .58 


f. 


+ 27.5 


33 


+ .77 


+ .74 




+ 21. 3 


40 


+ .83 


+ .87 




+ 14.5 


46 


+ .92 


+ .99 




+ 8.7 


42 


+ 1.23 


+ 1.05 




+ 3.7 


26 


+ 1.01 


+ 1.09 




. o. 2 


14 


+ l.r9 


+ 1.12 




— H.5 


28 


+ 1.22 


+ 1.12 




— 14.1 


15 


+ 1.16 


+ 1.10 




— 18.9 


12 


+ -SI 


+ 1.06 




— 22.5 


16 


+ .95 


+ 1.08 




— 28. 2 


17 


+ .90 


+ 1.00 




— 31.2 


1 


+ .25 


+ .96 


— 41.9 


2 


+ 1.24 


+ .91 




— 52. 6 


1 


+ .94 


+ .79 




— 59. 6 


6 


+ .82 


+ .62 




— 75.1 


3 


+ .28 


+ .28 





1L25J 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APrENDIX H. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



531 



' Declination limits. 

— 30° to + 40° 


Declination limits. ; 
— 30° to +40° 


Mean a 


n' 


>-o' 


Mean a 


jt' 


»-o' 


0.9 
3.1 
5.1 
7.1 
9.3 
11.3 


24 
22 
29 
32 
27 
2-2 


— .37 
+ .15 

+ .49 
+ .07 
+ .10 
+ .53 


h. 
13.1 
14.9 
16.7 
19.0 
21.2 
22.9 


21 
30 
19 

40 
22 

18 


— .16 

— .07 

— .31 

— .16 

— . 19 

— .66 



There is an evident progression of ro' with a. The discussion gives, as the correc- 
tion to be applied : — 

+ (".24 ± ".07) sin a — (".185 ± ".075) cos a. 

There is some reason to expect such a correction for this series, and it is adopted. 
With m = G, we have: — 

± ".86. 

Ps 53. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


tt' 


ro 


Co 




o 




n 


II 




+ 86.3 


tii 


- .10 


+ .06 


1 = 3 
e, 


+ 76.7 


23 


+ .18 


+ .19 


+ 70. 6 


31 


+ .33 


+ .25 




+ 06. 


18 


+ .20 


+ .28 




+ 61.9 


29 


+ .40 


+ .29 




+ 56.5 


40 


+ .29 


+ .23 




+ 50.6 


33 


+ .05 


+ .23 




+ 4ii.O 


16 


+ .48 


+ .19 




+ 39.5 


26 


+ -17 


+ .12 




+ 33.2 


13 


— .03 


+ .05 




+ 27. 7 


30 


— .08 


— .03 




+ 21. 5 


38 


— .15 


— .10 




+ 14.4 


38 


— .01 


- .19 




+ 8.7 


49 


— .31 


— .28 




-4-3.9 


33 


— .44 


— .34 




— 1.2 


28 


— .15 


— .37 




— 9.0 


19 


— .47 


— .31 




- 14.1 


19 


— .16 


— .21 




— 18.7 


13 


— .21 


— .06 




— 22. 3 


10 


+ .12 


+ .12 




— 2^.6 

1 


13 


+ .92 


+ .6 





With m = 5, we have:- 



E^ ± ".57. 



532 UNITED STATES NOETHEKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



fl2G] 



Declination limits 




Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




— 30° to + 5^ 




+ 40° to — 30° 


— 30*^10 + 900 


Mean a 


i/ 


'•o' 


^ 


ro' 


ff' 


ro 


h. 

1 


9 


// 


.08 


39 


II 

— .02 


59 


— .05 


3 


16 


+ 


.35 


24 


+ .10 


41 


+ .18 


5 


17 




.02 


31 


+ .26 


42 


+ .02 


7 


6 


+ 


.20 


25 


+ .17 


31 


+ .15 


9 


3 


+ 


.60 


IS 


- .09 


27 


— .02 


U 


8 




.45 


22 


— .26 


56 


— .11 


13 


13 


+ 


.13 


20 


+ .10 


44 


— .11 


15 


16 




.22 


27 


— .14 


55 


- .11 


17 


8 


+ 


.05 


20 


— .44 


50 


— .18 


19 


9 




.00 


36 


— .21 


48 


+ .12 


21 


10 


— 


.10 


35 


+ .01 


01 


+ .15 


23 


15 


+ 


.10 


5 


+ .60 


24 


+ .35 



So 55. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean S 


ff' 


To 


Co 




o 
+ 45.8 


1 


— .56 


II 


£ r. 


+ 38.3 


2 


+1.19 


+ .50 


- = 2. 


+ 24.5 


4 


+ .67 


+ .48 




+ 20.9 


13 


+ . 51 


+ .45 




+ 14.2 


27 


+ .30 


+ .29 




+ 8.3 


29 


— .03 


+ .18 




+ 3.8 


15 


+ .46 


+ .18 




- 1.9 


12 


+ .45 


+ .32 




— 8.7 


20 


+ .35 


+ .39 




— 14.0 


12 


+ .55 


+ .17 




— 19.0 


7 


— .07 


— .03 




— 22.2 


11 


— . 58 


— .10 




— 28.6 


12 


— .31 


— .05 




— 42. 8 




+ .34 


+ .27 




— 51.8 


i 


+ .42 


+ .24 




— 59.3 


3 


+ .19 


+ .12 




— 78.3 


2 


— .49 


.00 





With m = 6, we have: — 



JS = ± ".91. 



[127] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 533 



Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits 




Declination limits 




— 30° to + 40° 




— 30° to -i- 40° 




Mean 6 


tt' 


)'o' 


Mean 6 


it' 


'o' 


h. 






, 


h. 






' 


1.1 


7 


+ 


04 


12.9 


13 


— 


41 


2.5 


i:i 




17 


15.2 


16 


+ 


61 


5.0 


14 


— 


.09 


16.7 


IC 


— 


.15 


7.0 


8 





.38 


19.2 


25 


+ 


.02 


9.4 


13 


— 


.39 


21.2 


13 


+ 


.40 


11.3 


19 


— 


.16 


22.7 


8 


+ 


.21 



If there is a real variation of the correctiou, proceeding with the right ascension, 
it is apparently of an entirely different nature Irom that adopted for So 51. The 
weights are small, and the observations are assumed to be practically ireo from any 

error of this kind. 

Wn 56. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


■k' 


'■o 


Co 






+ 86.1 
+ 76.7 


63 

20 


— .18 

— .05 


— .07 
+ .10 


i = 4 


+ 70.2 


6 


+ .55 


+ -^J 




+ 66.3 


4 


+ .30 


+ .18 




+ 62.1 


27 


+ .50 


+ .17 




+ 56. 1 


15 


+ .24 


+ -14 




+ 50.3 


51 


— .16 


+ .10 




+ 45.3 


30 


— .10 


+ .05 




+ 38.9 


64 


+ .08 


— .01 




+ 32. C 


15 


+ .37 


— .06 




+ 27.6 


80 


— .05 


— .11 




+ 21.5 


79 


— .23 


— .17 




+ 14.5 


75 


— .16 


— .24 




+ 8.7 


86 


— .16 


— .26 




+ 4.2 


62 


— .69 


— .27 




- 1.5 


57 


— .26 


— .25 




— 8.5 


58 


- .13 


— .19 




— 14.0 


34 


— .08 


- .11 




— 18.9 


20 


— .28 


— .04 




— 22. 2 


20 


+ .09 


+ .02 




— . 28. 5 


31 


+ .19 


+ .13 





The probable error, E, is derived from the outstanding residuals corrected further 
for the effect of terms in a given under Wn 47. 
With m = 6, we have: — 

E^± ".88. 

With a smaller value of -, we should have a smaller and probably more accurate 
value of E. 



534 UiJITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOQNDAKY COMMISSION. [128] 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


DecliD.ation limits. 


— 30° to + ;,° 


+ 40° to — 30" 


-1- jo° to + 90° 


— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


ir' 


I-u' 


■k' 


J-o' 


!t' 


>•«' 


■k' 


>•„' 


h. 

1 


19 


II 

— .35 


01 


— .07 


22 


— .10 


83 


— .08 


3 


27 


— .77 


42 


— .75 


10 


—1.00 


52 


— .80 


5 


16 


— .G4 


48 


— .41 


12 


— .45 


GO 


— .41 


7 


12 


— .22 


49 


— .01 


14 


- .10 


03 


— .04 


9 


3 


— .30 


24 


+ .25 


10 


+ .13 


34 


+ .21 


11 


10 


+ .19 


40 


+ .17 


25 


+ .40 


05 


+ .28 


13 


30 


— .02 


47 


.00 


12 


+ .08 


59 


+ .02 


15 


20 


+ .48 


72 


+ .34 


21 


— .23 


93 


+ .21 


17 


17 


+ .£7 


53 


+ .28 


28 


+ .05 


81 


+ .20 


IQ 


18 


— .25 


81 


- .04 


21 


— .19 


102 


— .07 


21 


32 


+ .22 


70 


+ .07 


38 


— .05 


114 


+ . 03 


23 


43 


+ .18 


70 


+ . 12 


11 


— .00 


81 


+ -11 



For further explauation see Wn 47. 

Ps 56. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Moan il 




'•o 


Co 




o 




II 


,/ 




+ 80.6 


20 


— .35 


— .32 




4- 70.fi 


15 


- .31 


— .22 




+ 70. « 


15 


— .04 


— .16 




+ 00.2 


10 


+ .00 


— .13 




+ 01.0 


30 


_ oo 


— .10 




+ 50.7 


32 


— .17 


— .09 




+ 50.4 


25 


+ .05 


— .11 




+ 45.2 


30 


— .05 


— .15 




+ 39.4 


25 


— .47 


— .21 




4- 33.0 


20 


- ..52 


— .20 




+ 27.0 


37 


— .17 


— .30 




+ 21. 1 


48 


— .20 


— .35 




+ 14.5 


53 


— .37 


— .36 




+ 8.9 


70 


— .38 


— .36 




+ 4.0 


32 


— .32 


— .35 




— 1.7 


47 


— .31 


— .33 




— 8.5 


43 


— .29 


— .23 




— 14.1 


15 


— .07 


— .08 




— 18.8 


12 


+ .11 


+ .12 




— 21.9 


13 


+ .20 


+ .ly 




— 28.1 


17 


+ .42 


+ . 50 





After the further (•orrectiou dependiug on a (to be explained), the outstanding 
residuals, with m = 7, give: — 

E=i: ".40. 



[129] eepo]:t of the chief astronomer, appendix h. 535 







Residuals in order of 


ripht ascension. 






Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




— 30° to + C° 


+ 40'= to — 30? 


+ 40° to + 90O 


— 30<:to + '.KI'-' 


Mean a 


tt' 


)-o' 




>■„' 


„/ 


'■"' 


-' 


'ii' 


h. 
1 


8 


- .15 


21 


+ .05 


25 


+ .23 


4f! 


+ '.15 


3 


U 


+ .15 


23 


+ .13 


13 


+ .01 


3G 


+ .08 


5 


15 


+ .07 


37 


+ .09 


13 


+ . 12 


50 


+ .10 


/ 


4 


+ .70 


32 


+ .17 


4 


+ .10 


30 


+ .10 


9 


4 


+ .30 


24 


+ .25 


4 


+ .:',() 


28 


+ .25 


11 


10 


+ .55 


33 


+ .11 


27 


+ .09 


CO 


+ .10 


13 


22 


+ .21 


30 


+ .15 


22 


— .11 


52 


+ .04 


15 


19 


+ .04 


40 


— .05 


23 


— .01 


63 


3.03 


17 


10 


— .35 


33 


— .25 


19 


— .13 


52 


— .21 


19 


20 


— .28 


50 


— .31 


14 


— .01 


64 


— .25 


21 


19 


+ .01 


44 


— .17 


20 


— .03 


04 


— .13 


23 


25 


— .30 


38 


— .24 


11 


— .23 


49 


— .23 



Tbe (lepeutlcuce of r^' on right nsceiision is nutloiibteil. 
From tbe coluiiiu —30° to + 90°, 1 derive:— 

+ ".19 sill a — ".07 cos «. 
From the tables exhibited successi vely under Ps 00, Ps 04, mid Ps 00, I find : 



Year. 


Fonnnla of correct on. 


1800 
1804 
1800 


+ . 18 siu a — . 04 cos n 
+ . 17 sin fi — . 00 cos a 
+ . 19 sin a — .10 cos a 



From the ]iroper combination of tbe four sets, we htive: — 

+ (".20 ± ".01) siu a - (".05 ± ".01) cos «. 
This is adopted as the definitive correction for each of tbe four catalogues, since 
there appears to be no marked increase with the time. 

This correction might be approximately computed in the following manner: — 
If in the definitive formula of correction* for the declinations of the Fundennenta 
south of + 0I0.5 we substitute 30° for <5, we shall ha-^e for that part of tbe correction 
depending on «: — 

— ".82 sin a + ".07 cos «. 

If, further, we suppose that the mean declination of tbe stars of the Paris sttiudard 
catalogue, chiefly used for obtaining zenith jjoints, is about +3Co, that the catalogues 
nialiitig up the Paris standard are free from errors depending on «, aud tbtit tbeir 
mean epoch is about 1845, v.e shall have for the epoch ISOl (about tbe mean of the 
entire Paris series) as a correction to Paris observed declinations: — 

IG 



( + ".82 sin a + ".07 cos a ) x ^ = + 



'.146 sin « — ".012 cos «. 



Of course, if the mean epoch of the catalogues making up the standtird is earlier 
than 1845, this correction will be larger. 

* Section Vll. 



586 



UNITED STATES KOKTHERN BOUND AEY COMMISSION. 

Bs 56. 

Residualis in order of declination. 



[130J 



Mean i5 


■n- 


'0 


Co 




+ 86.9 


27 


+ .:-,o 


+ .24 


1=3 


+ 76.4 


19 


+ .23 


+ .31 


+ 69.8 


11 


+ .63 


+ .31 




+ 61.8 


20 


+ .30 


+ .25 




-t- 56. 9 


17 


+ .15 


+ .13 




+ 50.6 


39 


- .07 


— .10 




+ 45.6 


16 


— .U3 


— .33 




+ 38. 3 


20 


— .64 


- .52 




+ 32. 8 


24 


— . 35 


- .50 




+ 27. 4 


36 


— .23 


— .41 




+ 21.2 


34 


— .71 


— .45 




+ 14.2 


37 


— .54 


— .(i4 




+ 8.5 


36 


— .44 


— .72 




+ 4.6 


24 


—1.50 


— .74 




— 2.0 


21 


— .73 


— . 59 




— 8.4 


18 


+ .18 


— .30 




— 14.1 


18 


— .23 


— .21 




— 19.3 


9 


— .11 


.— .23 




— 22.2 


11 


— .37 


— .24 




— 28.7 


10 


— .73 


— .29 





With m = 7, we have : — 



E = ± ".95 
Besidtmls in order of right ascemion. 



Declination 


limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


+ 40° to 


— 30° 


+ 40^ to + 90'" 


— 30° to + 90O 


Mean a 


^/ 


>'o' 


rf 


To 


7r' 


To 


h. 

1 


21 


— . .^.0 


19 


— .17 


40 


— .36 


3 


13 


-1.76 


6 


— .17 


19 


—1. 25 


5 


14 


+ .41 


t 


+ .21 


21 


+ .35 


7 


10 


+ .92 


1 


+ .20 


11 


+ .85 


9 


25 


+ .14 


13 


+ .40 


38 


+ .26 


11 


22 


— .16 


16 


+ .32 


38 


+ .04 


13 


10 


— .01 


11 


+ .11 


21 


+ .05 


15 


46 


+ .28 


13 


- .08 


59 


+ .21 


17 


30 


+ .03 


19 


+ .09 


49 + .05 


19 


43 


+ .06 


12 


— .04 


55 + .04 


21 


25 


— .29 


25 


— .13 


.50 — .21 


23 


34 


— .05 


10 


-^24 


44 — . 09 



A considerable correction depending on a is indicated. The residuals from limits 
- 30O to + 90° give :— 

— ".04 sin a — ".28 cos «. 

But, since this result is entirely opposed to that derived from the later Biu.ssels 
work, the correctioa is neglected. This could do but little harm, since the observations 
receive small weight. 



[131] 



KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 



537 



CeSG. 
''^he weights are formed as in the two preceding Cambridge catalogues. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Meau S 


t' 


'o 


Go 


o 
+ 87.5 


32 


// 

— .10 


— .22 


+ 75.8 


12 


— .50 


— .30 


+ 70.7 


12 


— .51 


— .35 


+ 65.7 


11 


— .03 


— .43 


+ 60.7 


44 


— .64 


— .53 - 


+ 50.9 


30 


- .45 


— .69 


+ 49.2 


28 


—1.25 


—1.16 


+ 45.4 


30 


—1.39 


—1. 36 


+ 39.3 


28 


—1.47 


—1. 45 


+ 39.7 


14 


—1.22 


—1.35 


+ 27. 9 


42 


—1.21 


-1.22 


+ 20.5 


28 


— .96 


— .92 


4- 14.5 


52 


— .59 


— .06 


4-8.9 


33 


— .56 


— .58 


4-5.2 


9 


— .96 


— .57 


- 0.9 


10 


— .53 


— .55 


— 8.3 


19 


— .08 


— .50 


— 13.9 


12 


— .32 


— .47 


— 19.1 


4 


— .29 


— .43 


— 21.6 


3 


+ ■•?7 


— .41 


— 26.2 


4 


— .47 


— .38 



With m = 5, we have: — 



E =± ".60. 
Residuals in order of rifjht ascension. 



Declination limits. 
-30° to 4- 90° 


Declination limits. 
-30° to 4- 90° 


Mean a 


ir' 


)c' 


Mean a 


t' 


'■o' 


h. 
1 
3 
5 
7 
9 
11 


41 
8 
22 
27 
41 
48 


// 

4- .09 
4- .06 
4- .02 
4- .01 

— .24 

— .02 


h. 
13 
15 
17 
19 
21 
23 


39 
54 
44 
64 
51 
26 


4- .33 

— .11 

— .10 
+ .12 

— .09 
4- .29 



538 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[13'.' 



Gh 57. 
Ecsiduals in order of decimation. 



Mean I'l 


it' 


lo 


Co 




+ bli. 7 


45 


+ .04 


+ . 02 


f o 


+ 70.2 


39 


+ .07 


+ .OS 


F, = 3 


+ 70.4 


42 


+ .19 


+ .15 




+ C(i.7 


31 


+ .34 


+ . 19 




+ 01.2 


G8 


+ .24 


+ .23 




-f 5(1.7 


34 


+ .18 


+ .22 




+ 51. 


(•(! 


+ .26 


+ .16 




+ '45.4 


36 


+ .10 


+ .11 




+ 40.2 


63 


+ .05 


+ .11 




+ 32.5 


54 


+ .26 


+ .20 




+ 27. 3 


94 


+ .25 


+ .29 




+ 21.2 


110 


+ .34 


+ .36 




+ 14. G 


110 


+ .39 


+ .38 




+ 9.0 


14() 


+ .42 


+ .34 




+ 4.1 


71 


+ .20 


+ .26 




— 1.5 


84 


— .04 


+ .17 




— 8.fi 


69 


+ .22 


+ .20 




— 14.1 


30 


+ .31 


+ .-.5 




— 1«. H 


22 


+ .43 


+ .26 




— 22. 3 


31 


+ .39 


+ .26 




2^. 2 


29 


+ .02 


+ .22 





With m = C, we have: — 

i' = ± "AG. 

Tbe satue quantity for ISCi is ± ".49; ± "48 is adopted in constructing tbo definitive 
system of weights. Mr. Stone linds (Month. Not., 29-324) lor zenithal value of i ± ".47, 

and thi.s becomes ± ".85 at 70°. It is jirobable, therefore, that : is taken too small. 



Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination 


limits. 


Declina 


tion limits. 


Declination limits. 




-30- to 


+ .5" 


— 30° to +40° 


— 30° to +90° 


Mean a 


-' 


ro' 


77' 


ro' 


tt' 


ro 


h. 




,, 




,, 




,1 


1 


16 


— .25 


80 


+ .01 


129 


— .03 


3 


20 


+ .08 


45 


+ . 07 


55 


+ .05 


5 


24 


+ .01 


78 


+ .07 


109 


+ .08 


/ 


14 


+ . 15 


82 


+ . 15 


91 


+ .15 


9 


8 


+ .20 


60 


+ .06 


85 


+ .08 


11 


30 


— .12 


73 


- .05 


99 


.00 


13 


39 


— . 25 


56 


— .25 


78 


— .16 


15 


39 


+ .11 


83 


— .01 


103 


— .02 


17 


16 


— .45 


60 


— .02 


127 


+ .02 


19 


24 


+ .07 


90 


— .05 


134 


— .05 


31 


27 


— .04 


77 


— .05 


146 


— .03 


j 23 


38 


— .06 


71 


+ .05 


93 


+ .10 



r' 



33] 



EEPOIIT OF THE CHIEF ASTliONOMEK, APPENDIX H. 



589 



C. G. H. 58. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Meau (i 


tt' 


J 





To 






+ 49.8 
H- 44.7 


3 
3 


— 


3.47 

1.27 


-7 


'--O 




+ 3.-=.(i 
+ 32.9 


8 
10 




.00 
.23 


— .m 

— .10 


The weights of the last 


+ 27.2 
+ 21.2 


35 

48 


+ 


.10 
.21 


— .05 

— .09 


< five groups arc arbi- 
trarily selected, and 


+ 14.5 
+ S.9 
+ 3.9 


45 
58 
31 


— 


.13 
.20 
.19 


— .15 

— .18 

— .21 


have no rctcienco to 
the scale adopted 
above. 


— 0.8 


31 


— 


.23 


— .23 




— 8.5 


38 


— 


.2() 


— .20 




— 14.1 


19 


— 


.38 


— .21 




— 18.9 


12 


+ 


.21 


— .16 




— 22.4 


19 


+ 


.17 


— .13 




— 28.0 


20 




.08 


- .07 




— 34.9 


o 





.01 


.00 


— 42.1 


4 


+ 


.18 


+ .09 




— 52. 1 


2 




.30 


+ .17 




— 58.7 


(i 


+ 


.43 


+ .25 




— 75.1 


3 


+ 


.36 


+ .19 





With m = 4, we have : — 



E= Jz ".50. 



Dr. G.ylden finds (V. J. S., X, 197) for £ iiom 15o.2 to 410.4 zenith distance ± ".45, and 

".24* 
bnt a slight increase to 60° Z. D. Assuming e, to be ± -7=- = ± ''.17, we have: — 

B == ± ",48, 
for the zenith. The above value, ± ".50, appears to be quite trustworthy. 

Eesiduals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




— 30° to +5'3 


+ 5c to + 40° 


— 30° to + 40° 


Mean a 


it' 


'■«' 


-■ 


J-o' 


^1 


>'o' 


h. 




// 




II 




,, 


1 


10 


+ .15 


27 


+ .14 


37 


+ .14 


3 


12 


-f- .03 


9 


— .16 


21 


— .05 


5 


18 


+ .10 


22 


— .19 


40 


— .07 


7 


10 


+ .20 


30 


+ .13 


40 


+ .15 


9 


5 


+ .10 


21 


— .01 


2(i 


+ .01 


11 


17 


+ .21 


19 


— .07 


3C 


— .12 


13 


19 


.00 


3 


— .17 


22 


— .02 


15 


19 


+ .37 


14 


— .08 


33 


+ .14 


17 


9 


+ .04 


15 


— .10 


24 


— .05 


19 


14 


+ .20 


25 


+ .04 


.39 


+ .10 


21 


14 


— .22 


12 


+ .52 


26 


+ .12 


23 


21 


— .08 


10 


— .03 


31 


— .07 



* Dr. Gylden finds J; ".24 as the probable minimum error of a ditt'eronce of 
declination. Gli 57- 0. 0. 11. 58 (V. .1. .S.. X. 200). 



540 



UNITED STATES NOETHBKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[1.34J 



Re 58. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean (! 


tt' 


'0 


Co 




o 
+ 80. 3 


17 


II 

[- • 02] 


+ .40 


f 2 


+ 75.8 


14 


[+ .11] 


+ .02 




+ 71.3 


12 


+ .82 


+ .71 




+ 00.9 


11 


+ .70 


+ .71 




+ 01. I 


24 


+ ..55 


+ .02 




+ 50.7 


20 


+ .52 


+ .51 




+ 50.0 


27 


+ .35 


+ .23 




+ 4,'-). 8 


15 


+ .48 


— .07 




+ 39. 4 


30 


— .07 


— .45 




+ 33.1 


24 


— .03 


- .71 




+ 27.4 


30 


— .82 


— .77 




+ 21. 1 


34 


— .03 


— . 00 




+ 14.0 


35 


- .41 


— ..■!2 




+ 9.1 


48 


— .11 


— .03 




+ 4.3 


23 


+ .18 


+ .24 




— 1.5 


29 


+ .59 


+ .57 




— 8.5 


22 


+ .92 


+ .70 




— 15.9 


17 


+ .(5 


+ ." 




— 22. 4 


11 


+ 1.1 


+ ..54 




— 27. 9 


12 


— .0 


+ .22 





With m = 5, we bave: — 

E^ Az ".80. 
± ".77 is adopted. (See Re 45.) 

lu drawing the curve I bave been luiicb assisted by tbe very complete dis- 
cussion of tbis catalogue iu Volume V. of tbe Vierteljahrsschrift der Ast. Ges. Tbe 
examination for terms iu a, however, fails to confirm Table IV., given in the place cited, 
as will appear from tbe following : 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination 


limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declinjition limits. 


— 30" to 


+ 5° 


— 30° to + 40° 


— 30° to +90° 


Mean a 


tt' 


ro' 


tt' 


To' 


7r' 


'o' 


h. 




II 




1, 




// 


1 


4 


—1. 45 


28 


— .35 


54 


— .01 


3 


V 


— .37 


13 


— .30 


19 


+ .02 


5 


12 


— .32 


28 


— .51 


37 


— .32 


7 





— . 15 


31 


+ .05 


34 


— .01 


9 


3 


+ .90 


25 


— .01 


37 


— .12 


11 


9 


+ .23 


25 


— .02 


37 


— .25 


13 


11 


+ .01 


19 


+ .25 


32 


+ .20 


15 


13 


— .00 


29 


+ .17 


45 


— .18 


1? 


5 


— .00 


25 


— .35 


44 


— .32 


19 


9 


- .31 


31 


— .07 


44 


+ .04 


21 


9 


+ .83 


27 


+ .53 


41 


+ .51 


23 


14 


— .03 


20 


+ .27 


43 


+ .30 



The correction depending on a, if it exists, is so uncertain, from the small weight, 
that no attempt at discussion is made. Tbe probable error of tbe residuals in last 
column varies from J- ".VI to ± ".18. 



[135 



] KEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 641 



Ps60. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


7r' 


'■o 


Co 




o 
+ 86.8 
+ 76.6 


20 
13 


— .15 

— .47 


— .19 

— .12 


--2 


+ 70.8 


13 


— . 03 


— .05 




+ 60.2 


8 


+ .03 


.00 




+ 60.8 


29 


+ .05 


+ .04 




+ 56.6 


28 


+ .03 


+ .06 




+ 49.7 


25 


+ .07 


+ .10 




+ 45. 2 


27 


+ .23 


+ .10 




4- 39.5 


26 


— .12 


+ .10 




+ 33. 


31 


— .19 


+ •^•5 




+ 27.4 


47 


— .06 


— .03 




+ 21. 1 


57 


— .03 


— .11 




+ 14.6 


58 


— .12 


— .16 




+ 9.1 


86 


— .26 


— .19 




+ 4.1 


33 


— .15 


— .20 




- 1.7 


.52 


— .16 


— .16 




— 8.7 


45 


— .08 


— .06 




— 14.1 


17 


+ .03 


+ .07 




— 18.9 


12 


+ .35 


+ .24 




— 21.9 


13 


+ .21 


+ -i^ 




— 27.9 


16 


+ .76 


+ .62 





The outstanding residuals are first corrected for the effect of terms in a, as found 
for the entire Paris series. (See Ps 56.) 
With m = 7, we have : — 

^ = ± ".35. 



Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 
— 30° to +5° 



Mean a 



h. 
1 
3 
5 
7 
9 
11 
13 
15 
17 
19 
21 
23 



10 
13 
15 
4 
5 
12 
23 
19 
10 
19 
20 
25 



J-o' 



— .05 
+ .07 
+ .25 
+ .50 

.00 
+ .25 
+ .07 

— .04 

— .10 

— .24 

— .07 

— .02 



Declination limita. 
— 30° to + 40° 



47 
26 
44 
39 
35 
40 
32 
43 
37 
49 
50 
40 



To' 



.00 

— .10 
+ .16 

+ .17 
+ .23 
+ .12 
+ .02 

— .11 

— .14 

— .25 

— .27 
+ .01 



For general explanation sec P>> 56. 



Declination limits. 
+ 40° to +90° 



26 
U 
12 



24 
15 
24 
31 
35 
20 



>o 



+ .08 
+ .32 
+ .21 
+ .50 

— .02 
+ .08 

— .09 

— .13 

— .11 

— .15 

— .05 

— .10 



Declination linjits. 
— 30° to + 90° 



73 
37 
56 
40 
40 
64 



To 



+ .03 
+ .02 
+ .17 
+ .18 
+ .20 
+ .10 



47 


— .02 


67 


— .12 


68 


— .13 


84 


— .21 


70 


— .20 


48 


.00 



542 



UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. 

Bs6a. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



(13G^ 



Mean (! 


-' 


'0 


Co 




o 




// 


II 




+ 86.7 


38 


+ .21 


+ .-^4 


£ „ 


+ 7G.G 


19 


+ .31 


+ .36 


e. 


+ 71.4 


18 


+ .64 


4- .40 




+ (i6.4 


/ 


+ .32 


+ .39 




+ (U.(i 


32 


+ .53 


+ .30 




+ .'ili. 2 


31 


+ .03 


+ .14 




+ r.i.y 


43 


— . 15 


— .11 




+ 45.6 


19 


— .47 


- .28 




+ :!a6 


32 


— .44 


— .31 




+ 33.0 


27 


- .20 


— .21 




+ 27. 5 


o/ 


— .14 


— .04 




+ 21. .0 


64 


+ .11 


— .03 




+ 14.8 


6.5 


— .32 


— .08 




+ 9.2 


83 


— .01 


— .09 




+ 3.2 


38 


— .27 


— .05 




— 1.6 


53 


+ .10 


— .02 




— 8.5 


45 


— .10 


.00 




— 14.0 


24 


+ .03 


.00 




— 18.8 


14 


+ .13 


.00 




— 22. 4 


19 


+ .21 


.00 




— 2H. 2 


19 


— .25 


.00 





The curve from which Co is taken is derived from the meau of Bs tio and Bs G5, 
sinci^ there is uo reasou for supposing the'two to differ. 

Besiduals in order of right aseension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




-30=10 + 5'^ 


— 30^ to + 40° 


+ 40^ to + 903 


— 30^ to + 90-^ 


Meau a 


.■ ; V 


-' 


>■«' 


77' 


>-o' 


tt' 


'o' 


h. 


„ 




,, 




// 




// 


1 


11 —.05 


47 


— .16 


29 


+ .01 


76 


— .10 


3 


18 — .24 


30 


+ .('7 


8 


+ .20 


38 


+ .10 


u 


18 + .31 


50 


+ .16 


12 


— .03 


62 


+ .11 


' 


11 + .75 


46 


+ .40 


6 


+ .60 


52 


+ .42 


;) 


7 — .10 


33 


— .09 


18 


+ .12 


51 


— .02 


11 


15 + .05 


43 


+ .05 


18 


— .31 


61 


— .05 


13 


28 — .28 


40 


— .17 


14 


— .39 


54 


— .23 


15 


18 —.14 


54 


— .22 


14 


— .32 


68 


— .24 


17 


12 — . 40 


49 


— .28 


25 


+ .09 


74 


— .16 


19 


16 + .13 


53 


— .07 


20 


— .17 


73 


— .10 


21 


20 + .04 


46 


— . 112 


34 


+ .09 


80 


+ .03 


23 


20 + .15 


46 


- . 12 


12 


— .12 


58 


— .12 

1 



There is a tolerably well-marked correction iudicatetl, which i.s substantiated by 
ibe e.xamiuatiou of Bs 05. From the combined values of r/ in the limits —30° to 
+ 90°, we have :— 

- (".17 ± ".^y^) s\u « + (".oor. + ".o;5) cos «. 



[137] 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



543 



This is very nearly what might have beeu predicted from the discussion of Brad- 
ley's declination, the zenith-points at P>russels being derived from a standard catalogiie 
of a much eailier epoch, with proper motions computed from the Fuiidamenta. 

Correcting the values of r for the cur\ e and the above formula, with m = 8, we 
have for Bs GO : — 

E = ± ".59, 

Me 62. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


tt' 


ro 


c„ 




o 
+ 48. G 


3 


ti 
— 1.77 


" 


1 = 2 




+ 45.4 

+ 38.7 


5 


— .99 




4 


+ .98 


— --—■■■ 


*■/ 


+ 32.4 


10 


+ .58 


+ .44 




+ 27.1 


25 


+ .54 


+ .40 




+ 21.0 


28 


+ .36 


+ .38 




+ 14.7 


:i7 


+ .22 


+ .38 




+ 9.2 


39 


+ .35 


+ .56 




+ 4.2 


22 


■4- .75 


+ .74 




— 1.2 


31 


+ 1.13 


+ .88 




— f.rt 


24 


+ .83 


+ .87 




— 14.0 


15 


+ .48 


+ .77 




— 18.6 


11 


+ 1.33 


+ .66 




— 22. r> 


12 


+ .90 


+ .57 




— 28.2 


14 


+ .33 


+ .46 




— 34.8 


2 


+ .52 


+ .21 




— 41.1 


1 


— .08 


+ .06 




— 50. 1 


2 


— .12 


— .04 




— 59.4 


6 


— .:i0 


— .20 




— 75.1 


3 


— . J9 


— .14 





The conrection here determined is applicable in addition to the correction given 
in Introduction to Williamstown, 1861-63 (pp. xxi and xxii). 
With m = 6, we have : — 

E= i: ".90. 

This large probable error, nearly twice that of Me 68, found in precisely the same 
way, may be partly owing to the neglect of correction proceeding according to a. The 
observations themselves are known to be less exact* than those of Me 68, but appar- 
ently not in the ratio indicated above. 

In the comparison of Gh 57 — Me 62t Dr. Gylden finds :— 

+ ".07 cos a + ".14 sin a — ".40 cos 2 a — ".34 sin 2 a. 

Something like this is indicated in the examination below, and probably has a real 
existence. On the whole, I thought it not advisable to investigate the correction, what- 
ever it is, depending on a. 



" Vide V. J. S., vol. v, p. 289. 



t/W<i.,p.291. 



544 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Residuals in order of rigid ascension. 



[138J 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


— 30° to + 5° 


+ 5° to + 40^ 


— 30° to + 40° 


Mean a 


ff' 


To' 


7r' 


ro' 


7r' 


ro 


h. 
1 


7 


— .17 


19 


— .08 


26 


II 
— .10 


3 


U 


— .20 


3 


— .30 


14 


— .24 


5 


IG 


+ .18 


26 


— .64 


42 


— .33 


7 


8 


+ .10 


18 


— .13 


26 


— .06 


9 


4 


+ .10 


14 


+ .15 


18 


+ .14 


11 


10 


-f .Vi 


14 


+ .41 


24 


+ .29 


13 


14 


+ .(i9 


2 


+ .CO 


16 


+ .65 


15 


9 


+ .28 


10 


+ .92 


19 


+ .62 


17 


C 


— .70 


12 


— .19 


18 


— .36 


19 


7 


— .05 


14 


— .25 


21 


— .31 


21 


12 


+ .37 


10 


+ .29 


22 


— .07 


23 


18 


+ .19 


10 


+ .12 


28 


+ .16 



Wn 64. 
The weights (-') are constructed as explained in Section V. 
Eesidnals i/i order of declination. 



Mean <! 


w' 


To 


Co 


o 




II 


n 


+ 87.1 


95 


+ .10 


+ .10 


+ 76. 1 


56 


+ .26 


+ .11 


+ 70.7 


51 


+ .27 


+ .08 


+ 66. 1 


38 


— .03 


+ .06 


+ 62.0 


43 


— .41 


+ .03 


+ .^)6.2 


19 


— .07 


— .01 


+ 00.6 


26 


+ .32 


— .05 


+ 45.7 


22 


+ .11 


— .09 


+ 38.8 


24 


+ .08 


— .14 


+ 33. 


11 


— .04 


— .21 


+ 27. 4 


59 


— .33 


— .29 


+ 21. 4 


67 


— .44 


— .38 


+ 14. 5 


79 


— .31 


— .45 


+ 8. 9 


80 


— .59 


- .46 


+ 4.5 


38 


— .44 


— .44 


— 1.3 


40 


— .11 


— .39 


- 8.8 


37 


— .38 


— .29 


— 13.9 


15 


— .60 


— .21 


— 18.9 


8 


+ .4 


— .12 


— 21.4 


5 


+ .0 


— .07 


— 28. 2 


15 


— .1 


+ .06 



Correcting the outstanding residuals by the formula embracing terms in a (see 
Wn 47) and with m = 6, wo have : — 

E = ^ ".71. 



[139] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 545 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


— 30° to + 5° 


— 30° to +40° 


+ 40° to + 90° 


— 30^ to + 90° 


Mean a 


t' 


»o' 


tt' 


»•/ 


7t' i To' 

i 


^' 


>-o' 


h. 
1 


3 


— .50 


50 


— .19 


62 


— .05 


112 


// 

- .12 


3 


8 


— .25 


22 


— .12 


8 


— .36 


30 


— .18 


5 


11 


+ .04 


36 


— .53 


17 


— .03 


53 


— .37 


7 


2 


- .20 


29 


— .24 


11 


— .50 


40 


— .31 


9 


2 


+ .20 


29 


+ -17 


10 


+ .48 


39 


+ .25 


11 


6 


— .20 


35 


- .16 


29 


— .32 


64 


— .23 


13 


20 


+ .47 


34 


+ .32 


32 


+ .28 


66 


+ .30 


15 


16 


+ .33 


45 


+ .40 


48 


+ .25 


93 


+ .31 


17 


12 


+ .10 


41 


+ .34 


32 


+ .26 


73 


+ .30 


19 


12 


— .37 


54 


— .03 


31 


— .37 


85 


- .19 


21 


20 


+ .21 


41 


— .02 


45 


+ .23 


86 


+ .11 


23 


30 


— .09 


51 


+ .05 


25 


- .06 


76 


+ .01 



The general explanation is given under Wn 47. 

Gh 04. 
Residuals in order of declination. 







• 






Mean S 


tt' 


rr 


Co 




o 
+ 86.7 


47 


+ .11 


.00 


i = 3 


+ 76.5 


41 


— .23 


.00 


+ 70.7 


47 


— .12 


.00 




+ 66. 4 


41 


+ .06 


.00 




+ 61. 4 


54 


+ .07 


.00 




+ 55. 9 


28 


— .14 


.00 




+ 51.0 


53 


+ .20 


.00 




+ 45.6 


53 


— . 12 


.00 




+ 40.2 


68 


+ .12 


.00 




+ 32. 8 


55 


— .03 


+ .07 




+ 27. 2 


87 


+ .16 


+ .12 




+ 21.1 


101 


+ .13 


+ .15 




+ 14.6 


102 


+ .15 


+ .12 




+ 8.9 


122 


+ .05 


+ .05 




+ 4.2 


50 


+ .19 


.00 




— 1.2 


64 


— .22 


— .09 




— 8.6 


65 


— .07 


— .03 




- 14.1 


26 


+ .07 


+ .11 




— 18.8 


17 


+ .61 


+ .24 




— 22.1 


21 


+ .25 


+ .32 




— 28.1 


23 


+ .55 


+ .49 





With in = 5, we have : — 

U = ± ".49. 

± ".48 is adopted for the definitive weights, as explained under Gh 57. 

N B 35 



546 



UNITED STATES NOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Eesiduals in order of right ascension. 



[140J 



Declination limits 




Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




— 30° to + 5° 




— 30° to + 40° 


— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


tt' 


'•o' 


tt' 


)-o' 


!r' 


ro' 


1 


11 


+ 


.57 


76 


+ .14 


114 


II 

+ .05 


3 


16 


+ 


.09 


37 


— .09 


54 


— .01 


5 


25 




.01 


73 


+ .03 


104 


+ .04 


7 


7 


— 


.49 


68 


— .15 


77 


— .13 


9 


7 


— 


.40 


58 


— .14 


76 


— .02 


11 


21 


— 


.14 


60 


— .05 


91 


— .11 


13 


33 


— 


.14 


49 


— .12 


79 


— .05 


15 


2S 


— 


.06 


76 


+ .01 


116 


— .03 


17 


9 




.00 


01 


+ -11 


103 


+ .09 


19 


22 


+ 


.02 


78 


— .02 


121 


— .06 


21 


27 


+ 


.23 


09 


+ .18 


138 


+ .14 


23 


33 


+ 


.05 


60 


+ .13 


85 


+ .04 



For remarks see Bn 66. 



Ps 04. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


tt' 


'o 


Co 




o 




// 


// 




+ 86.6 


20 


— .18 


.22 


e „ 


+ 76.6 


12 


— .40 


— .26 


— =2 


+ 70.7 


11 


— .16 


— .27 




+ 66.2 


8 


— .04 


— .27 




+ 61.1 


21 


— ..30 


— .25 




+ 56.3 


21 


— .17 


— .22 




+ 50.6 


30 


— .17 


— .22 




+ 45.3 


25 


— . 33 


— .20 




+ 39.5 


25 


— .39 


— .30 




4- 32.8 


33 


— .31 


— .28 




+ 27.2 


47 


— .15 


— .16 




+ 21. 


56 


— .03 


- .06 




+ 14.0 


53 


— .06 


— .07 




+ 9.1 


77 


— .21 


— .16 




+ 4.0 


25 


— .29 


— .22 




— 1.8 


51 


— .16 


— .21 




— 8.5 


40 


— .15 


— .13 




— 14.1 


15 


+ . 02 


+ .04 




— 18.9 


10 


+ -41 


+ .29 




— 21.9 


13 


— .08 


+ .43 




— 27.9 


15 


+1.01 


+ .90 





With the correction depeading on a, and with m = 9, we have :- 

I? = ± ".37. 

From Ps 66, we have : — 

U=Az ".41. 

The mean is adopted, since both series are essentially the same. 



[141] REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 547 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination 


limits 




Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


- 


- 30° to 


+ 5° 




— 30° to + 40° 


+ 40° to + 90° 


— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


tt' 


'■q' 


tt' 


'o' 


tt' 


'■o' 


it' 




' I,. 

1 


8 




.25 


42 


// 
+ .04 


25 


+ .14 


67 


+ .08 


3 


12 


+ 


.13 


24 


+ .05 


13 


+ .05 


37 


+ .05 


5 - 


16 


+ 


.38 


45 


+ .19 


9 


— .07 


54 


+ .14 


/ 


4 


+ 


.60 


40 


+ .13 


1 


+ .30 


41 


+ .14 


9 


5 


+ 


.20 


36 


+ .08 


8 


+ .30 


44 


+ .12 


11 


10 


+ 


.92 


37 


— .01 


23 


+ .16 


60 


+ .05 


13 


23 




.10 


32 


— .03 


14 


+ .03 


46 


— .01 


15 


20 


+ 


.03 


42 


— .15 


15 


— .09 


57 


- .14 


17 


10 




.06 


34 


— .15 


15 


— .17 


49 


— .16 


19 


13 


— 


.05 


48 


— .27 


12 


- .24 


60 


— .27 


21 


21 


+ 


.05 


39 


— .19 


17 


— .01 


56 


— .14 


23 


16 




.08 


32 


+ .50 


4 


.00 


36 


+ .04 



The correction is derived under Ps 56. 

Bs65. 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


n 


'■o 


Co 


o 
+ 87.0 


22 


// 
+ .27 


+ .24 


1 = 3 


+ 70.6 


18 


+ .22 


+ .36 


+ 70.5 


9 


+ .47 


+ .40 




+ 67. 3 


1 


+ .!5 


+ .39 




+ 61.8 


16 


+ .37 


+ .31 




+ 55.9 


17 


— .01 


+ .10 




+ 50.2 


30 


— .06 


— .17 




+ 45.2 


21 


— .22 


— .29 




+ 39.0 


26 


— .30 


— .31 




+ 32.5 


20 


+ .12 


— .19 




+ 27.4 


51 


— .05 


— .03 




+ 21.3 


47 


+ .27 


+ .0.i 




+ 14.4 


48 


— .08 


— .08 




+ 8.8 


67 


+ .07 


— .09 




+ 4.2 


27 


+ .14 


— .05 




- 1.6 


47 


— .12 


— .02 




— 8.6 


42 


+ .02 


.00 




— 14.0 


22 


+ .26 


.00 




— 18.8 


15 


+ . 15 


.00 




— 22. 3 


18 


+ .13 


.00 




— 28.2 


8 


— .05 


.00 





From the final residuals, corrected as in the case of Bs CO, we have (with »i = 8) : — 

I have considered this large increase in precision to be real, and have adopted the 
respective values of .27, as determined, in constructing the definitive table of weights 
lor Bs CO and Bs 65. 



548 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [142] 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 
— 30° to +5° 


Declination limits. 
- 30° to + 40° 


Declination limits. 
+ 40° to + 90° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to +90° 


Mean a 


jt' 




^ 


ro 


jj 


ro' 


ff' 


ro' 


h. 

1 

3 

5 

7 

9 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 


11 

13 
13 
5 
7 
12 
26 
20 
10 
13 
21 
16 


+ .35 
+ ■ 55 
+ .12 
+ .50 
.00 
+ .12 

— . 20 
+ .04 

— .06 

— .05 
+ .05 

— .08 


43 
23 
37 
28 
28 
36 
38 
41 
44 
45 
43 
34 


II 

+ .16 
+ .39 
+ .35 
+ .32 
+ -14 
+ .20 

— .06 
.00 

— .04 

— .18 
+ .05 

.00 


20 

7 

7 

3 

10 

18 

10 

13 

15 

19 

8 


II 

— .09 
+ .10 
+ .13 
+ .20 
+ .29 
+ .26 
+ .10 

±:?I 

- .34 


63 
30 
44 
31 
38 
54 
48 
54 
59 
53 
62 
42 


+ .08 
+ .32 
+ .32 
+ .31 

+ .18 
+ .22 

- .03 
+ .01 

— .00 

— .13 
+ .01 

- .06 



For farther explanations see Bs GO. 

Ps66, 
Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


^ 


l-o 


Co 









// 


It 




+ 87.4 


16 


— .32 


- .20 


e „ 


+ 70.7 


7 


— .10 


- .20 


- = 2 


+ 70.9 


5 


— .15 


- .18 




+ 66.0 


5 


- .19 


— .12 




+ 60.9 


19 


+ .01 


— .03 




+ 56.5 


19 


+ .07 


.00 




+ .^.0.4 


20 


+ -14 


- .01 




+ 4.5.2 


27 


— .13 


— .07 




+ 39.4 


26 


— .26 


— .15 




+ 32.9 


34 


— .19 


— .16 




+ 27.4 


47 


— .06 


— .10 




+ 21.2 


51 


- .03 


— .06 




+ 14.7 


52 


— .11 


- .16 




+ 9.1 


78 


- .29 


- .25 




+ ■i-l 


26 


— .32 


— .27 




— 1.8 


48 


— .21 


— .24 




— 8.5 


41 


— .25 


- .19 




— 14.1 


14 


+ .01 


- .09 




— 13.7 


12 


— .14 


+ .02 




— 21.9 


12 


+ .11 


+ .14 




— 27.9 


15 


+ .56 


+ .39 





In the same manner as with Ps C4, we have : — 

E= Az ".41. 
it .39 is adopted, as previously explained. 



[143 REPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 

Hesidiiah in order of right ascension. 



549 



Dedication limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


1 
Declination limits. 


— 30° to +5° 


— 30° to+40o 


+ 40° to + 90° 


— 30° to +90° 


Mean a 


n' 


ro' 


T 


ro' 


'■a- 


ro' 


tt' 


'V 


/(. 




II 




// 




,, 




U 


1 


8 


+ .35 


45 


— .03 


18 


+ .18 


63 


.00 


3 


10 


- .22 


23 


— .21 


13 


+ .18 


35 


— .07 


5 


16 


+ .10 


42 


+ .26 


8 


+ .05 


50 


+ .26 


/ 


3 


+1.40 


36 


+ .2« 





.00 


36 


+ .28 


9 


4 


+ .30 


33 


+ .11 


8 


— .07 


41 


+ .08 


11 


10 


+ .52 


32 


+ .24 


16 


+ .12 


48 


+ .20 


13 


22 


+ .14 


31 


+ .10 


11 


^ .37 


42 


+ .17 


15 


16 


- .15 


40 


— .17 


12 


+ .27 


52 


— .07 


17 


9 


+ .39 


35 


— .20 


9 


+ .02 


44 


— .15 


19 


19 


— .11 


45 


— .21 


10 


— .04 


55 


— .29 


21 


16 


— .08 


46 


— .14 


16 


— .22 


62 


- .16 


23 


20 


+ .04 


36 


+ .03 


7 


— .31 


43 


- .02 



The discussion of correction is given under Ps 66. 



Bn 66. 
Each value of r receives weight one. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mraii (S 


V 


ro 


Co 


o 
+ 85.6 


2 


+ 


.34 


+ .41 


+ 76.3 


4 


+ 


.47 


+ .67 


+ 71.0 


6 


+ 


.82 


+ .71 


+ 66. 1 


3 


+ 


.72 


+ .57 


+ 62. 


5 


+ 


.26 


+ .25 


+ 56.0 


4 





.45 


— .28 


+ 50.6 


10 


— 


.58 


— .54 


+ 45.4 


6 


— 


.63 


— .59 


+ 39.2 


3 


— 


.62 


— .56 


+ 32.8 


5 


— 


.27 


— .45 


+ 27.0 


5 


— 


.58 


— .32 


+ 20.7 


9 


— 


.19 


— .25 


+ 15.0 


4 


— 


.43 


— .20 


+ 9.0 


8 




.00 


— .21 


+ 4.1 


4 


— 


.34 


— .27 


— 1.3 


8 





.36 


— .35 


— 8.2 


4 





.35 


— .40 


— 14.0 


2 


+ 


.05 


— .40 


— 18.7 


3 




.76 


— .40 


— 22. 5 


3 





.48 


— .40 


— 28.8 


1 


[+ 


.51] 


[-.40] 



The correction in order of declination, as well as right ascension, appears to re 
produce in proper proportion and with opposite signs the peculiarities noticed in the 
correction for Bradley's declinatious. 



550 



UNITED STATES NORTBEEN BOUNDAKY COMMISSION. 

Residuals in order of right asecnsion. 



[144] 



Declin.atiou limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


- 


- 30° to + G° 


— 30'= to + 40° 


+ 40° to + 90° 


Mean a 


-' 




tt' 


ro' 


jj 


ro 


h. 




/, 




II 




II 


1 


2 


— .30 


6 


— .20 


5 


+ .14 


3 


*» 


+ .25 


4 


+ .37 


2 


+ .10 


5 


3 


+ .13 


6 


+ .07 


4 


+ .03 




»> 


+ .CO 


5 


+ .48 
+ .03 
+ .57 






9 
11 




3 
6 


4 
4 


+ .1-2 
— .33 


2 


-\- .05 


13 


4 


+ .07 


C 


.00 


2 


+ .25 


15 


2 


— .55 


4 


— .45 


4 


- .30 


17 


1 


— .".0 


4 


- .10 


5 


— .14 


19 


2 


— .(;4 


4 


— .31 


<> 


+ .90 


21 


1 


+ -1^' 


5 


— . 32 


G 


- .30 


23 


4 


— .10 


5 


— .OG 


3 


— .03 



Tbe "Nortlieru stars" were reduced on otber principles (hau tbose adopted for the 
zone — 300 to + 40°. Argelauder lias piveu (iu Volume VI. of the Y. J. 8. dcr Ast. Gcs., 
]). 100) tbe results of a very careful compaiisoii of tbe difference of decliuatiou between 
Gb 04 and Bn 06. He finds (p. 114, ibid) for tbe zone — 30° to + 40°:— 

(1, _ ".423 + 0".3I3 sin a — 0".201 cos a, 

as tbe difference "Gr. — Bonn." From tbe above table, decliuatiou limits — 30° to 
+ 40O, I find :— 

(2) + 0".309 sin a — O'Mal cos a, 

as the correction to Bn CO. This coincidence between the peiiodic terms of (1) and (2) 
tends to prove that the discrepancy between Gb 04 and Bn 00 is almost wholly due to 
error of tbe latter. 

Taking the mean epoch of the catalogues npon which are based the declinations of 
Wolfer's Tahiikv. L'cdiictioniim (also Berlin Jahbtich, on which Argelander's (ISGG) decli- 
nations are founded) to bo 1832, and assuming their mean to be practically free from 
error, proceeding according to right ascension, we shall have as the correction to these 
declinations {Berlin Jahrhuch) for ISCO, and for + 20° declination: — 

^ X (+ ".S4 sin a + ".17 cos «) = + ".37 sin a + ".00 cos a* 
It 

Considering the great uncertainty of the individual positions of Wolfer's catalogue 
for ISCO, this may be regarded as a very fair approximation to (2), which is adopted as 
tbe definitive correction for tbe zone —30° to + 40°. The Northern stars appear to 
require no such correction. 

With m = 8, we have :— 

IJ=± ".31. 



• Argelander finds (V. .1. S., Vol. v., 1'. 110) Gr. 18C4 — ■Wolfer's = + 0".47o siu (a — 2° 58'.) 



[145] 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



551 



Ee G6. 

Owing to the extreme uncertainty of the individual corrections, tbe comparisons 
witb definitive curves are of little interest, and for convenience they are here omitted. 
The residuals were all plotted on a single sheet, so that peculiarities common to all the 
years were easily detected. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean d 


Ee 62. 


Eo 03. 


Ee64. 


Ee65. 


EoOO. 


Eo67. 


Ee68. 


Ee69. 


V 


ro 


y 


'•o 


jr' 


'•o 


^ 


J-o 


^1 


Jo 


^' 


ro 


tt' 


ro 


tt' 


ra 


o 




// 




II 




II 




II 




II 




// 




It 




Jl 


+ 87 


:!4 


— .25 


38 


— .12 


34 


+ .33 


27 


+ .21 


22 


+ .84 


29 


+ .16 


32 


+ .08 


36 


+ .05 


+ '*> 


12 


— .63 


8 


—1.41 


18 


+ .32 


8 


+ .94 


"s 


+1.40 


21 


- .01 


17 


+ .05 


21 


— .04 


+ 70 


.5 


+ .00 


8 


— . 55 


9 


— .42 


4 


+ 1.30 


8 


+1.36 


20 


+ .15 


28 


+ .74 


41 


— .03 


+ 65 
+ 62 






2 
4 


— .15 
—1.60 


4 
17 


+ .30 
—1.09 


5 

18 


+ .53 
+ .12 


2 
4 


+ 1.40 
+ 1.00 


9 

20 


+ .07 
— .10 


8 
21 


— .47 
+ .02 


17 
39 


— .4H 

— .16 


"5' 


— i.'ss 


+ 56 
+ 51 
+ 45 






1 
1 
1 


—3.10 
—1.00 
+ .00 


7 


— .93 


1 

C 
3 


+ 1.C0 
— .32 
+1.03 


3 
5 
9 


+ .90 
+1.90 
+ .14 


14 

17 




— .17 

— .82 
-1.03 


23 

19 

6 


+ .34 
— .16 
+1.26 


49 
36 
22 


— .10 

— .46 

— .44 


"h' 
5 


— i.'eo' 

—1.50 


' 2 


-i.'ib' 


+ ;» 


4 


— 1. 45 


6 


+ .05 


.. 




7 


- .37 


9 


- .63 


14 


— .55 


10 


— .40 


32 


— .22 


+ :« 


17 


—1.77 


)3 


— .37 


'io 


—'.'.55' 


20 


— .53 


24 


— .-43 


12 


— .62 


7 


— .01 


24 


—2.75 


+ 2" 


52 


—1.31 


41 


— .6! 


33 


— .60 


34 


+ .02 


41 


— .05 


33 


— .29 


30 


+ .12 


52 


— .29 


+ 21 


44 


—1.51 


52 


-1.15 


32 


— .48 


27 


+ .14 


41 


— .50 


38 


- .51 


31 


+ .12 


34 


— .37 


+ 15 


58 


—1.78 


56 


—1.32 


24 


— .48 


43 


- .40 


44 


— .88 


38 


— .26 


37 


— .15 


54 


— .65 


+ 9 


56 


—1.80 


03 


-1.16 


33 


— .49 


54 


— .44 


52 


-1. 2(1 


46 


— .98 


29 


+ .07 


54 


— .55 


+ 4 


:?o 


—1.44 


28 


— .37 


24 


+ .43 


26 


- .16 


19 


— .67 


12 


—1.80 


10 


—1.14 


18 


— . 58 


— 1 


31 


— .85 


40 


+ .15 


24 


+ .07 


23 


+ .-^2 


29 


—1.16 


14 


— .67 


15 


— .71 


27 


— .70 


— 8 


34 


— .61 


31 


- .27 


18 


+ .86 


30 


+ .46 


21 


— .5(1 


18 


— .83 


14 


— .64 


19 


— .24 


— 14 


12 


— .38 


18 


— .21 


8 


+ .58 


15 


+ .55 


13 


—1.04 


1 


+ .00 


3 


+ .43 


10 


— .25 


— 19 


10 


+ .01 


10 


— .16 


6 


— .45 


9 


+ .72 


10 


—1.80 





—1.18 


4 


— 1. 02 


7 


— .67 


— 22 


11 


-.63 


16 


+ .14 


7 


+ .46 


8 


— .47 


10 


—1.96 


2 


—1.80 


3 


+ .30 


7 


— .57 


— 28 


10 


+2.85 


7 


+ .83 


4 


+ .18 


7 


+ .06 


4 


—2.67 


5 


—2. 79 


3 


— .66 


10 


+ .15 



For tbe earlier years tbe curve of correction for stars from + 35° to + 90° is 
necessarily largely ideal. 

"With various values of ?«, I deduce .roughly. 

i; = ± i".i. 

From Ee 72, we have : — 

£ = ± ".9. 

The mean ± 1".00 is adopted in forming tbe definitive table of weights. 



552 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [146 1 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Mean a 


Re 62. 


Ee63. 


Ee64. 


Ee65. 


Re 66. 


Re 67. 


Re 68. 


Re 69. 


■e 


»-o' 


n-' 


>o' 


-k' 


»-o' 


■k' 


)o' 


-■ 


lo' 


t' 


'o' 


-k' 


ro' rr' 


'V 


h. 

1 

3 

5 

7 

9 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 


37 
18 
37 
32 
27 
26 
27 
.'•.2 
39 
51 
54 
34 


II 

+ .18 

— .04 
+ .29 
+ .41 
+ .52 
+ .09 
+ .06 

— .11 

— .05 

— .48 
+ .13 

— .04 


37 
21 
31 
36 
26 
34 
30 
45 
45 
43 
52 
39 


It 

— .11 

— .30 

— .18 
+ .30 

— .50 

— .24 
+ .28 
+ .10 
+ .17 
+ .34 

— .07 
+ .32 


38 
11 
12 
22 
19 
28 
17 
31 
15 
33 
50 
37 


II 

— .25 
+ .04 

— .00 

— .39 

— .07 

— .25 

— .25 
+ .15 
+ .77 
+ .31 

— .19 
+ .50 


44 
16 
22 
21 
14 
27 
17 
44 
31 
.37 
53 
41 


II 

+ .53 
+ .24 

— .06 

— .36 
+ .13 

— .03 

— .21 

— .02 

— .98 

— .66 
+ -17 
+ .44 


40 
19 
50 
36 
11 
23 
21 
37 
45 
38 
31 
20 


II 

+ .05 
+ .22 
+ .18 

— .43 

— .02 

— .12 
+ .12 
+ .18 

— .25 
-.58 
+ .19 
+ .31 


33 
21 
26 
30 
16 
38 
30 
44 
46 
35 
32 
25 


// 

— .04 

— .89 

— .19 

— .19 
+ .35 
+ .37 
+ .03 
+ .27 
+ .06 
+ .12 

— .39 

— .08 


40 
8 
26 
22 
11 
37 
21 
46 
43 
30 
38 
22 


// 

— .19 

— .29 
+ .79 
+ .67 

— .05 
+ .39 

— .04 

— .06 
+ .02 

— .28 

— .21 

— .88 


61 
18 
21 
24 
39 
57 
52 
09 
88 
74 
56 
46 


// 

+ .17 
+ .28 
+ .13 

— .28 

— .10 

— .05 
+ .20 
+ .U 

— .06 

— .15 
+ .16 
+ .11 



There appears to be no consistent, well-defined correction depending on A. E. The 
division into zones proved equally unavailing for tbe discovery of such a correction. 

Lc67. 
Each value of r receives weight one. 

Eesiduals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


■K- 


'0 


Co 


o 




// 


II 


+ 80.7 


r. 


+ .38 


+ .38 


+ 76.8 


4 


+ .82 


+ .87 


+ 71.0 


6 


+ 1.20 


+ .99 


+ 66.4 


5 


+ 1.18 


+ .93 


+ 60.8 


13 


+ .89 


+ .74 


+ ,50.5 


8 


+ .36 


+ .52 


+ 50.9 


14 


.00 


+ .23 


+ 4.5.6 


11 


— . 23 


— .01 


+ 40.1 


11 


+ .10 


— .23 


+ 33.3 


8 


- .09 


— .40 


+ 27.5 


9 


— .49 


— .50 


+ 21.2 


10 


— .81 


— .55 


+ 15.5 


U 


- .48 


— . 53 


+ 8.8 


13 


- .33 


— .46 


+ 4.0 


7 


— .35 


— .43 


— 1.7 


11 


— .54 


— .43 


— 8.6 


7 


— .51 


— .43 


— 14.0 


2 


— . .32 


— .40 


— 18.7 


3 


.00 


— .32 


— 22. 5 


3 


— .32 


— .24 


— 28.8 


1 


— .40 


— .08 



With m = 8, we have :— 



E=± 



[147] 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX H. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



553 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Dfclination limits. 


— 30° to + 5° 


— 30° to + 40° 


— 30° to +90° 


Mean a 


tt' 


To' 


-r' 


»-o' 


■k' 


ro' 


ft. 




II 




// 




// 


1 


2 


— .05 


10 


.00 


18 


- .03 


3 


3 


+ .07 


5 


+ .12 


8 


- .04 


5 


4 


+ .25 


10 


+ .14 


17 


+ .16 


7 


2 


.00 


7 


+ .01 


8 


— .01 


9 


1 


.00 


5 


+ .22 


10 


+ .06 


11 


3 


+ .10 


8 


.00 


17 


— .15 


13 


5 


- .23 


7 


— .33 


10 


— .12 


15 


2 


+ .05 


7 


+ .14 


14 


+ .04 


17 


1 


+ .10 


7 


+ .21 


15 


+ .16 


19 


3 


+ .20 


10 


• +.07 


18 


+ .04 


21 


2 


— .30 


8 


+ .09 


16 


+ .02 


23 


4 


— .20 


S 


-.19 


12 


— .14 



Ln 67. 
Each value of r receives equal weight. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


■' 


»'o 


Co 


o 
+ 86.7 


5 


It 
± .00 


II 

.00 


+ 76.8 


3 


+ .04 


— .01 


+ 69.9 


1 


— .22 


— .05 


+ 66. 3 


3 


— .16 


— .09 


+ 60.7 


10 


— .23 


— .16 


H- 56. 4 


7 


— .20 


— .21 


+ 51.1 


13 


— .25 


— .24 


+ 45.6 


10 


— .33 


— .26 


+ 40.0 


11 


— .09 


- .26 


+ 33.6 


5 


— .26 


— .26 


+ 27.2 


8 


— .21 


— .26 


— 20.7 


7 


— .40 


— .26 


+ 14.5 


9 


— .22 


— .24 


+ 8.6 


11 


— .37 


— .22 


-- 3.9 


5 


— .19 


— .16 


— 2.2 


6 


+ .06 


— .09 


— 8.6 


6 


+ .17 


+ .01 


— 14.1 


3 


— .14 


+ .09 



With m = 4, we have : — 



E= ^ ".137. 



The weight (on the adopted scale) from this value of E is 4.8 As the fundamental 
and circumpolar etars are, without doubt, more exactly determined than others at Lei- 
den, to them in definitive discussion, is assigned weight 5.0, and to all others weight 
4.0. 



554 



UNITED STATES NOliTDEEN BOUNDAKY COMMISSION. 
Besiduals in order of right ascension. 



[148] 



Declination limits. 
— 30° to +5° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to + 40° 


Declination limits. 
— 30° to +90'^ 


Mean a 


ff' 


'•o' 


n' 


'o' 


n' 


'o' 


h. 
1 
3 
5 

4 

9 
U 
13 
15 
17 
19 
21 
23 


1 

3 


II 

+ .46 
- .22 

+ .04 


11 
4 

14 

8 

8 

6 

4 

11 

22 

10 

• 10 

12 


— . 05 

— .24 
+ .0,! 
+ .08 
+ .02 

— .00 
+ .03 

— .05 

— .01 
+ .14 
+ .11 
+ .07 


28 
14 
29 
12 
14 
26 
13 
23 
39 
32 
35 
20 


— .01 

— .02 

— .03 
+ .11 

— .03 
+ .01 

— .05 

— .01 

— .05 
+ .07 
+ .03 
+ .06 


2 
2 
2 
3 
2 
4 

4 


+ .17 

+ .07 
+ .08 

— .12 

— .08 
+ .19 
+ .08 
+ .34 



Me G8. 
Hesidiials in order of declination. 



Mean d 


tt' 


'•o 


Co 




o 




11 


// 




+ 49.0 


2 


[+ 1.8] 


+ I. -2 


^- = 2 


+ 45.8 


11 


+ 1.1 


+ 1.0 


+ 38.6 


12 


+ .63 


+ .01 




+ 33.3 


16 


+ .47 


+ .23 




+ 27.4 


36 


+ .06 


+ .01 




+ 21.1 


40 


— . 0(5 


— .14 




+ 14.6 


44 


— .46 


— .15 




+ 8.8 


50 


— .03 


— .15 




+ 4.4 


29 


— .12 


— .15 




— 1.3 


39 


— .09 


— .17 ■ 




— H.G 


30 


— .24 


— .20 




— 14.4 


17 


— .41 


— .25 




— 18.8 


13 


— .06 


— .29 




— 22. 6 


16 


— .45 


— .31 




— 23. 1 


17 


— .33 


— .34 




— 34.8 


o 


— .27 


— .38 


— 42. 1 


3 


— .48 


— .39 




- r.o. 1 


2 


+ .09 


— .34 




— 59. 2 


7 


— .36 


— .23 




— 75.1 


3 


- .05 


— .09 





With m = o. we have : — 

E=^ ".47. 

Dr. Gyklen fouiul, from the results of lSC3-'5: — 



'E 



=Ji03 



G)=+ij0.2G3 + 0.04071 '-' 



LiooJ 



Tbia would give nearly ± ".G as the probable error correspoudiug to E above. 
As it is probable that in later work the accuracy of observation improved, the 
value for E, + ".47, is adhered to. 

•v.J.s.,iia.iv,s. 102. 



[149] 



EEPOET OF THE CDIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 

Besiduals in order of right ascension. 



555 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


+ 5° to - 


-30° 


+ 5° to + 30° 


— 30° to + 40° 


Mean a 


^' 


'•o' 


^f 


V 


tt' 


ro' 


h. 
1 


8 


It 

+ .05 


24 


+ .15 


32 


11 


3 


12 


.10 


8 


+ .15 


20 


.00 


5 


16 


+ .10 


24 


.00 


40 


+ .04 


7 


10 


— .15 


16 


-f .50 


26 


— .03 


9 


4 


- .30 


12 


+ .20 


16 


+ .07 


11 


9 


+ .12 


20 


- .10 


29 


— .03 


13 


22 


— .02 


8 


— .10 


30 


— .04 


15 


20 


+ .25 


20 


- .02 


40 


— .12 


17 


10 


+ .15 


20 


— .14 


30 


— .04 


19 


10 


— .10 


26 


.00 


36 


— .03 


21 


13 


— .19 


27 


+ .06 


30 


— .03 


23 


13 


+ .02 


12 


— .43 


30 


— .16 



For further remarks see Section V., comparison of Me 08 and \Vn C8. 

Wn C8. 
Tbe weights are adopted from the discussion in Section V. 
Besiduals in order of declination. 



Mean i 


77* 


'•o 


Co 




+ 87.0 


405 


+ .04 


It 

+ .01 


+ 7(). 5 


IHl 


— .02 


+ .08 


+ 70.7 


172 


+ .15 


+ .14 


+ 66.7 


124 


+ .10 


+ .18 


+ 62. 1 


79 


+ .34 


+ .24 


+ 55. 3 


06 


+ .23 


+ .32 


+ 50.4 


155 


+ .42 


+ .35 


+ 45.7 


84 


+ .35 


+ .39 


+ 39.1 


247 


+ .36 


+ -1r 


4- 33. 2 


73 


+ .41 


+ .46 


+ 27.6 


406 


+ .43 


+ .43 


+ 21.1 


399 


+ .51 


+ .52 


+ 14.5 


440 


+ .50 


+ .56 


+ 8.9 


526 


+ .69 


+ .57 


+ 4.2 


220 


+ .45 


+ .58 


— 1.3 


336 


+ .76 


+ --rl 


— 8.7 


311 


+ .47 


+ .00 


— 14.1 


125 


+ .57 


+ .62 


— 19.1 


03 


+ .54 


+ .09 


— 22. 5 


109 


+ .64 


-^ -11 


- 27.8 


107 


+ .95 


+ .83 



The values of ro would have been very well represented by the correction derived 

in Section V. from a comparison of Wn OS and Me 08. 

I find:— 

i; = ± ".91. 

The weights were constructed on a unit whose probable error was supposed to be 
i 1".00. The latter value for E is adopted. 



550 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [150] 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 




— 30° to +5° 


— 30° to + 40° 


+ 40° to + 90° 


— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


n- 


To' 


V 


1-a 


tt' 


'V 


■k' 


ro' 


1 


C2 


II 

-.23 


350 


— .05 


177 


.00 


527 


II 

— .03 


3 


94 


— .56 


162 


— .18 


24 


+ ..54 


186 


— .08 


5 


es 


+ .07 


307 


— .02 


35 


— .13 


342 


— .03 


7 


Ci-2 


+ .17 


259 


+ .03 


90 


+ .16 


349 


+ .07 


9 


39 


— .03 


236 


+ .14 


49 


— .30 


285 


+ .00 


11 


94 


+ .18 


327 


+ .07 


97 


— .04 


424 


+ .05 


13 


193 


— .12 


2S3 


— .06 


118 


— .14 


401 


-.09 


1.5 


130 


+ .02 


351 


+ .01 


181 


— .02 


532 


.00 


17 


C8 


+ .19 


251 


+ .05 


136 


.00 


387 


+ .04 


19 


101 


— .16 


296 


— .21 


113 


+ .12 


409 


— .12 


21 


129 


— .12 


238 


— .13 


219 


+ .18 


457 


+ .01 


23 


135 


+ .14 


237 


+ .11 


140 


+ .13 


377 


+ .12 



Gh 70. 
Besiduals in order of declination. 



Mean d 


.> 


'o 


Co 


Form. 




o 




// 


II 


II 




+ 86. 6 


48 


— .15 


— .06 


— .05 


« n 


+ 76.4 


42 


— .51 


— .19 


- .19 


= 3 


+ 70.0 


59 


- .09 


— .24 


— .24 




+ 66.4 


31 


— .04 


— .29 


— .26 




+ 61.1 


89 


— .31 


— .:3 


— .28 




+ 56.6 


36 


- .91 


— .36 


— .28 




+ 51.1 


71 


- .40 


— .39 


— .28 




+ 4.5.6 


61 


— .29 


— .41 


— .28 




+ 39.8 


62 


— .55 


— .42 


— .29 




+ 32. 9 


61 


— .42 


— .40 


— .32 




+ 27.3 


87 


— .32 


— .35 


— .36 




+ 21.1 


96 


— .21 


— .33 


— .43 




+ 14.6 


97 


— .41 


— .41 


— .54 




+ 8.9 


120 


— .55 


— .54 


— .64 




+ 4.3 


51 


— .67 


— .69 


— .75 




- 1.7 


73 


-1.15 


— .87 


— .88 




— 8.7 


52 


-1. 15 


—1. 15 


—1.05 




— 14. 1 


19 


—1.05 


—1.38 


—1.16 




— 18.6 


15 


—1.61 


—1. 60 


—1.25 




— 22. 6 


20 


—1.28 


—1.80 


—1.32 




— 27.8 


19 


-2.11 


—2.1 


—1.4 





The preliminary correction — 1".17 (sin '^z ^- sin V) found from the fundamental 
and circumpolar stars is unusual; column "Form" is therefore computed from it in 
order to show its general agreement with the definitive curve. A slight increase of 
the coefficient would make the agreement better. 

With m = 5, we have : — 

J^ = i ".58. 

This increase over the values of E found for Gh 57 and Gh 64 is most likely due 
to the error in microscope micrometers, lately discovered at Greenwich. 



[151] 



REPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 

Besidnals in order of right ascension. 



557 



Declination limits 




Declination Imits. 


Declination limits. 




— 30to + .^.° 




— 30° to + 40° 


— 30° to +90° 


Mean n 


-' 


»o' 


„l 


To' 


■k' 


To' 


h. 






II 




II 




11 


1 


11 





.02 


74 


+ .01 


146 


— .03 


3 


11 


+ 


.53 


33 


+ .23 


46 


+ .17 


5 


24 


+ 


.11 


70 


— .04 


111 


+ .03 


7 


5 


+ 


.68 


65 


— .09 


74 


- .08 


9 


7 




.20 


55 


+ .02 


82 


— .01 


11 


17 


— 


.14 


60 


+ .01 


121 


— .14 


13 


33 


— 


.18 


49 


— .02 


84 


- .08 


15 


32 




.00 


78 


+ .01 


1-28 


— .13 


17 


15 


— 


.17 


72 


— .05 


133 


+ .05 


19 


23 


+ 


.40 


84 


+ .09 


116 


+ .11 


21 


18 


+ 


.02 


64 


— .03 


129 


.00 


23 


29 




.33 


59 


— .26 


84 


— .14 



Ee72. 

The corrections for this series of annual catalogues are determined in tho came 
manner as those for Ee 66. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean S 


Ee70. 


Re 71. 


Re 72. 


Ee73. 


V 


»'o 


^/ 


'•o 


■k' 




rr' 


,.0 

II 


o 




j^ 




// 






+ 87 


36 


+ .21 


31 


+ .27 


36 


+ .21 


34 


-t .20 


+ 76 


22 


— .06 


19 


+ .26 


20 


+ .30 


21 


+ .63 


+ 70 


32 


+ .31 


32 


+ .38 


33 


+ .46 


30 


+ .52 


+ 65 


15 


+ .22 


16 


+ .97 


19 


+ .79 


15 


+ .85 


+ 62 


45 


-.10 


46 


+ .38 


46 


+ .40 


28 


+ .71 


+ 56 


38 


+ .33 


39 


+ ..'•.3 


40 


+ .92 


39 


+1.09 


+ 51 


35 


+ .09 


28 


+ .45 


33 


+ .42 


27 


+ .39 


+ 45 


30 


+ .25 


21 


— .01 


19 


+ .42 


17 


+ .59 


+ 39 


28 


- .29 


21 


4- .29 


26 


+ .17 


27 


+ .08 


+ 32 


31 


- .66 


20 


— .23 


20 


— .29 


29 


— .04 


+ 27 


53 


- .68 


60 


— .29 


50 


— .22 


53 


— .35 


+ 21 


43 


- .56 


44 


— .11 


48 


— .02 


38 


+ .17 


4- 15 


51 


- .04 


51 


+ .17 


55 


+ .33 


59 


+ .22 


+ 9 


60 


+ .45 


60 


+ .48 


54 


+ .46 


60 


+ .31 


+ 4 


22 


— .11 


22 


+ .25 


24 


+ .23 


19 


- .33 


— 1 


26 


— .15 


30 


+ .14 


28 


+ .37 


31 


+ .07 


— 8 


25 


— .46 


22 


— .04 


22 


+ .13 


18 


— .97 


— 14 


11 


— .90 


9 


+ .04 


10 


+ .15 


10 


— .12 


-19 


5 


—1.04 


6 


- .70 


3 


+ .17 


7 


+ .02 


— 22 


6 


— .15 


7 


+ .30 


9 


— .32 


5 


—1.56 


— 28 


8 


—1.65 


6 


— .38 


6 


— .40 


9 


+ .12 



We have :- 

^ = ± ".9. 

± 1".00 is adopted, as previously explained. 



558 



UNITED STATES ]S"OETHERN BOUNDARY CO]\LMISSION. 



[152] 



licsicltials in order of right ascension. 





E 


b70. 


R 


3 71. 


Ee 72. 


E 


i73. 


Re 62-73. 


Meau a 








































TT 


'o' 


7t' 


To' 




ro' 


t' 


ro 


'V 


h. 
1 


67 


+ :'o3 


64 


-:'93 


SB 


+ :'55 


59 


+ !'46 


// 
4- .10 


3 


2.5 


+ .03 


17 


+ .49 


20 


+ .37 


22 


+ .37 


+ .01 


5 


46 


+ .55 


35 


+ .37 


36 


— .14 


41 


+ .40 


+ .19 


/ 


:i> 


— .28 


43 


— .05 


41 


— .15 


27 


+ .09 


— .07 


9 


29 


— .21 


32 


+ .24 


30 


+ .15 


26 


+ .23 


+ .03 


11 


60 


— .09 


.57 


— .17 


48 


— .21 


59 


+ .04 


— .04 


13 


36 


— .14 


52 


— .02 


45 


+ .06 


35 


— .09 


+ .04 


15 


67 


— .27 


76 


+ .03 


66 


— .24 


69 


— .03 


— .01 


17 


71 


— .20 


55 


+ .05 


65 


— .07 


59 


— .46 


— .12 


19 


69 


+ .33 


56 


— . 23 


70 


— .15 


72 


— .45 


— .12 


21 


75 


+ -14 


59 


— .08 


76 


— .04 


67 


— .02 


.00 


23 


39 


— .09 


44 


+ .06 


42 


+ .60 


36 


— .01 


+ .16 



For Re 73 there is an apparently well marked correetiou depending on a; but as 
it is not supported by the results of otber years, I Lave thought it best to omit the 
discussion. 

Wn 12. 

The residuals are computed from the standard places for each year. In the dis- 
cussion, 1 = 3 is assumed. 

Residuals in order of declinatiot 
DECLINATION SUB POLO. 



Mean S 



63 
75 

87 



AVn 70. 



- .10 

+ -^7 
+ .07 



00 
00 
00 



Wii71-2. 



Wn 73. 



Wn 74.' 



— .03 
+ .00 
+ .24 



00 
00 
CO 



To 



.30 
CO 



Co 



'0 



on 

OO 



— .25 
+ .36 
+ .76 



+ -5 

+ .38 



ABOVE POLE. 



+ 87 


27 


+ 


.12 


00 


36 




.39 


00 


29 


+ 


.20 




00 


33 


— .24 


+ 76 


16 


+ 


.14 


CO 


8 


+ 


.34 


00 


4 


+ 


.20 


+ 


.02 


18 


— .35 


+ TO 


12 




.56 


CO 


9 




.03 


00 


6 




.29 


+ 


.04 


14 


— .19 


+ 65 


22 


— 


.09 


00 


23 


+ 


.15 


00 


10 


+ 


.31 


+ 


.07 


31 


— .48 


+ ;-6 


5 


+ 


.62 


00 


2 


+ 


1.19 


— .04 


4 




.16 


+ 


.13 


10 


— .72 


+ 50 


25 




.45 


— .06 


24 




.04 


— .10 


13 


+ 


.36 


+ 


.18 


24 


— .45 


+ 46 


15 


— 


.45 


— .03 


18 


+ 


.09 


— .15 


16 




.15 


+ 


.23 


20 


— .72 


+ 39 


29 


+ 


.00 


— .11 


32 




.25 


— .23 


32 


+ 


.38 


H- 


.32 


44 


— .76 


+ 33 


9 




.13 


— .13 


13 


— 


.60 


- .28 


13 


+ 


.15 


+ 


.41 


15 


— .58 


+ 27 


54 


— 


.14 


— .15 


69 


— 


.35 


— .31 


51 


+ 


.49 


+ 


.49 


63 


— .91 


+ 21 


56 




.00 


— .16 


71 


— 


.27 


— .34 


56 


+ 


.56 


+ 


.63 


72 


— .a-> 


+ 14 


41 


— 


.36 


— .16 


76 


— 


.53 


— .33 


53 


+ 


.00 


+ 


.56 


73 


— .69 


+ 9 


67 


— 


.27 


— .16 


9 


— 


.26 


— .32 


63 


+ 


.43 


+ 


..57 


95 


— .64 


+ 4 


!.9 


+ 


.19 


— .14 


39 


— 


.06 


— .31 


33 


+ 


.81 


+ 


. 59 


43 


— .87 


— 1 


46 


+ 


.02 


— . 09 


56 


— 


.29 


— .30 


37 


+ 


.51 


+ 


.03 


46 


— .74 


— S.5 


37 


+ 


.03 


— .02 


60 


— 


.49 


— .28 


49 


+ 


.79 


+ 


.75 


50 


— 1.09 


— 14 


16 


+ 


.04 


00 


23 


— 


.09 


— .25 


16 


+ 


.86 


+ 


.84 


20 


— 1.18 


— 19 


6 




.59 


00 


Jt 


— 


.43 


— .23 


8 


+ 1 


.57 


+ 


.92 


12 


— .36 


— 22 


14 


+ 


.41 


00 


13 


— 


.24 


— .22 


12 


+ 1 


.81 


+ 


.93 


16 


— .78 


— 23 


13 




.24 


00 


15 


— 


.09 


— .20 


11 


+ 


52 


+ 1 


.1 


18 


— .32 


— 34 


1 


— 1 


.3 




2 


+ 


.6 














o 


+ 1-1 













.21 

.26 
.33 
.41 

. 55 
.62 
.67 
.74 
.79 
.82 
.84 
.81 
.76 
.76 
.83 
.81) 
.78 
.67 
.60 
.45 



See explanation, p. 1,57. 



[153] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 559 

The probable error is derived by comparing tbe corrected residuals (collected as 
cue lor eacb star) with the standard zJ(3'. 
With m = i, we have: — 

^ = ± ".84. 

Taking e as found in Section V., and e, as found for Wn C8 iu the same section, we 
have: — 

S = ± Vl-'iUf + (.25f = ± ".74. 

The agreement is far from satisfactory. The former result, i ".84, is adopted. 
The combined results of all the years are next arranged in order of right ascen- 



sion. 



Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits 




Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


- 


- 30° to + 5° 




+ 5° to + 40° 


+ 40° to + 90° 


— 30° to + 90° 


Mean a 


TT- 


>•»' 


77' 


'o' 


^ 


»-o' 


tt' 


'V 


ft. 

1 


39 


+ 


11 
.34 


162 


+ .16 


88 


+ .37 


289 


+ .25 


3 


15 


+ 


.08 


40 


— .18 


35 


— .07 


90 


— .10 


5 


64 




.35 


109 


+ .23 


24 


+ .25 


197 


+ .04 


7 


33 


+ 


.15 


119 


+ .05 


42 


- .36 


194 


— .02 


9 


20 




.13 


88 


- .14 


19 


— .03 


127 


— .13 


11 


58 


_- 


.16 


131 


— .09 


36 


— .57 


225 


— .18 


13 


119 


— . 


.05 


53 


+ .23 


60 


+ .1-2 


232 


+ .06 


15 


87 


+ 


.08 


121 


+ .16 


100 


+ .01 


308 


+ .09 


17 


33 




.05 


113 


- .29 


80 


+ .03 


226 


— .14 


19 


64 


+ 


.01 


148 


+ .01 


70 


- .02 


282 


+ .00 


21 


68 




.44 


62 


— .10 


111 


— .14 


241 


— .22 


23 


69 


+ 


.05 


51 


+ .39 


27 


— .17 


147 


+ .13 



As shown under Wn 68, the correction in order of A. R. found for tbe declina- 
tions of the mural circle is peculiar to that instrument or observing room alone. 

The following tables exhibit the results deduced for systematic correction and 
weight of the various catalogues. 



560 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[154 



Table IX. — Corrections to decimations. 
ORDER OF DECLINATION. 



+00 

+85 
+S0 

+"> 
+70 
+05 

+00 
+55 
+.50 

+45 
+•10 
+:i5 

+:iO 
+25 
+'iO 

+15 
+10 
+ 5 

±0 
— 5 
—10 

—15 

—20 
—25 

—30 
—35 
—40 

—50 
— (iO 
—TO 

—8(1 
—'JO 



o 
o 

00 



00 00 






00 



00+. 14 +.0i! 
00 +.29 +.or 



+.38 
+.30 
+.14 



00 — . 02 
. 05 —. 01 
. 20 +. 12 



- .50 
-1.00 
-1.40 

-1.40 
-1.20 
-1.40 

-1.85 
-1.60 
-1.10 



+.10 
00 



-1.50 .... 
-2. 15 
-2. 20 



-1.70 
-1.15 
-1.00 

-1.00 
-1.00 
-1. 00 



+.10 
+.13 
+.1G 

+.18 
+.10 
+.1 

+.09 
+. 0( 
+.00 

+.00 
+.0' 
+.10 

+.13 
+.lo 
+.19 

+.2; 

+.33 

+.43 

+. 
+.G7 

+• 
+.90 



o 



00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 

00 
00 

00 
00 
00 



00 
.05 
.12 



-.20 
-.27 
.25 



—.17 +.40 
— . 21 +. 40 
— . 24 +. 40 



+.40 
+.38 
-h.31 



. 22 +. 24 
.19+. 17 
.15 + 



.13 
.12 
.15 

.21 
.29 



.49 
.60 
.72 



.o: 



.03 
.16 
.20 

— . V 

—.14 

—.10 

-.07 

-.03 

00 



.84 .. 
.96.. 



00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 

00 

.02 

.0 

.13 

.16 

.22 
.25 
■.20 

.32 
.36 
.43 

-.52 
-.60 
-.68 

-.70 
-.70 



C 



o 



+ .10 
+ .12 
+ .15 

+ .15 
+ .13 
+ .08 

00 

— .12 

— .3l! 



— .54 

— .76 , 



.95... 



—1.12. 
—1. 24 . 
—1. 30 . 



[+1.30]. 

+1.30 
+1.30 
+1.30 



+1.30 
+1.30 
+1.30 



-2.00 



— 1. 10 
— .34 

+ .20 



+1.30 + .52 
+1.30 + . 
+1.30 + .43 



—1.31 +1.30 + .14 

—1.31 +.35 +1.2S — .06 
—1.33'+. 35 +1.22 — .14 



-1. 37+. 35 
-1.49 +.35 
-1.68 +.35 

-1.97 +.35 
-2. 50 +. 3; 
-2. 85 +. 3; 



—2.95 



+1.17 

+1. 09 
+ .96 



— .14 

— .04 
+ .16 



+ .84 + 
+ .70 + 
+ -62 + 



+.32 

+.1 
00 



00 
00 

ou 



+ .60 

+ .60 
+ .60 



46 



88 



+ .90 
+ .' 
+ .4 



+ .60 + .10 
+ .50 + .00 
+ . 40 — . 0^ 



PO + 

00, + 

I 



.10 
.00 



00 
00 
00 



.04— .28 
. 14 — . 38 
.27— .40 



.42 



.78 
.83 
.84 

.80 
.70 
.54 

.40 
.35 
.38 

.4 

.60 

.74 



- .98 
-1.00 

-1.00 



.52 
-.60 
-.62 

—.00 
.54 
.38 

.14 

+.1 
+.32 

+.4' 
50 
+.50 



-. 19 +90 
-.22+85 
—.22: +80 

— . 23 +75 
— . 23 +70 
—.22+65 

— .201+00 

— . 18 +55 
— . 16 +50 

— . 15 +45 
— . 16 +40 

— . 17 +35 

— . 2o' +30 
— . 21] +25 
— . 17 +20 

— . 05) +15 

+.04; +10 

OO' +05 



+.41 —.1.5 
+.30 —.24'— 5 
+.14 -.27|— 10 



—.25—15 

— . 15 —20 
00 —25 

+.2 -30 

!— 35 

—40 



-50 
—00 
—70 

—80 
—90 



* This correctiou is subsequently revised with the definitive Ad and Au'. 

t DoUen's reduction. 

t A small nuDus correction deduced. 

II This correction is considered as .ipplicablo to Dt 30, after " corrcctioncs vUimw" (p. 357, Struve's 
Pos. Med.) have been added. 

** Tlie correction for S H 31 is applicable directly to the catalogue results as reduced with Young's 
refractions. 

ttFor the years 1S;?3 and 1834 corrections must bo applied for defective reading of barometer (see 
Caniliridgis Observations, 1835). To get actual corrections to catalogue results for those years, the eflcct 
of this correction must be added to the above. 



[155 1 



KEPOKT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX II. 



561 



Table IX.— Corrections to declinations — Continued. 
ORDER OF DECLINATION. 



+90 

+a'-. 

+80 



+70 
+65 



« 

M 

w 



00 
.10 
.20 

. 2' 

— .h 

— .36 



+60— .1,5 
+,-;-, + . 10 
+50+ .23 



+45 

+40 

+:i5 

+30 
+25 
+20 

+15 

+10 
+ 

± 
— 5 
—10 

-15 
—20 
—25 

—30 
—35 
—40 

—50 
—60 
—70 

—80 
—90 



O 



00 
+ .01 
+ .03 

+ .05 
+ .08 
+ .09 

+ .10 
+ .11 
+ .12 



+ . 30 + .12 
+ .22+ .13 
+ .11+ .14 



+ .08 
+ .09 
+ .15 



+ .15 
+ .17 
+ .19 



+ .25+ .23 

+ .41+ .28 
+ ..56+ .34 

+ .73+ .41 
+ .92+ .49 
+1.13+ .59 



+1.34 
+1..55 

+2.00 



+ .70 
+ .83 
+ .9' 

+1.10 



00 
00 
00 

00 

.18 

.32 
.43 
.54 

.65 

.75 
.83 



.90 
.80 

.60 
.46 
..50 

.62 
.70 

.70 

.68 
.55 
.4 



00 
+ .10 
.20 

+ .20 
+ .20 
+ .20 

+ .16 

00 

— .35 

7r 

— .81 
63 

— .42 

25 



.4 
— .74 
-1.04 

-1. 20 
-1.24 
-1.11 

- .87 

- .48 



+.30 
+.29 

+.27 

+. 26 
+.24 

+.23 
+.21 
-(-.20 

+.1- 
+. 16 
+.13 

+.10 
+.06 
00 






00 
00 
00 

00 

00 

.02 

.05 

.08 
.08 

.00 

.03 

00 



+.05 
+.12 
+.19 

+.2 
+.34 
+.36 

+.34 
+. 25 
+.13 

+.02 

.08 

—.15 

—.21 



00 
00 
00 

.02 

+.04 
+.06 

+.08 
+.06 
+.00 

—.04 
—.02 

+.or 

+.12 
+.15 
+.14 

+.10 
+. 05 
+. 05 

+.08 
+.12 
+.15 

+.18 
+.22 
+.26 

+.30 



<3 



00 
00 
00 

00 
+ .06 
+ .12 

+ .18 
+ .23 
+ .':6 

+ .30 
+ .33 
+ .35 

+ .3 
+ .38 
+ .39 

+ .41 
+ .44 
+ .46 

+ .49 
+ .53 
+ .59 

+ .68 

+ .84 

[+1.1J 



K 



00 
+.25 
+.50 

+.66 
+.60 
+.42 

+.28 
+.10 
—.07 

—.20 
—.34 

—.48 

—.56 
—.60 
—.59 

—.45 
—.20 
+.04 

+.26 
+.44 
+.51 

+.4' 

+.33 

+.16 

00 



a 



+.10 
+.14 
+.15 

-f-.14 
+.10 
+.06 

—.02 
— .Oi 
—.05 

—.05 
—.05 
—.05 

—.08 
—.14 
—.21 

—.29 
—.34 
—.35 

—.34 
—.31 
—.27 

—.23 

—.18 
—.11 

-.03 



00 
00 
00 

00 

00 

.10 

.26 
.42 
.57 

.69 

.81 

.87 

.84 
.65 
.33 

.10 
.Oi 
.05 

.0' 
.11 
.13 

.12 

.08 
.04 

00 



in 

O 



—.12 
—.13 
—.13 

—.14 
—.15 
—.16 

—.18 
—.20 
—.21 

—.20 
—.16 

—.08 

+.0i 
+.10 
+■1 

+ .1H 

+.10 

+.11 

+.04 
00 
00 

+.0; 
+ .13 
+.20 

+.24 



+ .40 
+ .53 

+ .68 
+ .80 
+ .90 

+ .99 
+1.04 
+1.08 

+1.11 
+1.13 
+1.12 

+1.09 
+1.06 
+1. 02 

+ .99 
+ .95 
+ .92 

+ .8; 
+ .63 

+ .38 

+ .19 
± 00 



00 
+.08 
+.14 

+.21 
+.26 

+.28 

+.29 

+.27 
+.22 

+.18 
+.12 
+.07 

+.01 
-.06 
— . 12 

—.18 
—.26 
— . 33 

—.3 

—.36 
—.30 

—.19 
—.02 
+.2- 

+.7 



+90 
+85 
+80 

+75 
+70 
+65 

+60 

+55 
+50 

+45 
+40 
+35 

+30 

+25 
+20 

+15 
+10 
+ 5 

+ 
— 5 
—10 

—15 

—20 
—25 



-30 
-35 
-40 

-50 
-00 
-70 



-90 



*To the declinations of years 1836 and 1837 — ".09 was added before derivinf; the above. 

t Applicable to declinations as reduced in this paper {pp. 27 to 32). 

tTo declinations of Wn 1845, — ".25 was first added for error of assumed latitude, before deriviiif; 
the above table. 

II The correction — ".43 was first applied to all declinations on the authority of latitude discussion 
made in this paper (p. 26). The true correction to catalogne-places is therefore — "43+ values taken 
from the above table for Ce 48. 

N B 36 



502 



UNITED STATES NORTH EKN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



1 150 1 



Table IX. — Corrections to declinations — Continued 
ORDER OF DECLINATION. 



6 


o 

03 


to 
a 


CD 

in 




CO 




/a 



X 


00 





S 




* 


to 
a 


to 

Si 




<5 


o 

+90 

+H5 
-i-80 


" 


II 

—. 15 
—.05 
+.05 


II 

—.35 

—.30 
-.25 


// 

+.22 
+.26 
+.30 


— .20 

— .23 

— .26 


00 
+.02 
+.05 


" 


+. 30 
+.44 
+. 56 


— . 20 

-.19 
— . 1(. 


II 

+.20 
+.26 
+.32 


" 


II 

+.08 
+.11 
+.12 


00 
00 
00 



+90 
+85 
+80 


+75 

+70 

+6r. 





+.12 
+.17 

+.18 


—.20 
—.15 
—.12 


+.31 
+.31 
+.30 


— .31 

— .36 

— .44 


+.09 
+. 15 
+.21 




+. 6(i 
+.73 
+.70 


—.10 
—.04 
+.01 


+.38 
+.40 
+.39 




+.11 

+.08 
+ .05 


00 
00 
00 


+75 
+70 
+65 


+C0 
+55 
+50 




+.16 
+.13 
+.10 


—.10 
—.09 
—.11 


+.22 
+.07 
—.13 


— . 55 

— . 77 
—1. 12 


+.23 
+.21 
+ .15 


r-2."4i 


+.00 
+.46 
+.20 


+.04 
+.07 
+.10 


+.26 
+.06 
—.17 




+.02 
—.02 
—.05 


00 
00 
00 


+60 

+.55 
+50 


+45 
+40 
+35 


+ .■56 

+.50 


+. 05 

00 

—.04 


—.15 
—.20 
—.24 


—.36 

— . .52 
—.52 


—1.40 
—1.45 
—1.41 


+.11 
+.11 

+.15 


[-1.5] 

— .80 

— .30 


—.12 
—.42 
—.65 


+.10 
+.08 
+.04 


—.29 
-.32 

—.27 


'+.'56 

+.46 


—.09 
-.13 

-.18 


00 

00 

+.05 


+45 
+40 
+35 


+30 
+25 
+20 


+.49 

+.48 
+.44 


—.09 
—.13 

-.18 


—.28 
—.33 
—.35 


—.46 
—.37 
—.47 


—1. 29 
-1.12 

— .87 


+.24 
+. 33 
+.37 


— .06 

— .05 

— .10 


—.80 
—.74 
— . 50 


00 
— . 06 
—.12 


—.11 

+.04 
+.03 


+.42 
+.39 

+.38 


—.25 
—.3:1 
—.40 


+.10 
+.13 
+. 15 


+30 
4 25 
+20 


+15 
+1(1 
+05 


+.31 
+.20 
+.15 


—.23 
— . 2() 
—.27 


—.36 
—.36 
—.35 


— . 62 

—.70 

—.75 


— .67 

— .58 

— .57 


+.38 
+.35 
+.28 


— . 15 

— .18 

— .20 


— . 35 
—.09 
+.20 


—.15 
—.19 

— . 20 


—.08 
—.10 
-.06 


+.38 
+.52 
+.71 


— . 45 
—.46 
—.44 


+.12 

+.07 
— . (12 


+15 
+10 

+05 



— 5 
—10 


+.2' 
+.40 
+.39 


—.20 
— . 23 

—.17 


—.34 

—.30 
—.20 


—.68 
—.45 
— . 23 


— .55 

— .53 

— .49 


+.20 
+. 15 
+.21 


— .23 

— .26 

— .2(1 


+.51 
+.70 
+.79 


—.18 
—.13 
—.04 


—.03 
00 
00 


+.87 
+.90 
+.86 


—.40 

— . 35 
— . 28 


—.09 
—.10 
—.00 



— 5 
—10 


—15 
—20 
—25 


+.12 
— . 07 
—.14 


—.10 
—.02 
+.06 


—.05 
+.14 
+.35 


— . 20 
—.23 
—.27 


— .46 

— .42 

— .39 


+.26 
+.1:6 
+.25 


— .20 

— . 15 

— . 10 


+.79 
+ .08 
+ .40 


+.10 
+. 2^ 
+..50 


00 
00 
00 


+.75 
+ .63 
+..50 


— . IS' 

—.1(1 

00 


+ .14 

+.27 
+.40 


—15 
—20 
—25 


—30 

—35 
—40 


—.02 
-J-.13 


+. 16 


+.00 


— . 30 


[-.35] 


[+.20] 


— . 05 

00 

+ .05 

+ . 15 


[+.10] 


+.70 


00 


+.44 
+.21 

+.08 

—.14 

— . 20 
— . 20 


+.10 


[+.55] 


—30 
-35 
—40 


+.27 

+.27 

+.11 

00 






















—50 
— OU 
—70 






















—50 
—60 
—70 












+ .27 
+ .26 
































—60 
—90 


00 
00 












+ . 13 








—.08 
00 






—80 
—90 












00 

































"The correction for error of .assumed latitude, flexure, division, Ac, given in tlie introduction to 
the WiUiiimstown catalogue, must .also bo applied. The true correction is, therefore : Correeton taken 
from introduction Me 02 + correction of above t.ablo. 

t To the catalogue deelinations from direct ob.servations above pole for 1861 and 1862 was first 
added the correction — ".(58 (+".68, below pole); and to the declinations of years 18()3-1865 +".47, 
aceerding as the declination results from observations above or below the pole. The actual correction is, 
therefore: Th( se qu.Tntities + corrections from above table. 



[157J 



REPOKT OV THE CHIEF ASTKONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 



563 



Table IX. — Corrections to declinations— CoutinueA. 
ORDER OF DECLINATION. 



(5 


CO 






g 

n 


.3 






* 

a 


O 


d 

a 


Wn 71-2. 
Wn73. 


n 





o 




; 


,1 


n 


II 


II 


II 


It 




, 


,, 


It 


II 


II 


II 


+90 
+85 
+80 




20 
23 
25 


+.20 
+.26 
+.32 


—.20 

—.20 
—.20 


+.40 
+.41 

+.,^.5 


4- .22 
+ .47 

+ .72 


00 
00 
00 




+ 
+ 


00 
02 
05 


00 

— .09 

— .15 


.oo] 

.00 
.00 


00 
00 
00 


00 
00 
00 


+.07 
-.04 
—.14 


+90 

+85. 
+80 


+75 
+70 
+65 


— 


26 
27 
27 


+.38 
+.40 
+.39 


—.20 +.71 
—.17 +.71 
—.11 +..'-)4 


+ .94 
+1.00 
+ .90 


—.01 
—.05 
—.10 




+ 
+ 

+ 


10 
15 

20 


— .20 

— .25 

— .30 


.00 
.00 
.00 


00 
00 
00 


+ .02 

+ .04 
+ .07 


—.24 
—.33 
—.41 


+75 
+70 
i-65 


+60 
+55 

+50 


— 


25 
21 
22 


+.26 
+.06 
—.17 


-.01 

00 

—.01 


+.05 
—.36 
—.56 


+ .70 
+ .44 
+ .18 


—.17 
—.22 
—.25 


i+i.'25] 


+ 
+ 
+ 


26 
32 
30 


— .34 
-.37 

- .40 


.00 

— .03 

— .06 


00 
—.05 
—.10 


+ .10 
+ .14 

+ .18 


—.49 
— . 56 
—.62 


+60 
+55 
+.50 


+45 
+40 
+35 


— 


26 
.30 
.30 


—.29 
-.32 
—.27 


—.07 
-.15 

—.18 


—.60 
-.57 
—.50 


— .04 

— . 23 

— .37 


—.26 
-.2u 
—.26 


[+1.00] 

[+ -67] 

+ .48 


+ 
+ 

+ 


39 

42 

.45 


— .41 

— .42 

— .42 


- .09 

- .11 

- .13 


—.16 
—.22 
—.26 


+ .24 
+ .30 

+ .38 


—.68 
—.73 

—.77 


+45 
+40 
+35 


+30 

+2f) 
+20 


— 


.22 

.10 

05 


— .11 
+.04 
+.03 


—.14 

—.06 
—.06 


—.38 
—.28 
—.24 


— .47 

— .54 

— .55 


—.26 
—.26 
—.26 


+ .11 

— .08 

— .15 


+ 
+ 
+ 


.47 
.50 
.53 


— .37 

— .33 

— .33 


— .14 

— . 15 

— .16 


-.30 
—.33 
—.34 


+ .46 
+ .51 
+ .54 


—.81 
—.83 

—.84 


+30 
+25 
+20 


+15 
+10 
+05 




.06 
.15 
.22 


—.08 
—.10 
—.06 


—.15 

—.24 
—.27 


—.20 
—.20 
—.25 


-.52 

— .47 

— .43 


—.25 
—.23 
—.19 


— . 15 

— .15 

— .15 


+ 
+ 
+ 


.55 
.57 
.58 


— .40 

— ..52 

— .65 


— .16 

— .16 

— .15 


—.33 
—.32 
—.31 


+ ..56 
+ .£7 

+ .58 


—.82 
—.76 
—.75 


+15 
+10 
+05 



— 5 
—10 


— 


.23 
.19 
.10 


—.03 
00 
00 


—.28 
—.24 
—.17 


—.33 
—.40 
—.40 


— .43 

— .43 

— .43 


—.12 
—.05 
+.03 


— .16 

— .18 

— .21 


+ 
+ 
+ 


.59 
.59 
.60 


— .80 
—1.00 
—1.20 


— .10 

— .05 
.00 


—.30 
-.29 
—.27 


+ .61 

+ .69 
+ .77 


—.82 
—.85 
—.86 



— 5 
—10 


—15 
—20 

— 2.-) 


+ 
+ 

+ 


.07 
.35 

.60 


00 
00 

00 


—.07 
+.07 
+.25 


—.40 
—.40 
—.40 


— . 39 

— .30 

— .18 


+.11 


- .26 

- .30 

- .32 


+ 
+ 
+ 


.63 
.70 
.80 


—1.43 
— 1.G6 
—1. 93 


00 
00 
00 


— . 25 
—.23 
—.21 


+ .86 
+ .94 
+L03 


—.76 
—.65 
—.53 


—15 

—20 
—25 


—30 
—35 
—40 

—50 
—60 

—70 

—80 
—90 


+1 

+1 


.00 
.35 


00 


+.48 
+.75 


[-.40] 


— .05 




— .36 

— ..38 

— .40 

— .34 

— .22 

— .12 

— .05 

00 


+ 
+1 


.93 
.09 


[—2.20] 


00 
00 


—.19 
—.17 


+L11 


-.40 
—.29 


—30 
—35 
—40 

—50 
-60 
—70 

—80 
—90 







































































































































•Applicable to declinations derived iu this paper (Section V.). 

t Applicable to declinations of annual catalogues after correction, .as explained in Section V. 

X As explained elsewhere the correction, + ".82, to the declinations of 1874, south of Wu. zenith 
was neglected by accident for stars south of — 12° declination, and the error discovered too late to be 
corrected in the succeeding results. As actually used in niaUing up the definitive C'„ of the linal dis- 



564 



UNITED STATES NOllTOERN BOUNDAKY COMMISSION. 



[1.08] 



Table IX. — Corrections to declinations — Continued. 
RADCLIFFE ANNUAL CATALOGUES. 



<5 


62." 


63. 


64. 


65. 


66. 


67. 


08. 


69. 


70. 


71. 


72. 


7.3. 


i 


o 
+U0 
+^5 
+80 


00 

— .26 

— .48 


00 
-.17 
— .34 


+.40 
+.26 
+.13 


+ ..10 
+ .27 

+ .38 


Jl 

+ .74 
+1.00 
+1.26 


00 
00 
00 


II 

+ .10 
+ .15 
+ .18 


00 
00 
00 


+ .10 
+ .13 
+ .17 


II 

+.23 
+.27 
+.31 


+.17 
+. 24 
+.32 


.00 
+.21 
+.39 


o 
+90 
+85 
+80 


+75 
+70 
+65 


— .66 

— .H6 
— L03 


— .50 

— .63 

— .73 


00 
—.13 

—.26 


+ .41 
+ .40 
+ .31 


+1.43 
+1.50 
+1.41 


00 
00 
00 


+ .19 
+ .20 

+ .18 


—.03 
—.06 
—.12 


+ .19 
+ .20 
+ .19 


+.36 

+.40 
+.42 


+ .40, +.52 
+.48j +.67 
+.50 +.80 


+75 
+70 
+65 


+60 
+55 
+50 


—1.21 
—1.36 
—1.49 


— .81 

— .87 

— .90 


—.40 
—.55 
—.70 


+ .20 
+ .08 
— .03 


+1.21 
+ .90 
+ .60 


00 

— .10 

— .22 


+ .13 

+ .08 
00 


—.23 
—.30 
—.34 


+ .17 
+ .12 
+ .11 


+.44 
+.41 
+.35 


+.51 
+.49 
+.42 


+.86 
+.82 
+.70 


+60 
+55 
+50 


+45 
+40 
+35 


—1. 56 
—1. 60 
—1.60 


— .90 

— .90 

— .85 


—.75 
-.80 
—.74 


— .10 

— .14 

— .18 


+ .47 

+ .20 
— .02 


— .37 

— .46 

— .48 


— .06 

— .10 

— .09 


—.32 
—.27 

—.28 


— .01 

— .22 

— .50 


+.23 
+.1C 
—.10 


+.33 

+.15 
—.07 


+.47 
+.21 
—.02 


+45 
+40 
+35 


+30 
+25 
+20 


—1.52 
—1.51 
—1.60 


- .85 
—1.00 
—1.20 


—.62 

—.55 
—.50 


— .18 

— .18 

— .21 


— .14 

— .30 

— .51 


- .47 

- .49 

- .58 


+ .03 
+ .ly 

+ .07 


—.28 
—.33 

—.48 


— .63 

— .65 

— .40 


—.27 
—.25 
—.10 


—.21 
—.17 

+.08 


—.13 

—.06 
+.10 


+30 
+25 
+20 


+15 
+ 10 
+ 5 


—1.68 
-1.67 
—1. .54 


—1.23 
—1.20 

— .87 


—.50 
—.42 
—.20 


— .33 

— .42 

— .26 


— .88 
—1. 06 
—1.11 


— . 73 

— .88 
—1.00 


— .06 

— .10 

— .10 


—.62 
—.66 
—.56 


00 
+ .26 
+ .20 


+.20 
+.40 
+.36 


+.32 
+.44 
+.40 


+.21 
H-.23 
+.11 


+15 
+10 
+ 5 





—1.14 


— .38 


+.25 


+ .13 


- .93 


- .88 


— . 10 


—.47 


00 


+.18 


+.30 


-.09 





— 5 
—10 
—15 


— .78 

— .59 

— .43 


+ .10 
+ .02 
+ .09 


+.48 
+..56 
+.56 


+ .40 
+ .53 
+ .62 


- .91 
—1. 00 

—1.30 


— .74 

— .79 

— .69 


— .20 

— .35 

— .51 


-.40 
—.40 
—.40 


— .25 

— .50 

— .65 


+.02 
-.11 
—.24 


+.18 
+.07 
-.02 


—.26 
—.34 
—.35 


— 5 
—10 
—15 


—20 
—25 
—30 


— .30 

— .20 

— .10 


+ .13 
+ .16 

+ .18 


+.58 
+.65 
+.72 


+ .80 
+ .90 
+1.00 


—1.57 

—1.83 
—2.10 


—1.05 
—1. 22 
—1.40 


— .67 

— .83 
—1. 00 


—.40 
—.35 

-. 30 


— .80 

- .90 
—1.00 


—.34 
—.42 
—.50 


—.11 

—.20 
-.23 


—.30 
-.25 
—.20 


—20 
—25 
—30 



cussion of (locliQations, Wu 74 was used as above from + 90" to + 15°. 
were virtually comi>uted according to tbis table: 



From that point the corrections 



(! 


Corr. 


6 


Corr. 




// 





II 


+ 10 


— .78 


— 15 


— .99 


+ 5 


— .72 


— 20 


— .77 


00 


- .65 


— 25 


— ..55 


— 05 


— .55 


■ — 30 


— .34 


— 10 


— .38 


— 35 


— .13 



That is, as aotnally used, a declination of Wn 74 (+ 10° to — 35"^), as given in the catalogue, was 
corrected by + ".82 -f- the values given in this tiible. 

*As explained under Ee 66, the correotioiia ftom + 35° to + 90°, for the annual catalogues I!e 62- 
Ke 66 are deserving of little confidence. 



159 J 



EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 



565 



Table X. — Corrections to declinations. 
ORDER OF RIGHT ASCENSION. 



n 


o 
o 

00 


o 
1— 1 


02 


CO 

tc 


* 
O 

(3 


to 


00 

.a 


CO 


in 
o 
w 




B 

SB 

m 

n 


* * 1 

cc 1 a 

t \ 

n i 


h 


II 


// 


II 


II 


// 


II 


II 


// 


11 


II 


„ 


// 


}i. 



1 
2 

a 


—.16 
—.04 

+.11 

+.25 


+.40 
+.25 
+.08 
—.09 


+.47 
+.53 
+.55 
+.53 


+.32 
+.38 
+.40 
+.40 


— . 15 
—.11 
—.06 
—.00 


+.13 
+.08 
+.03 
—.02 


—.19 
-.19 
—.19 
—.17 


—.12 
—.17 
—.21 
—.23 


—.18 
—.12 
—.04 
+.04 


—.05 

00 

+.05 

+.10 


+.01 
+.05 
+.09 
+.12 


—.15 

—.07 
+.02 
+.11 


12 
13 
14 
15 


4 
5 
6 


+.37 
+.46 
+.53 


—.26 
—.41 
—.53 


+.47 
+.39 
+.27 


+.37 
+.32 
+.24 


+.06 
+.11 
+.15 


—.07 
—.12 
—.16 


-.14 

—.09 
—.05 


—.24 
—.24 
—.21 


+.12 
+.19 
+.24 


+.14 
+.17 
+.20 


+.15 
+. 16 
+.17 


+.19 
+.26 
+.31 


16 
17 

18 


7 
8 
9 


+.56 
+..'55 
+.50 


—.62 
— .66 
—.66 


+.14 

00 

—.14 


+.15 
+.05 
—.06 


+.18 
+.20 
+.21 


—.19 

—.20 
—.20 


00 
+.05 
+.10 


—.18 
—.13 

—.07 


+.28 
+.30 
+.30 


+.20 
+.19 
+.17 


+.16 
+.14 
+.12 


+.34 
+.34 

+.33 


19 
20 
21 


10 
11 
12 


+.42 
+.31 
+.18 


—.62 
—.53 
—.40 


—.27 
—.39 
—.47 


—.16 
—.25 
—.32 


+.20 
+.1S 
+.15 


—.19 
—.16 
—.13 


+.14 
+.17 
+.19 


—.00 
+.00 
+.12 


+.28 
+.24 
+.18 


+.14 
+.10 
+.05 


+.08 
+.04 
—.01 


+.29 
+.23 
+.15 


22 
23 
24 



Note. — When a is taken from right-hand (12/i to 24/i) the signs of the tahle are reversed. 
• The corrections for Ce 40 and Bn 66 are apiilicablo only within the declination limits — 30° to + 40°. 

lu computing from tbe values of E, giveu iu the preceding pages, tbe definitive 
weiglits to be used in tbe final discussion, ± ".30 was taken as the probable error of tho 
unit, and 5 (corresponding to a probable error of ± ".134) as the maximum weight. 
Weight .05 is used in a few cases. As the probable errors are somewhat uncertain, 
especially in their respective relation to number of observations, only the denomina- 
tions of weight presented in the table were actually used. 

For convenience, a few weights deduced in Section IX. are also collated here. 

With the "Catalogue" as an argument, the corresponding horizontal line is fol- 
lowed until the number of observations is reached, or, at least, the limits which include 
it. At the top of the column is found the corresponding weight. 

The second argument is, however, often a probable error (as Kg 21, Dt 24, etc.), or 
weight resulting from the system of compilation (as with Ce 40, Eh 43, etc.). 



566 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[IfiOJ 



Table XI. — Weights used in discussion 



Cataloj^uo. 


Weights. 1 


.05 1 .1 1 .2 .3 


•4 1 .5 .6 .7 .8 


Knmber of observations, preliuj 


Gh 1752 

GI1I755 


2 to 8 . . . 


9 or more . 

2or3 

All 
















4to20 .... 


21 or more. 












Po 1800 














BU 1810... . 

KSSI 

Gh 22 


Probable 


1 or2 

errors 


3 to 5 


Ct0l8 .... 


19 or more. 










.44 to .41 . . 


.40 to .37.. 


.36 or 35... 


.34 or .33 . . 










1)12-1 ana 30 
Va 2'J 


Same as 


Kg 21 or 


Ao 29, acco 


rding as pro 


bable error 
All 


or number 


of obseivati 


ons is the 


argument . . 


AoSO 










1 










Gh 30 


















AU 


C G. H.31... 

S. 11.31 

(;. G. II. 33. . . 


i... ".'.'.. 


land 2..., 
2or3 


3 toU 

Ito » . . - 


10 or more. 
10 to 21 ... 










22 to85 ... 


85 or more. 














(_'o31 






1 


2 




3 . 




Sand 6 


7 


Mb34 




1 and 2.... 

2 or 3 


3 


4t«6 


7(011 .... 


12 to 18... 


19 to 35 . . . 


Ms 35 




4 or more 






Eh 37 




I 









3 




Kg 38 














All 






Gh 39 

(;e40 

Kr43 


Weights' . 




1 







3 

2 


4 


5 


Q 




1 
























Eh 43 




Weights . . 


1 









3 




4 


Gh45 




1 




2 




3 


4 


Pa 45 

Ke 45 


Sec table 


below 


















1 


2 or 3 

5 to 14 ... 

2 


4 and 5 

15 or more. 


6 to 10 ... 


11 to 23... 






Ah 41 and 52. 

Wu 47 

Co 48 

Wn48(P.V.) 
Ms 50 




1 


2 to 4 

1 






Weights. 




3 






5 


Same as 


Ce40 
















1 









3 


4 






3 to5 . .. 










GhSl 

So 51 


Same as 


Gh39 
















1 





^ to5 

I 


6 toll .... 


12 to 37 . . . 



38 or more 






P353 








3 




So 55 




1 


2 and 3.... 


4to7 

3 


8tol9.... 
4 


20 or more. 
Sand 6 








Wr 50 




1 


.. 


8 and 9 




10 to 12 . . . 


Pa 50 










1 




Bs56 

Ce5b' 

Gh 57 


Same as 


1 

Ce40 


2 


3 and 4.... 


5to7 


8 and 9.... 


10 to 16 ... 


17 to 27 . . . 


28to5ii... 








1 










C.G.H.58... 

Re 58 

Eh 58 


Same as 


ii'eih'.'.'.'.'.'. 






1 




2 




3 














1 


2 


3 


4or5 


6to8 


9tol5.... 


16 or more . 


PsCO 












BaCO 








1 







3 




4 


lie 62 




1 


2 and 3. . . . 


4 to6 


7tol7.... 


18 or more. 








PaC2(P.V.). 












Eh 03 

Wua4 

Gh64 

P8 64 


Same as 
Weights 
Same as 


Eh 58 


















1 




8 


3 








Gh57 


























1 






Bs65 












1 








PsCO 

BnOO 


Same as 


P8C4 
































L0O7 




















Lu 07 




















Eh 67 




2 too 


6 or more . 














Me 68 






1 











Wn 68 

Ro CO and 72. 
Gh70 


Weights . 


1 

1 


2 

Sor3 


3 

4or5 

1 


4 and 5 

6to9 


6 

10 to 14 ... 



7 

15 to 23 . . . 


8 

24 to 44 ... 
3 


9 

45 to 152 .. 






Wn70 

Wn72 


Weights . 


1 or 2 3 to 5 

1 


or more . 















3 


4 


5 























[161] 



EEPOllT OF TEE CHIEF ASTEONOMEE, APPENDIX H. 



567 



of definitive declinations. 









Weights. 








1 


1.0 


1.5 


2.0 


2.5 


3 


3.5 


4.0 


5,0 


Catalogue. 


iiiary weight, 


or probable error. 




























Gh 1752. 

Gb 1755. 

Po 1800. 

Bh 1810. 

Kg 21. 

Gh 22. 

Dt 24 and 30. 

Va29. 

Ao 29. 

Gb30. 

c,G.n.3i. 

S.H.31, 
C. G, H. 33. 
Ce34, 
Mb 34. 
Ms 35. 

Eh 37. 
Kg 38. 
Gh 39. 
Ce40. 
Kg 43. 
Eh 43. 
Gh 45, 
Pa 45. 
Ro 45. 

Ah41.Tnd52. 
Wn47. 
Ce48. 

Wn4S(P.V.) 
Ms 50. 

Gh .51. 
So 51. 
PS53. 
So 55. 
AVn ."^6. 
P8 56. 
B8 56. 
Cp66. 
Gh57. 
C. G. H. 58. 
Re 58. 
Eh 58. 

Ps60. 
Bs60. 
Me 62. 
Pa63(P.V.) 
Eb 63. 
Wn 64. 
GhOI. 
P8C4. 
lis 65. 

Pseo. 

Bn 60. 
Lc 67. 
Ln07. 

Eh 67. 

Me 68. 
Wn 68. 
Re 66 aud 72. 
Gh 70. 
Wn 70. 
Wu72. 


















































.32 to .27.... 


.26 to. 23.. 


.22 to .20.... 


.19 


.18 and .17 .. 


.16 


.15 


.14 or less... 




































4 to6 


7tol0 


11 to 16 ... 


17 to 29 


30 to 68 


68 or more . . 


























































8tol8 


19 or more. 










































5tol2 


13 or more. 


























7toll 

4 


12 to 21 ... 

5to8 

All 


22 to 45 

9 to 13 


46 to 156.. 
14 to 19... 










20 to 28 


29 to 38 


39 to 55 


56 or raoro . . 




Sand 6 

5 to8 


7 and 8 

9 to 14 ... . 


9toll 

15 to 26.... 


12 aud 13.. 
27 to 50... 


14 to 16 

51 to 139 .. . 


17 and 18.... 
140 or more . 


19 to 22 


23 or more . . 






































6 and 7 


8 to 10 ... . 


11 to 13 


14 to 16... 


17 to 19 


20 to 22 


23 to 27 


28 or more . . 


5aud 6 































































4 to7 


8tol5.... 


16 to 39... 


40 or more. 


















13 to 27 

3 to5 


28 to 124 . . 
6tol8.... 


125 and more 


















































3 aud 4 

4 to9 


5to7 

lOormore. 


8tol2 


13 to 21 ... 


22 to 44 


45 to 207 ... 


208 or more . 




































3 

9tol8 ... 


4 to6 

19 to no 


7tol2.... 
61 or more. 


13 to 30 









5to8 


























2 




3 or more . . . 
















Sandfi 


7 to 9 


10 to 12 


13 to Vs.. . 


16 to 18 


19 and 20 












*^ 


3 to5 

4 aud 5 — 


6 to 12 

6ti8 


13 to 52 ... 
9tol3 .... 












14 to 21 


22 to 37 .... 


38 and more 








All 
















All 




























All not fun. 
damental or 
circumpolar. 


Fundaoieutal 
and circum- 
polar. 














3to6 

10 to 13 


7to24.... 
14 to 19 ... 














20 to 25 


26 to 30 . . . 


31 to 36.... 


37 to 41 


42 to 49 


50 or more . . 


5 to7 


8tol7 .... 


18 to 47 


48 or more. 


















7to9 


10 to 13 ... 


14 to 17 


18 to 21 ... 


22 to 25.... 


26 to 29 


30 to 35 


36 or more . . 



568 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[162] 



Note 1. — The Poulkova observations are weighted accortliug to the probable errors given on pp. (29) 
anil (30) of introduction (Vol. V.). The weight is slightly reduced in two cases. Following is the table 
of weights. Between + 55° and -(- 65° declination, when the observations are above the pole, the 
weights of the first Hue are multiplied by .4 : 



.5 


1 obs. 


2 obs. 


4 obs. 


8 obs. 


16 obs. 


+ 40° to 55° and 65° to 80° . . . 
-(-30°or + yO° 


1 

1 

1 
.8 
.5 
.3 
.2 


2 

^> 

2 

1.5 

1.0 
.5 
.3 


3 
3 
3 

2.5 

1.5 

1.0 

.7 


4 

4 

4 

3.5 

2.5 

1.5 

1.0 


5 

5 

5 

4 

3.5 

2.5 

2.0 


+ 20^" or + t-0° S. P 


+ 10° or + 70° S. P 


-J- 00 or + 60° S P 


— 10° or + 50° S. P 


— 15°or + 45°S.P 



Note 2. — When the zenith distance of a star observed at a given observatory is greater than 70° 
the above weights are multiplied by the following arbitrary nnmbers: 



z n 


Factor. 


ZD 


Factor. 


o 




o 




70 


1.0 


76 


. 5 


71 


.9 


77 


.4 


72 


.8 


78 


.3 


73 


.7 


79 


.3 


74 


.6 


80 


.2 


75 


.5 







Note 3. — In using the later Greenwich catalogues (Gh 57, 64, and 70), Ps 64 and Ps 66, and Bs 60 and 
Bs 65, a considerable moditicatiou of the above weights takes place, whenever the same star is observed 
in two or more series at each observatory. The maximum weight given to Gh 57, G4, and 70 combined, 
is 7.0 ; to Ps 64 and Ps 66, 4.0 ; and to Bs 60 and Bs 65, .5.0. Where the combined weights were smaller 
than these totals, arbitrary reductions of each are made; these reductions being proportionally less, tho 
fewer the observations. This course is taken because, strictly speaking, tho catalogues of the respective 
groups are really parts of the same series and have to eome extent the same errors. Of course, when 
either of the above-mentionetl catalogues stands as the sole representative of its observatory it receives 
the full tabular weight. In a less degree this reduction of weights is applicable to groups of catalogues 
not included in the above enumeration ; but in all such cases it is believed that the reduction of weights 
required is without practical consequence to the final result. 

With the values of C computed iu Section V., and with the correctious and weights 
of Tables IX., X., and XI., the definitive values of J<5 and A/j.' are next computed for 
436 stars, a and '5 Urste Minoris are allowed to stand as first computed, and 62 others 
are reserved until .systematic corrections shall have been derived for certain authorities 
from the definitive places. 

The conditional equations are so constructed as to give J'j for 1875. Much care 
has been exercised in these computations, and the usual checks have been faithfully 
employed. 

Column C„ in " Details of Correctious to Assumed Declinations" is computed from 
(7, by the addition of corrections taken from Tables IX. and X. Column - is next 
formed from Table XL, subject to the limitations expressed in notes 2 and 3 above. 
The epochs are taken from column "Cat."' The resulting values of J" and J/t' are 



[163] 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



569 



giveu in the catalogue at the end of this paper. With these, column r, is computed 
from the expression : — 



, /T'-1875\ f. 



By the addition of J 5 and -^, respectively, to the declination and annual variation 

at the head of the table for each star ("Details of Corrections," etc.), we derive the 
definitive values of those quantities given on the right-hand pages of the catalogue. 

The probable errors there given do not result irom the sums of squnres of resid- 
uals, but are computed from the weights of Ad and Ai±'; assuming the probable error of 
the unit to be ± .30. A few trials showed that these probable errors are a little larger, 
on the average, than those which actually result from the sums of squares of r,. In 
deriving these sums accurately the full weight must be given to each of the catalogues 
of the Brussels, Paris, and Greenwich series, though as explained (note 3, p. 102), 
less than the tabular values of the weights are sometimes assigned to them. 

For the fundamental and principal circum[)olar stars, the jirobable error of the 
unit of weight, as it actually results from the residuals of each star, is given below. 
It will be seen that in the mean it is much smaller than the standard, i ".30, to which 
it should correspond. The difference is not so great for the remaining stars. 



Probable errors vf unit of n, derived from values ofr,. 



a An<Iromeda3 . . ± . a4 

y Pegasi 31 

a Cassiopese 25 

a Aiietis 23 

a C'eti 25 

a Persei 28 

a Tauri 30 

a Anrigie 27 

/J Oriouis 23 

(3 Tauri 24 



a Oriouis ±.27 

I'i Geuiiiiorum... .23 

a Hydra) 29 

a Leonis 30 

a Uis;b Majoris . . 29 

(3 Leonis 23 

y UissB Majoris . .31 

a Virginis 27 

r; Ursai Majoria . . 29 

a Bootis 24 



/3 UrsiB Minoris.. . ± .28 
a Coronaj Borealis . 20 

a Serpeutis 2ti 

J Urste Minoris... .29 
71 Draconis 24 

a Herculis 32 

a Opbiucbi 24 

y Draconis 26 

a Lyra 25 

y AquiliB 22 



a AquiliB ± .25 

f? Aqiiila3 24 

a Cygui 25 

a Cephei 24 

(3 Cephei 24 

a Aquarii 28 

a Pegasi 27 

y Cephei 30 



It mnst be understood, of course, that the uncertainty of the Normal System is not 
represented in these probable errors. This uncertainty will vary with the polar dis- 
tance, being least at the north pole of the heavens, and jnobably greatest in the zone 
— 20° to — 50O declination, or in that vicinity. From — 30° to — 90°, with our present 
means of information, very little can be known of the systematic corrections required. 
But northward, from — 10° decliniitiou, we can form an approximate judgment as to 
the degree of accuracy attained. I estimate the probable error for 1875 of the Normal 
System for the Equatorial region to be not greater than ± ".15, and less than this for 
any given point between the Equator and the North Pole. By actual computation, 
using the Equatorial systematic corrections of the 32 catalogues upon which the sys- 
tem is based, with the same weights as were used in Section VI., we find that the 
system best corresponds to 1847.5. For that epoch its probable error is ± ".05. For 
1875 it is 4: .10; and for 1900, ± ".17. But these probable errors may be somewhat 



570 UNITED STATES JfOETHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, [164 1 

too small since more than half the dctenniuations are reduced with the same refrac- 
tious (Bessel's), aud ouly tive* may be regarded as fundameutal determiuacions iu a 
rigorous sense. 

It would have been for me a pleasaut task to have undertaken, with the help of the 
places now available, a third approximation to the systematic corrections aud weiglits. 
But the real object of the woik has been already suflBciently accomplished, and tlio 
time is not at my disposal for the purpose. Indeed, some few experiments taught me 
that the changes to be thereby induced were likely to be few and unimportant, except 
for some of the weights, for which the relation to number of observations can now be 
ascertained with considerable i)recisiou. The systematic correction of one catalogue, 
]'o 1800, has, however, received a new examination, the results of which have already 
been given. 

Section IX. 

COEKECTIONS TO CATALOGUES OF CLASS IU. 

There are a few additional catalogues either of small weight, or with few observa- 
tions of standard stars (described under Chiss III), which will prove desirable auxil- 
iaries iu the computation of J -5 and J // for the remaining 02 stars. 

These we proceed to enumerate, and under each will be given a brief examination 
of the systematic correction required. 

The corrections to the catalogue declinations were found by subtracting from the 
definitive Jo' for the required epoch the corresponding value of C. 

Ms 35. 

Weight one is assigned to all declinations, which at Madras depend on more than 
5 observations, and for which the weight of a standard declination at 1875 is 1.5, or 
more. To all declinations, from two or three observations at Madras, weight .5 is 
assigned ; and the same weight to a few others from four or five observations. 

"These are: Bessel's, 1S'21 ; Shrnve's, 18"24 ; Argelanders, 1629; Peter's and Gyldeu's (Ponlkova), 
l-'Jo; :,iid Kaiser's, 1867. 



[165] EEPOET OF THE CHIEF ASTEONOMER, APPENDIX U. 571 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean fS 


7r' 


I'O 


Co 




+ 86 


5 


+ 


II 

.43 


+ ..54 


+ 78 


8 


+ 


.62 


+ .62 


+ 73 


10 


+ 


.92 


+ .67 


+ 69 


15 


+ 


.78 


+ .69 


+ 64 


12 


+ 


.41 


+ .64 


+ 59 


22 


+ 


.44 


+ .00 


+ 54 


14 


+ 


.59 


+ .62 


+ 49 


27 


+ 


.80 


+ .72 


+ 44 


20 


+ 


.71 


+ .70 


+ 39 


30 


+ 


.47 


+ .59 


+ 34 


17 


+ 


.06 


+ .44 


+ 30 


21 


+ 


.69 


+ .26 


+ 20 


22 




.05 


+ .04 


+ iJl 


24 


— 


.28 


— .26 


+ 16 


19 


— 


.88 


— .53 


+ 11 


14 


— 


.50 


— .66 


+ 6 


20 


— 


.42 


— .67 


+ 1 


11 


— 


.M 


— .62 


— 5 


7 


_ 


.37 


— .57 


— 9 


11 


— 


.72 


— ..51 


— 14 


D 


— 


.42 


— .42 


— 19 


5 




00 


— .32 


— 23 


5 


+ 


.08 


— .22 


- 28 


5 




.99 


— .10 


— .;o 


2 


+ 


.70 


+ . 05 


— 42 


5 


+ 


.18 


+ .20 


— 50 


2 


+ 


.45 


+ .40 


— 59 


6 


+ 


..54 


+ .62 


— 69 


[0] 


L+ 


.53] 







Three hundred and thirty-two residuals, from — 35° to + 90°, which received 
weight one, give, with m = 8: — 

^ = + ".02. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits 




Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


+ 15° to + 90° 




+ 15° to — 35° 


— 3.1° to + 90° 


Mean a 


_/ 


rn 


tt' 


r„' 


77' 


>■„' 


h. 
1 


28 




20 


6 


— .45 


34 


— .29 


3 


22 


— 


34 


7 


+ .14 


29 


— .32 


5 


19 


— 


14 


7 


+ .31 


26 


— .02 


7 


15 


+ 


07 


3 


— .07 


18 


+ .05 


9 


13 




00 


6 


— .25 


19 


- .08 


11 


16 


— 


39 


8 


+ .08 


24 


— .24 


13 


13 


— 


39 


5 


— .02 


18 


— .09 


15 


26 


+ 


78 


7 


+ .89 


33 


+ .80 


17 


30 


+ 


49 


8 + .16 


38 


+ .42 


19 


25 




12 


13 + . 14 


38 


— .03 


21 


33 


— 


38 


13 — .08 


46 


— .30 


23 


23 


~~ 


l^l 


11 - .11 


34 


— .15 1 



572 UNITED STATES KOBTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [16CJ 

Wn 48 {prime vertical transit). 

Sixty one observations in 1847 of 13 stars gave as the mean correction: — 

- ".82 ± ".09. 

The probable error, E, of a single observation, is ± ".70. 

Ms 50. 

The correction is ascertained from the declinations of the principal stars given in 
tbe introduction. Each residual is given weight one. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


tt' 


'■o 


Co 


o 
+ 87 


5 


+ .to 


+ .00 


+ 75 


4 


+ .37 


+ .25 


+ 6:! 


2 


+ ..'54 


+ .30 


+ .-.2 


b 


+ .16 


+ .30 


+ 41 


5 


+ .37 


+ .23 


+ 29 


« 


- .06 


— .08 


+ 22 


8 


- .41 


— .40 


+ 14 


8 


- .96 


— .<3 


+ Ob 


9 


- .64 


— .93 





7 


—1.17 


—1.05 


— 9 


6 


— .99 


— .99 



With m = 4, we have, probable error of a single declination :— 

J7 = ± ".32. 

If we assume ; = 2, we shall have for 3 to 5 observations, approximately, weight 
.3 in the system of Table XI. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Mean a 


ff' 


ro' 


Mean a 


7r' 


ro' 


h. 




// 


h. 




„ 


1 


r^ 


— .17 


13 


4 


.00 


3 


O 


— .20 


15 


7 


+ .19 


.', 


6 


— .29 


17 





— .01 


i 


5 


+ .28 ' 


19 


9 


+ .35 


9 


•'. 


- . 37 


21 


8 


+ .40 


11 


5 


- . 34 

1 


23 


4 


— .26 



[1671 



REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 



573 



Eb 58, Eh 63, and Eh 67. ^ = 2. 



Eh 58. 


EhC3. 


Eh 07. 


Mean (5 


jt' 


'■o 


Co 


Mean 6 


■k' 


>o 


Co 


Mean d 


ff' 


»'o 


Co 




+ 89 
+ 73 


4 
3 


—.63 
—.94 


II 


o 
+ 89 
+ 73 


2 
1 


-.40 

+.27 


" 


o 
+ 89 
+ C7 


2 

5 


+ .86 

+1.34 


II 


+ 55 
+ 32 
+ 19 
+ 7 
— 5 


20 
26 
26 
31 
37 


+.06 
— . 52 
+.53 
— . 36 

22 


-.33 
—.33 
— . 33 
— . 33 

— . 3:; 


+ 55 
+ 32 
+ 19 
+ 9 
— 1 


19 

20 
30 
18 
14 


+.37 
+.35 
+.72 
+.59 
+.39 


+.51 
+.51 
+..51 
+.51 
+.51 


+ 54 
+ 32 
+ 19 
+ 07 
+ 05 


16 

18 
28 
17 
17 


+ .38 
— .45 
+ .50 
+ .61 
—1.30 


00 
00 
00 
00 
00 



The correctious to these catalogues can only be roughly ascertained. It is assumed 
to be constant from — 10° to + 60o. We have, JS? = ± "60 for Eh 58 (exchiding /? 
Lyrfe), ± ".77 for Eh C3, and ± 1".33 for Eh 67. ± ".69 is adopted in constructing 
weights for Eh 58 and Eh 03, 

Pa 62 ['prime vertical transit). 

Twenty-one observations of 5 stars give the correction : — 

+ ".25 ± ".05 ; 

and for probable error of single observation i ''.23, which is considerably larger than 
the value supposed in the third volume of Poulkova observations (pp. 213, 214). But 
even this requires the maximum weight (5.0) for 3 observations, and is adopted. 

Pa 71. 

But one declination is used from this catalogue — that given for B. A. O. 5313. 

For its correction, I find + ".50 from eight stars between + 50° and + 60° declination. 

For this declination the arbitrary weight 1.0 is assigned in deducing corrections to 

assumed place. 

Wn 70. 

Residuals in order of declination. 



Mean 6 


7t' 


'o 


Co 




o 




'/ 


// 




+ 86 


21 


+ . 22 


00 


e „ 


+ 75 


,57 


— .04 


00 


-=2 


+ 65 


67 


- .43 


— .25 




+ 55 


17 


+ .12 


— .43 




+ 45 


31 


— .63 


— ..57 




+ 35 


20 


— .44 


— .66 




+ -.5 


33 


— .72 


— .73 




+ 15 


24 


— .42 


. lO 




+ 05 


29 


—1.08 


— .70 




— 07 


14 


— .05 


- .36 





574 



UNITED STATES NOKTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[108J 



With 7n = 4, we have : — 



E=i: 1".01. 



The curve resembles that of Wn 5G closely, except that its minus values are about 
".40 larger. From — 10° southward, Wu bG — ".40 can probably be used without 
serious error. 

Residuals in order of right ascension. 



Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


Declination limits. 


- 


- 10° to + 40° 


+ 40° to + 90° 




— 10° to +90° 


Mean a 


■tt' 


ro' 


7t' 


ro' 


57- 


ro' 


Co' 


h. 




// 




,1 




// 


II 


I 


11 


+ .21 


25 


— .14 


36 


— .04 


— .17 


3 


12 


+ .02 


15 


— .59 


27 


— .32 


— .23 


o 


4 


— . /i> 


13 


— .77 


17 


- .76 


— .24 


7 


14 


+ .(19 


5 


— .30 


19 


— .01 


— .18 


9 


9 


-'r .20 


11 


— .21 


20 


— .03 


— .07 


11 


4 


— .75 


15 


— .29 


19 


— .38 


+ .06 


13 


9 


— .36 


15 


— .23 


24 


— .28 


+ .17 


15 


(i 


+ .70 


19 


+ .80 


25 


+ .78 


+ .23 


17 


12 


+ .60 


20 


+ .33 


32 


+ .43 


+ .24 


19 


15 


— .78 


17 


+ .26 


32 


— .23 


+ .18 


21 


l(i 


+ .35 


21 


+ .04 


37 


+ .18 


+ .07 


23 


12 


— .26 


18 


— .16 


30 


— .20 


-.06 



Column Co' is taken from the correction found to be applicable to the previous 
series of observations with the Washington mural circle. There is sufficient resem- 
blance between it and the values of r^j in the last column to justify its continued use 
for this catalogue. 

Table XII. — Corrections to catalogues of Class III (and to Po 1800). 
ORDER OF DECLINATION. 



Mi-au S 



+ 90 

+ 85 
4- 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 



Po 1800 



00 
+ .16 
+ .30 

+ .44 

4- .52 

+ .52 

+ .48 
+ .35 
+ .10 

— .30 

— .80 
—1.03 

—1.10 
—1.35 
—1. (52 



Ms 35. 


Ms 50. 


Wu 70.* 


Mean (5 


II 


// 


II 


o 


+ .50 
+ .55 
+ .()0 


00 
+ .10 
+ .20 


00 
00 
00 


+ 15 
+ 10 
+ 05 


+ .()5 
+ .70 
+ .65 


+ .25 
+ .30 
+ .30 


00 

— .14 

— .25 




- 05 

— 10 


+ .60 
+ .60 
+ .72 


+ .30 
+ .30 
+ .30 


— .37 

— .43 

— .,50 


— 15 

— 20 

— 25 


+ .72 

+ .62 

+ .48 


+ .28 
+ .22 
+ .10 


— .57 

— .(i2 

— .61) 


— 30 

— 40 


+ .26 

— .02 

— .32 


— .04 

— .26 

— .49 


— .70 

— .73 

— . 75 


— 50 

— (iO 



Ms 35. 



-1. 62 
-1. 35 
-1.29 

-1.56 
-1. 86 

-1.96 



— .56 

— .68 

— .67 

— .61 

— .57 

— .50 



-1.82 — .40 
-1..5I1 — .30 
-1. 16 — . 17 



-l.Oi 
-1.21 
-1. 40 



— .05 
+ .05 
+ . 15 

+ .40 
+ .(>5 



Ms 50. 


Wu 70. 


// 

— .70 

— .86 
—1.00 

—1. 05 
—1.(5 

— .97 


— .75 

— .75 

— .70 

— .59 

— .44 

— .25 























• If the ac'u.al correction for Wn 1872 and 1873 is desired, + ".45 must be added to tbe quanf itieB 
given in tlie aliove t.'.lilc for Wii 70. 



[IGUJ REPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 575 

Table XII. — Continued. 



Catalogue. 


Correction. 


Remarks. 


Wn48 

Eh 58 

Eh 03 

Pa 62 

Eh67 


— .82 

— .:« 

+ .51 

+ .25 

00 


Constant. 

Constant from — 10° to + 60°. 

Constant from — 10° to + 60°. 

Constant. 

Constant from — 10° to + 60°. 



The corrections in order of a for Po 1800 and Wn 70 are to be taken from Table X. 

With these additional corrections the values of J -5 and J// were computed for the 
02 remaining stars. These are sufficiently indicated in the "Details of (Corrections 
to Assumed Declinations" by the use of one or more of the catalogues of Glass III. 

Section X. 

GENEBAL REMARKS RESPECTING THE CORRECTIONS AND PROBABLE ERRORS OF 
STARS USED BY THE NORTHERN BOUNDARY SURVEY FOR LATITUDE. 

The preceding pages aiford the means, to some extent, for answering the question 
as to the probable errors of the declinations used in latitude work on the Northern 
Boundary. These declinations in the general catalogue of 500 stars at the end of this 
paper are distinguished by an asterisk, affixed to the current number. Opposite each 
star, on the right-hand page (and in the third column), will be found its probable error 
estimated in the manner described in Section VIII. This, taken together with the cor 
responding value of J 5, given on the left-hand page, will aid in forming some judgment 
as to the probable limits within which any correction is likely to be included. These 
values of J (5 refer to the declinations adopted in the work of 1874. Those of the pre- 
ceding years are less accurate, and differ slightly from these, but the differences are not 
systematic. 

The general correction required by the latitude work of 1874 has been roughly 
comjiuted in three different ways: — 

First. Fifty different pairs (100 stars) were observed for latitude during the year. 
Six of these, however, were used but once; one, three times; three, four times; nine, 
live times; and others more frequently — eighteen times being the maximum. Taking 
the simple mean of all the values of J « tor the one hundred stars, we have: — 

+ ".042 

as the common correction to the declinations actually used ; and this is, of course, 
applicable to the latitudes. 

Second. If, however, we take into account the number of times each pair was used, 
giving weights proportional to the numbers, we have: — 

+ ".008 

as the common correction to all the latitudes. 

Third. If, still further, we take into account the weights of the stars as computed 
in this paper, and if we suppose that each observation ot a i)air with the zenith tele- 



576 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [170| 

scope gives an instrumental probable error for latitude of ± ".3, we bave as the mean 
correctiou : — 

+ ".©03. 

I regard it as quite improbable that a common correction larger than i ".I is 
needed for the latitudes as actuallj' established in the field. In this paper the stars of 
the latitude list were reduced without the slightest reference to the previous work 
performed on them— even the seconds of declinations being transcribed from the vari 
Oils catalogues anew. Under these circumstances the present work may be regarded 
as an efficient check on the values of declination adopted in the former discussion. 

EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 
RECAPITULATION OP SYSTEMATIC COKEECTIONS. 

This table shows as nearly as possible the total systematic corrections applied by 
me (either before or after discussion of Normal System) to the catalogue places as I find 
them. If to these be added errata and corrections due to proper motion, with a few 
corrections specified in the notes at the end of the table, we shall have declinations 
according to the system adopted in this paper. In order, however, to accertain the 
degree of confidence to be placed in certain values from the curves (especially those 
from — 10° to — 30°), it will be necessary to recur to the detailed reductions. 

DETAILS OP COERECTIONS TO ASSUMED DECLINATIONS. 

These embrace Table A, Table B, and Table C. 

Table A contains particulars of reduction for the fundamental and principal cir- 
cumpolar stars. However, four southern stars, usually regarded as fundamental, and 
(^ Geminorum will be found elsewhere. 

Table B contains details for all other stars (i. e., stars not included in Table A) 
situated between +90° and —10° declination. In this region the weights are in no 
case afiected by the question of zenith distance. 

Table C contains details for all stars situated south of — 10° declination. 

With one exception the construction of all the tables is alike. At the head of 
the tabular statement for each star is given its assumed right ascension and declina- 
tion, with the annual variation of each as computed in Sections II. and III. 

Column " Cat." contains the designation of each catalogue or series of. observa- 
tions. The explanation of these designations is found in Section IV. It is sufficient 
here to state that the figures refer to the mean year of observation, and the letters are 
usually the first and last in the name of the observatory according to the English 
spelling. 

Column "Obs." contains either the number of observations, weight, or probable 
error, according as either is made an argument for computation of weight from Table 
XI. 

Column G contains the correction to assumed declination given by the respective 
catalogues in the manner detailed in Sections III. and V. For the later Radclifie cat- 
alogues, and for Wn 72, values of C are contained in Section V. 



[171] EEPORT OF THE CHIEF ASTRONOMER, APPENDIX H. 577 

Column 0/, in Tables B and C, contains for a limited number of stars the sum of 
G and of the systematic correction taiien from Table II. 

The place of this is supplied in Table A by column r„, which contains the correc- 
tion given to each authority by the declination computed according to the prin(;iples of 
Section VI., but with the addition of the Fundamenta as an authority, with weight 
one. 

Column r contains the quantities from which definitive systematic corrections 
were computed. It is formed by subtracting G from the value of the expression 

J 5 4- Z^' — 1845\^^,^ ^ ^ ^^^ j^, jjgjjjg jjjj^pjj j.j.pjj^ Tables V. and VII. 

Column C/, is formed by the addition of the systematic corrections of Tables IX. 
and X to column C. For Re 66 and Re 72, as well as Wn 72 and S H 31, the value of 
G„ is specially computed. 

Column JT contains the weight computed from Table XI., with the argument in 
column "Obs." 

Column r, contains the outstanding residual found by subtracting C„ from 

J3+ Jfi' ( ~ )) where J5 and J/m' are to be taken from the left-hand page of 

the "Catalogue of 500 Stars" at the end of this paper. 

CATALOGUE OP 500 STABS. 

On the left-hand page : 

Columns 1, 2, 3, and 4 appear to require no explanation except the caution that 
the latter column is simply copied from the catalogue of the British Association. 

Column 5 contains the approximate right ascension as deduced in Section VII. 

Column 6 contains the annual variation, and column 7 the secular variation in 
Right Ascension given in units of the fifth decimal place. 

The eighth and ninth columns give dd and J, a' as they result from the final com- 
putation, using columns C„ and tt of "Details," etc. 

On the right-hand page, in column 1, the current number is repeated for con- 
venience. 

Column 2 is the definitive declination formed from the assumed declination given 
with each star in " Details," etc., by the addition oi Jd from the preceding page. 

Column 3 contains the probable error ascertained in the manner explained near the 
end of Section VIII. In a few cases this column is left blank. It is to be understood 
in such cases that a definite estimate is declined, either because the error is large or 
cannot readily be ascertained. 

Column 4 contains the weight to nearest unit, from which the preceding column is 
estimated. The probable error of this unit is supposed to be uniformly ± ".30. It is 
likely to be smaller than larger (p. 103). When this column is left blank it is to be 
understood that the computed weight is less than .5 

Column 5 contains the definitive annual variation, computed by adding to the 

annual variation of " Details," etc., — ^; ^fi' being taken from the left-hand page. 
N B 37 



578 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [1?2] 

Column C contains the probable error of the annual variation computed from the 
woi[jht of J// in conditional equations. 

Cohimna 7 and 8 contain the secular variation and third term of precession in 
declination which are given respectively to the sixth and eighth places of decimals. 
The mode of their computation is fullj' explained in Section III. 

Column 9 contains the proper motion formed by subtracting from the annual 
variations 20".0542 cos a. The uumber is Peters' constant of precession (n) for 1875. 



RECAPITULATION 



OP 



SYSTEMATIC COREECTIONS TO DECLINATIONS. 



[173] 579 



RECAPITULATION OF SYSTEMATIC CORRECTIONS. 






+ 9U 
+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 

+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 



sl 



C3 



00 
+ .16 
+ .30 

+ .44 

+ .52 
+ .52 

+ .48 
+ .35 
+ .10 

— .30 

— .80 
—1.03 

—1.10 
—1.36 
—1.62 

—1. 62 
—1.35 
—1.29 

—1.56 
—1.86 
—1.96 

—1.82 
—1.50 
—1.16 

—1.08 
—1. 21 
—1.40 



00 
+ .14 

+ .29 

+ .38 
+ .30 
+ .14 

— .02 

— .01 
+ .12 

+ .10 
00 



00 
+ .03 
+ .06 

+ .10 
+ .13 
+ .16 

+ .18 
+ .16 
+ .13 

+ .09 

+ .06 
+ .06 

+ .06 
+ .07 
+ .10 

+ .13 
+ .16 
+ .19 

+ .25 
+ .33 
+ .43 

+ .55 
+ .67 
+ .78 



O 



00 
+ .04 
+ .11 

+ .20 
+ .28 
+ .36 

+ .43 
+ .46 

+ .48 

+ .49 
+ .51 

+ .56 

+ .61 
+ .66 
+ .74 

+ .81 
+ .88 
+ .95 

+1.04 
+1. 15 
+ 1.31 

+ 1.44 
+ 1.59 
+1.76 



> 



00 
00 

00 
00 
CO 

CO 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 



00 
.05 
.12 

.17 

.21 
.24 

.26 
.27 
.25 

■ .22 

■ .19 
• .15 

■ .13 

■ .12 

■ .15 

- .21 

- .29 

- .38 

- .49 

- .60 

- .72 

- .84 

- .96 



o 

<: 



.=1 
o 



+ .40 
+ .40 
+ .40 

+ .40 

+ .38 
+ .31 

+ .24 
+ .17 

+ .07 

— .03 

— .16 

— .20 

— .17 

— .14 

— .10 

— .07 

— .03 

00 



00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
CO 

00 

00 

.02 

.07 
.13 

.18 

.22 
.25 
.29 

.32 
.36 
.43 

..52 
.60 
.68 

.70 
.70 



K 
6 

6 



+ .10 
+ .12 
+ .15 

+ .15 
+ .13 

+ .08 

CO 

— .12 

— .31 

— .54 

— .76 

— .95 

—1.12 
-1.24 
-1.30 

-1.31 
-1.31 
-1.33 

-1.37 
-1.49 
-1.68 

-1.97 
-2. 50 

-2.8 

-2.9 



A.K. 




1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 

12 



o 
Ph 



- .18 

— .04 
+ .11 
+ .25 

+ .37 
+ .46 
+ .53 

+ .56 
+ .55 
+ .50 

+ .42 
+ .31 

+ .18 



.a 






+ .40 
+ .25 
+ .08 

— .09 

— .26 

— .41 

— .53 

— .62 

— .66 

— .66 

— .62 

— .53 

— .40 



— .03 

— .09 

— .15 

— .19 

— .22 

— .24 

— .24 

— .22 

— .19 

— .15 

— .09 

— .03 
+ .03 






+ 



.03 
.09 
.15 
.19 

.22 
.24 
.24 

.22 
.19 
.15 

.09 
.03 
.03 



J3 

o 



— .13 

— .18 

— .20 

— .22 

— .22 

— .21 

— .18 

— .14 

— .09 

— . 03 

+ .03 
+ .08 
+ .13 



=3 
> 



— .04 
+ .02 
+ .09 
+ .14 

+ .19 
+ .22 
+ .24 



+ 


24 


+ 


.23 


+ 


.20 


+ 


.15 


+ 


.10 


+ 


.04 



— .04 
+ .02 
+ .09 
+ .14 

+ .19 

+ .22 
+ .24 

+ .24 
+ .23 

+ .20 

+ . 15 
+ .10 
+ .04 



J3 



+ .35 
+ .35 

+ .35 
+ .35 
-I- .35 

+ .35 
+ .35 
+ .35 

+ .32 

+ .17 
00 

00 
00 
00 
CO 
CO 



+ 90 
+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

-f^ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 
+ 10 
+ 5 





— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 
.— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 



d 



A.E. 



.08 

13 

.18 

.21 

.23 
.23 
.22 

.19 
.15 
.10 



,04 
,02 
,08 



h. 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 

18 

19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 



When the argument is 12^ to 24i> the signs are to be reversed. 



[175 J 



r:81 



582 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 

Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. 



[176J 



f! 


CO 


6 
d 


Ce 33, Ce 34. 


CO 




!c3 

X 


Eh 34 to Eh 

39. 


00 
CO 


CO 

.a 
O 


o 

to" 


<5 


o 
+ 90 
+ b5 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 
+ 10 
+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— HO 

— 90 


n 


// 


"oo 

— .02 

— .05 

— .11 

— .23 

— .38 

— .55 

— .72 

— .86 

— .95 
—1. 02 
—1.05 

—1.03 

— .95 

— .81 

— .70 

— .68 

— .75 

— .87 
—1. 06 
-1.26 

—1.50 
—1.73 
—1.98 


II 

00 
00 
00 

— .04 

— .14 

— .27 

— .42 

— .57 

— .70 

— .78 

— .83 

— .84 

— .80 

— .70 

— . 54 

— .40 

— . 35 

— .38 

— .47 

— .(0 

— .74 

— .88 

— .98 
—1.00 


— .28 

— .38 

— .46 

— .52 

— . 60 

— .62 

— .60 

— .54 

— .38 

— .14 
+ .17 
+ .32 

+ .47 

+ .50 
+ .50 

+ .41 
+ .30 
+ .14 

— .03 

— .20 

— .40 


II 
+ .50 
+ ..55 
+ .60 

+ .65 
+ .70 
+ .65 

+ .60 
+ .60 
+ .72 

+ .72 
+ .62 

+ .48 

+ .26 

— .02 

— .32 

— ..56 

— .68 

— .67 

— .61 

— .57 

— .50 

— .40 

— .30 

— .17 

— .05 
+ .05 
+ .15 

+ .40 
+ .65 


— .19 

— .22 

— .22 

— .23 

— .23 

— .22 

— .20 

— .18 

— .16 

— .15 

— . 16 

— .17 

— .20 

— .21 

— .17 

— .05 
+ .04 

00 

— .15 
-.24 

— .27 

— .25 

— . 15 

00 

+ .2 


// 
00 

— .10 

— .20 

— .27 

— .33 

— .36 

— .15 

+ .10 

+ .28 

+ .30 
+ .22 
+ .11 

+ .08 
+ .09 
+ .15 

+ .25 
+ .41 
+ ..5b 

+ .73 
+ .92 
+1.13 

+ 1.34 
+ 1..55 
+ 1.77 

+2. 00 


"00 
+ .01 
+ .03 

+ .05 
+ .08 
+ .09 

+ ..10 

+ -11 
+ .12 

+ A-i 
+ .13 
+ .14 

+ .15 
+ .17 
+ .19 

+ .23 
+ .28 
+ .34 

+ .41 
+ .49 
+ ..'■^9 

+ .70 
+ .83 
+ .97 

+1.10 


// 

— .09 

— .09 

— .09 

— .09 

— .16 

— .27 

— .41 

— .52 

— .63 

— .74 

— .84 

— .92 

— .97 

— .99 

— .89 

— .69 

— .55 

— .59 

— .71 

— .79 

— .79 

— . 77 

— .64 

— .5 

— .4 


o 
+ MO 
+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 

+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 














[+1.30] 

+1.30 
+1.30 
+ 1.30 

+1.30 
+1.30 
+1. 30 

+1.30 
+1.30 
+1.30 

+1.30 
+1.28 
+1.22 

+1.17 
+I.09 
+ .96 

+ .84 
+ .70 
+ .62 

+ .60 
+ .CO 
+ .60 

+ .60 
+ .50 
+ .40 
+ .30 
+ .20 


— 2."6o' 

—1.10 

— .34 
+ .20 

+ .52 
+ .57 
+ .43 

+ .14 

— .06 

— .14 

— .14 

— .04 
+ .16 

+ .46 
+ .71 

+ .88 

+ .90 
+ .71 
+ .47 

+ .10 
± .00 

— . 08 

— .10 

00 
















































































































A. R. ^ 

CO 


6 


if 

o 




ja 

+ :'i8 

+ .18 
+ .17 
+ .15 

+ .11 

+ .07 
+ .02 

— .02 

— .07 

— .11 

— . 15 

— .17 

— .18 


X 






s 

5 


6^ 


A. K. 


h. 

1 
2 
3 

4 

5 
6 

7 

H 
9 

10 
11 
12 


+ ;'47 
+ .53 
+ ..55 
+ .53 

+ -47 
+ .39 
+ .^7 

+ .14 
00 

— .14 

— .27 

— .39 

— .47 


— "07 

— .07 

— .07 

— . 06 

— .05 

— .03 

— .01 

+ .01 
+ .03 
+ .04 

+ . 05 
+ .06 
+ .07 


It 

— .07 

— .07 

— .06 

— .05 

— .03 

— .02 

— 00 

+ .02 

+ .04 
+ .'5 

+ .06 
+ .07 
+ .07 


— !'06 

— .05 

— .05 

— .04 

— .02 

— .01 
+ .01 

+ .02 
+ .03 
+ .04 

+ .05 
+ .06 
+ .06 


It 


— ;'o6 

— . 05 

— .04 

— .03 

— .02 

0(1 
+ .02 

+ .03 
+ .04 
+ .05 

+ .06 
+ .06 
+ .06 


+ :'34 

+ .34 
+ .30 
+ .-.^1 

+ .17 
+ .09 

— .01 

-.10 

— .18 

— .25 

— .31 

— .34 

— .,34 


- :'o3 

— .02 

— .01 

— .01 

00 
+ .01 
+ .02 

+ .02 
+ .03 
+ .04 

+ .03 
+ .03 
+ .03 


— !'04 

— .03 

— .03 

— .02 

— .01 

00 
+ .02 

+ . 03 
+ .03 
+ .04 

+ .04 
+ .04 
+ .04 


/.. 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 
IS 

19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 



When the arguuieut is 12'' to 24'' the hiijiis ai'o to he reveiscd. 



177] REOAPITDLATION OF SYSTEMATIC COREEOTIONS. 

Recapitulation of systematic corrections- Continued. 



583 



o 



+ 


90 


+ 


8b 


+ 


80 


+ 


75 


+ 


70 


+ 


65 


+ 


60 


+ 


55 


+ 


50 


4- 


45 


+ 


40 


+ 


35 


+ 


30 


+ 


iih 


+ 


ao 


+ 


15 


+ 


Hi 


+ 


5 







— 


5 


— 


10 



-a 






15 

«0 
25 

30 

35 

. 40 

■ 50 

■ (iO 

- 70 

- HO 

- 90 



00 
00 
00 

00 
.07 

.18 

.32 
.43 

.54 

.65 

.75 
.83 

.88 
.90 
.80 

.60 
.46 
.50 

.62 

.70 
.70 

.68 
.55 
.4 

.3 






00 
+ .10 
+ .20 

+ .20 
+ .90 
+ .20 

+ .16 
.00 

— .35 

— .75 

— .81 

— .63 

— .42 

— .25 

— .27 

— .47 

— .74 
—1.04 

—1.20 
—1.24 
-1. ]1 

— .87 

— .48 



+ .30 
+ .29 

+ .27 
+ .26 
+ .24 

+ .23 
+ .21 

+ .20 

+ .18 
+ .16 
+ .13 

+ .10 

+ .06 

00 



A.E. 




1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 



o + 



O' 



— .19 

— .14 

— .09 

— .02 

+ .05 
+ .11 
+ .17 

+ .21 
+ .23 
+ .25 

+ .U 

+ .•.;2 

+ .19 















+ .23 

+ .28 
+ .28 

+ .25 
+ .16 
+ .03 

— .13 

— .31 

— .47 

— .60 

— .70 

— .78 

— .81 

— .79 

— .74 

— .06 

— .58 

— .53 

— .53 

— .59 

— .69 

— .78 

— .88 

— .95 

—1.00 



J3 



.94 
.80 
.67 

.56 
.44 

.38 

.36 

■ .38 

■ .41 

. .46 
• .54 

- .65 

- .73 

- .82 

- .90 

- .96 
-1.00 
-1.07 

-1.14 
-1. 20 

-1.38 

-1.48 
-1. 56 
-1.61 

-1.65 



S2 



+1. 29 
+1.18 
+1. 01 

+ .90 

+ .75 
+ .57 

+ .41 

+ .27 
+ .18 

+ .14 
+ .14 

+ .18 

+ .23 

+ .32 
+ .42 

+ .54 
-I- .62 
-i- .66 

+ .65 

+ .:s 

+ .45 

+ .35 
+ .27 
+ .23 

+ .24 



.a 
O 






+ .13 

+ .08 
+ .03 

— .02 

— .07 

— .12 

— .16 

— .19 

— .20 

— .20 

— .19 

— .16 

— .13 



— .36 

— .34 

— .31 

— .28 

— .26 

— .26 

— .28 

— .31 

— .31 

— .27 

— .23 

— .16 

— .05 
+ .10 

+ .28 

+ .48 
-j- .68 
+ .83 

+ .93 
+ .96 
+ .92 

+ .85 
+ .75 
+ .66 

+ .53 



00 
00 
00 

+ .02 
+ .04 
+ .16 

+ .08 
+ .06 
+ .00 

— .04 

— .02 
+ .05 

+ .12 
+ .15 
+ .14 

+ .10 
+ .05 
-i- .05 

+ .08 
+ .12 
+ .15 

+ .18 
+ .22 
+ .26 

+ .30 



00 
00 
00 

.00 
+ .06 
+ .12 

+ .18 
+ .23 
+ .26 

+ .30 
+ .33 
+ .35 

+ .37 
+ .38 
+ .39 

+ .41 
+ .44 
+ .46 

+ .49 
+ ..53 

+ .59 

+ .68 
+ .84 
+ 1.1 



00 
4 .25 
+ .50 

+ .66 
+ .60 
+ .42 

+ .28 
+ .10 

— .07 

— .20 

— .34 

— .48 

— .56 

— . 60 

— .59 

— .45 

— .20 

+ .04 

+ .26 
+ .44 
+ .51 

+ .47 
+ .33 
+ .16 

00 



+ 90 
+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
-i- 20 

+ 15 
+ 10 
+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 



.a 



— .24 

— .24 

— .23 

— .19 

— .15 

— .09 

— .03 

+ .03 
+ .09 
+ . 15 

+ .19 
+ .22 
+ .24 






.23 
.22 
.22 
.19 






.21 
.21 
.21 

.18 



.a 





15 





15 


, 


09 


— 


.10 


— 


.04 


— 


05 


+ 


.02 


+ 


.01 


+ 


.08 


+ 


.06 


+ 


.13 


+ 


.11 


+ 


.17 


+ 


.16 


+ 


.21 


+ 


.19 


+ 


.23 


+ 


.21 



— .19 

— . 19 

— .19 

— .17 

— .14 

— .09 

— .05 

00 

+ .0.-. 

+ ■ 1" 

+ .14 
+ .17 
+ . 19 



.a 



— .02 

— .02 

— .02 

— .02 

— .01 

— .01 

— .01 



+ 



00 

00 

.01 



+ .01 
+ . 02 
+ .02 



A.E. 



h. 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 

17 
18 

19 
20 
21 

•22 
23 
24 



When the argu 



meDt is la" to 24'> the sisns are to I'c reversed. 



584 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION, 



[I78J 



Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. 



(5 


a 


Wu 40 to Wn 

48. 


Wu 48 (P. V. 


o 
O 


in 

O 


lO 

o 

Ui 





X 




ITS 




, 

■^ 00 


d 


o 
+ 90 

+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ CO 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 
+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 00 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 


-:'i5 
— .11 

— .10 

— .11 

— .15 

— .19 

— .27 

— .30 

— .30 

— .30 

— .30 

— .30 

— . 33 

— .39 

— .40 

— .54 

— .59 

— .00 

— .59 

— .56 

— .52 

— .48 

— .43 

— .36 

— .88 


+ :'io 

+ .14 
+ . 15 

+ .14 
+ .10 

+ .06 

— .02 

— .05 

— .05 

— .05 

— .05 

— .05 

-.08 

— .14 

— .21 

— .29 

— .34 

— .35 

— .34 

— .31 

— .27 

— .23 

— .18 

— .11 

— .03 


If 

'—'.'82" 

— .82 


- :'43 

— .43 

— .43 

— .43 

— .43 

— .53 

— .69 

— . 85 
—1.00 

—1.12 
—1.24 
—1.30 

—1. 27 

—1.08 
-.76 

— .53 

— .48 

— .48 

— .50 

— .54 

— .56 

— .55 

— .51 

— .47 

— .43 


- :'i2 

— .13 

— .13 

— .14 

— . 15 

— .16 

— .18 

— .20 

— .21 

— .20 

— .16 

— .08 

+ .02 
+ .10 
+ .17 
+ .18 
+ .16 
+ .11 

+ .04 
00 
00 

+ .05 
+ .13 
+ .20 

+ .24 


II 

'+'.'46' 

+ .5:_! 

+ .68 
+ .80 
+ .90 

+ .99 
+1.04 
+ Hi8 

+ 1.11 
+1.13 
+1. 12 

+1. 09 
+ 1.00 
+1.0-: 

+ .99 
+ .96 
+ .92 

+ .85 
+ .63 

+ .38 

-t .1? 

00 


// 

00 
+ .10 
+ .20 

+ .25 

+ .30 
+ .30 

+ .30 
+ .30 
+ .30 

+ .28 
+ .22 
+ .10 

— .04 

— .26 

— .49 

— .70 

— .86 

— 1.00 

— 1.05 
—1.05 

— .97 




"00 

+ .08 
+ .14 

+ .21 
+ .26 

+ .28 

+ .£9 
+ .27 
+ .22 

+ .18 

+ .1--2 

+ .07 

+ .01 
+ .06 

— .12 

— .18 

— .26 

— . :j3 

— .37 

— .36 

— .30 

— .19 

— .02 
+ .27 

+ .7 


II 
'+'.'r,6 

+ .50 

+ .49 
+ .48 
+ .44 

+ .31 

+ .20 
+ .15 

+ .27 
+ .40 
+ .38 

+ .12 

— .07 

— .14 

— .02 
+ .13 

+ .27 

+ .27 
+ .11 

00 
00 
00 


— "15 

— .05 
+ .05 

+ .12 
+ .17 

+ .18 

+ .16 
+ .13 
+ .10 

+ .05 
.00 

— .04 

— .09 

— .13 

— .18 

— . 23 

— .26 

— .27 

— .26 

— .23 

— .17 

— .10 

— .02 
+ .06 

+ .16 



+ 90 

+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 00 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 

+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 

+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 
























































































A.R. 


1 


o 

'•" 00 ' 

^ a 


ooH 


O 

p 

© 


.a 










CO 







1* 


A.R. 


Ii. 

1 
2 
3 

4 

5 


7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 


// 

— .27 

— .27 

— .26 

— .23 

— .19 

— .14 

— .07 

00 
+ .07 
+ .14 

+ .20 
+ .24 
+ .27 


-:'i7 

— .23 

— .27 

— . 28 

— .29 

— .28 

— .19 

— .13 

— .05 

+ .03 
+ .10 
+ .17 


ft 


— ;'o5 

— .05 

— .05 

— .05 

— .04 

— .03 

— .02 

— .01 

00 
+ .02 

+ .03 
+ .04 
+ . 05 


- :'o5 

— .05 

— .04 

— .04 

— .03 

— .02 

— .01 

00 
+ .01 
+ . 03 

+ .03 
+ .01 
+ . 05 


- :'i8 

— .12 

— .04 
+ .04 

+ .12 

+ .19 
+ .24 

+ .28 
+ .30 
+ .30 

+ .28 
+ .24 
+ .18 


// 


II 


II 


// 

— .12 

— .17 

— .21 

— .23 

— .24 

— .24 

— .21 

— .18 

— .13 

— .07 

00 
+ . 06 


/). 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 

■ IH 

19 

20 
21 

22 
9:? 




































































+ . 12 24 1 









1 



When the arcnmcnt is 12' to 21'' t.ho ftiijna are to he, reversed. 



1 179] RECAPITULATION OF SYSTEMATIC CORRECTIONS. 

Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continuecl. 



585 



d 


m 
m 


CO 

P 

■a 

H 


8' 

a) 
O 

o 

O 


.a 

C5 


X 

d 
d 


"5" 

OD 


EZ} 

Ph 
o 

00 


a 
& 




> 


6 


o 
+ 90 

+ 65 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ ^o 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 

+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 


r 

— .35 

— .30 

— .25 

— .20 

— .15 

— .12 

— .10 

— .09 

— .11 

— .15 

— .20 

— .24 

— .28 

— .33 

— .35 

— .36 

— .36 

— .35 

— .34 

— .30 

— .20 

— .05 
+ .14 
+ .35 

+ .60 


+ :'22 

+ .26 
+ .30 

+ .31 
+ .31 
+ .30 

+ .22 
+ .07 

— .13 

— .36 

— .52 

— .52 

— .46 

— .37 

— .47 

— .62 

— .70 

— .75 

— .68 

— .45 

— .23 

— .20 

— .23 

— .27 

— .30 


_:'2o 

— .23 

— .26 

— .31 

— .36 

— .44 

— .55 

— .77 
-1.12 

—1.40 
—1.45 
—1.41 

—1. 29 
—1.12 

— .87 

— .67 

— .58 

— .17 

— .55 

— .53 

— .49 

— .40 

— .42 

— .39 

[-.35] 


"oo 

+ .02 
+ .05 

+ .09 
+ .15 
+ .21 

+ .23 
+ .21 
+ .15 

+ .11 

+ .11 

+ .15 

+ .24 
+ .33 
+ .37 

+ .38 
+ .35 

+ .28 

+ .20 
+ .15 

+ .21 

+ .26 
+ .26 
+ .25 

[+ .20] 


i+2.'4J' 

'-'■:^ 

— .30 

— .06 

— .05 

— .10 

— .15 

— .18 

— .20 

— .23 

— .26 

— .26 

— .20- 

— .15 

— .10 

— .05 
.00 

+ .05 

+ .15 

+ .27 

+ .26 

+ .13 

.00 


// 
+ .30 
+ .44 
+ .56 

+ .66 
+ .73 
+ .70 

+ .60 
+ .46 
+ .20 

— .12 

— .42 

— .65 

— .80 

— .74 

— .56 

— .35 

— .09 
+ .20 

+ .51 
+ .70 
+ .79 

+ .79 

+ .68 
+ .40 

[+ . 10] 


_ ;'2o 

— .19 

— .16 

— .10 

— .04 
+ .01 

+ .04 
+ .07 
+ .10 

+ .10 

+ .08 
+ .04 

.00 

— .00 

_ JO 

— .15 

— .19 

— .20 

— .18 

— .13 

— .04 

+ .10 
+ .28 
+ .50 

+ .70 


II 

+ .20 
+ .26 
+ .32 

+ .38 
+ .40 
+ .39 

+ .26 
+ .06 

— .17 

— .29 

— .32 

— .27 

— .11 

+ .04 
+ .03 

— .08 

— .10 

— .00 

— .03 

00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 


11 


II 


o 
+ 90 

+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 00 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ lo 
+ 10 
+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 




















+ .25 










+ .50 
+ .46 

+ .42 
+ .39 
+ .38 

+ .38 
+ .52 
+ .71 

+ .87 
+ .90 
+ .86 

+ .75 
+ .63 
+ ..'iO 

+ .44 
+ .21 

+ .08 

— .14 

— .20 

— .20 

— .08 

00 


























































































1 










A.E. 




n 


o 

o . 

o 
O 




OD 

X 
6 
d 


P3 


x«= 

in 


o . 




> 

Ph 


A.R. 


h. 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 


_:'o5 

00 
+ .05 
+ .10 

+ .14 

+ .17 

+ .20 

+ .20 
+ .19 
+ -17 
+ .14 

+ .10 
+ .05 


-:'o3 

— .03 

— .02 

— .01 

00 
+ .01 
+ .02 

+ .03 

+ .03 
+ .04 

+ .04 
+ .04 
+ .03 


// 


II 


H 


II 


-:'o5 

.CO 
+ .05 
+ .10 

+ .14 
+ -1' 

+ .20 

+ .20 

+ • 1" 
+ .17 

+ .14 

! -u . 10 


+ '.'01 
+ .05 
+ .09 
+ .12 

+ .15 
+ .16 
+ -17 

+ .16 
-J- .14 

+ -l-^ 

+ .08 
4- .04 


// 


II 


h. 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 

22 
23 
24 










































































































































+ .05 1 — .01 
















1 







When the argument is 12'= to 24'' the signs are to be reversed. 



586 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [180J 

Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. 



<! 


Wn fil and 
Wu 02. 


c 


o 


■r. 










rr 

a 





5 

a 

n 


6 


c 
+ 90 

+ H5 
+ HO 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ C5 

+ CO 
+ 55 

+ r.o 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 

+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 
+ 5 

— I 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 


-:'co 

— .57 

— .50 

— ..57 

— .00 

— .03 

— .00 

— .70 

— .73 

— . 7.5 

— .81 

— .80 

— .93 
—1.01 

—1.08 

— 1.13 
-1.14 
—1. 12 

— 1.08 
—1. 03 

— .90 

— .87 

— .78 

— .Oi 

— .58 


— '.'39 

— .30 

— .35 

— .30 

— .39 

— .42 

— .45 

— .49 

— .52 

— .50 

— .00 

— .05 

— .72 

— .80 

— .87 

— .02 

— .93 

— .91 

— .H7 

— .82 

— . 7."( 

— .00 

— .57 

— .47 

[— .37 


II 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 

00 

+ .05 

+ .10 
+ .13 
+ .15 

+ . 12 
+ . 07 

— .02 

— .09 

— . 10 

00 

+ .14 

+ .27 
+ .40 

[+ ••'•.5] 


II 

— .20 

— .23 

— .25 

— .20 

— .27 

— .27 

— .25 

— .21 

^ 22 

— .20 

— . 30 

— .30 

— .22 
-.10 

— .05 

— .00 

— . 15 
. o.> 

— .23 

— . 19 

— .10 

+ .07 
+ .35 
+ .00 

[+1.00] 


+ :'2o 

+ .20 
+ .32 

+ .38 
+ .40 
+ . 39 

+ . 2(i 
+ .00 

— .17 

— .29 

— .32 

— .27 

— .11 

+ .04 
+ .03 

— . 03 

— .10 

— .00 

— .03 

00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 


— ."20 

— .20 


II 


It 


II 


II 

+ .40 
+ .41 

+ .55 

+ .71 
+ .71 

+ .54 

+ .05 

— .30 

— .50 

— .00 

— .57 

— .50 

— .38 

— .28 

— .24 

— .20 

— .20 

— .25 

— .33 

— .40 

— .40 

— .40 

— .40 

— .40 

[-.40] 



+ 90 

+ 85 
+ SO 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 05 

+ 00 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ .35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 
+ 10 
+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 00 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 








— .20 

— .20 

— .17 

— .11 

— .01 

00 

— .01 

— .07 

— .15 

— .18 

— .14 

— .00 

— .00 

— .15 

— .24 

— .27 

— .28 

— .24 

— .17 

— . 01 
+ .07 
+ . 25 

+ .48 
+ .75 


























— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 

— .33 


+ . 51 
+ .51 
+ .51 

+ . 51 
+ .51 
+ .51 

+ .51 
+ .51 
+ .51 

+ .51 
+ . 51 
+ ..51 

+ . 51 
+ . 51 
+ .51 


00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 

CO 




















— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— HO 

— 90 


















































































1 




































1 
















A.R. 


5 ji 

Si 




3 




s 

^ 


5 

£ 


i 


.a 


5 




s + 

e5 " 


A.R. 


h. 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 


7 
H 
9 

10 
11 
12 


- :'i2 

— .17 

— .21 

— .23 

— .24 

— .24 

— .21 

— .18 

— .13 

— .07 

.00 
+ .CO 
+ .12 


// 

— .12 

— .17 

— .21 

— .23 

— .24 

— .24 

— .21 

— .18 

— .13 

— .07 

.00 
+ .00 


II 


- :'o5 

00 
+ .05 
+ .10 

+ .14 
+ .17 

+ .20 

+ .20 
+ . 19 
+ .17 

+ .14 
+ .1(1 
+ .05 


+ "oi 

+ .05 
+ .09 
+ .12 

+ .15 
+ .16 
+ .17 

+ .10 
+ .14 
+ .12 

+ .08 
+ .04 
— .01 


- ."05 

00 

+ .05 

+ .10 

+ .14 
+ .17 
+ .20 

+ .20 
+ . 19 
+ .1' 

+ .14 

+ .10 
+ .05 


" 


// 


// 


// 

— .15 

— .07 
+ .02 
+ .11 

+ .19 

+ .20 
+ .31 

+ .34 
+ .34 
+ .33 

+ .29 
+ . 23 
+ .15 


ft. 
12 
13 
14 
15 

10 
17 

18 

19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 



















































+ .12 1 




















Wlicn the urj;iiment is 12'' to 24'' the, sinrn.s are to bo reversed. 



[181] 



liEGAPITULATlON OF SYSTEMATIC COERECTIONS. 



587 



Becapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. 



6 


o 






o 
O 


is 


^i- 

_ g-s 


Wn 67 (after 
Jnnel). tran- 
sit circle, (fj) 


l-1 


• 

Wn 69, tran- 
sit circle, {ff) 


fi 


o 
+ 90 
+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

-f CO 
+ 55 
-f 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 

-f 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 

+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 5(1 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 


II 

+ .22 
+ -47 
+ .72 

-4- .94 
+1.00 
+ .90 

+ .70 
+ .44 
+ .18 

— .04 

— .23 

— .37 

— .47 

— .54 

— .55 

— .52 

— .47 

— .43 

— .43 

— .43 

— .43 

— .39 

— .30 

— .18 

— .05 


"oo 

00 
00 

— .01 

— .05 

— .10 

— .17 

— .22 

— .25 

— .26 

— .26 

— .26 

— .26 

— .26 

— .26 

— .25 

— .23 

— .19 

— .12 

— .05 
+ .03 

+ .11 


,1 


"oo 

— .09 

— .15 

— .20 

— .25 

— .30 

— .34 

— .37 

— .40 

— .41 

— .42 

— .42 

— .37 

— .33 

— .33 

— .40 

— ..'■,2 

— .65 

— .80 
—1.00 
—1. 20 

—1.43 

—1. m 

—1. 93 

[—2.20] 


— !'29 

— .21 

— .12 

00 
+ . 12 
+ .24 

+ .38 
-f ..52 
+ .64 

+ .76 

-f .87 
+ .9S 

-f 1.(19 
+ 1.20 
+1. 30 

+ 1.40 
+1. 19 
-1-1.57 

+1.64 
+1.70 
+ 1.70 

+1.84 
+1. 95 
+2. 09 

+2.25 
+2. 43 


+ ;'2o 

+ .23 

+ .28 

+ .:i3 
+ .38 
+ .43 

+ .48 
+ .52 
+ .54 

+ .55 
+ .55 
+ .54 

+ ..52 
+ ..51 
+ .50 

+ .47 
+ .43 
+ .39 

+ .34 
+ .29 
+ .24 

+ .21 
+ .22 
+ .26 

+ .33 
+ .43 


n 
+ . 54 
+ . .57 
+ .62 

+ .67 
+ .72 
+ .77 

+ .82 
+ .86 

+ .88 

+ .89 
+ .69 
+ .88 

+ .86 

+ .85 
+ .84 

+ .81 
+ .77 
+ .73 

+ .68 
+ .03 
+ .57 

+ .55 
+ .56 
+ .60 

+ .67 
+ .77 


// 

— .14 

— .18 

— .21 

— .22 

— .22 

^ Q.^ 

— !20 

— .21 

— .22 

— .22 

— .23 

— .23 
o;^ 

— !21 

— .21 

— .19 

— .19 

— .19 

— .19 

— .14 

— .09 

00 
+ .13 

+ .29 
+ .49 


— .15 

— .12 

— .08 

— .02 
+ .03 
+ .07 

+ .12 
^• .17 
+ .19 

+ .19 
+ .20 
+ .19 

+ .17 
+ . 16 
+ .14 

+ .11 

+ .08 
+ .03 

— .01 

— .07 

— .12 

-.15 

— .14 

— .10 

— .03 
+ .08 


o 
+ 90 
+ 85 
+ ISO 

+ '5 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 

+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— to 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 










'[+1-25] 

L+1.00] 

[+ .67] 

+ .48 

+ .11 

— .08 

— .15 

— . 15 

— .15 

— .15 

— .16 

— .18 

— .21 

— .26 

— .30 

— .32 

— .36 

— .38 

— .40 

— .34 

— . 22 

— .12 

— .05 
.00 




































































































A.R. 


h4 





oo 
o 


5 




o 








A.R. 


h. 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 

12 


1/ 


/' 


// 


// 


// 


// 


" 


// 


II 


7(. 
12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 

18 

19 
20 
21 

22 
2i 

24 


























































































































1 


















































1 


I 






















1 




1 


1 




i 1 


I 1 



When the argument is 12'' to 24'' the signs are to be reversed. 



588 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BOUNDAEY COMMISSION. 

Recapitulation of systematic corrections — Continued. 



[182] 



<! 












Wn 72 and 
Wn 73, mu- 
ral. 




3 




6 


+ 90 
+ 85 
+ bO 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ C5 

+ CO 
+ E5 

+ to 

+ 45 

+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 

+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 

+ 10 

+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— 50 

— 60 

— 70 

— 80 

— 90 


"CO 
00 
00 

CO 
00 
00 

.00 

— .03 

— .06 

— .09 

— .23 

— .41 

— .45 

— .46 

— .47 

— .47 

— .47 

— .46 

— .41 

— .:!6 

— .31 

— .31 

— .31 

— .31 

— .31 

— .31 

— .31 


"oo 

00 
00 

00 
00 
GO 

.00 

— .05 

— .10 

— .16 

— .22 

— .26 

— .30 

— .33 

— .34 

— .33 

— .32 

— .31 

— .30 

— .29 

— .27 

— .25 

— .23 

— .21 

— .19 

— .17 

— .15 


"oo 

00 
00 

+ ..02 
+ .04 
+ .07 

+ .10 
+ .14 

+ .18 

+ .24 
+ .46 
+ .75 

+ .88 
+ .93 
+ .96 

+ .98 
+ .99 
+1.00 

+1.03 
+1.11 
+1.19 

+1.28 
+1.3G 
+1.45 

+1. 53 


// 
+ .07 

— .04 

— .14 

— .24 

— .33 

— .41 

— .49 

— .56 

— .62 

— .68 

— .40 

— .03 

00 
00 
00 

00 
00 
00 

CO 
00 
00 

+ .0-1 
+ .16 
+ .29 

+ .42 
+ .53 


"oo 

00 
00 

00 

— .14 

— .25 

— .37 

— .43 

— .50 

— .57 

— .62 

— .66 

— .70 

— .73 

— .75 

-.75 

— .75 

— .70 

— ..-,9 

— .44 

— .25 


+ .45 
+ .45 
+ .45 

+ .45 
+ .31 
+ .20 

+ .08 
+ .02 

— .05 

— .12 

— .17 

— .21 

— .25 

— .28 

— .30 

— .30 

— .30 

— .25 

— .14 
+ .01 
+ .20 


"00 

— .26 

— .48 

— .66 

— .H6 
—1.03 

—1.21 

—1.36 
-1.49 

—1.56 
—1.60 
—1.60 

— 1.52 
—1.51 
—1.60 

—1.68 
—1.67 
—1.54 

—1.14 

— .78 

— .59 

— .43 

— .30 

— .20 

— .10 


"oo 

— .17 

— .34 

— .CO 

— .63 

— .73 

— .81 

— .87 

— .90 

— .90 

— .90 

— .85 

— .85 
— l.CO 
—1.20 

—1.23 
—1.20 

— .87 

— .38 

— .10 
+ .02 

+ .09 
+ .13 
+ .16 

+ 18 


II 
+ .40 
+ .26 
+ .13 

00 

— .13 

— .26 

— .40 

— .55 

— .70 

— .75 

— .80 

— .74 

— .62 

— .55 

— .50 

— .50 

— .42 

— .20 

+ .25 

+ .48 
+ .56 

+ .56 
+ .58 
+ .65 

J. 79 


o 
+ 90 
+ 85 
+ 80 

+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 

+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 

+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 

+ 15 
+ 10 
+ 5 



— 5 

— 10 

— 15 

— 20 

— 25 

— 30 

— 35 

— 40 

— .'•.0 

— CO 

— 70 

— tO 

— 90 




























































































































A.E. 


o 

a 


c . 

t» 


a 




p 


1^ 




3 

O 




A. E. 


/(. 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 


II 


n 


II 


II 


II 


// 


f> 


II 


// 


h. 
12 
13 
U 
15 

16 
17 
18 

19 
20 
21 

22 

23 
24 









































































































































































































































When the argument is IS"" to 24'' the siftn.* .ire to be reversed. 



[183] RECAPITULATION OF SYSTEMATIC CORRECTIONS. 

Becapitulation of systematic corrections— Continued. 



589 



<5 


s 


CO 


5 


t 


§ 


o 


t» 




1 
n 


6 


& 


<§ 


^ 


D5 




9 

M 


c 
M 




(S 




o 

+ yo 

+ 85 
+ 80 


+ :'io 

+ .27 
+ .38 


+ .74 


"oo 


+ :'io 


"oo 


+ :'io 


+ :'23 


+ :'i7 


"oo 


o 
+ 90 


+1.00 


00 


+ .15 


00 


+ .13 


+ .27 


+ .24 


+ .21 


+ 85 


+1.26 


00 


+ .18 


00 


+ .17 


+ .31 


+ .32 


+ .39 


+ 80 


+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 


+ .41 
-4- 40 


+1.43 


00 


+ .19 


— .03 


+ .19 


+ .36 


+ .40 


+ .52 


+ 75 


+1.50 
+1.41 


00 


+ .20 


— .06 


+ .20 


+ .40 


+ .48 


+ .67 


+ 70 


+ .31 


00 


+ .18 


— .12 


+ .19 


+ .42 


+ .50 


+ .80 


+ 65 


+ 60 
+ 55 
+ 50 

+ 45 
+ 40 
+ 35 


+ .20 
+ .08 
— .03 


+1.21 


00 


+ .13 


— .23 


+ .17 


+ .44 


+ -!i 


+ .86 


+ 60 


+ .96 
+ .60 


— .10 

— .22 


+ .08 
00 


— .30 

— .34 


+ .12 
+ .11 


+ .41 
+ .35 


+ .49 
+ .42 


+ .82 
+ .70 


+ 55 
+ 50 


10 


+ .47 
+ .20 
- .02 


— .37 


— .06 


— .32 


— .01 


+ .23 


+ .33 


+ -47 


+ 45 


— .14 

— .18 


— .46 

— .48 


— .10 

— .09 


— .27 

— .28 


— .22 

— .50 


+ .10 
— .10 


+ .15 
— .07 


+ .21 
— .02 


+ 40 
+ 35 


+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 


— .18 

— .18 

— .21 


— .14 

— .30 

— .51 


— .47 

— .49 

— .58 


+ .03 
+ .12 
+ .07 


— .28 

— .33 

— .48 


— .63 

— .65 

— .40 


— .27 

— .25 

— .10 


— .21 

— .17 

+ .08 


— .13 

— .06 
+ .10 


+ 30 
+ 25 
+ 20 


+ 15 
+ 10 
+ 5 


33 


— .88 


— .73 


— .06 


— .62 


00 


+ .20 


+ .32 


+ .21 


+ 10 


42 


—1.06 


— .88 


— .10 


— .66 


+ .26 


+ .40 


+ .44 


+ .23 


+ 15 


— .26 


—1.11 


—1.00 


— .10 


— .56 


+ .20 


+ .36 


+ .40 


+ .11 


+ 5 




— 5 

— 10 


+ .13 
+ .40 
+ .53 


— .93 


— .88 


— .10 


— .47 


00 


+ .18 


+ .30 


— .09 





— .91 


— .74 


— .20 


— .40 


— .25 


+ .02 


+ .18 


— .26 


— 5 


—1.06 


— .79 


— .35 


— .40 


- .50 


— .11 


+ .07 


— .34 


— 10 


15 


+ .62 

+ .80 
+ .90 


—1.30 


- .89 


— .51 


— .40 


- .65 


— .24 


— .02 


— . 35 


— 15 


20 


—1.57 


—1.05 


— .67 


— .40 


— .80 


— .34 


— .11 


— .30 


— 20 


— 25 


-1.83 


—1.22 


-.83 


— .35 


— .90 


— .42 


— .20 


— .25 


— 25 


— 30 

— 35 

— 40 


+1.00 


—2.10 


—1.40 


—1.00 


— .30 


—1.00 


- .50 


— .28 


— .20 


— 30 

— 35 

— 40 


...... .• 


















— 50 

— 60 




















- 50 

— 60 
70 




















— 70 

— 80 

— 90 




















— 80 

— 90 


















A.R. 


«3 


8 






CO 










A.R. 


h. 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 

■ 7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 


// 


// 


II 


II 


II 


// 


// 


II 


II 


12 
13 
14 
15 

16 
17 

18 

19 
20 
21 

22 
23 
24 















































































































.'.'.'.".'. 
























































When the argument is IS" to 24" the signs are to be reversed. 

For general explanation see Sections VIII. and X. 

Notes.-ln a few cases the corrections of the table are only .applicable to declinations by direct obser- 
vations above the pole. For these, where it is thought to be worth while, the corrections to declina- 
tions, as they result from observations below the pole, are given in the following table. 



590 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [184] 

For observations below (he pole. 



<s 


Ce 36 and 
Ce37. 


Eh 41. 


Eh 42. 


Eh 43. 


Eh 44. 


Wn 45. 


Ce 45 to 
Ce51. 


Wn 61 and 
Wn 62. 


6 


o 


„ 


It 


// 


// 


// 


// 


// 


// 


o 


+ 90 

+ 85 
+ 80 


+ .09 
+ .09 
+ .09 


— .23 

— .17 
+ .01 


+ .94 
+1.06 
+1.16 


—1.29 
—1.36 
-1. 39 


+ .30 
+ .37 
+ .37 


+ .35 
+ . 39 
+ .40 


+ .43 
+ .43 
+ .43 


+ .76 
+ .79 

+ .80 


+ 90 

+ 85 
+ 80 


+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 
+ GO 


+ .09 
+ .0-.J 

— .09 

— .23 


+ .13 


+1.24 


—1.37 


+ .34 


+ .39 

+ .35 






+ 75 
+ 70 
+ 65 
+ 60 


























' 












1 












Washington transit circle. 






6 


Wn 63 to 
Wn 65. 










6 


Wn 66. 


Wn 67 (be- 
fore June 1). 


Wn 07 (after 
Jnne 1.) 


Wn 08. 


Wn 69. 


Wn74. 


o 


// 


// 






// 


// 


// 


It 


// 


o 


+ 90 
+ 85 
+ 80 


+ .55 
+ .58 
+ .59 


+ .29 
+ .36 
+ .44 




— '. 


20 
16 
11 


— .54 

— .50 

— .45 


+ .14 

+ .10 
+ .07 


+ .15 
+ .19 
+ .25 


— .07 

— .17 

— .28 


+ 90 

+ 85 
+ 80 


+ 75 
+ 70 


+ .58 
+ .55 


+ .53 
+ .62 




+ ■ 


03 
06 


- .37 

— .28 


+ .06 
+ .05 


+ .33 
+ .41 


— .38 

— .48 


+ 75 

+ 70 



These corrections are iu the cases of Ce 36 to Ce 37, Wn 45, Ce 45 to Ce 51, Wn 01 and Wn 62, and 
Wn 63 to Wn 65, derived merely by the addition of a constant to the correction for declinations above 
(he pole. 

(a) Corrcctiones nltima; pp. 351 to 371 of Strnve's Pos. Med. (1830) must be added for each star to 
the correction of Dt 24, in order to make it applicable to Dt 30. 

(h) Ee 45. The corrections, with reversed signs, pp. viii to xi Int. to Kadcliffe catalogue for 1845 
must be .added. 

(c) The curve .southward from — 10° is prob.ibly very near Ms 35 — 0".4. 

(rf) Re 58. The correction, pp. xviii and xix Int. to second Eadclifle catalogue, must be added, with 
reversed signs. 

(f) Me 62. The important effect of the correction given iu the table, pp. xxii to sxiv, introduction 
to the catalogue, varies too rapidly to be included here. The two corrections must therefore be added. 

(/) Observations taken from Bonn Beob. Bd. vi require the further correction given in Int., p. xiv. 

(g) The corrections to Wn 06-69 (transit circle) are applicable to the mean declinations of the 
detailed observations after these have been corrected for division error only. The effect of the latter 
might have been included ; but greater accuracy, in interpolating, results from the above course. 

(ft) Applicable to declinations of the catalogues. 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS 



i-ou 



THE EPOCH 1875.0, 



CONTAmiNG DECLINATIOxXS WITH THEIR ANNUAL VARIATIONS AND OTHER 

TERMS OF PRECESSION. 



COilPILED FROM ORIGINAL AUTHORITIES. 



591 



592 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[186J 



Catalogue of 500 stars 



a 



1 

o 

3 

«4 

*5 

6 

•7 
8 
9 

10 

11 
12 
'13 
14 
15 

*16 
17 

18 
*19 
*20 

21 
•22 

23 
*24 

25 

"26 
27 
28 

*29 
30 

31 

*32 

33 

34 

*35 

*3f) 
37 

'38 

39 

'40 

41 
42 
43 
44 
•45 



O 



P 



Name. 



4 

7 
26 
46 
67 

8S 
120 
126 
153 
155 

166 
169 
175 
196 
194 

198 
215 
218 
219 
239 

253 
259 

288 



334 

345 
395 
360 
401 
416 

420 

4:!3 
447 
453 
474 

487 
507 
522 
537 
560 

564 
519 
577 
600 
611 



a Andromedje 
l3 CiissiopesB . . 
7 Pegasi 



p AndromedsB 



IS Hydii. 



K C'assiopeje . . 

f Cassiopete.. 

a- Andi'omedjB 

f Andromedae 

a (Jassiopeae . . . 



/3 Ceti 

21 Cassiopeae . 



Cassiopere . . 

f AndromedsB 

r; CassiopeiB . . 

V Cassiopeae . . 



)■ Cassiopeas - . 
/I Andromeda 

e Pisciiini . 

(LL. 1935) . 
(3 Andromedie 



82 Piscium 

V Piscium 

a Ursa} Miuoris . 

91 Piscium 

d CassiopecB . ... 



01 Ceti 

38 Cassiopeae . 
y Pheuicis... 
7 Piscium . .. 



51 AndromedsB 

a Eridani 

54 Audromedas 

Piscium 

2 Peisc'i 



e Cassiopea) . 
a Triauguli . 

fS Arietis 

50 Cassiopeae . 
53 Cassiopeae . 



"2 

'a 
to 



1 
2.5 

2 

6 
5.5 

3 
6 
4 
4 
4.5 

3 

6 
2.5 
5.5 

5.5 

4 

4 

5 
5.5 

3 
4 
4 



5.5 
5.5 

2 

6 

3 



3 
4 

6 

.3.5 
1 
4 
5 



3 
3.5 
3 
4 
6 



= -s - 
c'iic 5 



h. m. s. 

01 55.8 
02 31. 1 
06 48. 
10 15.1 
14 32.4 

19 09. 1 

24 47.6 

25 54. 5 
30 01. 
30 12.5 

32 38.8 

33 25. 5 

34 37.5 
37 18.8 
37 25.6 

37 45.9 

40 43. 

41 32.8 
41 45.5 
45 37. 5 

49 10.7 
49 49. 2 
56 27. 4 

1 02 25. 9 
02 44. 3 

04 13.4 

12 36.0 

13 00.2 

14 12.9 
17 39. 3 

17 40.5 

21 .57.4 

22 51). 1 
24 47. 7 
28 49. 2 

30 19.6 
33 03. 3 

35 50. 2 

38 47.7 

44 13.1 

45 25. 4 
45 57. 6 
47 44.2 

52 47. 9 

53 46. 4 



i = 



+ 3. 089 
+ 3. 162 
+ 3.082 
+ 3. 183 
+ 3. 141 

+ 3.2C6 
+ 3. 116 
+ 3. ,358 
+ 3.309 
+ 3. 188 

+ 3. 192 
+ 3.366 
+ .3. 510 
+ 3. 012 
+ 3.834 

+ 3.314 
+ 3. 169 
+ 3. .581 
+ 3.367 
+ 3.530 

+ 3.566 
+ 3.304 
+ 3. 109 
+ 3.966 
+ 3.340 

+ 3.291 
+ 3.283 
+20. 868 
+ 3.301 
+ 3.870 

+ 2.998 
+ 4.357 
+ 2.612 
+ 3.199 
+ 3.630 

+ 3. 648 
+ 2. 240 
+ 3.726 
+ 3. 162 
+ 3.781 

+ 4.245 
+ 3.40.! 
+ 3.301 
+ 4.984 
+ 4.365 



df 



+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 



18 
54 
10 
60 
26 



A<5 



— 154 

+ 24 

+ 70 

+ 49 

+ 24 



+ 
+ 



55 
67 
6 
+ 160 



+ 

+ 



+ 



41 
18 
64 
46 
71 



+ 

+ 



71 

30 
09 
+ 113 
+ 29 

+ 25 
+ 22 

+15068 
+ 23 
+ 79 



+ 



+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 



02 

144 

13 

14 

48 

48 
13 
53 
11 
54 

99 



+ 
+ 
+ 18 
+ 186 
+ 11 



— .43 

— .07 

— .41 
+ .35 

— .36 

— .11 
—1.15 

+ .78 

— .10 
+ .98 

+ .35 

— .01 
+ .51 

— .03 
+1.11 



+ 



22 
79 
43 

+ .97 
+ .50 



+ .26 

— .35 

— .41 
+ .60 

— .51 

+ .47 

— .37 
+ .02 

— .46 
+ .02 

+ .01 

— .87 

— .48 
—1.15 



— .17 

— .00 

— ..53 

— ..57 
+ .61 

+ .09 
+ .23 

— .53 
+1.06 
+ .45 



^|i' 



+ 



99 
81 
45 
+2. 24 
— 1.60 



—1.30 
—8.30 
+ .23 

— .14 
+ .30 

+1. 45 

— .17 
+1. 72 
+ .49 
+2. 43 

— .47 
+2.72 
+1.35 
+1.34 
+1.44 

+1.57 

— .86 

— .37 
+1.70 
—2. (ii 

+1.36 
—1.15 

— .28 

— .71 
+ 



34 



— .53 

—2.86 
—3. 58 
—2. 54 
+ 



.20 



+ • 
— 1. 

2. 

— l! 

+ • 



61 
74 
49 
17 
61 

— .47 

+ .53 
—1.40 
+2. 35 
+ .95 



[187J 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS, 



593 



for the epoch 1875.0. 



c 

a 


Declination, 


'o7r-.0. 


s . 

t- XT. 

p o 


"S 


« . 

li 

< 


Probable error 
of anuual va- 
riation. 


m 

(iv- 


dj3 


a 


"0 

t. a 





o 


1 


II 


// 




,, 


// 


II 


// 


„ 


1 


_i_ 28 


24 


00.79 


.00 


26 


+ 19.8866 


.0021 


— 124 


— 102 


— .1669 


2 


+ 58 


27 


36. 63 


.12 


6 


+ 19.8601 


. 0036 


— 140 


— 109 


— .1929 


3 


+ 14 


29 


18.67 


.06 


24 


4- 20.0269 


. 0022 


— 220 


— 101 


— . 0ia5 


*4 


+ 60 


50 


18.00 


.35 


I 


4- 20.0365 


.0102 


— 294 


— Ill 


+ . 0024 


*5 


+ 37 


16 


3.3. 11 


.10 


8 


+ 19.9469 


.0050 


— 376 


— 109 


— . 0670 


() 


— 77 


57 


30.11 


.26 


1 


+ 20.2912 


.0099 


- 456 


— 114 


+ . 3070 


»7 


+ 32 


53 


28.25 


.29 


1 


+ 19.8780 


.015 


— 584 


— 107 


— . 059 


8 


+ 62 


14 


29. 68 


.21 


2 


+ 19.9227 


.0057 


— 638 


— 130 


— . 0077 


9 


+ 53 


12 


30.94 


.13 


5 


+ 19.8621 


.0041 


— 716 


— 124 


— . 0204 


10 


4- 33 


01 


50.98 


.22 


2 


+ 19.8723 


.0057 


— 697 


— Ill 


— . OOSO 


11 


+ 30 


10 


35.27 


.19 


3 


+ 19.7476 


• .00.55 


— 748 


— Ill 


— .1035 


12 


+ 55 


51 


05. 12 


.07 


20 


+ 19.8006 


. 0022 


— 800 


— 130 


— .0407 


*13 


+ 65 


27 


41.66 


.24 


2 


+ 19.80.50 


.0111 


— 038 


— 856 


— .0208 


14 


— 18 


40 


23. 23 


.07 


16 


+ 19.8139 


.0033 


— 800 


— 93 


+ .0249 


15 


+ 74 


18 


15.68 


.12 


6 


+ 19.7607 


. 0048 


— 991 


— 191 


— .0207 


'16 


+ 47 


35 


59.48 


.12 





+ 19.7748 


.0048 


— 877 


— 124 


— . O077 


17 


+ 23 


35 


12. 69 


.17 


3 


+ 19.6648 


.0058 


— 900 


— 108 


- . 0738 


18 


+ 57 


09 


08.23 


.11 


7 


+ 19.2481 


.0037 


— 1071 


— 155 


— .4775 


*19 


+ 50 


17 


09.37 


.27 


1 


+ 19.6957 


. 0070 


— 974 


— 129 


- . 0266 


*20 


+ 60 


26 


17.35 


.26 


1 


+ 19.8186 


.0081 


— 1100 


— 149 


+ .1604 


21 


+ 60 


02 


21. .'iO 


.10 


9 


+ 19.5780 


.0041 


— 1191 


— 153 


— . 0163 


•22 


+ 37 


49 


14.69 


.12 


7 


+ 19.5897 


. 0048 


— 1121 


— 122 


-f . 0074 


2S 


+ 7 


12 


59. 93 


.07 


17 


+ 19.4721 


.0035 


— 1188 


— 101 


+ . 0233 


*24 
25 


+ 67 
+ 34 


06 
57 


43. 88 
26.09 






+ 19.3167 
+ 19.1852 




— 1655 

— 1400 


— 205 

— 125 


+ .002 
- . 1223 


".'I'o' 


io 


""'.'0634' 


*26 


+ 30 


45 


3.3. 94 


.33 


1 


+ 19.2696 


. 0124 


— 1411 


— 119 


— .0024 


27 


+ 26 


36 


22. 53 


.10 


3 


+ 19.0389 


. 0054 


— 1574 


— 117 


— . 0175 


28 


+ 88 


38 


33.86 


.03 


93 


+ 19.0458 


. 0010 


— 9670 


—11308 


+ . 0004 


•29 


+ 28 


05 


03.38 


.24 


1 


+ 18.91.'-.8 


.0060 


— 1613 


— 119 


— .0901 


30 


+ 59 


35 


04.92 


.13 


5 


+ 18.t594 


.0039 


— 1978 


— 188 


— . 0546 


31 


— 8 


49 


44. 34 


.07 


17 


+ 18.6;:02 


. 0033 


— 1534 


— 90 


— .2203 


*32 


+ 69 


37 


12. 89 


.17 


3 


+ 18.7100 


. 0057 


— 2318 


— 201 


— .0756 


33 


— 43 


57 


32.48 


..30 


1 


+ 18.5496 


.0105 


— 1427 


— 60 


+ . 1342 


34 


+ 14 


42 


02. 65 


.08 


16 


+ 18.6898 


. 0035 


— 1768 


— 107 


— . 0074 


*35 


+ 48 


05 


00. 32 


.36 


1 


+ 18.5480 


.0098 


— 2083 


— 155 


— .0190 


"36 


+ 47 


59 


38.47 


.11 


7 


+ 18.3978 


. 0036 


— 2125 


— 1,^>6 


— .1169 


37 


— 57 


52 


20. 30 


.22 


2 


+ 18.3763 


.0086 


— 1375 


— 40 


— . 0474 


*.38 


+ 50 


03 


28. 61 


.10 


9 


+ 18.2954 


.0040 


— 2282 


— 164 


— . 0309 


39 


+ 8 


31 


39. 81 


.09 


12 


+ 18.2459 


. 0037 


— 2009 


— 102 


+ . 0263 


•40 


+ 50 


10 


25. 57 


.33 


1 


+ 17.9714 


.0068 


— 2496 


— I(i8 


— .0449 


41 


+ 63 


03 


11.63 


.11 


8 


+ 17.9450 


. 0034 


— 2828 


— 234 


— . 0247 


42 


+ 28 


58 


08. 16 


.20 


2 


+ 17.7131 


. OOon 


— 2291 


— 125 


— .2357 


43 


+ 20 


11 


45. 94 


.07 


19 


+ 17.7609 


. 0035 


— 2262 


— 113 


— .1180 


44 


+ 71 


48 


53. 84 


.10 


10 


4- 17.6975 


. 0036 


— 3503 


— 357 


+ . 0235 


•45 


+ 63 


47 


06.78 


.32 


1 


+ 17.6409 


.0079 


— 3108 


- 248 


-f .0135 



N B- 



-38 



594 UNITED STATES NOETHEEN BODNDAKY COMMISSION. [188J 

Caialofjrie of 500 ainrx 



Name. 



a 



o ->^ . 
a MO 



s a 
c o 






A.I 



A/ii' 



46 
47 

»4-J 

49 

*oO 

*51 
5-2 
53 

*54 

55 

56 
57 
58 
59 
'60 

61 

Gi 
64 
65 

66 
*(i7 

*m 

*69 

70 

71 

*n 

•74 



•76 

77 

78 

*79 

*f-"0 

HI 

•82 

8:5 

84 

*85 

P6 

87 
88 
89 
90 



628 
648 
656 
684 
744 

752 
760 
777 
825 

827 

837 
863 
872 
885 
696 

937 
949 
947 
953 
963 

962 

979 

999 

1029 

1043 

1057 
106-i 
10i)7 
1101 
1129 

1127 
1166 
1207 
1203 
1228 



1234 
1254 
1235 
1266 
1287 

1328 
1376 
1420 
1456 
1474 



y Andromed» 

a Arietis 

!i Trianguli... 

f Ceti 

J CassiopeK . . 



11 Trianguli 
f^ Ceti 



ft Arietis . 
Persei . . 



y"- Ceti.... 

■q Persei . . 

41 Arietis 

T Persei . . 



Eridani 

Ceti 

Persei 

Persei 

Persei 



Persei - 



f Arietis . 
60 Arietis . 
<: Persei . 



o Taiui 
f Taiiri 



6 Persei . 



ri Tauri . 
f Persei . 



Persei . 



>' Eiidani 
1 Persei . . 



48 Persei. 
li Persei . 



y Tanri 

£■ Tauri 

a Tauri 

4 Camelopardi . 

n Camelopardi. 



3 
2 

4 

5 
4 

6.5 

4 
5.5 

6 

4 

3 
4 
3 
5 

6 

3.5 
2.5 
3.5 
4 
2.5 

4 

5.5 

5 

7 

2. 5 

4.5 

4 

6 
C.5 

3 

6 
3 



2.5 
4.5 

6 

5 
4.5 



3.5 

3.5 

1 



7(. III. 8. 

1 56 13.9 

2 00 07. 8 
02 06.7 

06 22.5 
18 47. 5 

20 03.8 

21 30.9 

26 11.4 
35 19.3 

35 40. 2 

36 49. 5 

41 .35.5 

42 37. 8 

45 24. 3 

49 33. 8 

53 31.2 
55 44.8 
55 45. 3 
57 10.3 

3 00 02. 4 

00 0.3.3 
04 32. 1 

07 43. 1 
13 01.2 
15 24. 4 

18 0.5. 3 

20 23. 8 

21 33.3 

27 51.4 
34 01.8 

34 12.7 

40 03.4 

46 16.6 
46 24. 7 

50 51.5 

52 11.8 
57 16.7 
57 58.1 
59 35.5 

4 05 43.5 

12 40. 9 
21 19.1 

28 45.0 

37 35 9 

41 3i^,0 



s. 
+ 3.652 
+ 3.368 
+ 3.550 
+ 3.170 
+ 4.844 

+ 3.535 
+ 3. 181 
+ 5.553 
+ .3.370 
+ 4.061 

+ 3. 103 
+ 4.333 
+ 3.514 
+ 4.212 
+ 7.668 

+ 2.274 
+ 3. 129 
+ 4. 307 
+ 3. 821 

+ 3.878 

+ 4.294 
+ 7.360 
+ 3.436 
+ 3.542 
+ 4.249 

+ 3.221 
+ 3.244 
+ 6.430 
+ 3.708 
4. 241 



+ 



5. 600 
3. 555 
3.757 
+ 5.242 
3.873 



+ 



+ 2.794 
+ 4.440 
+16. 853 
4- 4.331 
4- 4.380 



3.408 
3. 406 
3. 436 
4.9li9 
.5.915 



s. 
+ 39 

+ -21 
+ 30 
+ Vi 
+ 131 

+ 27 
+ 1-2 
+ 200 

+ IB 
+ 51 

+ 9 

+ 68 
+ 23 
+ 58 
+ 457 

+ ' 

+ 10 

+ 59 

4- 33 

+ 35 

+ 52 
+ 353 

+ IS 
+ 20 
+ 48 

+ 11 
+ 1-2 
+ 204 

+ a4 

+ 41 

+ 116 

+ l'^ 

+ 22 

+ 84 

4- 25 

+ 4 
+ 42 
+1811 
+ 37 

+ 37 

+ 11 

+ 12 

+ 10 

+ 40 

+ 69 



+ .34 

— .35 

— .32 

— .20 

— .03 

— .42 

— .16 
+ .36 

— .26 
+1.14 

— .56 

+ .66 

— .69 

— .08 
+ . 55 

— .43 

— .17 
+ .49 

— .41 

— .07 



+ 

+ 


.23 

.48 
.23 


— 


.24 


— 


.04 


_ 


.22 


+1 

+ 

+ 


.52 
.6S 
.12 
.30 





.13 


_ 


.37 


— 


.29 


— 


.21 


— 


.84 





.34 


— 


.15 


+ 


.86 
.87 


+ 


.13 


. . 


.88 


— 


.13 


— . 


.25 


+ 


.28 
.24 



+ .46 

— .75 

— .10 

— .43 

+ .77 

+ .07 
+ .28 
+1.57 
. '22 

+ 1.29 

— .45 
+3.10 
+ .15 
+ .46 
+2. 19 

—1.35 
+ .21 
+1.17 



—1.18 
+1.41 

— . 32 
+ .34 
+ .56 

— .55 

+ .77 
+2.78 
+ .90 

— .08 

+ .30 

— .78 

— .73 

— .26 

— .71 

+ .40 

— .37 
+3. 28 

— .90 

+ .58 

—2. 55 
—1.67 
—1.08 
+ .60 
—2. 14 



[189] 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 



595 



for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 







o 

1% 




C3 . 

no 


(2 s a 


d=<S 


(P(5 


a 







Declination, 1875.0. 




_■;-> 




3 e| 


di- 


dfi 


u a 


a 




■5 


tc 
'53 


0.2 


2 o-c 









a 




El, 


^ 


+* 

< 


CLi 






Cli 


■16 


o ' " 
+ 41 43 43.50 
+ 22 52 13. 17 
+ 34 23 41.73 
+ 8 15 3;i.55 
+ 66 50 l'.l.27 


// 
.13 


5 


ii 

+ 17.4676 


II 

.0036 


ll 
— 2663 


— 149 


// 

— .0621 


47 
*48 

49 
«50 


.06 
.11 
.11 
.11 


25 
7 

8 
7 


4- 17.2103 
+ 17.2248 
+ 17.0606 
-j- 16.4926 


. 0021 
. 0037 
.0040 
. 0043 


— 2543 

— 2714 

— 2492 

— 4097 


— 116 

— 136 

— 97 

— 310 


— . 1515 

— . 0496 

— .0153 
+ . 0047 


*51 


+ 31 14 19.64 
+ 7 53 55.03 
+ 72 16 09.56 
+ 19 28 38.91 
+ 48 41 53.24 


.25 


1 


+ 16.3870 


.0075 


— 3031 


— 129 


— . 0373 

— .0142 

+ .0047 

— . 051-2 

— . 0981 


53 

*.54 

55 


.08 
.19 
.22 
.20 


14 
3 
2 

2 


+ 16.3369 
+ 16.11.56 
+ 15.5662 
+ 15.5050 


. 0036 
. 0063 
. C073 

.0051 


— 27r.8 

— 4883 

— 3148 

— 3819 


— 95 

— 432 

— 107 

— 181 


56 
57 

58 

59 

«60 


+ 2 42 28.16 
+ 55 22 29. 46 
+ 26 44 37.79 
+ 52 14 56. 91 
+ 78 .55 16.59 


.08 
.23 
.11 
.13 
.16 


16 
2 

7 
5 
4 


+ 15.3820 
+ 15.2466 
-)- 1,5.0941 
+ 15.0427 
+ 14.8183 


.0029 
.0065 
. 0042. 
.0048 
.0053 


— 2919 

— 4166 

— 3407 

— 4122 

— 7610 


— 85 

— 213 

— 118 

— 194 

— 904 


— .1575 

— . 0260 

— . 1195 

— .0114 

-1- . 0U69 


61 
62 
63 


— 40 48 22. 63 
+ 3 35 52.89 
+ 53 00 .'■i4.54 
+ 38 21 15. 39 
4- 40 28 20.48 


.29 
.06 
.23 


1 

22 

2 


+ 14.0222 
+ 14.3553 
+ 14.4384 


.0101 
. 0023 
.0068 


— 2336 

— 3226 

— 4424 


— 45 

— 82 

— 198 


+ .0465 

— . 08.59 

— . 0023 

— .1127 

— . 0122 


64 
65 


.20 
.09 


2 
12 


+ 14.2417 
+ 14.1657 


.0061 
. 0029 


— 3963 

— 4058 


— 141 

— 146 


66 

*67 
*68 
*69 


+ 49 08 01.33 
+ 77 16 19. 19 
+ 20 34 46.80 
+ 25 12 38.65 


.21 
.11 
.11 
.24 


2 

7 
7 
2 


+ 14.0 -.53 

+ 13.8452 
+ 13.6107 
+ 13.2529 


.0061 
. 0051 
. 0042 
. 0089 


— 4631 

— 7819 

— 3716 

— 3912 


— 193 

— 763 

— 101 

— 107 
_ 175 


— .0918 

— .0519 

— . 0842 

— . 0996 

— .0334 


70 


+ 49 24 51.43 


.03 


13 


+ 13. 1625 


.0030 


— 4725 


71 

72 

»73 

•74 

75 


+ 8 35 14.68 
+ 9 17 43.17 
+ 72 55 12.89 
+ 31 15 38.51 
+ 47 23 08.49 


.14 
.12 

.29 
.27 
.08 


5 
(i 
1 
1 
13 


+ 12.9299 
4- 12. ^077 
+ 12.7748 
+ 12.3255 

+ 11.8o28 


.0048 
.0044 
. 0121 
.015 
. 0029 


— 3624 

— 3688 

— 7273 

— 4316 

— 5024 


— 81 

— 82 

— 502 

— 114 

— 158 


— . 0835 

— .0563 

— .0112 

— .031 

— . 0438 


•76 

77 

78 

*79 

*80 


+ 66 48 24. 09 
+ 23 43 00. 57 
+ 31 30 37.56 
4- 62 42 10.78 
+ 35 25 46. 51 


.21 

.07 
.09 
.26 
.20 


2 
18 
11 

1 
2 


+ 11.8228 
+ 11.4429 
+ 11.0171 
+ 11.0480 
-f 10.6936 


.0079 
. 0029 
. 0036 
. 0094 
.0056 


— 6642 

— 4298 

— 4621 

— 6422 

— 4825 


— 329 

— 94 

— 106 

— 257 

— 112 


— .0910 
_ . 0558 

— .0313 
+ . 0094 

— .0181 


81 

•o2 

83 

84 

; "85 


— 13 51 .^6. 04 
+ 50 00 34. .57 
-)- 85 13 20.27 
+ 47 22 34.67 
-1- 48 05 21.69 


.08 
.12 
.19 
.23 
.22 


16 
6 
3 

2 
2 


+ 10.4965 
+ 10.1890 
+ 10.2135 
4- 10.01.50 
+ 9.5579 


.0033 
. 0043 
.0066 
.0060 
. O0.')7 


— 3507 

— 5617 
—21219 

— 5510 

— 5652 


— 46 

— 154 

— 37e6 

— 142 

— 139 


— .1160 

— .0437 
+ .0328 

— . 0430 

— .0322 


86 
67 
88 
89 
90 


+ 15 19 26.23 
+ 18 54 04.44 
+ 16 15 21.78 
+ 56 31 56.13 
+ 66 07 36.73 


.09 
.08 
.06 
.11 
.10 


11 
16 
26 

7 

H 


+ 9. 0238 
+ 8. 3258 
+ 7.5^36 
+ 6. 9050 
+ 6. 7231 


.0040 
.0039 
.0021 
. 0042 
.0037 


— 4486 

— 4679 

— 4658 

— 6819 

— 8151 


— 67 

— 66 

— 58 

— 141 

— 213 


— . 0275 

— .0147 

— .1918 

— .1510 

— .0U14 



596 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[I'JOJ 



Catalogue of 500 stars 






91 
92 
93 
94 
95 

96 
97 
98 
99 
100 

101 
102 
103 
104 

105 

106 
107 
108 
109 
110 

111 

112 
113 
114 
115 

116 
117 
118 
119 

120 

121 
122 
123 
124 
125 

126 
127 
123 
129 
130 

131 
132 
133 
134 
135 



1520 
1536 
1540 
1541 
1557 

1558 
1613 
1623 
1681 
1706 

1730 
1741 

1765 
1H02 
1845 

1878 
1883 
1SS5 
1695 
1900 

1980 
2002 
2047 
2096 
2163 

2194 
2157 
2237 
2293 
2305 

2345 

2398 
2410 
2439 

2442 

2462 
2485 
2551 
2555 
2617 

2710 
2707 
2728 
2778 
2819 



Name. 



( A.urigiB 

/3 Camelopardi. 

£ Aurigse 

C AurigsB 

11 Orionis 



AnrigSB 

AurigsB 

Orionis 

Tiiuri 



Oriouis... 
Leporis . . 
Oriouis.. . 
ColumbiS. 
Aurigte 



a 



4 
4.5 
4 
4 
5 

4 
1 
1 
o 



2 

2.5 
2 

5 



/3 ColumbaB 3 

••■ Orionis 1 

(5 Aurigae 3.5 

,3 Anrigae 

Aurigse 4 



Geminoruni . 
Gemiuorum. 

Argus 

Geminorum. 



£ Geminorum . 



6 Geminorum... 

f Cauis Majoris. 

f Geminorum... 

6 Cans Majoris. 

X Geminorum... 

<S Geminorum... 



Geminorum. 



/3 Canis Majoris. 

c- Geminorum... 

K Geminorum . . . 

/3 Geminorum... 

5> Geminorum... 



f Argus 

55 Camclojiardi . 

P Argus 

(i Caucri 

o Ursae Majoris . 



3.5 
4.5 

3 

5 

4 



3.5 
4 
4 



K "2 






h. m. s. 

4 48 51.3 

52 18.3 

53 00.0 
53 44.5 
57 25.7 

57 45. 1 

5 07 27.4 
08 31.9 
18 23. 5 
23 01. 6 

25 37. 3 
27 13.1 

29 52. 3 

35 07.4 
42 49. 6 

46 33.2 

48 24. 3 

49 14.1 

50 21.5 

51 11.8 

G 05 03.9 
07 20.0 
15 23.9 
21 10.5 

30 29. 4 

36 14.5 
41 14.7 

44 32.9 
53 42. 8 
56 41.7 

7 03 18.5 
10 54.5 
12 39. 4 
17 51.4 
17 57. 7 

20 22. 3 
26 37. 

36 54. 

37 39.9 

45 50.8 

59 11.5 

8 00 20. 9 
02 13.3 
09 44. 1 
19 51.9 



+ 3.897 
+ 5.309 
+ 4.292 
+ 4. 181 
+ 3.425 

+ 4. 196 
+ 4.422 

+ 2.881 
+ 3.788 
+ 7. 990 

+ 3.064 
+ 2.645 
+ 3.042 
+ 2. 173 
+ 4. 155 

+ 2.113 
+ 3.247 
+ 4.936 
+ 4.395 
+ 4.090 

+ 6.619 
+ 3.622 
+ 3. 633 
+ 1.330 
+ 3.469 

+ 3.694 
+30. 234 
+ 3.900 
+ 2.357 
4- 3.563 

+ 2. 439 
+ 3.4.53 
+ 3.591 
+ 6.311 
+ 3.736 

+ 3.2.57 
+ 3.839 
-f 3.629 
+ 3.681 
+ 3.684 



+ 



+ 



2.108 
6. 066 
2. 554 
3. 257 
5.043 



dfi 



+ 14 

+ 42 

+ --^o 

+ 18 

+ ■•^ 

+ 17 

+ 16 

+ 4 

+ 8 

+ 77 



+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 



+ 



7 
1 
1 

+ 1 

— 1 

— 3 
-2101 

— 7 

+ a 



+ 1 



— 84 

— 10 

— 4 

— 13 

— 11 

— 13 

— 13 

+ 1 

— 119 

+ 1 

— 7 

— 76 



— .81 

+ .1-^ 

— .23 
+ .31 

—1.07 

— .23 

— .16 
+ .10 

— .36 
+ .83 

+ .09 

— .36 

— .40 

— .62 
+ .10 

— .12 

— .01 

— .02 

— .14 
+ .22 

.40 



All' 



— .95 

— .34 
—1.29 

+ .48 
—2. 75 

—1.18 

— .74 

— .11 

— .47 
+2.11 

+2.00 

— .06 

— .36 

— .51 

— .31 

— .11 

— .02 

— ..52 

— .25 

+2. 30 

—1.13 



+ 


.08 


+ .19 




.86 


—1. 46 


— 


.13 


+ .87 


— 


.25 


—1.36 


-h 


.23 


— .12 


+ 


.03 


— .11 




.29 


—1.02 


— 


.43 


+ .72 


+ 


.37 


—1.14 





.81 


+ .93 


+ 


.62 


— .99 




.96 


-2. 53 


+1 


. 38 


+3. 55 




.08 


— .08 





.13 


— .58 


+ 


.03 


— .13 


+ 


.57 


—1.13 




.33 


— .35 


— 


.33 


—1.06 


+ 


.08 


— .03 


+ 


..57 


+ 1.30 




.51 


—1.46 





.27 


- .10 


+ 


.22 


+ .34 



[101] 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 



597 



for the epoch 1875.0— Contiuued. 











Hi.- 


o c ^ 


'm 


d?6 




c 
o 


.a 
S 
a 


Declination, 1875.0. 


1- 


4 
5 




'in 

•oil 


(W 


dP 




u 

« — 

2 


in 

92 
93 
94 
95 


o / " 
4- 32 57 57.28 
+ 60 15 22.90 
+ 43 38 09.00 
-)- 40 .53 27.31 
4- 15 13 40.70 


II 

.08 
.11 
.11 
.20 
.12 


15 

6 
8 
2 
7 


fl 

+ 6. 1044 
+ 5. 8243 
+ 5. 7606 
4- 5. 6922 
4- 5. 3t90 


.0033 
.0041 
.0031 
. 0051 
.0044 


II 

— 5437 

— 7431 

— 6017 

— 5868 

— 4837 


II 

— 65 

— 139 

— 79 

— 72 

— 40 


— . 0215 

— .0134 

— .0189 

— . 0252 

— . 0385 


96 
97 
98 
99 
100 


+ 41 C3 46.64 
+ 45 52 05.56 
_ 8 20 51.96 
4- 28 29 58. 49 
-)- 74 57 22. 41 


.11 
.00 
.06 
.06 
.16 


7 
23 
24 
25 

4 


+ 5. 3065 
+ 4.1231 
+ 4.4598 
4- 3.4402 
+ 3.2404 


. 0033 
.0020 
. 0022 
.C021 
.0001 


— 5921 

— 6312 

— 4114 

— 5452 
—11526 


— 


69 
64 
22 
34 
210 


— .0738 

— .4344 

— . 0061 

— . 1807 
-(- .0191 


101 
Wi 
1015 
104 
105 


— 23 36.71 

— 17 54 48.06 
_ 1 17 00.94 

— 34 8 31.22 
4- 39 06 33.53 


.07 
.09 
.08 
.16 
.21 


18 

10 

15 

4 

2 


+ 2.9320 
4- 2. 8581 
+ 2. 6292 
+ 2.1273 
+ 1.5192 


.0029 
.0038 
. 0033 
. 1-066 
.0060 


— 4433 

— 3832 

— 4409 

— 3163 

— 6047 


— 


17 
11 
14 
7 
17 


— . 0050 

— . 0006 
+ . 0004 

— .0451 
+ .0179 


lOfi 

107 
108 
109 
110 


— 35 48 59.72 
+ 7 22 54.34 
4- 54 16 19.12 
+ 44 55 55.62 
+ 37 12 04.92 


.27 
.06 
.11 
.09 
.17 


1 

2(i 
7 

12 
3 


+ 1. 5648 
+ 1.0210 
4- 0.8114 
+ 0.8399 
4- 0. 6751 


.0086 
.0021 
.0044 
.0028 
.0060 


— 3087 

— 4735 

— 7206 

— 6392 

— 5968 


— 


5 

5 

14 

10 

6 


4- .3889 
4- .0068 
_ . 1302 

— .0035 

— .0950 


111 

112 
113 
114 
115 


+ 69 21 3,5.08 
+ 22 32 27. 18 
+ 22 34 31.93 
— 52 37 40. 83 
+ 10 30 14.10 


.13 
.10 

.08 
.23 
.07 


5 
10 
16 

2 
19 


— 0.5615 

— 0.6576 

— 1. 4080 

— 1.8416 

— 2.7078 


. 0055 
.0041 
.0030 
. 0085 
. 0033 


— 9645 

— 5270 

— 5289 

— 1925 

— 5009 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


28 
8 

15 
2 

23 


— .1183 

— .0161 

— .1216 

-f . 0087 

— . 0476 


116 
117 
118 
119 
120 


+ 25 15 09.76 
-f 87 14 04.35 
+ 34 06 34.48 
— 28 48 12. 13 
+ 20 45 05.75 


.14 
.07 
.11 
.11 
.11 


4 
19 

8 
7 

8 


— 3.1732 

— 3.6289 

— 3. 9229 

— 4.6700 

— 4.9219 


. 0051 
. 0033 
.0047 
.0059 
.0040 


— 5306 
—43267 

— 5648 

— 3324 

— 5017 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


32 
4794 

48 
14 
44 


— .0152 

— . 0391 

— . 0492 

— . 0128 

— .0114 


121 
122 
123 
124 
125 


— 26 11 45.81 
4- 16 45 50.12 
+ 22 12 37. 60 
4- 08 43 03. 10 
+ 28 02 39. 96 


.12 
.16 
.07 
.16 
.14 


6 
4 

18 
4 
4 


— 5.4602 

— 6.1.521 

— 6. 2680 

— 6.7199 

— 6.7729 


. 0055 
.0047 
.0029 
.0058 
.0048 


— 3393 

— 4767 

— 4948 

— 8652 

— 5097 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


18 
50 
57 
264 
68 


+ .0093 

— . 0459 

— .0163 

— . 0375 

— .0818 


126 
127 
128 
129 
130 


4- 8 32 21.07 
4- 32 09 37.90 
4- 24 41 44. 66 
4- 28 19 34.20 
4- 27 05 14.74 


.10 
.07 
.15 
.06 
.11 


10 
19 

4 
26 

8 


— 6.9393 

— 7.4784 

— 8.2919 

— 8.3472 

— 8. 9607 


.0041 
. 0024 
,0051 
.0020 
.0041 


— 4426 

— 51.52 

~ 4787 

— 4790 

— 4771 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


48 
80 
76 
79 
85 


— .0498 

— .0783 

— .0633 

— .0.-.75 

— .0246 


131 
132 
133 
134 
135 


— 39 39 06.72 
+ 68 50 20.20 

— 23 56 42.71 
+ 9 34 09.08 
4- 61 08 00.80 


.30 
.14 
.10 
.09 
.12 


1 
4 
9 
10 
6 


— 9.9360 

— 10.0515 

— 10.1495 

— 10. 8076 

— 11.6155 


.0096 
.0053 
.0043 
.0039 
.0037 


— 2621 

— 7619 

— 3155 

— 3956 

— 5957 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


24 

353 

37 

73 

251 


+ .0297 
+ . 0020 
4- . 0454 

— .0520 

— . 1226 



598 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [192] 

Catalogue of 500 stars 



a 



a 

a 
< 



Name. 



a 



c3 sq 
S Uf2 

<1 



2 a 






^r! 



A/.' 



136 
137 
138 
139 
140 

141 
14-J 
143 
144 
145 

14G 
147 
148 
149 
150 

151 
152 
153 
154 
155 

15fi 
157 
158 
159 
10(1 

IGl 
l(i-2 
163 
164 
165 

166 
167 

168 
169 
170 

171 
17-i 
173 
174 
175 

17G 
177 

178 
179 
180 



9953 

2965 
2971 
304 ■< 
3075 

3099 
3111 
3126 
3178 
3186 

3199 
3223 
3232 
3242 
3312 

3331 
3316 
3371 
3453 
3459 

3496 
3505 
3523 
3533 
3593 

3609 
3695 
3708 
3767 
3777 

3812 
3834 
383-4 

3852 
3859 

3900 
3914 
3946 
3981 
3995 

4002 
4017 
4072 
4112 
4123 



6 Cancrl 

( Cancrl .. 

£ HydrijB 

I Ursae Majoris 

K Urs» Majoris 

c^ UrssB Majoris 

K Caucri 

A Argus 

a Lyucis 

I Argus 

a Hydrae 

24 IJrfiB Majoris 

UrssB Majoris 

Lconis 

£ Leonis 

V Ursse Majoris 

/J Leonis 

?! Leonis 

c Leonis 

32 UrpOB Majoris 

/I llrsse Majoris 

y' Ursse Majoris 

fj, Ursae Majoris 

p Leonis 

J7 Argus 

53 Leouis 

fj Ursoe Majoris 

a UrsieMajoiis 

ip UrsK Majoris 

6 Leonis 

Leonis 

V VissB Majoris 
(i Crateris 

T Leon's 

A Draconis .. .. 

I' Leonis 

X Urs.-E Majoris 

;8 Leonis 

/3 Virginis 

7 Urt-se Majoris 
Virginis 

6 Ursae Majoris 



4.5 

5 

4 
3.5 

4 



3 
4 

3 
4 
3 
3.5 
1 



3.5 

2 

3 
5.5 

4 
2 

6 
2 

3.5 
2.5 

3 

4 
3.5 

4 
3.5 
4.5 

4 
2.5 

3.5 

2 
4 5 

5 

3 



k. m. s. 

8 37 34. 8 

39 07. 8 

40 09. 4 
.'■)0 38. 4 
55 05. 

59 22. 

9 00 58.5 
03 23. 9 
13 26. 1 
13 44.6 

19 05. 9 
21 26.7 

23 23. 5 

24 29. 1 
34 28.6 

38 4.5.2 
42 05. 1 
45 39. 
10 00 31. 
01 42.8 

08 .'■.6.0 

09 33. 1 

13 04.7 

14 52.6 
24 25.0 

26 13.7 
40 12.9 
42 41.1 

54 17.3 

55 59. 8 



11 



02 37.7 
07 27.5 
07 40.8 
11 43.4 
13 05.5 

21 30.5 
23 57.5 
30 32. 9 
39 26. 7 
42 41.0 



44 U.O 
47 14.8 
58 50. 5 
12 06 19.4 
09 13.9 



+ 3.419 
+ 3. 644 
+ 3.184 
+ 4. 139 
+ 4.125 

+ 5.374 
+ 3.255 
+ 2.202 
+ 3.672 
+ 1.606 

+ 9. 113 
+ 2.949 
+ 5. 425 
+ 4.050 
+ 3.207 

+ 3.419 
+ 4.330 
+ 3.424 
+ 3.278 
+ 3.202 

+ 4.437 
+ 3. 646 
+ 3.317 
+ 3.602 
+ 5.303 

+ 3. 166 
+ 2. 310 
+ 3.159 
+ 3.367 
+ 3.758 

+ 3.398 
+ 3.202 
-)- 3. 1.55 
+ 3.2.58 
+ 2.995 

— 3. 088 
+ 3.637 
+ 3.072 
+ 3. 197 
+ 3.065 

+ 3. 125 

+ 3. 188 
+ 3.058 
+ 2.9(14 
+ 3.003 



— 13 

— 20 

— 7 

— 44 

— 44 

— 134 

— 9 
+ 4 

— 27 
2 

— 795 

— 2 

— 169 

— 55 

— 9 

— 18 

— 82 

— 20 

— 13 

— 10 

— 115 

— 38 

— 15 

— 36 

— 280 

— 8 
+ 22 

— 8 

— 63 

— 81 

— 37 

— 13 

— 10 

— 23 
+ 6 

— 2 

— Ill 



— 36 

— 7 



— 44 

— 3 

— 126 

— 43 



+ .00 

22 

— l!l7 

— .20 
+ .91 

+1.95 

— .87 

— .04 

— .08 
+ .22 

—1. 06 

— .03 

— .32 

— .13 

+ .38 

— .43 

+ .17 

— .54 

— ..56 

— .32 

+ .61 

— .27 
— L24 

— .18 

— .51 

— .54 

— .06 
—1.10 

— .64 

+ .09 

— .27 

— .54 
+ .34 

— .01 

— .53 



+1. ■■■)9 

— .86 

— .13 

— .47 

— .43 

+ .28 

— .76 
+1.67 
+ .Ob 



— .18 
—1.15 
—3.17 

+ .02 
+2. 79 

+3.92 
—2.47 
—1.74 

— . 18 
+2. 82 



+ 



.34 

.48 
.01 
.85 
.03 



—1.46 

— .42 

— .66 
—1.84 

— 1.30 

+ .95 
+ .41. 
—2. 65 
—1. 36 
—1.11 

— .98 

— .38 
—2.78 
—2. 70 
+ .04 

— .18 
—2. 31 
—1. 22 
—1. 28 
+ .35 

—1. 20 

+3. 84 

— 1.80 

— .52 
—2. 51 

—1.05 

— .05 
—1. 22 
+2. 93 
+ .92 



[193] CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 

for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 



599 











o 




ci . 


O rt 








a 












sg 




"EO 


^ > 








o 






Declination, 


1875.0. 


5S 

Is 




CS - 

s a 

P « 
< 


III 
III 


(Pd 
(It- 


(P6 


I* 3 




o 


/ 


„ 


It 




ft 


// 


Jl 




II 




// 


13G 


+ 18 


36 


44.17 


.12 


6 


— 12.9634 


.0039 


— 3797 


+ 


9;; 


. 


. 2358 


137 


+ 29 


12 


55. 56 


.20 


2 


— 12.8937 


.0060 


— 4025 


+ 


115 


— 


.C615 


138 


+ 6 


52 


34. 59 


.07 


17 


— 12.9548 


. 0030 


— 34 H6 


+ 


80 





. 0537 


139 


+ 48 


31 


50.87 


.08 


15 


— 13.8425 


. 0020 


— 4333 


+ 


173 


. 


. 2.528 


140 


+ 47 


38 


57.05 


.17 


3 


— 13.9401 


.0047 


— 4279 


+ 


174 


— 


.0671 


141 


+ 67 


38 


23. 33 


.12 


6 


— 14.1971 


.0041 


— 5494 


+ 


359 





. 0558 


14-2 


+ 11 


10 


11.92 


.08 


14 


— 14.2444 


. 0040 


— 3278 


+ 


92 


— 


.0037 


143 


— 42 


55 


43.04 


.30 


1 


— 14.3765 


. 0102 


— 2171 


+ 


34 


+ 


.0126 


144 


+ 34 


55 


11.02 


.10 


9 


— 14.9717 


. 0039 


— 3474 


+ 


135 


+ 


.0152 


145 


— 58 


45 


03.78 


.25 


1 


— 14,9766 


.009s 


— 1486 


+ 


24 


+ 


. 0282 


146 


+ 81 


52 


32.83 


.12 


7 


— 15.3300 


. 004(i 


— 8510 


+ 


142H 





.0184 


147 


— 8 


07 


04.31 


.07 


22 


— 15. 4132 


.0023 


— 2076 


+ 


75 


+ 


. 0302 


148 


+ 70 


22 


40. 25 


.18 


3 


— 15.4916 


. 00(-l 


— 4915 


+ 


401 


+ 


.0599 


149 


+ 52 


14 


44.25 


.08 


13 


— 16. 1682 


. 0028 


— 3548 


+ 


185 




.5565 


loO 


+ 10 


27 


35.91 


.10 


8 


— 16. 1789 


.0037 


— 21)94 


+ 


98 


— 


.0333 


151 


+ 24 


20 


55. 41 


.07 


19 


— 16. 3863 


.OOSO 


— 2810 


+ 


119 





. 0216 


152 


+ 59 


37 


31.17 


.11 


8 


— 16.6917 


.0033 


— 3476 


+ 


2.i3 


— 


.1602 


153 


+ 26 


35 


40. 61 


.08 


13 


— 16.7.587 


.0034 


— 2676 


+ 


121 


— 


. 0526 


154 


+ 17 


22 


16.68 


.18 


3 


— 17.3984 


. 0053 


— 2304 


+ 


110 


— 


. 0084 


155 


H-12 


34 


38.26 


.06 


27 


— 17.4430 


.0020 


— 2217 


+ 


lO.i 


— 


.0010 


156 


+ 65 


43 


50.60 


.14 


5 


— 17.7705 


.0060 


— 2927 


+ 


265 





.0255 


157 


+ 43 


:;2 


15.64 


.10 


9 


— 17. 8131 


.0032 


— 2378 


+ 


152 


— 


. 0429 


153 


+ 20 


28 


22. 85 


.07 


19 


— 18.0565 


.0028 


— 2112 


+ 


117 


— 


. 1455 


159 


+ 42 


07 


38. 22 


.12 


6 


— 17.9619 


.0040 


— 2245 


+ 


148 


+ 


. 0194 


160 


+ 76 


21 


20. 73 


.11 


7 


— 18.3514 


.0044 


— 3054 


+ 


441 




. 0161 


161 


+ 9 


56 


56.87 


.08 


14 


— 18.4077 


. 0035 


— 1758 


+ 


101 


. . 


.0088 


16-^ 


-!S9 


01 


39.76 


.22 


2 


— 18.8551 


.0088 


— 1067 


+ 


43 


— 


.0038 


163 


+ 11 


12 


21.88 


.08 


13 


— 18.9527 


.0043 


— 1443 


+ 


105 


— 


. 0288 


164 


+ 57 


03 


06. .52 


.09 


11 


— 19.2275 


.0036 


— 1435 


+ 


165 


+ 


. 0080 


165 


+ 62 


25 


31.31 


.06 


24 


— 19.3439 


.0021 


— 1420 


+ 


177 




.0666 


166 


+ 45 


10 


34.53 


.09 


12 


— 19.4710 


.0031 


— 1141 


+ 


133 





.0418 


167 


+ 21 


12 


29. 60 


.07 


21 


— 19.0719 


.0026 


— 981 


+ 


112 


— 


. 1424 


168 


+ 16 


06 


45.03 


.18 


3 


— 19.6111 


.00.55 


— 956 


+ 


107 


— 


.0772 


169 


+ 33 


415 


33. 99 


.24 


2 


— 19.5798 


. 0062 


— 909 


+ 


118 


+ 


.0312 


170 


- 14 


06 


08.73 


.08 


15 


— 19. 4521 


.0034 


— 801 


+ 


92 


+ 


.1835 


171 


+ 3 


32 


39.95 


.10 


9 


— 19.7930 


.0039 


— 668 


+ 


101 





. 0210 


172 


+ 70 


01 


14.63 


.09 


12 


— 19. 8274 


. 0030 


— 743 


+ 


164 


— 


. 0206 


173 


- 


08 


01.73 


.08 


15 


— 19.8.539 


.0035 


— 489 


+ 


100 


+ 


. 0350 


174 


+ 48 


28 


20.68 


.11 


8 


— 19.9549 


. 0034 


— 330 


+ 


115 


+ 


.0188 


175 


+ 15 


16 


14. 62 


.06 


25 


— 20. 1161 


. 0021 


— 248 


+ 


99 




.1191 


1-6 


+ 2 


28 


08.39 


.09 


12 


— 20. 2890 


.0028 


— 233 


+ 


105 





.2825 


177 


+ 54 


23 


22. 85 


.07 


20 


— 20. 0247 


. 0022 


— 173 


+ 


112 


— 


.0015 


178 


+ 9 


25 


38. 37 


.09 


12 


— 20. 0162 


. 0036 


+ 64 


+ 


99 


+ 


.0378 


179 


+ 78 


18 


39.34 


.10 


9 


— 20. 0253 


. 0043 


+ 203 


+ 


85 


+ 


.0213 


180 


+ 57 


43 


38.28 


.11 


8 


— 20.02S8 


. 0035 


+ 263 


+ 


93 


+ 


. 0092 



600 U]SirrED states northern boundary commission. [194] 

Catalogue of 500 stars 



a 



181 

182 

183 

"184 

*lh5 

186 

187 
•188 

1h9 
*190 

191 
*VJ2 

19.? 

194 
*193 

196 
197 

*198 

*199 

200 

»-201 
*-20ii 

204 
*2U5 

206 

»207 
208 

*209 
210 

211 
*212 
2i:i 
214 
215 

*216 
217 
218 
219 

*220 

221 
222 
223 
224 

*225 



a 
02 



a 



4131 
4145 
4187 
4191 
4222 

4234 
4239 
4258 
4342 
4335 

4346 
4366 
4401 
4421 
4433 

4480 
4484 
4506 
4513 
4532 

4540 
4596 
4607 
4618 
4637 

4648 
4059 
4669 
4675 
4696 



4706 
4732 
4729 
4741 

4789 

4804 
4808 
4812 
4822 
4827 

4832 

4864 
4876 
4895 
4897 



Namo. 



/? Chameleontis. 

7] Virgiiiis 

r.' Crucis 

14 Couiffl 

4 Draoonis 



a Corvi 

K Draconis 

9 Canum Venatiooium 



£ UrsEB Majoris 

a Canum Venaticorum 

78 Vii-tB Majoris 

d Virginia 

i3 Com» 



a Virginia 

f ' Urs:e Majoris . 



f Virgiuis 

81 UrsEe Majoris . 



!7 UrsoB Majoris . 

6 Bootis 

7 Bootis 



I? Bootis. 



/3 Centauri 

11 Bootis 

n Draconis 



12 Bootis. 



a Bootis. 
A Bootis. 
6 Bootis. 



24 Bootis 

p Bootis 

y Bootis 

5 XJrsie Minoris. 



a^ Ceutauri 
34 Bootis.... 
e' Bootis... 
c^ Librae 






□ 



3.5 
1 



2.5 
3.5 
6.5 
5.5 
3 

2.5 

5 
4.5 
4.5 

5 

1 
3 
6 
6 
4 

5.5 

6 
2.5 

6 

6 

3 
6 
1 
6 
3.5 

5.5 
5 
1 
4 
4 

G 

4 
3.5 

4 
6.5 

1 

4.5 

3 

3 



' « GO 



H 

o « ~ 
t. .a a 
P.MO 



h. m. s. 

12 11 03.5 
13 30.7 

19 39.5 

20 08. 9 
24 37.5 

27 49.3 

28 08.3 
32 45. 2 
48 13.8 
48 31. 5 

50 10.7 
55 21.7 

13 03 28.8 
06 02.3 

08 02.7 

18 36. 6 
18 53. 4 
22 56.7 
24 56.6 

28 19.5 

29 18.9 
40 55. 1 

42 36. 8 

43 48.2 

47 14.6 

48 44.0 

50 29. 3 

51 01.1 
55 30. 4 

14 01 00.4 

04 42. 

09 45. 

09 57. 6 
11 37.8 
20 56.5 

24 16.9 

26 26. 6 

27 02.6 
27 48. 8 
29 31. 8 

31 07.2 
37 55.7 
39 31.7 

43 57.9 

44 12.3 



+ 3.380 
+ 3.068 
+ 3.282 
+ 3.009 
-j- 2.677 

-I- 3. 132 
+ 2. 600 
+ 2. 904 
+ 0.361 
+ 2.661 

+ 2.817 
+ 2. 592 
+ 3. 101 
+ 2. 807 
+ 2.730 

+ 3. 152 
+ 2. 421 
+ 1.518 

+ 2.848 
+ 3.053 

+ 2.320 

4- 2.555 
+ 2.374 
+ 2.840 
+ 2. 867 

+ 2. 859 

— 0. 014 
+ 4. 170 
4- 2.724 
+ 1.623 

+ 2.739 

+ 1.098 
+ 2.735 

+ 2.284 
+ 2. 043 

+ 2. 088 
-I- 2.587 
+ 2. 418 

— 0.208 
+ 2. 186 



+ 
+ 



4.029 
2.639 
-i- 2.621 
+ 3.309 
+ 2.357 



fa 



s. 

+ 180 

+ a 

+ 68 

— 12 

— 58 

+ 1« 

— 54 

— 19 
+ 221 

— 273 

— 15 

— 25 

+ a 

— 8 

— 14 

+ 11 

— 17 

+ 7 

— 5 
+ 6 

— 14 

— 9 

— 10 
2 

— 6 




+ 182 
+ 84 
— 3 
+ 5 



+ 29 

+ 2 

— 5 

— 1 

— 3 

2 

— 3 
+ 121 
o 

+ 74 




+ 15 

— 1 



:ia 



+ .21 

— .87 

— .76 

— .02 

— .14 

— .25 
+1.41 

— .93 

+1.72 
+1.44 

— .34 

— . 65 

— .86 

— .27 

— .13 

— .14 

— .07 

— .01 
+ .22 
—1. 22 

— .15 

— .18 

— .20 

— .08 

— .72 

— .67 
+ .06 

— .14 

— .08 
+ .21 

— .40 
+ .34 

— .86 

— .26 

— .18 

— .13 

— .33 
+ .30 
+1.61 

— .16 

—1.13 
+ .21 
+ .30 

— .47 
—1.16 



A/i' 



— .68 
—1.58 
—2.17 

— .80 
—1.02 

+ .41 
+2.93 
—1. 42 
H-3. 38 
+3.96 

—1.09 
—2. 46 
—2. 12 
—1. 64 
—1.79 

— .68 

— .07 

— .67 
+2. 20 
—2. 79 

+1. 02 

— .35 

— .75 
—1. 37 
—2.67 

-1.-59 
+ .08 
—4.71 

— .53 

— .11 

—1. 26 
+ .02 
-2.04 

— .68 

— .32 

— .68 
—1. 58 
—1.74 
+3. 59 

— .53 

—6.43 

— .31 
+1. 42 
—1.86 
—1. 52 



fl95] 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 



601 



for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 











o 




s . 


Sa 








a 




u 


Declination. 


1875.0. 


% 


-4-3 


■no. 
a 
> 1^ 

00 


-^ rt 


fZ=(5 


d\ 





'*3 


g 


■c 


' ID 

.a 

a 

3 








2° 




C3 .s 

s a 



III 

g s 


dt^ 


d(3 




p. 
p 


a 


jZi 








Pi 


< 


Oh 








11; 






o 


/ 


II 


II 




II 


// 


II 




II 




II 


181 


— 78 


37 


04.29 


.'I'i 


2 


— 19.9878 


.0094 


+ 323 


+ 


133 


+ 


. 0432 


182 


+ 


01 


40.75 


.07 


18 


— 20. 0472 


.0032 


+ 349 


+ 


100 




.0273 


183 


— 62 


24 


21.76 


.25 


1 


— 20.0219 


. 0090 


+ 495 


+ 


121 


— 


.0417 


»184 


+ 27 


57 


38.99 


.20 


2 


— 20. 0038 


.0056 


+ 471 


+ 


94 





. 0270 


*185 


+ 69 


53 


38.16 


.14 


4 


— 20. 0038 


.0061 


+ 505 


+ 


66 


— 


. 0652 


IHO 


— 22 


42 


18. 75 


.09 


12 


— 19.9725 


.0039 


+ 637 


+ 


105 


_ 


. 00.59 


187 


+ 70 


28 


38.85 


.10 


9 


— 19.8980 


.0031 


+ 548 


+ 


61 


+ 


.0053 


"188 


+ 41 


33 


45.55 


.28 


1 


— 19.8729 


. 0066 


-1- 688 


+ 


84 




.0232 


189 


+ 84 


05 


32.73 


.11 


8 


— 19.5990 


. 0042 


+ 191 


+ 


69 


+ 


.0128 


*190 


+ 56 


38 


18.77 


.12 


6 


— 19.6318- 


.0042 


+ 895 


-i- 


64 




.0254 


191 


+ 38 


59 


37.72 


.07 


20 


— 19. 5274 


.0027 


+ 970 


+ 


76 


+ 


.0481 


*192 


+ 57 


02 


25. 55 


.30 


1 


— 19.4966 


.0098 


+ 993 


+ 


60 




.0246 


19:? 


— 4 


52 


16.10 


.07 


16 


— 19.33U 


. 0034 


+ 1319 


+ 


100 


— 


. 0412 


194 


+ 28 


30 


44. 08 


.13 


5 


— 18.3458 


.0044 


+ 1220 


+ 


74 


+ 


.8816 


*195 


+ 40 


48 


55.48 


. 37 


1 


— 19. 1607 


. 0114 


+ 1.49 


+ 


69 


+ 


.0161 


196 


— 10 


30 


29.68 


.06 


26 


— 18.92.39 


.0021 


+ 1625 


+ 


103 





.0378 


197 


+ 55 


34 


43. 01 


.10 


10 


— 18.9095 


.0031 


+ 1281 


+ 


49 


. — 


. 0317 


*198 


+ 73 


02 


27.83 


.22 





— 18.7748 


.0083 


+ 866 


+ 


20 


— 


.0197 


*199 
200 


+ 24 
+ 


52 
02 


56.68 
38.03 






— 18.6925 

— 18.5432 


"".'0631' 


+ 1585 
+ 1743 


+ 
+ 


76 
93 






".'67' 


'"is" 


""'+" 


.'o4oi' 


*201 


+ 55 


59 


22. 25 


.24 


2 


— 18.5713 


.0084 


+ 1365 


+ 


44 





.0208 


*202 


+ 41 


42 


58.88 


.34 


1 


— 18. 1897 


.0110 


+ 1672 


+ 


50 


— 


.0485 


203 


+ 49 


56 


15.80 


.06 


24 


— 18. 1020 


. 0021 


+ 1570 


+ 


46 


— 


.0245 


204 


+ 21 


53 


07. 12 


.24 


2 


— 18. 0229 


. 0076 


+ 1892 


+ 


74 


+ 


. 0093 


*205 


+ 18 


32 


58.49 


.27 


1 


— 17.9231 


. 0062 


+ 1965 


+ 


76 




. 0247 


206 


+ 19 


01 


30. 42 


.07 


21 


— 18.2001 


.0028 


+ 1979 


4- 


75 





. 3009 


*207 


+ '9 


36 


44.94 


.23 


2 


— 17.7777 


. 0093 


— 133 


+ 


124 


— 


. 0092 


208 


— 59 


46 


07.14 


.23 


2 


— 17.6344 


. 0091 


+ 2997 


+ 


218 


— 


. 0531 


*209 


+ 27 


59 


28.11 


.16 


4 


— 17. .5600 


.0047 


4- 1998 


+ 


65 


+ 


.0007 


210 


+ 64 


58 


25.33 


.07 


17 


— 17.3174 


. 1 028 


+ 1262 


+ 


27 


+ 


.0059 


211 


+ 25 


41 


04.84 


.25 


1 


— 17. 2238 


.0116 


+ 2142 


+ 


6. 


. 


. 0656 


'212 


+ 70 


01 


10.40 


.19 


3 


— 16.9961 


. 0081 


+ 933 


+ 


33 


— 


.0708 


213 


+ 19 


50 


02. 58 


.06 


27 


— 18.9148 


.0020 


+ 2151 


+ 


66 


— 1 


.9994 


214 


+ 46 


39 


47.01 


.13 


6 


— 10.6817 


. 0043 


+ 1808 


+ 


41 


+ 


.1548 


215 


+ 52 


25 


45. 12 


.09 


11 


— 16.7873 


. 0032 


+ 1767 


+ 


34 




.4072 


*216 


+ 50 


24 


K 17 


.24 


2 


— 16.2565 


.0060 


+ 1833 


+ 


33 





. 0468 


217 


+ 30 


55 


15. 53 


.09 


11 


— 15.9845 


.0040 


+ 2313 


+ 


53 


+ 


.1132 


218 


+ 38 


51 


21.11 


.15 


4 


— 15.9247 


.0041 


+ 2170 


+ 


45 


+ 


.1410 


219 


+ 76 


15 


06.01 


.09 


10 


— 16. 0100 


. 0031 


— 108 


+ 


106 


+ 


. 0159 


*220 


+ 47 


20 


04. 78 


.36 


1 


— 15.9744 


.0109 


+ 2009 


+ 


37 




. 0393 


221 


— 60 


19 


11.63 


.23 


2 


— 15. 4245 


.0090 


+ 3347 


+ 


176 


+ 


. 4257 


222 


+ 27 


03 


36. 91 


.25 


1 


— 15. 4814 


. 0069 


+ 2515 


+ 


55 




.0031 


223 


+ 27 


36 


07.83 


.07 


20 


— 15. 3787 


. 0028 


-f- 2515 


+ 


54 


+ 


. 0102 


224 


— 15 


31 


15.67 


.07 


21 


— 15.2156 


. 0024 


+ 3224 


+ 


100 




.0786 


'225 


+ 38 


19 


37. 78 


.25 


1 


- 15.0076 


.0094 


+ 2302 


+ 


41 


+ 


.1158 



N B- 



-76 



602 UNITED STATES NORTHEEN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [196] 

Catalogue of 500 stars 





a 

s 
a 


a 




*■£>& 


4918 


'ii7 


4936 


-228 


4937 


2-29 


4958 


•2:!0 


4974 


'2;!i 


5026 


2;!2 


5024 


2!!:? 


5034 


2:i4 


5 71 


2o5 


5084 


236 


5094 


*237 


5097 


238 


5098 


*239 


5115 


240 


5122 


241 


5130 


242 


5131 


243 


5143 


244 


5157 


245 


5168 


*24G 


5178 


247 


5192 


248 


519G 


249 


5216 


2o0 


5245 


»251 


5271 


252 


5285 


253 


5298 


254 


5302 


255 


5303 


*25G 


5313 


257 


5329 


258 


5341 


259 


5348 


2(50 


5388 


261 


5406 


*2C2 


5415 


263 


5414 


264 


5426 


"265 


5460 


266 


5463 


267 


5466 


2GS 


5473 


269 


5484 


*270 


5502 



Name. 



P Ursas Minoris . 



(3 Boot is. 
44-Bootis. 



3 Serpentis. 
/3 Libr® 



/i' Bootis. 



r 



UrsiB Minoris 

Draconis 

Corouaj Borealis . 



Bootis. 



v" Bootis 

t) CoronsB Borealis . 
a Corouas Borealis . 



Bootis. 



f CoroDSB Borealis . 

y Coronas Borealis . 

a Serpentis 

/? Serpentis 

f Serpentis 



Herculis 

UrsiB Minoris 

Herculis 

C'oroDOB Borealis 
Scorpii 



/i' Scorpii 



Draconis 
Herculis . 



6 Opbiuchi . 
16 Herculis . 



r Herculis. 
y- Herculis. 
f Coron£e . 
23 Herculis. 



5.5 
3 
6 
3 



6 
6 
2.5 
6 
4 

3.5 
3 
4 
6 

5.5 

5.5 
4.5 
2.5 

6 
5.5 



2.5 

3.5 

3 

6 
4 
6 
4.5 
3 



.5.5 

2 
5. 5 

3 



6 

3 

6.5 

6 

4 

3. 5 



o -e - 



h. m. 8. 

14 48 16. 1 

51 05.4 

52 14. 1 
,57 14.2 
59 40. 3 

15 08 50. 

08 58. 7 
10 16.9 
16 24.7 

19 46.2 

20 56. 5 
22 09. 1 
22 40.6 

25 2 '. 9 

26 26. 4 

27 18.6 
27 53.4 

29 23.8 

30 .52. 9 
33 20.3 

15 34 40. 3 

37 29.7 

38 06. 7 
40 24. 9 
44 35.2 

48 21.2 

48 3:!. 9 

51 1-^.2 
.52 24. 9 

52 56. 6 

.54 49.4 

58 10.2 
.58 54.2 

59 33. 

16 04 49. 9 

05 59. 1 
00 36. 1 
07 47.8 

09 56. 3 
15 38. 1 

15 58.9 

16 21.4 

17 13.7 

18 OS. 6 

21 41.5 



+ 1.517 

— 0. 246 
+ 1.984 
+ 2.260 
+ 1.979 

+ 2.284 
+ 2.979 
+ 3.220 
+ 1.7.59 
+ 2.208 

— 0. 144 
+ 1.325 
+ 2.476 
+ 1. 179 
+ 2. 153 

-I- 2. 145 

+ 2.414 

+ 2.539 

+ 2. 0.56 

-I- 2. 154 

+ 2.2.57 
+ 2.518 
+ 2.951 
+ 2.765 
+ 2. 9S7 

+ 2.071 

— 2.281 
+ 2.019 

+ 2.485 
+ 3.537 

+ 1.410 
+ 3.477 
+ 1.525 
+ 1.119 
+ 1.884 

+ 0.1.34 
+ 1. 170 
+ 3. 138 
+ 2.655 
+ 2.04^^ 

+ 1.798 
+ 2.644 
+ 2.343 
+ 2.302 
+ 1.309 



dt' 



s. 

+ 9 

+ 103 

+ 1 


+ 1 

+ 1 

+ 7 

+ i-i 

+ 5 

+ 1 

+ 75 

+ 14 

+ ^ 

+ 17 

+ •■i 



+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 



+ 3 

+ 203 

+ 4 

+ 3 

+ IG 

+ 10 

+ 14 

+ 9 

+ 14 

+ 5 

4- 40 

+ 14 

+ 8 

+ 4 

+ 4 

+ r, 

+ 4 

+ :i 

+ 3 

4- 10 



Afi 



+ 



+ 



.69 
.39 
.05 
.27 
.05 

.47 
.18 
.24 
.51 
.56 



— .51 
+ 00 
+ .34 
+ .38 
+ .03 

58 
22 

— .37 

— .21 
—1.08 

— .19 
+ .26 

— .20 
+1.01 

— .66 

+1.06 

— .11 

— .21 
—1. 59 

— .24 

+ .28 

— .16 
+ .72 
+ .27 
+ .07 

+ .18 

— .32 

— .25 
+ .07 
+ .69 

— . 35 

— .08 

— .28 
+ .12 
+1. 15 



A/i' 



—2.51 
+1..54 
—1.48 

— .73 

— .64 

-1. 13 

— .46 

— .49 
—2. 10 
—1.06 

—1.03 

— .53 

— .65 
+1.51 

— .20 

— .03 
—2.17 

— .77 

— .59 
—2.50 

— .18 
—3. 96 

— .71 
—1.77 
—1.19 

+2.99 

+ .14 
—1.07 
—2. 75 
—2. Go 

+1.32 
—5. 80 
+1.60 
+ .63 

— .40 

— .10 
—2.70 
+ .16 
—2.11 
+1.90 

— .34 

— .80 
—1.64 
—1. 32 
+3. 46 



[197] 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STAES. 



603 



for ihe epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 



1 

a 


Declination, 


1875.0. 


hi 

2 = 




C3 . 

= 3 
a 2 
a -M 
< 


Probable error 
of annual va- 
riation. 


m 




a 

a 

o 






o 


/ 


II 


It 




II 


// 


It 




// 




II 


*226 


+ .59 


48 


09. 67 


.25 


1 


— 14.7446 


. 0082 


+ 1531 


+ 


25 


+ 


.1429 


227 


+ 74 


39 


58. 82 


.06 


23 


— 14.7165 


.0021 


— 187 


+ 


103 


+ 


. 0044 


•228 


+ 50 


08 


25.11 


.25 


1 


— 14.8935 


.0083 


+ 2043 


+ 


30 




.2408 


229 


+ 40 


53 


04. 27 


.08 


14 


— 14.3957 


.0035 


+ 2359 


+ 


37 





. 0453 


*230 


+ 48 


08 


30.91 


.23 


2 


— 14. 1601 


.0065 


+ 2057 


+ 


28 


+ 


.0406 


'231 


+ 38 


44 


02. 28 


.27 


1 


— 13.6428 


.0114 


+ 2504 


+ 


36 





.0193 


232 


+ 5 


24 


17.12 


.23 


2 


— 13.6369 


. 0075 


+ 3249 


+ 


68 


— 


.0226 


233 


— 8 


55 


13.00 


.07 


20 


— 13.5611 


.0029 


+ 3518 


+ 


84 


— 


.0309 


234 


+ 52 


24 


33. .59 


.33 


1 


— 13. 1505 


.017 


+ 1996 


+ 


25 


— 


.021 


235 


+ 37 


48 


59.73 


.10 


9 


— 12; 8177 


. 0033 


+ 2575 


+ 


34 


+ 


.0884 


236 


+ 72 


16 


43.62 


.08 


14 


— 12.8097 


.0024 


— 107 


+ 


84 


+ 


.0177 


*237 


+ 59 


24 


16.68 


.09 


13 


— 12.7252 


. 0042 


+ 1547 


+ 


26 


+ 


. 0;.'07 


238 


+ 29 


32 


15.34 


.19 


3 


— 12.6428 


. 0057 


+ 2836 


+ 


41 


+ 


. 0!)75 


•239 


+ 61 


OC 


07. 12 


.31 


1 


— 12.5392 


. 0103 


+ 1397 


+ 


28 




.0129 


240 


+ 41 


15 


36. 63 


.24 


2 


— 12.4559 


.0081 


+ 2515 


+ 


31 


— 


.0020 


241 


+ 41 


19 


28. 32 


.24 


2 


— 12.4035 


.0070 


+ 2509 


+ 


30 





. 0093 


242 


+ 31 


46 


55.88 


.26 


1 


— 12.3759 


. 0090 


+ 2820 


+ 


39 


— 


.0J17 


243 


+ 27 


08 


11.55 


.05 


25 


— 12.3498 


.0021 


+ S995 


+ 


42 


— 


. 0997 


244 


+ 43 


34 


56. 59 


.23 


o 


— 12. 1038 


. 0095 


+ 2433 


+ 


28 


+ 


. 0431 


245 


+ 40 


45 


41.21 


.23 


2 


— 11.9172 


.0065 


+ 2577 


+ 


30 


+ 


. 0580 


*246 


+ 37 


02 


33. 81 


.20 


2 


— 11.8762 


. 0007 


+ 2700 


+ 


32 


+ 


.0052 


247 


+ 26 


41 


33. 66 


.19 


3 


— 11.6641 


. 0054 


+ 3027 


+ 


40 


+ 


.0174 


248 


+ 6 


49 


12. 87 


.06 


24 


— 11.6037 


. 0022 


+ 3565 


+ 


58 


+ 


. 0339 


249 


+ 15 


48 


52. 01 


.19 


3 


— 11.52(16 


.0052 


+ 3360 


+ 


49 




. 177 


250 


+ 4 


51 


19. 62 


.10 


10 


— 11. 1035 


. 0039 


+ 3677 


+ 


58 


+ 


.0681 


"251 


+ 42 


48 


08.07 


.26 


1 


- 10.2901 


. 0063 


+ 2629 


+ 


24 


+ 


.61.59 


252 


+ 78 


10 


40.77 


.07 


18 


— 10.8824 


. 0024 


— 2731 


+ 


280 




. 0016 


253 


+ 42 


55 


49. 89 


.34 


1 


— 10.6895 


. 0099 


+ 2539 


+ 


25 


— 


. 0107 


254 


+ 27 


14 


27. 75 


.15 


4 


— 10.6578 


. 0053 


+ 3120 


+ 


36 


— 


. 0615 


255 


— 22 


15 


50.64 


.10 


9 


— 10..VJ34 


. 0046 


+ 4429 


+ 


82 


— 


. 0365 


•256 


+ 55 


06 


13.04 


.22 


2 


— 10. 3006 


.0089 


+ 1772 


+ 


21 


— 


.1162 


257 


— 19 


27 


41. 36 


.08 


16 


— 10. 2034 


. 0032 


+ 4413 


+ 


75 


— 


.0380 


258 


+ 53 


15 


49. 12 


.59 




— 10.0441 


.016 


+ 1961 


+ 


21 


— 


.034 


259 


+ 58 


53 


58.60 


.11 


""s 


— 9.7203 


.0030 


+ 1408 


+ 


22 


— 


. 3408 


260 


+ 45 


15 


48.77 


.16 


3 


— 9.6258 


. 00.".1 


+ 2443 


+ 


22 


— 


.0330 


261 


+ 68 


08 


22. 63 


.16 


3 


— 9.5012 


.0065 


+ 204 


+ 


52 


+ 


.0690 


•262 


-4- 58 


15 


50.87 


.35 


1 


— 9.4827 


. o■i:^ 


+ 1542 


+ 


23 


+ 


.040 


263 


— 3 


22 


14.98 


.07 


17 


— 9.5740 


. 0032 


+ 4075 


+ 


56 


— 


.1434 


264 


+ 19 


07 


29. 87 


.23 


2 


— 9.3.579 


.0113 


+ 3466 


+ 


37 


— 


. 0931 


•265 


+ 40 


00 


31.66 


.49 




— 8.S149 


.014 


+ 2699 


+ 


22 


+ 


.005 


266 


+ 46 


36 


42.79 


.10 


9 


— 8.7700 


.0037 


+ 2391 


+ 


20 


+ 


.0226 


267 


+ 19 


26 


53. 32 


.13 


6 


— 8. 7062 


.0043 


+ 3502 


+ 


34 


+ 


. 0530 


268 


+ 31 


10 


59. 72 


.20 


2 


— 8.5928 


. 0065 


+ 3116 


+ 


26 


+ 


.1016 


269 


+ 32 


37 


33. 02 


.22 


2 


— 8.6424 


.0076 


+ 3072 


+ 


26 


+ 


. 0032 


•270 


+ 55 


29 


24.26 


.25 


1 


— 8.3192 


.0090 


+ 1765 


+ 


20 


+ 


.0216 



604 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[198] 



Catalogue of 500 stars 



.2 

a 



271 

a72 

♦•J7;i 

a74 

275 

♦270 
277 
278 
279 
280 

281 
282 
283 

284 
•285 

286 

*287 

'2c8 

•289 

290 

291 
292 
293 
294 
295 

296 

297 

*298 

299 

300 

301 

"302 

303 

304 
305 

•306 
307 
308 
309 
310 

311 
312 
313 
314 
'315 



5498 
5512 
5523 
5520 
5535 

5545 
5541 
5552 
5548 
5568 

5596 
5578 
5604 
5617 
5624 

5643 
5644 
5658 
5693 
5706 

5708 
5731 
5747 
5780 
5776 

5778 
5801 
5^23 
5821 
5834 

5847 
5s53 
5874 
5876 

5te86 

5911 

5918 
5937 
5941 
5997 

6006 
6021 
6033 
()030 
6047 



Name. 



a Scorpii 

ri Draeonis 

30 Herculis 

/I Ophiuclii 

34 Herculis 

15 Draeonis 

32 Herculis 

a Herculis 

f Opbiucbi 

42 Herculis 

a Trianguli Aust 

f Herculis 

7! Herculis 

46 Herculis 

53 Herculis 

K OpbiucLi 

f Herculis 

59 Herculis 

£ UrsEB Minoris . 

)? Scorpii 

f Draeonis 

I.' Herculis 

TT Herculis 

69 Herculis 

44 Ophiuchi 

p'2 Herculis 

77 Herculis 

(3 Draeonis 

a Ophiuchi 

a Draeonis 

/t Herculis 

87 Herculis 

i/i' Draeonis 



1 
3 
5 
4 
6.5 

4.5 

6 

4 
3.5 

6 

5 
2 
3 
3 

7 



6 
6 
5 
6 

4 
3 

5 
4 

G 

3.5 

6 

3 
3.5 
3.5 

4.5 
6 
6 
5 
4 

5.5 

6 
2.5 

o 

6 

4 
4 
6 
7 
4.5 



■sg=: 

■•- aoo 

C tJ)o 



h. v>. s. 

15 21 44.7 

22 18.2 
24 32.3 
24 36.6 
!^6 40. 2 

28 14. 3 

28 37. 
30 04.5 
.30 16.6 
32 32. 4 

16 35 21. 4 

35 26. 9 

36 34.5 
38 36.7 

40 06.7 

42 55.7 

43 19.8 

44 17.8 
48 13.6 

50 43.9 

51 45.1 

55 30.5 

56 59. 3 
58 50. 9 

17 01 31. 

03 12.1 
05 23. 9 
08 2.5.7 
08 56.9 
10 41.6 

13 21.6 
13 37.8 

17 37.6 

18 44. 2 

19 22. 2 

23 25. 4 

24 12.5 
27 3C5 

29 08. 

36 50. 6 

37 41. 1 

41 34.0 
43 4.3.0 

43 46. 7 

44 09.9 



c3 a 
B o 



+ 3.668 
+ 0.805 
+ 1.968 
+ 3.024 
+ 1.644 

— 0.141 
+ 2.332 
+ 1.932 
+ 3.298 
+ 1.741 

+ 1.025 
+ 6.287 
+ 2.263 
+ 2. 055 
+ 2. 385 

+ 1.134 
+ 1.914 
+ 1.237 
+ 2.269 
+ 1.721 

+ 2. 835 
+ 2.293 
+ 2.209 

— 6. 376 
+ 1.594 

+ 4.286 
+ 1.151 
+ 0. 162 
+ 2.733 
+ 2.087 

-I- 2. 030 

+ 1.527 

+ 1.908 

-|- 3. 0.57 

+ 2.070 

+ 1.586 
+ 0.895 
+ 1..351 
+ 2.782 
+ 1.815 

— 0.355 
+ 2.345 
+ 2.430 
+ 1.613 

— 1.082 



(Pa 



+ 15 

+ 18 

+ 4 

+ 6 

+ 6 

+ 41 

+ 3 



+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 



6 

91 

3 

4 
3 



+ 10 

+ 4 

+ 10 

+ 3 

+ 5 

+ 4 

+ 3 

+ 3 

4- 307 

+ *i 

+ 17 

+ H 

+ 19 

+ 3 

+ 3 



+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 



3 



+ 11 

+ 4 

+ 3 

+ 3 

+ 2 



A<5 



— .18 
+ .06 
—1.35 

— .07 
+ .75 

.00 
+ .65 

— .05 
—1.65 
+ .93 

+ .27 

— .09 

— .14 
—1.44 
+ .20 

— .21 

— .23 
+ .09 

.00 
—1.38 

— .21 

— .34 
—1.49 
+ .02 

— .01 

— .25 
+ .90 

— .02 
+ .13 

— .00 

— .68 

— .56 

— .29 

— .55 

— .10 



+ 



+ 
+ 



.30 
.50 
.05 
.22 



46 
40 
— .13 
+ .19 
+ .08 



A/i' 



— .67 

— ..54 
—3.74 
—1.42 

+1. 28 

— .41 

— .47 
+ .40 
—2.58 
+1.16 

— .41 
—1.63 

— .10 
—2. 63 
+1.11 

—1.85 

— .60 
+ .84 
—1.00 
-4. 12 

— .86 
—2. 15 
—2.89 

— .59 
+2. 89 

+ .57 
+3.90 

+ .28 

— .26 

— .87 

—3. 09 
—4. 18 
+ .93 
— 1. U 
-1.02 

+ .01 
+ 1.99 

— .06 
—1.11 

.00 

+1.97 
—1.49 
—1.17 
+1.3U 

— .41 



[199] 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 



605 



for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 











o 




rt 


'oh 








a 





.a 

a 


Declination, 


1875.0. 






'5^ 

a 3. 




dl- 


dl 




1 
'0 


■0 


o 








u 


^ 


a -*^ 


t-l (H 








i-. 




'^ 








CL| 


<1 


P^ 








m 






o 


/ 


II 


II 




II 


II 


II 




II 




,1 


271 


— 26 


09 


09.18 


.09 


u" 


— 8. 3734 


.0041 


+ 4900 


+ 


71 


— 


.0367 


272 


+ ei 


47 


.51.11 


.07 


17 


— 8. 2376 


. 0026 


+ 1107 


+ 


20 


+ 


. 0540 


*273 


+ 42 


09 


28. 15 


.27 


1 


— 8.1111 


. 0083 


+ 2056 


+ 


20 


+ 


. 0026 


274 


+ 2 


15 


32. 64 


.11 


8 


— 8.2062 


.0043 


+ 4008 


+ 


44 




. 0982 


275 


+ 49 


14 


02.15 


.43 




— 8.0040 


.0109 


+ 2230 


+ 


18 


— 


.0612 


*276 


+ C9 


02 


18.29 


.13 


6 


- 7.7958 


.0047 


— 157 


+ 


55 


+ 


.0209 


277 


+ 30 


45 


45. 25 


.20 


•2 


— 7.7S08 


. 0106 


+ 31.58 


+ 


24 




.0047 


278 


+ 42 


41 


45.08 


.12 


6 


— 7.0334 


. 0041 


+ 2637 


+ 


19 


+ 


. 0350 


279 


- 10 


11 


43.56 


.11 


8 


— 7.0308 


.0047 


+ 4480 


+ 


52 


+ 


. 0212 


2«0 


+ 46 


52 


01. 93 


.40 


1 


— 7.4570 


.0116 


+ 2379 


+ 


17 


-t 


.0116 


281 


+ 49 


10 


25. 04 


.19 


2 


— 7.2184 


. 00.52 


+ 2335 


+ 


17 


+ 


. 0209 


282 


— 68 


47 


39. 59 


.22 


2 


— 7.2882 


.0094 


+ 85H5 


+ 


268 




. 0503 


283 


+ 31 


49 


49. 47 


.08 


15 


— 6. 7387 


. 0032 


+ 3008 


+ 


20 


+ 


. 4010 


284 


+ 39 


09 


39.91 


.10 


9 


— 7.0633 


. 0030 


+ 2844 


+ 


19 




. 0903 


*285 


+ 28 


35 


15.28 


.30 


1 


— 6. 6077 


.0087 


+ 3302 


+ 


22 


+ 


.0421 


286 


+ 57 


00 


20.98 


.16 


4 


— 6.5672 


. 0103 


+ 1596 


+ 


17 


+ 


.0505 


•287 


+ 42 


27 


45.00 


.29 


1 


— 6.6194 


.0104 


+ 2(;(<8 


+ 


16 




. 0350 


'288 


+ 55 


37 


54. 61 


.29 


1 


— 6.5260 


.0122 


+ 1751 


+ 


17 


— 


. 0210 


•289 


+ 31 


54 


35.34 


.19 


2 


— 6.2002 


.0056 


+ 3159 


+ 


19 


— 


. 0220 


290 


+ 46 


44 


31.22 


.34 


1 


— 6.0105 


.0131 


+ 2428 


+ 


14 


— 


.0412 


291 


+ 9 


34 


15.45 


.07 


19 


— .5.8897 


. 0032 


+ 3947 


+ 


27 


— 


. 0050 


292 


+ 31 


06 


42. 18 


.10 


9 


— 5.5476 


. 0042 


+ 3230 


+ 


17 


+ 


. 0215 


29;i 


+ :i3 


45 


01.75 


.15 


4 


— 5.4424 


. 0058 


+ 3120 


+ 


10 


+ 


. 0021 


294 


+ 82 


14 


22. 49 


.07 


18 


— 5.2906 


. 0028 


— 8926 


+ 


552 


— 


. 0029 


295 


+ 48 


58 


37.19 


.30 


1 


— 5. 15.33 


.0113 


+ 2285 


+ 


13 


— 


.0911 


290 


— 43 


04 


17. 25 


.29 


1 


— .5.1936 


.0109 


+ 6083 


+ 


03 


— 


.2743 


297 


+ 55 


55 


38.90 


.48 


...„. 


— 4.6937 


.014 


+ l(i52 


+ 


14 


+ 


.039 


*298 


+ 05 


52 


00. 96 


.11 




— 4.4578 


. 0039 


+ 251 


+ 


27 


+ 


.0168 


299 


+ 14 


32 


03.76 


.06 


23 


— 4.4039 


. 0022 


+ 3905 


+ 


19 


+ 


. 0264 


30U 


+ 36 


57 


03.65 


.11 


7 


— 4. 29J9 


.0050 


+ 2987 


+ 


12 


— 


.0147 


301 


+ 37 


25 


24.02 


.18 


3 


— 4.0069 


.0049 


+ 2920 


+ 


11 


+ 


.0401 


*302 


+ 49 


49 


33.75 


.30 


1 


— 4.01.57 


. 0123 


+ 2190 


+ 


10 


+ 


. 0142 


303 


+ 40 


05 


54.51 


.26 


1 


— 3.7504 


.0100 


+ 2840 


+ 


10 


' — 


.0097 


304 


— 24 


03 


29.05 


.13 


6 


— 3.7222 


. 0060 


+ 5200 


+ 


27 


— 


.1311 


305 


+ 37 


15 


43.15 


.11 


7 


— 3. 5458 


.0042 


+ 2985 


+ 


10 


— 


.0092 


•306 


+ 48 


21 


56. 68 


.18 


3 


— 3,2029 


,0058 


+ 2299 


+ 


9 


— 


. 01.59 


307 


+ 58 


45 


24. 50 


.25 


1 


— 3.0992 


.0110 


+ 1303 


+ 


12 


+ 


. 0199 


308 


+ ^fi, 


23 


40. 57 


.07 


17 


— 2.8255 


.0025 


+ 1959 


+ 


8 


— 


. 0006 


309 


+ 1-2 


39 


09. 44 


.06 


24 


— 2.9:^99 


. 0022 


+ 4044 


+ 


12 


— 


.2371 


310 


+ 43 
H- 08 


31 


58. 67 






— 1. 9728 




+ 2650 


+ 





+ 


.050 


311 


48 


55.74 


.11 


7' 


— 1.62.58 


.0041 


— 499 


+ 


14 


+ 


. 3237 


312 


+ 27 


47 


42. 17 


.07 


20 


— 2. 3701 


. 0031 


+ 3380 


+ 


8 


— 


.7589 


313 


+ 25 


39 


56.97 


.18 


3 


— 1.4703 


. 0057 


+ 3538 


+ 


5 


— 


.0497 


314 


+ 47 


39 


22. 19 


.41 


1 


— 1. 4053 


.014 


+ 2358 


+ 


5 


+ 


.013 


*315 


+ 72 


12 


34.25 


.11 


7 


— 1.0570 


.0040 


— 1565 


+ 


30 




.2731 



606 UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[L'OOJ 



Catalogue of 500 stars 



■= 

3 



31G 
*:517 
318 
3IS) 
320 

«321 
322 
323 

*324 
325 

*326 
327 
326 
329 
330 

*331 

*332 

*333 

3:!4 

*335 

330 
337 
'338 
339 
340 

341 
*342 
343 
344 
345 

346 
'347 

348 
349 
350 

351 

'352 

•353 

354 

355 

35f) 
357 
"358 
359 
3(i0 



0050 
0073 
0079 
0082 
0001 

0114 

0115 
0150 
0157 
0108 



0200 
0210 
0281 
6229 
5959 



6245 

0208 
0289 
0302 

0325 
0355 
0305 
6390 
0387 



6397 
6421 
6429 
0440 
0403 

0478 
0470 
0487 
0491 
0526 

6528 
0553 
0580 

0584 
0585 

0012 
Oti-ji 
6(124 
6650 
6646 



Niinie. 



88 
89 

c 
s 



7 



Hcrcnlis. 



Draconis , 

Ilerculis 

Draconis . ... 



35 Draconis 

y" Siigittarii ... 

o Heiculis 

102 Hcrculis 

H Sagittarii ... 



40 Draconis . 



(! Ur8a3 Miuoris 
■q Serpent is 



Octantis. 



fi Lyra! , 

39 Draconis 

X Draconis 



1 Aquilas . 
" LyriB .. 



e' LyriB .. . 

110 Herculis. 

111 Hercnlis. 



j} Lyras 

a Sagittarii. 

Draconis . 

.50 Draconis . 



E Aqiiilaj . 
y Lyras .. 
/I Aquilse . 



Aquilse... 

LyiiB 

Draconis . 
Sagittarii 
Acjiiilse.. 



(! Draconis 
K. Cygni ... 



Hercnlis j 5.5 



r Draconis 
(5 Aquilse ... 



3.5 
4 
2 



4 

4 
.5.5 
3.5 



4 


6 
5.5 

5 
4.5 

(J 



3 

4 

6 
4.5 
3.5 



C3 o O 

t. J a 



h. m. n. 

17 40 47. 1 

50 22. 7 

51 22. 1 
51 57 9 
55 42. 4 

.55 02.6 
57 40.7 

02 40. 

03 24.7 
06 17.2 

18 09 2:!. 4 
12 30. 
12 39. 3 

14 .50.5 

15 28. 5 

17 17.0 
20 00.8 

22 04.9 

23 18.0 
25 58.8 

28 24.3 
32 42.4 
35 58. 1 
40 11.9 

40 17.0 

41 30.1 

44 10.0 

45 27.9 
47 30.8 

49 21.4 

50 23. (! 

51 29.3 

53 57.0 

54 10.0 
59 30.9 

18 .'■9 39. 8 

19 02 42. 

09 17.7 

10 19.2 
10 19.9 

12 31.3 
14 12.8 
14 47.4 
17 50.7 
19 11.7 



X a 
c o 
a '-5 



+ 
+ 



+ 



+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 



1. 507 

2. 420 

1. 030 

2. 053 
1.394 

2.090 

3. 852 

2. 338 
2. 5(i0 

3. 584 



— 4.470 
+ 1. 002 

— 19.420 
+ 3. 100 
+109. 0.58 



+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 



+ 
+ 



+ 



+ 



+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 



2. 645 
1.974 

0.874 
1.075 
0. 820 

3.272 
2. 031 
2. 030 



1. 980 


a. 582 


2. 649 


1.547 


2.214 


3. 723 


0.887 


1. 901 


1.580 


2. 721 


2. 242 


3. 184 


2.755 


2. 2(i0 


0. 238 


3. .514 


2. 909 


0. 033 


1.388 


2. 005 


1. 108 


3. 024 



(Pa 
di- 



+ 
+ 
+ 

4 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 



— 20 

+ 1 

— 385 
+ 2 
—11035 

+ 2 

+ a 



— 9 

— 1 



+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 



+ 



+ 




1 
1 

2 


I 
17 

1 

23 
3 
1 

58 
2 



A(! 



— .05 

— .20 
+ 1.05 

— .47 
+ .04 

+ .'-'4 

+ .07 
+ .43 

— .41 

— .38 

+ .59 
+ .40 
+ .17 
+ .12 
+ .08 

+ .55 

— .05 

— .18 

— . 15 
+ . 38 

+ .05 
00 

— .12 

— .70 
+ .08 

+ .03 
+ .35 

— .53 

— .03 

CO 

+ 1. 18 
+1. 45 

— . 05 

— .50 

— .11; 

— .OS 

— .12 
+ .24 
—3. 50 

— .73 

+ .25 

— .14 

— .04 
+ .70 
+ .11 



A/i' 



—1.39 

— .90 
+1.02 
—1. 83 

+ .28 

+ .84 
+ . 15 

— .80 
-1.69 

— .18 

+3. 24 
+ 1.50 
+ .03 

— .22 

— .76 

+1.70 
—1. 22 
+ .22 
—1. .50 
+1.01 

— .82 
—1. 10 

— .48 

— .04 
+ .05 

—1.29 
+2.08 
—2. 51 
+ .28 

— .02 

+1.65 
+1.54 
+ .74 
—1.38 



—1. 03 
— .42 

+ .56 
—5.74 

—1.78 

+ .74 
+ .40 
+ .00 
+1.00 
+ .03 



[201] 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 



607 



for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 







H 

-J CO 




C3 . 

So 


g=3 

S • 


m 


d?S 




a 
_o 




s 

a 

3 


Declination, 1875.0. 


1-- 

r 


.a 
I 


—1 "—I 

1 = 

a 2 

<! 


m 

p-l 


dfi 


dfi 






316 

"317 
318 
319 


' " 
+ 48 25 43.42 
+ 26 04 16. .59 
+ 56 53 34.27 
+ 37 16 0.5.73 
4- 51 30 15. 44 


.22 
.14 


2 

5 


— 1.1526 

— 0.8413 


.0063 
. 0065 


II 

4- 2287 
4- 3528 


II 

+ 
+ 


4 
3 


// 

4- .0031 
4- . 0004 


.16 
.23 


4 
2 


— 0.6840 

— 0.6902 


.0048 
.0060 


4- 1530 

4- 2992 


+ 
+ 


4 
3 


4- . 07 12 
4- . 0127 


3-20 


.07 


20 


— 0.5808 


.0023 


4- 2037 


+ 


4 


— . 0302 


•321 
322 


+ 76 58 40.25 
— 30 25 23.53 


.18 


3 


— 0. 1901 


.0052 


— 3913 


+ 


14 


4- .2434 


.18 


3 


— 0. 4128 


.0086 


4. .5612 







— . 2185 

— .0086 

— . 03()9 

— .0118 


323 


+ 28 44 47. 53 
4- 20 47 45. 96 
— 21 05 21. 58 


.21 


2 


4- 0. 2247 


.0064 


4- 3408 







'324 


.25 


1 


4- 0. 2617 


.0076 


4- 3738 





1 


325 


.08 


14 


4- 0. 5383 


.0036 


4- 5216 





7 


"326 
327 
328 


+ 79 58 54.77 
4- 56 32 47.26 
+ 80 36 27.58 

— 2 55 45.52 

— 89 16 38. 77 


.21 
..54 
.06 


2 
"'24' 


4- 0. 9408 
4- 1.1722 
4- 1. 1574 


. 0062 
.015 
. 0020 


— 6486 
+ 1556 

— 28244 





44 


768 


4- .1194 

4- . 079 
4- . 0500 

— . 6732 

— . 0236 


329 
330 


.10 
.15 


9 
4 


4- 0. 6245 
4- 1.3297 


. 0012 
.0067 


4- 4448 
4-159005 


— 7 

—24722 


*331 
*332 
*333 


+ 17 45 53.82 
+ 39 26 24.24 
+ ,58 43 43.50 
+ 72 40 40. 95 
+ 59 27 58.88 


.39 
.22 
.23 


1 
2 
2 


4- 1. 4948 
4- 1.7474 
4- 1.9835 


.022 

.0054 

.0064 


4- 3840 
4- 2864 
4- 1250 


— 


7 
3 
2 


— .017 

— .0102 
4- . 0542 

— .3796 
4- .0341 


334 


.12 


6 


4- 1.6566 


.0037 


— 1401 


— 


9 


*3;« 


.21 


2 


4- 2.3026 


. 0089 


4- 1179 


— 


4 


336 


— 8 19 46.61 


.11 


8 


4- 2.1489 


.0040 


4- 4733 


— 


18 


— .3302 
-L . 2724 
4. . 0032 
4- .0523 

— .3475 


337 


+ 38 40 06. 16 


.06 


20 


4- 3. 1246 


. 0020 


4- 2946 


— 


8 


*338 


+ 38 15 07.25 
+ 39 32 24.90 
-f 20 25 41. 18 


.25 


1 


4- 3. 1376 


.0094 


4- 2912 


— 


7 


339 


.12 


6 


4- 3. .5520 


.0039 


4- 2836 


— ■ 


8 


340 


.18 


3 


4- 3. 1592 


. 00.54 


4- 3692 


~~' 


13 


341 

*342 

343 


4- 18 02 37.70 
4- 49 17 39.20 
4- 33 13 07.21 
— 26 26 59. 03 
4- 59 14 09.28 


.21 
.30 

.06 


2 

1 
22 


4- 3.7118 
4- 3. 8772 
+ 3.9352 


.0060 
. 0109 
. 0025 


4- 3791 
4- 2198 
4- 3150 


— 


15 

6 

11 


4- .1001 
4- .0278 
_ .0171 
— . 0772 
4- . 0138 


344 
345 


.12 
.12 


7 
7 


4- 4. 0506 
4- 4.2994 


. 0049 
.0030 


4- 5296 
4- 1257 


— 


42 
9 


346 
•347 
348 
349 
350 


4- 75 17 07. 67 
4- 48 42 14.32 
4- 14 54 00.16 
4- 32 31 09.33 
- 5 04 05.79 


.12 
.56 
.13 
.11 
.10 


6 

""K 

7 
9 


4- 4. 4487 
4- 4. 3480 
4- 4. 5926 
4- 4. 6905 
4- 5.0622 


.0059 
.0131 
. 01145 
.U041 
.0041 


— 2730 
4- 2210 
4- 3831 
4- 3157 
4- 4462 


— 


86 
8 
21 
13 
34 


+ . 0745 

— . 1196 

_ .0846 

— .0138 

— . 0957 


351 
•352 
•353 


4- 13 40 45.01 
4- 32 18 21.38 
-}- 65 46 10.12 


.07 
.23 
.19 


20 
2 
2 


4- 5.0587 
4- 5. 4360 
4- 5.9941 


.0030 
.0064 
. 0072 


4- 3856 
4- 3170 
4- 303 


— 


23 
16 
24 


— .1033 
4- .0178 
4- .0226 

— . 0174 

— .0138 


354 


— 19 10 24.10 


.12 


6 


4- 6. 0397 


.0045 


4- 4855 


— 


52 


355 


4- 4 36 57.77 


.41 


1 


4- 6. 0443 


. 0079 


4- 4102 


"^ 


33 


356 
357 
•358 
359 
360 


4- 67 26 30.05 
4- 53 08 18.45 
4- 40 07 51.59 
4- 73 07 22. 06 
4- 2 52 01.79 


.08 
.11 


16 

8 


4- 0.3259 
4- 6.4911 
4. 6. 4379 
4- 6.7984 
4- 6.8691 


. 0025 
.0035 


4- 45 
4- 1901 
4- 2742 
— 1589 
4- 4142 


— 


32 
12 
17 

82 
39 


4- .08.54 
4- .1100 
4- .009 
+ . 1086 
4- . 0763 


"Vu 

.07 


'""5 
19 


'".'0651 
.0023 



608 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[202j 



Gatalogxie of 500 stars 



< 
a 



Name. 



So ir^ 
"" cS 'ju 









\6 



An' 



361 
3()-2 
•30:! 
3()4 
305 

39G 
367 

•368 
369 

•370 

371 
372 
*373 
37'1 
375 

•376 

•37/ 

37.S 

379 

360 

381 

*3S2 

383 

384 

•385 

*366 
387 
38S 
389 
390 

•391 
392 
393 
39-1 

•39,-) 

39(; 
397 
•398 
399 
400 

401 
40-2 
*403 
404 
405 



6657 
()661 
6681 
6090 
6697 

669S 
6713 
6728 
6734 
6748 

C758 
6772 
6780 
6779 
6802 

6817 
6830 
6836 
6833 
6999 

6856 

(i865 
6879 
6893 
6937 

6970 
6965 
6974 
7005 
7004 

7024 
7022 
7031 
7061 
7073 

7088 
7098 
7100 
7124 
7121 

7140 
7149 
7166 
7171 
7173 



5 VulpeculsB. 



/3 Cysui. 
I- Cysui- 



8 Cygiii . . 
K AquiliB . 



Cygni . 



10 VulpecuhB. 
y AquilrB.. .. 



5 Cygnl- . 
a Aqoila) . 



e Dracoiiis 

(3 Aqiiila? 

Ti, UrsiB Miuoris . 

^ Cygiii 



15 Viilliecuho. 
T AquiliB.. -- 
28 Cvgui 



08 Draconis .. 

0= Cygui 

o- Capricorui . 

K Cepbei 

a Pavonis ... 



71 Draconis .. 

y Cygui 

n- Cajiiicorni 

40 Cygiii 

42 Cygni 

£ Doljihini .. 
Ccpliei 



p Delpliiui .. 

29 Vnlpcculaj. 
a Delpbiui .. 



a Cygni... 
6 DeipbiDi 



6. 5 
6.5 

3 

5 

6 
4 
5.5 
4 
5 

6 
3 

5 

3.5 
1.5 



6 
5.5 
3.5 
(&) 

5.5 
6 



6 
4 
3 
4.5 
2 



G.5 
3 
5 
6 
6 



6 

5.5 

4 

5.5 
3. 5 



1 

4 



h. in. s. 

19 20 15. 4 
20 45.9 

23 31.2 

25 40. S 

26 33. 3 

27 08.3 
30 10.0 

32 33. 9 

33 05. 4 
35 52. 7 

38 31.1 
40 19.0 

40 48. 6 

41 04.1 
44 41.1 

46 20. 
48 26.2 

48 35. 1 

49 10.4 

49 17.8 

52 23. 9 

53 19.9 
55 57.2 
58 02. 

20 04 47. 2 

09 31.9 

09 41.8 

11 07.0 

13 0:!.7 

15 44.7 

17 31.3 
17 44.5 
20 09.9 
22 5(). 4 

24 34.4 

27 14.4 

27 28.8 

28 31. 3 

30 31.9 

31 41.2 

32 5(i. 3 

33 50.0 
35 46.3 
37 10.3 
37 37. 4 



». 
+ 2. 480 
+ 2.619 
+ 1.090 
+ 2.417 
+ 1.514 

+ 2.234 
+ 3.230 
4- 1.910 
+ 1.609 
+ 1.350 

+ 2.493 
+ 2.852 
+ 1.178 
+ 1. 



876 
928 



+ 2.062 
4- 1.763 

— 0. 173 
+ 2.947 
—60. 047 

+ 1.554 
+ 1.639 
+ 2. 468 
+ 2. 933 
+ 2. 226 

+ 0.992 
+ 1.889 
+ 3.331 

— 1.899 
+ 4.787 

+ 1.014 
-j- 2. 152 
+ 3.441 
+ 2.221 
+ 2.287 

+ 2. 866 
+ 1.016 
+ 2.066 

— 0.210 
+ 2.811 

+ 2.670 

+ 2.789 

+ 1.50(1 

+ 2.044 

+ 2.800 



+ 
+ 

+ 



+ 



+ 



+ 



1 


— 44 

— 1 

—29716 



+ 
+ 



+ 

+ 



+ 



+ 



+ 



14 



8 

165 

59 

14 
2 

U 
2 
2 

1 

15 

2 

67 


1 


3 
2 





— .33 

+ .03 

— .07 
+ .00 
4- .08 

— .10 
—1. 92 

+ .62 

— .03 
+ .17 

— .13 

— .08 

— .48 

— .10 
+ .14 

— .10 
•- .56 

+1.40 

— .34 
+ .57 

+ .20 
+ .40 
—2.01 
—1.33 
—1.14 

+ .51 

— .17 

— .23 

+1. 28 

— .3:! 

+ .36 

— . 16 
—1.25 

— .07 

— .13 

— .43 
+ .20 

— .06 

— .33 

— .2:r 

+ .44 

— .05 

— .17 

— .25 

— .33 



—1.65 
—2.04 

+ .75 



+ 



—1.33 
—2. 12 
+1.70 
+1 



+1.90 

—1.45 

— .34 

— ..57 
—1. 12 
+ .31 

+ .05 

— .63 
+3.11 

— .89 
+1. IG 

+3. 19 
+1.50 
—5. 04 
—1.14 
—2. 53 

+2. 09 
+ .17 
+ .03 
+2. 93 
—4.02 

+ .61 
—1.89 
+1.27 
—2.41 
+1.04 



+ 

+ '■ 
— 1 



— .88 

— .18 
+ .07 

— .94 
—1.81 



[203] CATAL<JGUE OF 500 STARS. 

for the epoch 1875 — Continued. 



609 



u 


Declination. 


1875.0. 


u 

2 . 

*- 1': 




IS . 

""2 


2? 

5 J 


il-i 


(fci 


1 

C 





■2 








o c 


3 

tJO 




^ ^ ^ 

Ul 


dl' 


rfi^ 


0^ 


a 


s 








u 


►>. 




t. -^ 






^ 




;z; 








Pi 


P 


■< 


^ 






u 









/ 


II 


II 




,1 


II 


II 


It 




II 


3G1 


+ 24 


41 


17. 62 


.21 


2 


+ 6. 2-38G 


.0057 


+ 3348 


— 22 





.6515 


■.'m 


+ 19 


51 


03. 13 


.25 




+ 6. 8-74 


.0(101 


+ 3555 


■ — 27 


— 


. 0344 


*303 


+ 57 


46 


32. 43 


.40 




+ 7. 1371 


.0103 


+ 14.55 


— 15 


— 


.0105 


■XA 


+ 27 


41 


54. 06 


.09 


11 


+ 7. 3094 


. 0038 


+ 3247 


— 21 


— 


.0141 


3G5 


+ 51 


27 


51. 12 


.12 




+ 7.5195 


. 0033 


+ 2024 


— 14 


+ 


. 1245 


3GC 


+ 34 


11 


17.40 


.17 




+ 7.4381 


.0068 


+ 3001 


— 21 





. 004:! 


307 


— 7 


18 


13. 08 


.10 




+ 7. 6886 


.0044 


+ 4317 


— 52 


+ 


. 0('08 


•31)8 


+ 43 


25 


38. ■3 






+ 7.9023 
+ 8. 1709 




+ 2520 
+ 2122 


— 17 


+ 


.021 


369 


+ 49 


55 


56.67 


".'ii' 




'".'66.34' 


— 16 


.2)75 


*370 


+ 54 


40 


52. 85 


.35 




+ 8.3070 


.017 


+ 1783 


— 15 


+ 


.160 


371 


+ 25 


28 


26.27 


.19 


2 


+ 8. 3641 


. 00.57 


+ 32G9 


— 29 


+ 


.0065 


37-2 


+ 10 


18 


36. 31 


.0{; 


25 


+ 8. 49-20 


. 0021 


+ 3732 


— 41 




. 0084 


•373 


+ 57 


43 


08. 02 


.28 


1 


+ 8. 4770 


.0 00 


+ 1545 


— 17 


— 


. 0617 


374 


+ 44 


49 


35. 66 


.12 


6 


+ 8. 5908 


.0044 


+ 2444 


— 18 


+ 


. 0308 


375 


+ 8 


32 


22.75 


.06 


27 


+ 9.2151 


. 0020 


+ 3841 


— 40 


+ 


. 3701 


•.376 


+ 40 


16 


56.92 


.41 


1 


+ 8.9377 


. 0132 


+ 2647 


— 21 





. 0365 


*377 


+ 47 


36 


34.95 


.24 


2 


+ 9.1190 


. 0095 


+ 2256 


— 18 


— 


.0188 


378 


+ 69 


56 


58.38 


.12 


7 


+ 9. 1772 


.0041 


— 245 


— 51 i 


+ 


.0271 


379 


+ 6 


05 


45. 45 


.06 


24 


+ 8. 7049 


.0021 


+ 3783 


- 46 




. 4909 


380 


+ 88 


55 


51.48 


.06 


22 


+ 9.2170 


.0026 


—78715 


—56385 


+ 


.0110 


381 


+ 52 


OG 


28. 04 


.13 


5 


+ 9.4175 


.0047 


+ 1955 


— 17 





. 0281 


•382 


+ 50 


34 


02. C5 


..56 




+ 9.5436 


.015 


+ 2066 


— 18 


+ 


. 020 


3S3 


+ 27 


24 


32. 89 


.24 


■■"2' 


+ 9. 7185 


. 0007 


+ 3110 


— 33 




. 0004 


384 


+ 6 


55 


35.57 


.15 


4 


+ 9.88.-,4 


. 0004 


+ 3084 


— 51 


+ 


. 0076 


•385 


+ 36 


23 


21. 23 


.22 


2 


+ 10.3933 


.0007 


+ 2733 


— 28 


+ 


.0057 


•3S6 


+ 61 


42 


01.60 


.26 


1 


+ 10.8185 


.0076 


+ 1196 


— 24 


+ 


. 0779 


387 


+ 46 


21 


46. 84 


.12 


7 


+ 10.7554 


. 0042 


+ 2279 


— 22 


+ 


.0027 


388 


— 12 


55 


50. 43 


.07 


19 


+ 10.8577 


.0025 


+ 40:'.9 


tl 


+ 


. 0003 


389 


+ 77 


20 


02.43 


.10 


9 


+ 11.0284 


.0038 


— 2300 


— 220 


+ 


.0283 


390 


— 57 


07 


59.13 


.24 


2 


+ 11.1055 


.0100 


+ 5741 


- 212 




.0902 


•391 


+ 61 


51 


39.15 


.:57 


1 


+ 11.3494 


.0094 


4- 1166 


— 24 


+ 


.0251 


392 


+ 39 


51 


26.82 


.09 


12 


+ 11.3333 


. 0020 


+ 2539 


— 28 




. 0069 


393 


— 18 


37 


11.65 


.11 


7 


+ 11.4971 


.0041 


+ 4060 


— 89 


— 


.0173 


394 


+ 38 


01 


50.23 


.18 


3 


+ 11.C.-83 


. 0070 


+ 2576 


— 30 


— 


.0541 


*395 


+ 36 


02 


18. 19 


.19 


2 


+ 11.8195 


.0072 


+ 2612 


— 32 


— 


. 0080 


396 


+ 10 


52 


47.17 


.08 


15 


+ 11.9939 


. 0024 


+ 3294 


— 56 





. 0219 


397 


+ 62 


34 


27.40 


.12 


6 


+ 12.0075 


.0038 


+ 1138 


— 25 


— 


.0251 


•398 
399 


+ 42 
+ 72 


46 
06 


00. 62 
28.99 




...... 


+ 12. 1764 
+ 12.2255 


'.'6666' 


+ 2374 
— 299 


— 28 

— 77 


+ 


. 073 
. 0196 


'.'is 




400 


■\- 14 


09 


41.07 


.22 


2 


+ 12.2709 


.0064 


+ 3187 


— 55 


— 


.0.541 


401 


+ 20 


45 


48.44 


.27 


1 


+ 12.3925 


.0078 


+ 3015 


— 49 





.0188 


402 


+ 15 


23 


20.30 


.10 


8 


+ 12.4808 


.0042 


+ 3l:!8 


— 54 


+ 


. 0082 


•403 
404 


+ 55 
+ 44 


33 
.50 


52.71 
03.97 






+ 12.54;^ 
+ 12.6916 


'".'6626' 


+ 1711 
+ 2253 


— 22 

— 28 




. OCO 
.0084 


'.'06 


"'24' 


405 


+ 14 


37 


37.87 


.22 


2 


+ 12.6675 


.0060 


+ 3098 


— 54 


"~~ 


.0031 



N B- 



-.39 



GIO UNITED STATES XORTBERX BOUNDARY COMMISSION. [204 J 

Catalogue of 500 stars 



.3 



406 
407 
408 
*409 
410 

411 
*412 

413 
•414 

415 

4Ui 
•417 
"418 

419 

-420 

421 

422 

*42;i 

424 
*425 

42G 

*427 

*428 

42t» 

*4oO 

431 

432 

*433 

*434 

435 

436 
437 
43S 
*43y 
440 

441 
*442 
•443 

444 
*445 

*44G 

447 

*418 

*4ty 

450 



< 



7200 
7204 
7206 
7215 

7220 

7239 

7277 
7299 
7320 
7333 

7336 



7345 
7368 
7377 

7380 
7385 
7398 
7399 
7416 

7418 
7448 
7453 
7484 
7460 

7478 
7493 
7489 
7505 
7514 

7521 
6554 
7501 
7566 
7571 

7588 
7595 
7605 
7618 
7627 

7636 
7fi54 

7686 
7C>79 
7688 



Name. 



>' Dclpbini 
E Cygni... 
13 Delphini 



rj Cephei , 

II Aqnarii 
V Cygni.. 



i Cygni . 



61'Cvgni 

(Fed. 3689) 

63 Cygni 

f Cygni 



a Kqmileii 

T Cygni .. . 

a Cygni . .. 

V Cygni . .. 

a Cepbei .. 



1 Pegasi 



t9 Cygni 
71 Cygni 



(3 Aqnarii. 
a Cephei . 



72 Cygni . . 
f Aquarii. 



74 Cygni . 
76 Cygni . 
£ Pegasi 
79 Cygni . 
K Pegasi 



11 Cephei .... 
V Cepbei 

12 Cephei .... 
/i Capricorn i. 
16 Pegasi 



79 Draconis 

16 Cephei 



a Aqnarii . .. 



4 

3 
5.5 

5 
3.5 

4.5 

4 

5 
6.5 

4 



o 
3 
5 

4.5 

5 

4.5 

4.5 
3 

4 

6 

6.5 

7 



3 

3 

6 

5.5 



6 
6 
2.5 
6 
4 



.5 2t~ 

c -*^ " 
u~ a 

<: 



h. m. s. 

20 40 51.6 
41 09.2 

41 37.0 

42 14.8 

42 44.7 

45 54. 6 

52 30. 8 

53 11.6 

58 13.9 

21 00 23. 1 

01 17.8 

01 33.6 

02 17.9 

07 37.0 

08 37.2 

21 09 34.5 

09 48. 1 
12 30. 4 
12 46.7 
15 35. 7 

1(! 18. 4 

19 46. 9 

20 40.6 

23 30.0 

24 50.2 

24 58.7 
27 02.4 
27 1.5.5 
29 40. 3 
31 05.8 

31 56.4 
36 32. 7 
38 02. 8 
38 1.5.4 
38 59. 1 

40 05. 1 

41 50.6 

43 44. 

46 28. 7 

47 22.5 

48 54.4 
51 18.7 
57 27.5 
,57 36.6 

59 21. 8 






(Pa 



+ 2.783 
+ 2. 426 
+ 2.975 
-L 1.489 
+ 1.230 

+ 3.240 
+ 2.234 

— 2. 504 
4- 2.323 
+ 2. 180 

+ 2.C88 
+ 1.462 
+ 2. 0:i4 
+ 2.550 
+ 1..530 

+ 3.001 
+ 2.391 
+ 2.353 
+ 2.463 
+ 1.437 

+ 2.774 
-i- 2.006 
+ 2. 445 

— 4.602 
+ 2.209 

+ 3.164 
+ 0.799 
+ 2. 017 
+ 2. 446 
+ 3. 198 

+ 2. 400 

+ 2.408 
+ 2.948 
+ 2.473 
+ 2.711 

-f 0.90;') 
+ 1.730 
+ 1.766 
+ 3.279 
+ 2.727 

+ 2.014 
+ 0.736 

4- 0.882 
+ 2. 4.58 
+ 3. 083 



+ 




3 
3 

— 4 

— 14 



+ 4 

— 309 
+ 4 
+ 4 

+ l-'> 

— 6 
+ 4 
+ 4 



+ 
+ 

+ 



+ 2 
+ r, 

+ r- 

— 844 
+ u 



— 34 

+ 5 

+ 7 

— 8 



+ 

+ 

+ 



— 33 
+ 



3 
11 



+ 8 

— 46 

— 37 
+ 10 

— 4 



Ac5 



— .30 
+1. 32 

— .02 
+ .06 
+ .02 

—1.50 
+ .09 
+ .22 

— .39 

— .10 

+ ..53 
+ . 29 

— .15 

— . 77 
+ .09 

+ .07 

+ .60 

— .07 
+ .40 

+ .02 
—1.24 

+ .28 
+ .17 
+ .04 

+ .01 
+ .30 
+1.57 

— .39 

— .92 

— .51 

— .18 

— .13 
— I.II7 

— . 6;; 

+ .43 
+ .09 
+ .52 

— 1. 03 

— .21 

+ .64 
+ .69 

— .21 

+1. 1(> 

— .04 



A//' 



—1.40 
—2. 09 

— .84 
+1. 39 
+1.29 

—2. 33 
+ .77 

+1. 35 

— .93 

— .93 

— . 54 
+2. 10 
—2.44 
—1. 13 

+ .82 

— .02 
—2. 68 
+2. 13 

— .88 
+1.58 

— .39 
—3. 37 

+ .04 
+ .17 

— .36 

— .45 
+ 1.23 
+6.10 

— .06 
—1.83 

—1.03 

—3. 88 

— . 58 
—3. 50 



+ 1. 65 
+ .85 
+1. 40 
—3. 33 

— .51 

+2. 17 
+4. 02 

— .95 
+3. 60 
+ .01 



[205] 



L-v^j CATALOGUE OF 500 STAKS. 

for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 



611 
















=s_- 


Si 






^ 












fco 




■Z°. 


t > 



















■U (^ 




« 


a; "^ 










3 


Dccliuation, 


1875.0. 


c2 
■5 "3 


43 

'0 


5-2 


C C r^ 

III 










a 












& 


<"^ 


(5 " " 






P 

£ 






o 


/ 


// 


,/ 




II 


„ 


II 


// 




„ 


4(iG 


+ 15 


40 


29.78 


.12 


7 


+ 12.7372 


.0044 


+ 3040 


— 55 


_ 


.2110 


407 


+ 3,3 


30 


10.44 


.09 


10 


+ 13.2739 


. 0035 


+ 2674 


— 43 


+ 


.3001 


408 


+ 5 


33 


00.58 


.33 


1 


+ 12.9902 


. 0085 


+ 3250 


— 67 




. 00S4 


*409 


+ 57 


07 


,54.11 


.30 


1 


+ 12.t'095 


. 0087 


+ 1.581 


— 21 





. 231 1 


410 


+ 01 


21 


13.39 


.12 


7 


+ 13.8890 


. 0033 


+ 1319 


— 29 


+ 


. 81.59 


411 


— 9 


27 


03.64 


.10 


10 


+ 13.2392 


. 0040 


+ 3484 


— H6 


_ 


. 04:!3 


*41-i 


+ 40 


41 


12. 20 


.12 


(i 


+ 13.0915 


. 0040 


+ 2318 


— 34 





. 0183 


413 


+ 80 


04 


.56. 31 


.14 


4 


+ 13.7227 


. 00-18 


— 2729 


— 3/1 





. 0305 


*414 


+ 38 


09 


50.69 


.24 





+ 14.0041 


. 0092 


+ 2354 


— 3H 





. OOliO 


415 


+ 43 


25 


47.90 


.14 


5 


+ 14.2037 


.0041 


+ 2184 


— 33 


— 


. 000() 


41G 


+ 39 


08 


08. 47 


.07 


17 


+ 17.4880 


.0028 


+ 2991 


— 37 


+ ;. 


. 2276 


'417 


+ 59 
+ 47 


45 


31.97 






+ 14.2617 
+ 14.3066 




+ 14;!6 
+ 2045 


23 




. 015 
.01,54 


*418 


08 


48^05 


'.'23 


2 


'".'0057' 


— 30 


z 


419 


+ 29 


42 


54.22 


.07 


IH 


+ 14.5765 


. 0032 


+ 2477 


— 49 





. 0073 


*4yO 


+ 59 


28 


22! 71 


.29 


1 


+ 14.6950 


. 0079 


+ 1454 


— 23 


— 


. 0088 


4'31 


+ 4 


43 


55. 81 


.14 


4 


+ 14.0732 


. 0048 


+ 2902 


— 70 


_ 


. 0872 


4-2a 


+ 37 


30 


4.5. 48 


.14 


4 


+ 1,5.2070 


. 0044 


+ 2308 


— 43 


+ 


. 43.32 


*4-23 


+ 38 


52 


17.47 


.13 


5 


+ 14.9311 


.0043 


+ 2226 


— 41 




.0017 


4-24 


+ ;i4 


22 


22. 33 


.28 


1 


+ 14.9299 


. 0066 


+ 2330 


— 45 





. 01«8 


*425 


+ 62 


03 


23. 00 


.07 


21 


+ 1,5.1537 


. 0022 


+ 1334 


— 24 


+ 


.0418 


426 


+ 19 


10 


14.37 


.12 


(> 


+ 15.2039 


.0040 


+ 2593 


— 02 


+ 


.0511 


•427 


+ 51 


07 


11. 76 


.28 


1 


+ 15.3104 


.0101 


+ 1816 


— 30 




. 0337 


*428 


+ 36 


07 


41.23 


. 25 


1 


+ 15.3758 


. 0007 


+ 2220 


— 45 


— 


. 0246 


429 


+ 83 


43 


44. 24 


.30 


1 


+ 15.5592 


.0111 


— 4299 


— 947 


+ 


. 0017 


»4:m 


+ 45 


59 


24.26 


.19 


3 


+ 15.7294 


. 00.52 


+ 1953 


— 36 


+ 


.0984 


431 


— 6 


07 


12. 05 


.06 


24 


+ 1.5.6223 


.0028 


+ 2823 


— 92 


_ 


. 0165 


432 


+ 70 


00 


43. 81 


.07 


21 


+ 1.5.7404 


.0022 


+ 655 


— 37 


. — 


. 0047 


»433 


+ 52 
+ 37 


04 


09. 69 






+ 15. Hi:, 9 
+ 15. 97(19 




+ 1746 
+ 2116 


— 30 


+ 

+ 


. 051 


*434 


58 


27. 35 


".'14' 


""5 


'".'0644' 


— 46 


. OH44 


4^5 


— 8 


24 


49.39 


.10 


9 


+ 1.5.9330 


.0041 


+ 2758 


— 96 




. 0353 


436 


+ 39 


51 


09.77 


.24 


2 


+ 16.0117 


.0059 


+ 2039 


— 44 


_ 


. 0002 


437 


+ 40 


14 


16.92 


.33 


1 


+ 16.1094 


. 0084 


+ 1987 


— 45 


— 


. 0828 


438 


+ y 


18 


10.14 


.07 


19 


+ 10.3231 


. 0031 


+ 2428 


— 78 


— 


. 0058 


*439 


+ 37 


42 


42. 66 


. 55 




+ 10.3075 


.019 


+ 2021 


— 51 


— 


. 032 


440 


+ 25 


04 


k;. 37 


.19 


3 


+ 10.3057 


. 0054 


+ 2212 


— 62 


— 


.0107 


441 


+ 70 


44 


10.05 


.12 


6 


+ 16.5283 


. 0052 


+ 709 


— 35 


+ 


. 0965 


•442 


+ 60 


32 


39. 77 


.11 


8 


+ 10.5080 


. 0034 


+ 1359 


— 26 




.0115 


'443 


-f- 60 


06 


4(5. 94 


.30 


1 


+ 10.0117 


. 0079 


+ 1374 


— 26 


— 


.0010 


444 


— 14 


08 


21.03 


.11 


8 


+ 10.7437 


. 0040 


+ 2576 


— 107 


— 


. 0023 


*445 


+ 25 


20 


15.72 


.08 


13 


+ 10.7709 


. 0049 


+ 2102 


— 64 


— 


. 0121 


'4 46 


+ 55 


37 


25. 52 


.24 





+ 16.8036 


. 0003 


+ 1518 


— 31 


+ 


.0017 


447 


+ 73 


00 


39. 91 


.12 


6 


+ 17.0001 


.0061 


+ 505 


— 41 


+ 


.0312 


•448 


+ 72 


35 


06. 16 


.16 


4 


+ 17.0786 


.0050 


+ 568 


— 35 




. 17(;5 


'449 


+ 42 
— 


12 


42. 70 






+ 17.2950 
+ 17.3257 




+ 1748 
+ 2185 


— 49 


+ 


. 033 


4oO 


55 


34. 69 


".'oe' 


2"^ 


"".'0026' 


— 92 


. 0139 



s. 



612 



UisITED STxVTES KOETDERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[20!!] 



Catalogue of 500 stars 



a 

3 

< 



451 
4o2 
453 
454 
455 

*45(> 

*457 
45f^ 

'459 
400 

*461 
4G-i 

♦403 
404 
4(i5 

406 

407 

408 

*4(i9 

*470 

471 

47d 

*473 

474 

*475 

470 
47 
47ci 
470 

*4o'0 

481 

482 
•483 
*484 
•4c5 

480 
*4S7 

488 
*483 

490 

491 
492 
493 
494 
•495 



7089 
7092 
7706 
7733 
7749 

7755 
7705 
7773 
7787 
7795 

7800 
7814 
7f-20 
7843 

7848 

7855 
7ft08 

7881 
788-i 
7907 

7008 
79^3 
7945 
7958 
7962 

7907 
7970 
7992 
8023 
8024 

snr2 

8034 
8030 
8059 
8083 

8124 

8128 
8177 
8200 
8224 

8-229 
8233 
8238 
8237 
8273 



Name. 



V Pegasi.. 

a Ginis... 

I Pe};asi . 

28 Teg.-KM . 

C Cejibei . 

X Cepbci . 

d Aquaiii 



y Aquarii . 

2 Lacertte. 
ir Aquaiii.. 
4 Lacerlai. 
38 PeKasi -- 
(1- Cepbei .. 



a Lacertaj . 
ij Aquaiii.. 



f Pogasi .. 
V P.^gasi .. 
A Pegasi .. 
/( Pegasi .. 
14 Lacertai. 



I Ct pbei 

A Aquarii 

c Piscis Atistralis . 

Audioaiedai 



ij Pegnsi 

' Pegasi 

3 Au(lr<iiiR'(Uo 

5 Atidiunitil;u 



o Cophei 

10 Aiiilioniidoe 

it Pitciiiin . 

72 Pigasi 

X AudroraedcB 

e Andromed® 

L Piscium 

7 Cephei 

K. Audromeda} 



4.5 

3 




4.5 

4 
4 
5.5 
(i 




3 

4.5 

4 



4 
4 
1 

4 
0.5 






5.5 

(i 

5 
5.5 
4.5 

4 
4.5 

'5 
4.5 



C J '-■5 

•■< "' 2 
< 



li. m. s. 

21 59 22.5 

22 00 20. 7 
01 11.6 
04 35.8 
00 .;1.2 

07 10.3 

08 30.9 
10 14.2 
13 48.4 
15 12.0 

15 .='2.0 

18 53.6 

19 27.0 
24 18.9 
24 31.9 

20 0=1.6 
28 50. 
30 04.4 

30 42. II 

34 31.9 

35 13.0 
37 08.7 

40 30.6 

43 58. 3 

44 43.7 

45 14. 

46 05. 5 
50 44.3 
50 10.4 
50 14.0 

57 43. 1 

58 32. 1 
58 34.5 

23 02 01. 9 
07 10.2 

13 30. 1 
13 55.7 

21 37.6 
27 45. 1 

31 27. 1 

23 32 00. 6 

33 31. 4 

34 13.8 
34 1.5.4 

41 56.0 



+ 3.028 
+ 3.810 
+ 2.789 
+ 2.832 
+ 2.073 

+ 2. 036 

+ 2..i68 
+ 3. 170 
+ 2.310 
+ 3. 102 

+ 2. 408 
+ 3. 005 
+ 2.419 
+ 2.738 
+ 2.215 

+ 2.4-.9 

+ 3.084 
+ 1.082 
+ 2.479 
+ 1.301 

+ 2.983 
+ 2. ^04 
+ 2. 883 
+ 2.888 
+ 2.094 



+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 



.119 
.131 
. 327 
.747 
.519 



+ 2.904 

+ 2.984 

+ 2.076 

+ 2.708 

+ 2.801 

+ 2. 438 
+ 2. 842 
+ 3.041 
+ 2.903 
+ 2.917 



+ 



+ 



2. 923 

3. 083 
2. 405 
2. 937 

+ 2.823 






+ 

+ 



48 

5 

11 



+ 11 

+ 11 

— 8 

+ 14 

— 4 

+ 14 

— 3 

+ 1>'> 

+ II 

+ 1' 

+ 1- 

— 33 

+ 1' 

— 18 

+ a 

+ 11 

+ S 

+ 9 

+ n 

+ 22 

— 6 

— 21 

+ 1'-' 

+ 26 

+ 12 

+ '•' 

+ 23 

+ '-M 

+ 37 

+ 41 

+ 21 

+ -i 

+ 16 

+ 28 

+ 25 

— 3 
+ 73 
+ 26 

+ CO 



A(5 



+ 



+ 



.43 
.37 
.11 



+ .36 
+ .01 

— .14 

+ .40 

— .74 
+ .78 

— .02 

— .38 

— . 47 

— .54 
22 

+ ico 

+ .05 

— . 17 
+ ..59 

— . 07 
+ .76 



00 
.30 
.11 
.03 
.18 



4- .20 

— .99 

— .28 

— .04 

— .10 

— .58 

— .23 

22 

+ ioi 

00 

+1.61 

— .45 
—1.64 

— .21 
+ .92 

+ .20 

— .19 
+ .42 
+ .47 

— . 23 



•i/^' 



— .82 
—1.22 
—1.41 

— 1.D9 

— .63 

00 
+1.48 
—1. 38 
+2. SO 

+ .08 

— .92 

— .76 

— .74 

— .*-9 
+2. 01 



+ 1.2-' 

+ .11 

+ 1.4(1 
+3. 80 

+1.63 

— 1. 18 

— .08 
+ .07 

— .52 

+ .SO 
—1.73 
+ .92 
—2. (!4 

— 1.31 



— 1. 
— 1. 

+ . 

+ ■ 



+3. 62 
—1.05 
—3. 03 

— . 53 

00 

—1.70 
+1.18 
+ 1.15 

— .41 
—1.38 



[207] 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 



613 



for the epoch 1S75.0 — Continued. 



53 

a 

3 


Declination, 


1875.0. 


2 . 
2° 


1 


c3 

c a 
B 
a '3 


robable error 
of nnnual va- 
riation. 


^<5 


dp 


a 
_o 



g 

1 




a 


^ 








Pi 


< 


Ch 






(!( 






o 


/ 


II 


II 




II 


II 


II 


II 




II 


4r)i 


+ 4 


26 


54.27 


.24 


2 


+ 17.4299 


.0070 


+ 2150 


— 87 


+ 


. 0898 


452 


— 47 


33 


54.17 


.22 


2 


+ 17.2104 


. 0094 


+ 2703 


— i(;9 




. 0282 


453 


+ 24 


44 


06.85 


.13 


6 


+ 17.4253 


.0043 


+ 1955 


— 09 


+ 


. 0059 


454 


+ 20 


21 


51.76 


.25 


1 


+ 17.5392 


.0(i70 


+ 1916 


— 73 




. 0J59 


455 


+ 5" 


■c6 


07.92 


.10 


9 


+ 17.6493 


.0032 


4- 1301 


— 34 


+ 


.0037 


*456 


4 58 


47 


53.44 


.25 


1 


+ 17.6458 


.0072 


+ 1330 


— 33 





.0310 


'457 


+ 39 


05 


43. 24 


.20 





+ 17.7168 


.0059 


+ 1072 


— 5(; 


— 


.0112 


458 


— 8 


24 


17.80 


.08 


15 


+ 17.7731 


.C035 


+ 2059 


— 102 


— 


. 0248 


•459 


+ 52 


01 


49.94 






+ 17.9577 
+ 18.0066 




+ 1426 
+ 1925 


— 43 


+ 
+ 


.018 


4tiO 


00 


59. 24 


'".'m 


'"'12 


'".0036 


— 96 


. 0128 


*461 


+ 45 


54 


26. "ii 


.26 


1 


+ 18.0002 


.0071 


+ 1.501 


— 51 





.0192 


46t> 


+ 


44 


37. 04 


.12 


6 


+ 18. 1296 


. 0046 


+ 1831 


— 93 


— 


.0046 


«4r>3 


+ 48 


50 


34. 36 


.26 


1 


+ 18.1255 


. 0059 


+ 1423 


— 48 


— 


. 0294 


4G4 


+ 31 


50 


00.28 


.18 


3 


+ 18.3128 


. 0009 


+ 1542 


— 69 


— 


.0189 


465 


+ 57 


46 


33.16 


.15 


4 


+ 18.3424 


.0040 


+ 1229 


— 39 


+ 


.0031 


4G6 


+ 49 


38 


2.5. 05 


.11 


8 


+ 18.4035 


. 0035 


+ 1357 


— 51 


+ 


. 0005 


407 


— 00 


45 


40.21 


.(i7 


17 


+ 18.4345 


. 0030 


+ 1663 


— 9.i 




. 0.572 


408 


+ 75 


34 


5(1. 49 


.16 


4 


+ 18.5212 


. 0061 


+ 523 


— 31 


— 


. 0089 


'409 


+ 49 

+ 74 


25 


20. 62 






+ 18.5090 
+ 18.7108 




+ 1294 

+ 592 


— 52 


+ 
+ 


.018 


*4;o 


43 


19. 24 


".'33" 


...... 


'".'oiii' 


— 26 


.041 


471 


+ 10 


10 


45.77 


.07 


18 


+ 18.6S.-i2 


.0031 


+ 1497 


— 89 





. 0127 


4T2 


+ 29 


34 


04.43 


.11 


7 


+ 18.7101 


. 0042 


+ 1306 


— 74 


— 


.0478 


•473 


+ 22 


54 


29. 73 


.12 


6 


+ 13.83.52 


.0040 


+ 1347 


- 80 


— 


.0248 


474 


+ 23 


56 


31.11 


.12 


6 


+ 18.9105 


.0043 


+ 1294 


— 81 


— 


.0503 


•475 


+ 41 


17 


31. 12 


.30 


1 


+ 18.9721 


. 0070 


+ 1185 


— 66 


— 


.0102 


476 


+ C5 


32 


35. 59 


.10 


9 


+ 18.8635 


.0031 


+ 903 


— 35 





.1330 


477 


— 8 


14 


39. 10 


.09 


11 


+ 19.0561 


. 0037 


+ i:;04 


— 103 


+ 


. 0.!57 


478 


— 30 


17 


03. 08 


.12 


7 


+ 18.9746 


. 0057 


+ 1371 


— 123 




.1708 


479 


+ 41 


39 


15. 78 


.12 


6 


+ 19.2431 


.0043 


+ 1019 


— 70 


— 


.0384 


•480 


+ 56 


26 


02.61 


.33 


1 


+ 19.2038 


.0134 


+ 926 


— 55 


— 


.0191 


481 


+ 27 


24 


18.34 


.12 


7 


+ 19.4466 


.0038 


+ 1001 


— 83 


. — 


. 1283 


48a 


+ 14 


31 


59. 01 


.06 


24 


+ 19.2872 


. 0022 


+ 1071 


— 90 


— 


.0501 


•483 


+ 49 


22 


22. 11 


.16 


3 


+ 19.4886 


.0053 


+ 959 


— 06 


+ 


. 1503 


•484 


+ 48 


36 


54. 02 


. 25 


1 


+ 19. .5354 


. 0002 


+ 909 


— 68 


+ 


.1181 


*485 


+ 56 


28 


41.74 


.22 


2 


+ 19.7947 


.0076 


+ 919 


- 79 


+ 


. 2689 


48G 


+ 67 


25 


40.26 


.12 





+ 19.6601 


.0044 


+ 636 


— 51 


4- 


. 0172 


•487 


+ 41 


23 


38. 04 


.2; 


1 


+ 19.0509 


.0067 


+ 742 


— 78 


+ 


.0005 


488 


+ 5 


41 


33. O.i 


.12 





+ 19.7175 


. 0039 


+ 652 


— 96 




.0563 


•4-9 


+ 30 


38 


07.66 


.25 


1 


+ 19.8347 


. 0000 


+ 520 


— 89 


— 


.0213 


490 


+ 45 


4J 


51.87 


.19 


3 


+ 19.4689 


.0047 


+ 446 


— 85 


— 


. 4300 


491 


+ 42 


34 


34.26 


.13 


6 


+ 19.8999 


.0050 


+ 434 


— 86 





.0050 


492 


+ 4 


56 


50. 19 


.07 


19 


+ 19.4773 


. 0029 


+ 437 


— \\)l 


— 


4432 


493 


+ 76 


56 


01.87 


.07 


21 


+ 20.0711 


.00i2 


+ 304 


— 49 


+ 


. 1435 


494 


+ 43 


Si 


31.17 


.25 


2 


+ 19.9077 


.0060 


+ 395 


— 87 




.0201 


•495 


+ 67 


06 


44.16 


.16 


4 


+ 19.9722 


.0051 


+ 238 


— 78 





.0198 



614 



UNITED STATES NORTHERN BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



[20S] 



Catalogue of 500 stars 





g 






-2 a • 


2 
















<v 


5 "K^ 


« - 










V 

^ 
3 


d V 
< 


Name. 


-a 
■.J 

'5 
to 


^ — a 
p.;co 


11 


(Pa 
(ir- 


Aii 


-_>' 


" 






a 


&« aj 












;« 


a 




1^ 


<! 


< 


















7l, Ml. 8. 


s. 




s. 


// 


// 


*49r. 

'407 


8314 

8324 




5 

5. .5 


23 48 46. 3 
51 23.5 


+ 2. 850 
+ 3. 047 


+ 

+ 


88 
15 


— .25 

— .00 


— .70 

— .10 


^ Pegasi 


4118 


8331 


(J Pisciuni 


4.5 


52 53. () 


+ 3.078 


+ 


;> 


— .H7 


—1. 20 


*499 
'500 


8344 

83GG 




5 
5 


55 15.0 
58 39. 4 


+ 3.02G 
+ 3. OGl 


+ 


,52 
54 


+ .37 
— .10 


+ 1.59 
+ .90 







[209] 



CATALOGUE OF 500 STARS. 



615 



for the epoch 1875.0 — Continued. 









E-i 

o 




k . 


S« 










a 


g 


Declination, 


1675.0. 


1? 


+3 


c a 


obablo err 
>f annual v 

iatiou. 


III- 








o 

f a 

K 
o 


a 
8 






i. 


^ 


<J 


Oh 










CLi 




o ' 


II 


II 




// 


// 




II 




II 


It 


»496 


+ 73 42 


r.3. 04 


.13 


5 


+ SO. 0211 


. OOfifi 


+ 


117 


— 


80 


— .0090 


*497 


+ 24 26 


47.71 


.15 


4 


+ 19.9900 


. 0054 


+ 


81 


— 


98 


— .0440 


498 


+ 6 10 


l(i. 47 


.08 


l(i 


+ 19.9300 


. U032 


+ 


53 


— 


101 


— .1146 


•499 


+ 00 31 


3.-,. 85 


.25 


1 


+ 20.0299 


. 0077 


+ 


5 


— 


95 


— .0201 


*CCO 


+ CO 37 


04.34 


.47 




+ 20.0599 


.016 


~ 


60 


~ 


99 


+ .006 



SPECIAL INDEX TO APPENDIX H. 



Page. 

Abo Catalogue 5,6,7,15,21,78,103 

Airy, Sir G. B. {See Cambridge and Green- 
wich) 17,21,23,24,25,35,36 

American Ephemeris 5, 8, 9 

Approximate positions of stars 9 

Argelaxder (See ATjo, Bonn, etc.) 4,28, 144 

Armagh 17,39,113 

Assumed positions for 1875.0 9 

Astronomical Soc. Cat 20,23 

Authorities, Enumeration of 14 

— , Nomenclature of 14 

— , Selection of 14 

Auwers, Arthur 5, 21, 22, 28, 33, 71, 78, 81 



Backhuyzen, Van de Sande 36 

Baily 6 

Berlin Jahrbuch 43 

Bessel (See Kon. Beob., Fund. Astr., etc.).. 5 

Bessel's REFRACTIONS (See Refractions) . . .21, 22, 67 

Blackheath 6,17,21,99 

Bonn Beob. 

— Vol. VI 18,43,143 

— Vol. VII 4 

Bradley. (5ec Fund. Ast.) 

Brinkley 5 

British Ass. Cat 27 

Bruhns, C. (5ee Leipzig) 6,10,21 

Brussels Obs. 17,42,130,136,141 

BuscH. (See Ktin. Beob.) 

Callet's refractions. 41 

Cambridge Obs 15, 16, 18, 23, 79, 107, 112, 131 

Cape of Good Hope Obs. : 

,FaUows,1831 17,22,105 

, Henderson, 1833 15, 22, 79, 106 

, Stone, 1860 10,16,42,81,133 

Catalogue, Wu 68 62 

— final, of 500 stars 186 

Challis. (See Cambridge.) 

Christie, W. M 35 

Contents 7 



Page. 

Corrections, preliminary 19 

— to assumed declinations : 

First approximation (Table III) 82 

Second approximation (Table V) 91 

First approximation for stars — 30° to 

—90° (Table VII) 95 

— Systematic, Tables of: 

First approximation (Table II) 76 

For Fund. Astr., final 89,90 

Tables IX and X 154 

Table XII. 168 

Kecapitulation of 173 

Correction, Probable common, to northern 

boundary field catalogue (section X) 169 

Curves. (See graphic curves.) 



D'Agelet. (See Gould.) 

Davis, Admiral, C. H 

Definitive corrections. (SeeCoiTcctions.) 
Discordance of reflection obs. (See reflec- 
tion obs.) 
Division Error : 

Cape circle 

Edinburgh circle 

Greenwich transit circle 

Washington, Mural circle 

Washington, Transit circle 

Paris, Mural circle 

Leiden, Transit circle 

Dollen 

Doolittle, Prof. C. L 

Dorpat Obs 7, 15, 17, 20, 21, ' 

Dudley Observatory 



23 

28 

34,35 

40 

44 

41 

44 

14,21 

5 

'8, 101 

3, 4, 5 



E ASTJIAN, Professor (See Washington Obs. ) . . 5, 16 
Eddjburgh Obs .... 15, 18, 27, 28, 33, 79, 109, 116, 167 

28 
32 



— , Special discussion of Eh 43 

— , Special table of corrections to Eh 43 
Ellery, R. L. J. (See Melbourne.) 
Englemann. (See Leipzig.) 



617 



618 



SPECIAL INDEX TO APPENDIX H. 



[212] 



Page. 



Ephemeris. (See Am. Eph. Naut. Aim. etc.) 
ExPLAXATiON of tables 

Fallows. {See Cape of Good Hope Obs.) 
Faye 

FEATHEESTONlLVUGn, T. E 

Flexure, Cambridge 

— , Cape 

— , Greenwicli 

— , Melbourne 

— , EadcUffe 

— , Paris 

— , FouLkowa 7 

— , Wasliington Transit circle 44, 

Fcndajienta ASTROXOSnjE 5, (i, 17, 20, 

— , discussion of syst. corr 

— , delinitiTC tables of syst. corr 



170 



36,54 

5 

24 

42 

35 

43 

39 

41,42 

9, 118 

50,54 

36, 82 

82 

89,90 



GiLLiS. (.See Washington and Santiago.) 

Gould, Dr. B. A 5,9,13,81 

Graphic Cur\'es, remarks on 94 

Greenwich Observations 33 

— , Bradley (iSce Fund. Astr.). 

— ,Pond 5,15,17,21,22,78,101,104 

— , Twelve-year (1840 and 1845) ... 15, 34, 79, 111, 117 

- Six-year (1850) 16,34,81,123 

— ,first Seven-year (13G0) 16,34,81,132 

- NewSeveQ-year(lSG4) ....16,34,81,139 

— , recent annual results 16, 34, 81, 144, 150 

— , recent, special remarks on 34,81, 144 

Groombeidge. (&c Blackbeatb.) 

Gylden, Hugo. (See Poulkowa) ..43, 133, 137, 148 

Hall, Professor (.See "Washington Obs. ) 16, 40 

H^vrkxess, Professor (Sec Washington Obs. ) . 5 

Hexdersox. (See Cape of Good Hope and 

Edinburgh. ) 
Hill,G. W 10 

Ivory's refractions 27 

Johnson. (.See St. Helena.) 

Kaiser. (5ec Leiden.) 

KoNIGSBERG Beob. 

Bessel,1821 6,14,21,73,100 

Bessel and Busch, 1S36 15, 79, 110 

Bossel and Luther, 1843 15, 33, 79, 115 

Lalande 18 

Latitude, of Cambridge 25, 213 

— , of Edinburgh 31 

— , of Greenwich 36 

— , of Radcliflb 39 

— , of Washington 40, 41, 59 

— , secular variation of 26, 37, 60 



Page. 
Lamont. (See Munich Obs.) 

Laugiee (See Paris Obs. ) 6, 16 

Leiden Obs 7,16,4.3,81,147 

Leipzig Obs 18, 43, 146 

LiTTROW. (&e Vienna.) 
LCTIIER. (.See Kon. Beob.) 

Madler 5 

ilADRAsObs 18,26,164,166 

Main, Eev. Robert. (SeeRadcliffe.) 

Marth.A 33 

Melbourn-e Obs 7, 10, 16, 18, 42, 81, 137, 148 

— , comparison with Wn 68 66 

Mosta. (See Santiago). 

Muxich Obs 17, 23, 103 

Nautical .iVlmanac, Brit 23, 26, 27, 42 

Newcomb, Prof. .S. (.Sec Washington Obs.). 4, 9,21, 

35, 41, 44 

Nomenclature of authorities 14 

Normal .systeji, first approximation to 71 

Notation in discussion of Wn 68 45 

NouRSE, Professor 5 

Nutation, values of 19 

Ntuen, Dr. Magnus 26 

Olutsen. (See Greenwich, Pond.) 

OoM,F. A 18,113 



PiU-ERMO, catalogue 6, 17,21,97,164 

Paris Observations 17, 18, 41, 128, 135, 140, 142 

— , Laugier's catalogue 16,41,81,125 

Peters, Dr. C. A. F. (See Poulkowa) 10, 19 

Plvzzi. (See Palermo.) 

PoNT). (.Sec Greenwich.) 

Position-es med., Struve. (See Dorjiat.) 

Poulkowa Observations 18, 19, 107 

— , catalogue for 1345 15, 39, 79, 113 

Precession terms, computation of 10, 13 

— , formukTe 11, 13 

— , eocfScients 11 

— , of stars within 10° of polo 14 

Prob.vble error, frequently discussed 

throughout the work 

Proper .motion, frequent allusions to 

— , influence on precession 10, 11 

— , values of, iu declination (Seecatalogue.) 

Quetelet. (.See Brussels Obs.) 

R.^DCLIFFE Obs. : 

for 1645 15,21,37,79,120 

for 1S4!>, special comparison with Eh 45 

and Pa 45 79 

forl8G0 18,37,134 



[213] 



SPECIAL lj:>rDEX TO APPENDIX H. 



619 



Pago. 

Radclifpe Obs. — Continued. 

annual results 16, 37, 81, 145, 151 

special table of corrections 37 

remarks on 39 

Reflection Observations : 

at Cambridge 24,25 

at Greenwich 35 

at Eadcliffe 39 

at Wasliington 44, 50, 54 

Eefraction ... .22, 27, 34, 37, 41, 42, 43, 59, 66, 68, 88 

EOBIXSON. {See Armagh.) 

Sain't Helena, catalogue 15, 22, 78, 105 

Saffoed, Prof. T. H 6 

Sands, Admiral B. F 5 

Santiago Obs., Gillis, 1851 17, 41, 124 

— ,Mosta, 1855 16,41,81,126 

Smyth, Prof Piazzi. (5ec Edinburgh Obs.) 

Stars, Selection of, to form catalogue 8 

Stone, E. J. {See Green-wich and Cape of 

Good Hope) 34,42,43,66 

Struve, O. ((ScePoulkowa.) 
Stru\tj, "W. {See Dorpat.) 
Systematic Corrections in declination : 

Special table for Eh 43 32 

Wn 68 CI 

Wn68andMo68 68 

Table II, first ajiproximation 76 

deliuitive determination of 93-169 

depending on A. R., remarks on 94,96 



to declinations from — 30° to — 90° 

Table VI, preliminary 

— , definitive, Table IX, order of declination . 

— ,— , Table X, order of A. R 

, Table XII 

— , recapitulation of 



94 
95 
154 
159 
168 
173 



Taylor, T. G. (5ee Madras.) 
Vienna Obs 



Page. 
.17,21,102 



Washington Observations 7,9,68,81 

Mural Circle . . . 15, 16, 19, 40, 81, 121, 127, 138, 167 

Prime Vertical Transit 18, 166 

Transit Circle, 1865-1869, Special discu.s- 

sion of 

catalogue of Wn 68 62 

comparison with Me 68 .'.. 66 

description of observations 44 

discordance ' ' R-D " 50 

, table of,forWn 67 52 

Wu68 54 

latitude 59 

— ■ , secular variation of 60 

nadirs in 1867, correction of 46 

not.itiou 45 

probable error 48 

refraction 59, 66, 81 

systematic corrections 61,68 

weights, table of 53 

zenith points for 1868 47 

results for 1868-1S69 81, 149 

results for 1870-1874 68, 70, 81, 1,52 

special table of corrections to ass'd (5 69 

Weights, prcliminarj-, for normal system . . 72 

final ■ 93, 98, 163 

Table XI (definitive) 160 

WiEN. {See Vienna.) 

Wilson, O. S 5 

Wolfers, Tabulaj Rcductionum 5,144 

Yarn ALL, Prof. M. {See Washington, Mural 

Circle) 19,40 

Young's refractions 22 



Explanation.— It has been found necessary to omit Part 2 of Appeudi.x H, containing the details 
of corrections to assumed places. 



INDEX TO SUBJECTS. 



Page. 

Report of the Coiomissioner 9-40 

Letters of transmittal 1 1-13 

Treaties and official documents 17-19 

Narrative 20-30 

Record of final meeting of commissioners- 31-32 

List of astronomical stations 34 

List of monuments 35-40 

Report of the Chief Astronomer 43-268 

Letters of transmittal 43-44 

Chapter I. General characteristics of the 

country 47-65 

Chapter II. General narrative G7-78 

Chapter III. The Northwest Point, Lake 

of the Woods 79-83 

Chapter IV. Astronomical determina- 
tions of latitude and methods of sur- 
vey 85-94 

Appendix D. Records 95-253 

Abstract of Appendix C 198-199 

Notes on Geodetic Formula 255-258 



Page. 
Report of the Chief Astronomer— Continued. 
Chapter V. The Mean and Astronomical 

Parallel 259-268 

Appendix A. Report of Captain Gregory: 

Narrative 271-287 

Instruments used and methods em- 
ployed 288-302 

Northwest Angle, Lake of the Woods. .303-312 

Chief Mountain Lake 312-316 

Chronometer performances 316-327 

Appendix B. Report of Lieutenant Greene: 

Narrative 331-340 

Chapter I. Geodetic connections 341-356 

Chapter II. Topography 357-370 

Chapter III. Operations during the win- 
ter of 1873-74 371-395 

Astronomical positions on reconnais- 
sances 396-401 

Station-errors, computation of 402-406 

Appendix H. Report of Assistant Boss 409 



621 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Page. 

Act authorizing tlie survey 19 

Agreements of the commissioners . . 22, 27, 31, 32, 261 

Appropriations 19, 24, 25 

Adjournment of the Joint Commission 32 

Astronomical stations observed by the Joint 

Commission 34 

Astronomical stations observed by the United 

States Commission 95 

Arable lands, Extent of 49 

Azimuths 91 

Arc of parallel. Length of 94 

Astronomical camiis, Altitudes of 198, 199 

Astronomical party, Manner of conducting 

work 292-294 

Blank forms 294 

Convention of London, October 20, 1818. .5, 6, 17, 31 

Characteristics of the country 47-53 

Coteau of the Missouri Gl,62 

Chronometers, Corrections, 1872 187 

Chronometers, corrections, 1873 188, 191 

Clironometers, corrections, 1874 192, 193 

Discussion of errors 310-322 

Table of errors 323 

Table of daily rates 324 

Table of weekly rates 325 

Longitudes by 326,327 

Connection of astronomical stations. 91, 265, 341-349 
Details of United States tangent hues . . 200-229 

Details of British tangent lines 230-251 

Azimuth observations 342-344, 347 

Tracing the tangent lines 344-347 

Station errors and offsets ^ . 347-349 

Construction of moiinds 348 

Chronometers 291 

( lliief Mountain Lake 65, 312 

Chief Mountain Lake, Survey of 314-316 

Criterion, Application of .SG 

Dawson road ■. 54 

Declination of fixed stars. Computation of.. 87,9] 
Declination of fixed stars, adopted 194-196 



Page. 
Declination of fixed stars, computation of 

B.A.C. 240 197 

B.A.C. 67 89-91 

Deflections of the plumb-line 262-2G4, 402-406 

Dog-sleds 374 

Estimate of the Chief of Engineers 18, 19 

Extract from report of Colonel Long (1824) . . 21 

Ei)hemeris, used in the field 296 

Forests 52 

Frenchman's Creek 281 

FortN. J. Turnay 281 

Geodetic Formulae, Notes on 255-258 

Hill of the Murdered Scout 60, 61 

Hurricane Lake 72 

Hypsometry 300-302 

Irrigation 51 

Instruments, Astronomical 85, 288 

Surveying 91 

Instrumental Constanta 86, 297 

No. 7. Micrometer 170 

No. 7. Level 171 

No.20. Level 172 

No. 20. Micrometer 174, 175, 184, 185, 186 

No. 11. Micrometer 181,183 

No. 11. Level 176,182 

Instrument Stands 288-290 

Letter of the Secretary of State 5-7 

Letter of the Commissioner 11-44 

Letter of the Chief Astronomer 11-13, 43-44 

Lake of t he Woods 53, 393 

Lake Roseau 55 

Latitudes, U. S. Observations: 

Station No. 1, Pembina 90-100 

Station No. 2, East, Lake of the Woods. 101-104 

Station No. 2, West, Point Jlichel 105-107 

Station No. 3, Pembina Mt 108-111 

Station No. 4, PembinaMt., West side. 112-115 

Station No. 5, Long River llG-119 

Station No. 6, Turtle Mt ltO-123 

Station No. 7, South Antler Creek 124-127 

623 



624 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Pago. 
Latitudes, U. S. Observations — Continued. 

Station No. 8, Kiviere desLacs 128-131 

Station No. 9, Mouse Elver 132-135 

Station No. 10, Mid Coteau 136-133 

Station No. 11, Bully Spring 139-141 

Station No. 12, West Poplar 142-144 

Station No. 13, Frenctman's Creek 14.5-147 

Station No. 14, Pool on Prairie 148-150 

Station No. 15, East Fork 151-153 

Station No. 16, Millc River Lakes 154-157 

Station No. 17, East Butte 158-lGO 

Station No. 18, Red River 161-103 

Station No. 19, NortliFork,MiUv River. 104-166 
Station No. 20, Chief Mountain Lake. 107-169 

Sumuiary of British Stations 198 

Summary of results 298 

Letter of Captain Gregory 271 

Letter of Lieutenant Greene 331 

Little Rocky Creek 280 

Longitudes 349-355 

Message from the President 5 

Monuments, List of. 35-40 

at Northwest Point 81,305-309 

Description of iron monuments 285 

Mouse River 59 

Milk River Ridge 04 

Maps, Projection of 94 

CoustrncUon of 368-369 

Mean and astronomical parallel 259-268 

Meridian of Fort Shaw 351-354 

Meteorology 300,301 

Northwest Point, Lake of the Woods. .23, 79-83, 303 

Computation of surveys at 310-312 

Natural divisions of the country 50-51 

Norl hwest angle. Lake of the Woods 53, 303 

Narrative of tlie Chief Astronomer 67-78 

Captain Gregory 272-287 

Lieutenant Greene 332-340 

Officers detailed 20 



Page. 

Offsets, Computation of 93 

Oifscts, Table of 257 

Prairie streams, Characteristics of 51 

Pembina Mountains 58 

Report of the Commissioner 17-40 

Rainy River 53,385 

Roseau River 55-56 

Red River 56-58, 392 

Riviere des Lacs 60 

Rocky Mountains 64, 364-366 

Reconnaissances, Astronomical positions 

on 299, 396-401 

Settlements on the Red River 47 

Sextants 290 

Station-errors, Discussion of 402-406 

Station-errors, Table of 355, 402 

Stadia-liues, En-ors of 94, 360-361 

Snow-shoes 378 

Turtle Mountain 59 

Three Buttes 63 

Tangents, Tracing of 92 

Topographical work 94, 3.57-367 

Tangent-lines 357 

Stadia-lines 3.57-364 

Minor compass surveys 364 

Reconnaissances 367 

Triangulations, Belly River 252, 253 

Northwest Point 311 , 312 

Fort Shaw 352 

Treaty of Ghent, Declaration of Commis- 
sioners 303 

Tobogans 374 

Temperatures, Tables of 323-325, 394-395 

Woody Mountain 02 

Wood End 70 

Winter transportation 373 

Clothing 377 

Observations during 380 

Temperatures 391 



\ 



RECOl 



L A K^E^ OF THE W (> O T^- 



c\ 



^. 



tl 



al f I I ' ' 



UNITED STATES XORTHERJt BOUNDARY COMMISSION. 



PROFILE. 



RECONNAISSANCF. SEIUKS, 




A 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 432 627 1 



